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Antimicrobial Effect of Ginger, Garlic, Honey, and Lemon Extracts on Streptococcus mutans
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice
Abstract
Aim:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lemon, ginger, garlic, and honey extracts on Streptococcus mutans.
Materials and methods:
Commercially obtained honey, ginger, garlic, and lemon were included in the study to evaluate its efficacy in isolation and in combination against S. mutans. The efficacies of extracts were tested using well diffusion method, and its effect was evaluated by measuring the zone of inhibition around the well. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was carried out individually and compared considering triplicates of all the extracts.
Results:
When individual comparison of the extracts was made, garlic showed greatest antimicrobial activity with a mean zone of inhibition (34.9 ± 0.58 mm) and honey showed least antimicrobial activity (0.5 ± 0.6 mm). When combinations of extracts were tested against S. mutans, lemon and garlic combination showed the greatest zone of inhibition (27.6 ± 0.43 mm) compared with other combinations, and ginger + lemon combinations showed the least zone of inhibition (12.6 ± 0.43 mm).
Conclusion:
This study concluded that garlic showed a greatest antimicrobial effect against S. mutans when compared with other preparations individually and garlic and lemon showed greatest zone of inhibition in combination than other preparations.
Clinical significance:
Antibiotics and other chemical agents are mainly used to treat the common dental infections. However, due to the excessive use, it can result in antibiotic resistance. Hence, herbal medicines with medicinal values should be replaced with conventional methods.
... Juice extracts of ginger, kesum (Polygonum minus H.), and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) without using any solvent showed were tested for antioxidant activities using DPPH radical scavenging assay and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay [25]. When tested singly for FRAP ginger showed antioxidant activities of 26.2 μmol/g, kesum 46.3 μmol/g, and turmeric 23.3 μmol/g (μmol of Fe II/g of extracts). ...
... For DPPH radical scavenging activities, juice extracts of ginger, kesum, and turmeric showed percentage antioxidant activities of 79.0%, 82.6%, and 64.6%, respectively, when tested singly. When ginger was combined separately with extracts of both kesum (1:1) and turmeric (1:1) and when they were all combined (1:1:1) for DPPH radical scavenging activities, they showed additivity with CI 5o values of 1 [25]. ...
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a widely cultivated plant due to its pharmacological properties and its use as a spice. The plant species enjoys a good reputation in most regions of the world mainly because of its anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antioxidant activities. To enhance these pharmacological properties, ginger is mostly used in combination. Drug combination therapy is also a worthwhile strategy for the prevention of various diseases. Therefore, the current chapter concerted on pharmacological activities of ginger combinations. The plant species has been combined with other plant extracts, pure compounds, and approved drugs for antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antidepressant activities and also in herbal tea formulations. Most of these activities showed synergism with 50% inhibition concertation (IC 50) values of less than 1. The highest activity was observed when ginger phytochemicals, shogaol, and gingerol derivatives were combined against prostate cancer cell lines with an IC 50 value of 0.03. Interaction of different phyto-chemicals in ginger with other phytochemicals when used in combination account for the reported synergism. The observed synergism in most combinations depicts a potential use of ginger combinations in treatment and prevention of various diseases and disease conditions.
... Garlic is a flavoring agent for diet in daily life. It has great antimicrobial effects against genera Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus [26,27]. In recent years, garlic and/or garlic-derived compounds has been shown to display preventive and/or therapeutic activities in several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as headache [28], Parkinson's disease [29], and Alzheimer's disease [30]. ...
... It is well-known that the change in microbiota in the brain-gut axis is tightly linked with depression pathogenesis [67], and some antidepressive agents, such as ketamine and IL-6 receptor antagonist, have been reported to rapidly ameliorate depression-like behaviors and alter the composition of the gut microbiota in depressed animals [68,69]. Considering DADS can also inhibit bacteria growth [26,27], it is reasonable to speculate that the antidepressant effect of DADS in LPS-challenged mice may be mediated by its inhibitory effect on gut bacteria. However, all of these viewpoints are just hypotheses. ...
Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play critical roles in pathogenesis of depression. Diallyl disulfide (DADS), an active compound in garlic oil, has been shown to exhibit obvious anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Preliminary evidence indicates that depression is associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative markers, suggesting that inhibition of neuroinflammatory response and oxidative stress may be beneficial for depression interruption. Here, we investigated the antidepressant effect of DADS as well as it mechanisms in a depression-like model induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Similarly to imipramine (10 mg/kg), a clinical antidepressant, DADS (40 or 80 mg/kg), which was administered 1 h before LPS treatment (pre-LPS) or 1.5 h and 23.5 h after LPS treatment (post-LPS), prevented and reversed LPS (100 μg/kg)-induced increase in immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) in mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that DADS pre-treatment or post-treatment at the dose of 40 and 80 mg/kg prevented and reversed (i) LPS-induced increases in interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, (ii) LPS-induced increases in contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), a parameter reflecting high levels of oxidative stress, and (iii) LPS-induced decreases in contents of GSH, a marker reflecting weakened anti-oxidative ability, in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in mice. These results indicate that DADS is comparable to imipramine in effectively ameliorating LPS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice, providing a potential value for DADS in prevention and/or therapy of depression.
... Garlic is a flavoring agent for diet in daily life. It has great antimicrobial effects against genera Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus [26,27]. Garlic and/or garlic-derived compounds can also display preventive and/or therapeutic activities in central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as headache [28], Parkinson's disease [29], and Alzheimer's disease [30]. ...
... It is well-known that the change in microbiota in the brain-gut axis is tightly linked with depression pathogenesis [58], and some antidepressants, such as ketamine and IL-6 receptor antagonist, have been shown to rapidly ameliorate depression-like behavior and alter 13 the composition of the gut microbiota in depressed animals [59,60]. Given that DADS can inhibit bacteria growth [26,27], it is reasonable to speculate that the herein observed prophylactic and reversing effect of DADS on LPS-induced depression-like behavior in mice may be mediated by its inhibitory effect on gut bacteria. This hypothesis should be clarified clearly in order to explain why DADS benefits the human health. ...
Background: Depression is associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative markers. Inhibition of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress is beneficial for depression prevention and/or therapy. Diallyl disulfide (DADS), an active compound in garlic oil, has been shown to inhibit neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role and mechanism of DADS in lipopolysacharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behaviors in mice.
Methods: We used behavioral tests and biochemical analysis to illustrate the role and mechanism of DADS in depression regulation.
Results: Similarly to imipramine (10 mg/kg), a clinical antidepressant, DADS (40 or 80 mg/kg), which was administered 1 h before LPS treatment (pre-LPS) or 1.5 h and 23.5 h after LPS treatment (post-LPS), prevented and reversed the LPS (100 μg/kg)-induced increase in immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) in mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that DADS pre-treatment or post-treatment at the dose of 40 and 80 mg/kg prevented and reversed (i) the LPS-induced increases in interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, (ii) the LPS-induced increases in contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), a parameter reflecting high levels of oxidative stress, as well as (iii) the LPS-induced decreases in contents of GSH, a marker reflecting weakened anti-oxidative ability, in both hippocampus and prefrontal cortexes in mice.
Conclusions: DADS is comparable to imipramine in effectively ameliorating LPS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice, providing a potential value for DADS in prevention and/or therapy of depression.
... Allium sativum have been used as powerful drug for many centuries all over the world due to its antibacterial activity against a wide variety of fungi and bacteria [20,21]. Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer obtained usually by deacetylation of chitin, which is the main component of the exoskeleton of crustaceans [22]. ...
... The antibacterial activity of A. sativum is due to its allicin compound which consider the main antibacterial constituent of freshly crushed garlic [20], that produce its effect due to its chemical reaction with thiol groups of various enzymes [21]. Allicin concentration in garlic to exhibited antimicrobial effect should be the same or higher than microorganism concentration [46]. ...
... Conversely, chickpea seed aqueous extract displayed limited antibacterial activity. Previous studies by Mallikarjuna et al. (2007) found chickpea extract effective against fungi and identified antifungal peptides cicerin and arietin in chickpea seeds (27,31). While legumes like chickpeas are known for their antibacterial effects against Bacillus cereus and antioxidant potential (28), the current study found chickpea extracts effective against S. aureus but not against K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, or E. coli. ...
Background: The emergence of antibiotic resistance necessitates exploring alternative treatments, including natural plant extracts. Lemon juice (Citrus limon) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seed aqueous extract, known for their medicinal properties, are investigated for their potential antibacterial effects. Objective: This study aimed to assess the antibacterial efficacy of lemon juice and chickpea seed aqueous extract, individually and in combination with antibiotics, against various pathogenic bacterial strains. Methods: Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. limon and C. arietinum were prepared. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sourced from the University of Education, Lahore, was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% were tested. Phytochemical analysis identified active compounds in the extracts. Antibacterial efficacy was quantified by measuring inhibition zones in millimeters. Results: Lemon juice showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity with inhibition zones up to 19.8±0.088 mm at 40% concentration. Chickpea extract was effective against S. aureus with a maximum inhibition of 14±0.577 mm at 40%. Combined treatments enhanced antibacterial effects, particularly against S. aureus, with a combination of lemon juice, chickpea extract, and antibiotics yielding an inhibition zone of 20.1±0.058 mm at the highest concentration. In contrast, chickpea extract alone showed no activity against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, or P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: The study confirms the significant antibacterial potential of lemon juice across multiple bacterial strains and the specific efficacy of chickpea extract against S. aureus. The combination of these extracts with antibiotics suggests a promising avenue for augmenting antibacterial treatment strategies.
... The literature review describes the use of many plants with beneficial antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutants. [9,10] C. amada has been described as promising spice with various biologic activities as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, antitubercular and platelet inhibitory properties due to the presence of multiple bioactive phytochemicals. [5][6][7] The studies have shown that ethanolic extract of C. amada against various tested microorganisms was most effective compared to other phenolic extracts (acetone, chloroform, ether and carbon tetrachloride) and aqueous extract. ...
Context
Dental caries is prevalent in spite of widespread use of mechanical and chemical plaque control methods. Streptococcus mutans is said to have a strong background in initiation of dental caries. Hence, exceptional methods are required which would be effective against dental caries. Current era is taking people back to traditional or herbal medicine, which is said to have comparatively better healing effects than synthetic drugs in the market.
Aim
Determine and analyse the minimum zone of inhibition of Curcuma amada against Streptococcus mutans.
Settings and Design
An In vitro Study.
Methods, Statistical Analysis Used
The well diffusion method using blood agar plates was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of 5%, 10% and 25% concentration of C. Amada extract against Streptococcus mutans in comparison with 0.2% chlorhexidine. Results were statistically analysed using independent sample t-test or Mann–Whitney U test to compare mean or median zone of inhibition between two groups. Thus, the zone of inhibition (in mm) was analysed using the mean of all the readings obtained and the level of significance at <0.05 was considered statistically significant at 5% of level of significance.
Results
Maximum zone of inhibition was found to be with C. amada compared to corresponding concentration of 0.2% chlorhexidine. Thus, inhibitory effect of C. amada is significantly better than 5%, 10% and 25% chlorhexidine mouthwash. The inhibitory effect increases as the concentration increases.
Conclusions
The antibacterial activity of C. amada against Streptococcus mutans raises the possibility of incorporating it in various dental therapeutic agents.
... Pathogens of the oral cavity include Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., etc. The most common infection of the oral cavity is caused by S. mutans which plays a significant role in the formation of dental caries and periodontal disease (Mathai et al., 2017). Although antibiotics like penicillin and vancomycin are found to have excellent anti-caries effects, their regular use can lead to antibiotic resistance because they alter the oral and intestinal flora. ...
Antibiotic resistance is rising across the world. For a very long time, bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) has been used as one of the most popular herbal remedies to treat a wide range of common diseases. Ginger has been shown to have antioxidant and antibacterial activity. It has various bioactive chemicals that might be utilized as an alternative treatment option for many infectious diseases. The present study aimed to examine the biochemical profile of ginger, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity against selective endodontic microbes. Antioxidant was measured using DPPH and antibacterial activity was performed using disk diffusion tests. Streptococcus mutants, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus spp., and Lactobacillus spp. were tested for anti-bacterial activity. Before evaluating the dried extracts, all solvents were eliminated using rotary evaporation. The obtained IC50 value revealed that ethanol extract had the greatest antioxidant activity. Concerning each bacterium, the plant extracts demonstrated considerable antibacterial activity (p = .001). Ethanol extracts showed the strongest antibacterial activity against the studied microorganisms. This study highlights that the Zingiber zerumbet (Z. zerumbet) is a strong antibacterial herb against multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-positive bacteria. It may also be employed as a possible natural antioxidant source.
... 8 With a renewed interest in traditional medicine, plant-derived drugs are believed to be safer and more dependable in comparison with synthetic drugs with adverse side effects. 9 Syzygium aromaticum (clove) belongs to the Myrtaceae family, a native of Indonesian islands with eugenol as the main bioactive compound with concentrations ranging from 9381 to 14650 mg per 100 gm of freshly sourced plant material. 10 Studies conducted by Mohapatra et al. have proved clove to have bactericidal and fungicidal effects at concentrations of 1-3% against Staphylococcus aureus and other strains. ...
... These findings directed our work to search for effective alternatives for the used antibiotics to achieve higher levels of eradication from this vigorous pathogen. The garlic extract was reported through many studies to be the most potent antimicrobial plant extract in comparison with ginger and lemon extracts as mentioned by Karuppiah and Rajaram (2012); Mathai et al (2017); and Vuddhakul et al (2007). Allicin was reported to be the main component of garlic, which exhibits antioxidant properties and also protects the human body from various diseases (Gur et al, 2006). ...
Background: High frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection and the unknown mode of transmission prompted us to investigate H. pylori-wild housefly relationship. H. pylori causes chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer. H. pylori persists in the gut of the experimentally infected houseflies. The existence of H. pylori strains isolated from wild houseflies, on the other hand, has never been documented. Methods: In this study, 902 wild houseflies from different sites were identified as Musca domestica, then 60 flies were screened by traditional microbiological techniques and H. pylori-specific 16S rRNA gene. The antibiotic resistance (ART) was investigated phenotypically. Wild housefly gut bacterial isolates were further evaluated genotypically to have 23S rRNA gene mutation related to clarithromycin resistance. To find efficient therapeutic alternatives, the potency of three plant extracts (garlic, ginger, and lemon) and the wasp, Vespa orientalis venom was evaluated against H. pylori. The cytotoxic effect of the crude wasp venom, the most potent extract, against Vero and Colon cancer (Caco2) cell lines was investigated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results: All isolates from houseflies were positive. The isolated bacteria have variable resistance to frequently used antibiotics in all isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of 15.625 mg/mL for both ginger and lemon extracts, 7.8125 mg/mL for garlic extract, and 0.0313 mg/mL for wasp venom were recorded. Wasp venom has the most potent antibacterial activity compared with the four antibiotics that are currently used in therapies against H. pylori. Conclusion: We conclude that wild houseflies can play a role in disseminating H. pylori. The housefly gut may be a suitable environment for the horizontal transfer of ART genes among its associated microbiome and H. pylori. Wasp venom proved its potential activity as a new and effective anti-H. pylori drug for both therapeutic and preventative usage.
... Most of the studies shown in Table 3 used the broth microdilution method for determining the antimicrobial activity of honey samples [70,[72][73][74][75][76][77][78], and only a few studies used the agar diffusion method [55,71]. These findings are consistent with what was discussed in Section 4 of this review. ...
Honey has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against different microorganisms, but its effects on oral biofilms are largely unknown. In this review, we analyzed the currently available literature on the antimicrobial activity of honey against oral biofilms in order to determine its potential as a functional food in the treatment and/or prevention of oral diseases. Here, we compare studies reporting on the antimicrobial activity of honey against systemic and oral bacteria, discuss methodological strategies, and point out current gaps in the literature. To date, there are no consistent studies supporting the use of honey as a therapy for oral diseases of bacterial origin, but current evidence in the field is promising. The lack of studies examining the antibiofilm activity of honey against oral microorganisms reveals a need for additional research to better define aspects such as chemical composition, the mechanism(s) of action, and antimicrobial action.
... Најбројнија истраживања о утицају белог лука односе се на његово антимикробно дејство. Употреба екстракта белог лука препоручује се спречавању развоја каријеса зуба јер инхибише раст Streptococcus mutans (Mathai et al., 2017). Антимикробни ефекат вапоризованог алицина доказан је на плућне патогене Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae и S. dysgalactiae equisilimlis, на мултирезистентни Streptococcus pneumoniae као и на Staphylococcus aureus (Reiter et al., 2017). ...
... 8,30 Zingiber offici-i i nale (ginger) is a commonly used spice in food items; however, it is also used medicinally in many countries, including Saudi Arabia, India, Pakistan, and Iran. 1,3,32,48 Active ingredients in ginger, such as gingerol, paradol, beta-bisabolene and shogaol, have been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-obesity, anti-viral and anti-oxidant effects. 9,14,34,44 According to Mazidi et al, 33 ginger reduces the production and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. ...
Purpose:
The authors hypothesize that ginger (Zingiber officinale) tablets and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective in reducing postoperative self-rated pain and periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], and probing depth [PD], clinical attachment loss [AL] and marginal bone loss) following non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in patients with periodontitis. The aim was to compare the postoperative analgesic and anti-inflammatory effectiveness of ginger tablets and NSAIDs as adjuncts to nonsurgical periodontal therapy for the management of periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Patients with periodontitis were included. All patients underwent NSPT. In groups 1 and 2, patients received postoperative ginger (400 mg) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (400 mg), respectively. Demographic data were collected, and full-mouth periodontal parameters (PI, GI, PD and CAL) were evaluated at baseline and at 7, 14 and 21 days. Self-rated pain scores were assessed at baseline, and at 24 h, 3 and 7 days of follow-up. In both groups, self-rated pain was assessed pre- and postoperatively using the numeric rating scale (NRS). Power analysis was performed on data from a pilot investigation and group comparisons were done. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.01.
Results:
Baseline mean NRS scores in groups 1 and 2 were 4.19 ± 0.12 and 4.13 ± 0.08, respectively. All participants had stage II/grade B periodontitis. At baseline, self-rated pain scores were significantly higher among patients in groups 1 and 2 at 24 h (p < 0.01) and 3 days (p < 0.01) of follow-up. In groups 1 (p < 0.01) and 2 (p < 0.01), self-rated pain scores were significantly higher at 24 h compared with 3 days of follow-up. In both groups, there was a significant reduction in PI (p < 0.01), GI (p < 0.01) and PD (p < 0.01) at 7, 14 and 21 days of follow-up compared with baseline.
Conclusion:
Ginger and traditional NSAIDs are effective in reducing postoperative pain and inflammation following NSPT in patients with moderate periodontitis.
... Previous studies reported inhibition of A. alternata growth by peppermint and lavender methanol-water extract [10] and peppermint essential oil [26]; however, due to a different type of extract, these findings were not reflected in the present work. The detailed results of phytopathogen growth inhibition by water-glycol extracts The antibacterial property of garlic extracts against several human pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Streptococcus mutans has already been described [28][29][30][31][32]. Although the activity of garlic extracts against potato phytopathogens is under-reported, a garlic WE was active against Alternaria solani [33], while chloroform, hexane, methanol [34], and water [22] extracts inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia solani. ...
The purpose of the study was to select an environmentally friendly plant biopesticide to protect seed potatoes against phytopathogens. The scope included the evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of 22 plant water extracts, 22 water-glycol extracts, and 3 subcritical carbon dioxide extracts using the agar diffusion method against 10 potato phytopathogens. For the most effective extracts, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), chemical composition analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and in situ assays on seed potatoes were performed. Garlic water extract was finally selected as the most effective in phytopathogen growth inhibition, both in vitro and in situ, with MIC values ranging between 6.3–25 mg/mL. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural was determined to be the main component of this extract (33.24%). Garlic water extract was proposed as a potential biopesticide against potato phytopathogens.
... According to the Clinical Lab Standards Institute, for an agent to be accepted as having antimicrobial capacity it must display an inhibition zone of more than 11 mm, which depends on the agent and its concentration 15 . These results agree with those reported by Mathai et al. 16 , who observed a 11.7 ± 0.6 mm inhibition zone for fresh ginger extract against S. mutans MTCC 497. Many studies have also shown an inhibition zone for fresh ginger extract against S. mutans of approximately 6-18 mm [17][18][19] . ...
This study aimed to investigate microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of dried ginger and to develop a rice-based edible film incorporating ginger extract. The optimal MAE conditions of 400 W microwave power and an extraction time of 1 min were determined using a 3² full factorial design. The optimized extract showed total phenolic compounds (TPC, 198.2 ± 0.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), antioxidant activity measured by DPPH (91.4 ± 0.6% inhibition), ABTS (106.4 ± 3.1 mg Trolox/g), and FRAP (304.6 ± 5.5 mg Trolox/g), and bioactive compounds including 6-gingerol (71.5 ± 3.6 mg/g), 6-shogaol (12.5 ± 1.0 mg/g), paradol (23.1 ± 1.1 mg/g), and zingerone (5.0 ± 0.3 mg/g). Crude extract of dried ginger showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans DMST 18777, with a minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 0.5 and 31.2 mg/mL, respectively. The rice-based edible film incorporating 3.2% (w/v) ginger extract tested against S. mutans DMST 18777 had a mean zone of inhibition of 12.7 ± 0.1 mm. Four main phenolic compounds, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, paradol, and zingerone, and six volatile compounds, α-curcumene, α-zingiberene, γ-muurolene, α-farnesene, β-bisabolene, and β-sesquiphellandrene, were found in rice film fortified with crude ginger extract.
... 10 Several laboratory studies have shown the effect of garlic extract in the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans. [11][12][13] Streptococcus mutans is a gram-positive bacterium and the main cause of dental caries. ...
Background: Oral and dental diseases are among the common health conditions which can have different effects on the individuals’ health and quality of life. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on saliva Streptococcus mutans (primary outcome) and its side effects (secondary outcome). Methods: In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, English and Persian databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, and Magiran) were systematically searched until February 25, 2021. The quality of the included studies was examined using Cochrane handbook, and the meta-analysis was carried out using RevMan 5.3. Heterogeneity of the studies was analyzed by index I2. Moreover, the quality of the evidence was assessed through GRADE approach. Results: A total of 93 studies were found on the databases; 89 articles were screened by title and abstract review and were removed as 19 studies were repetitive and 70 studies were unrelated to the subject under study. Ultimately, 4 articles with a sample size of 171 participants were included in this study, and two of the four studies were meta-analyzed. In all the 4 studies, garlic extract was effective in reducing the number of saliva Streptococcus mutans colonies compared to the control group. The results of the meta-analysis showed that using garlic extract mouthwash significantly decreased the average number of saliva Streptococcus mutans colonies (Mean Difference: -3.32; 95%CI: -4.39 to -2.26; P<0.00001). Conclusion: Although this review study indicated the significant effect of garlic extract in reducing saliva Streptococcus mutans, the evidence is not sufficient enough to recommend garlic extract to fight saliva Streptococcus mutans, and more clinical trials with stronger designs and larger sample sizes are needed.
... Ginger rhizome is a natural herbal with noticeable antimicrobial properties, it is safe without any toxic effect as it is FDA approved. In addition to the antimicrobial properties, its antifungal effects on oral cavity pathogens was proved (19,20) . In spite of that, there are insufficient studies which assess the remineralizing efficacy of ginger on incipient enamel carious lesions. ...
... Zingiberofficinale (or ginger, Ginger rhizome) is most traditionally used herbs in India, this natural food source possesses antimicrobial and antifungal activities. Few studies have also reported its effect on streptococcus mutans [26][27][28][29]. One more traditionally used with herbal medicines in India is honey. ...
Introduction: Remineralization is an effective treatment that may reverse or stop the caries progression in earlier stage. In recent years, the grape seed extract is the potential remineralising agent under investigation.Materials and Methods: The 60 extracted tooth were obtained , a window of 3mm×4mm was prepared at the cervical portion of the tooth. The roots were sectioned and sealing of the tooth except for window is done with nail varnish. Dem-ineralization was done with lactic acid and remineralization protocols were done with respect to their groups CPP-ACP, Gingerpowder+ honey and grape seed extract with 20 tooth per group . Then teeth were subjected to microhardness test and imaging was done with fluorescence spectroscopy.Results: The results were analysed using one-way ANOVA with dunnett’s test. The results showed that grape seed extract was significantly better than other groups, followed by ginger powder and honey and CPP-ACP paste.Keywords: Caries; Demineralization; Ginger Honey; Grape Seed; Microhardness; Remineralisation.
... In this study, we observed the inhibitory activity of crude ginger extract and found that the MIC and MBC of the crude ginger extract against S. mutans DMST 18777 were 0.49 mg/mL and 31.25 mg/mL, respectively, with the inhibition zone approximately 11.0 mm. These results agree with that reported by Mathai et al. 13 , where fresh ginger extract against S. mutans MTCC 497 with the inhibition zone of 11.72±0.62 mm. ...
This study aimed to integrate microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) on the dry ginger extract and to develop rice-based edible film incorporated with ginger extract. An efficient MAE was developed to extract the dried ginger using a 3 ² full factorial design. The optimal condition was a microwave power of 400W and an extraction time of 1 min. The extraction time was a significantly effective factor than microwave power, whist power was not a significant factor for yield, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, and paradol. A crude extract of dried-ginger has antimicrobial activity against S. mutans DMST 18777 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.49 mg/mL and 31.25 mg/mL, respectively. The rice-based edible film incorporated with 32 mg/mL of ginger extract against S. mutans DMST 18777 with a mean zone of inhibition of 12.69 ± 0.07 mm. The functional property of rice film was remarkably better than the original. Significant increases in TPC, antioxidant and bioactive compounds were associated with increase ginger extract contents in rice film. The main phenolic compounds including 6- gingerol 6-shogaol, paradol, and zingerone, and essential oils including α-curcumene, α-zingiberene, γ-muurolene, α-farnesene, β-bisabolene, and β-sesquiphellandrene were found in rice film strip fortify with crude ginger extract.
... Zingiberofficinale (or ginger, Ginger rhizome) is most traditionally used herbs in India, this natural food source possesses antimicrobial and antifungal activities. Few studies have also reported its effect on streptococcus mutans [26][27][28][29]. One more traditionally used with herbal medicines in India is honey. ...
Introduction: Remineralization is an effective treatment that may reverse or stop the caries progression in earlier stage. In recent years, the grape seed extract is the potential remineralising agent under investigation.Materials and Methods: The 60 extracted tooth were obtained , a window of 3mm×4mm was prepared at the cervical portion of the tooth. The roots were sectioned and sealing of the tooth except for window is done with nail varnish. Dem-ineralization was done with lactic acid and remineralization protocols were done with respect to their groups CPP-ACP, Gingerpowder+ honey and grape seed extract with 20 tooth per group . Then teeth were subjected to microhardness test and imaging was done with fluorescence spectroscopy.Results: The results were analysed using one-way ANOVA with dunnett’s test. The results showed that grape seed extract was significantly better than other groups, followed by ginger powder and honey and CPP-ACP paste.Keywords: Caries; Demineralization; Ginger Honey; Grape Seed; Microhardness; Remineralisation.
... Many other plants including Aloe vera, Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Cimicifuga foetida, Cinnamomum cassia, Citrus aurantiifolia, Cistus incanus, Citrus Limon, Eucalyptus globulus, Galla chinensis, Houttuynia cordata, Mentha arvensis, Mimusops elengi, Mangifera indica, Mentha piperita, Origanum dubium, Psidium guajava, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Satureja hortensis, Scrophularia striata, Terminalia chebula, Tinospora cordifolia, Toddalia asiatica Lycii Radicis, Trachyspermum ammi, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Vaccinium vitisidaea and Zingiber officinale could be classified as the herbs for this indication. Inhibition of ATP production or energy metabolism (Karioti et al., 2006), increasing the cell membrane permeability (Babaeekhou and Ghane, 2020;Marchese et al., 2016;Saad et al., 2013), changing pH homeostasis (Duarte et al., 2006), cell morphology deterioration (Azizan et al., 2017) ( Fig. 1), cytoplasmic deregulation (Kim et al., 2017), enamel remineralization enhancement , inhibition of colony formation Anand et al., 2015;Banavar Ravi et al., 2017;Dadpe et al., 2018;Hagh et al., 2019;Jain et al., 2016;Karadaglıoglu et al., 2019;Kokubu et al., 2019;Lekshmi et al., 2012;Mahboubi et al., 2013;Mathai et al., 2017;Mistry et al., 2015;Patri and Sahu, 2017;Raghavan et al., 2018;Sekita et al., 2016;Shaheena et al., 2019;Shahriari et al., 2019;Thomas et al., 2015;Valones et al., 2016;Wittpahl et al., 2015;Yang et al., 2016) and colony adhesion (Bhadoria et al., 2019;Khan et al., 2010;Megalaa et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2016;Zhang et al., 2015), are the observed mechanism of action for their natural compounds. ...
Since the time that human population comprehended the importance of general health maintenance and the burden of disease, there has been a search for healing properties in the natural environment. Herbal medicine is the use of plants with medical properties for prevention and treatment of conditions that can affect general health. Recently, a growing interest has been observed toward the use of traditional herbal medicine alongside synthetic modern drugs. Around 80% of the population, especially in developing countries relies on it for healthcare. Oral healthcare is considered a major part of general health. According to the world health organization (WHO), oral health is considered an important part of general health and quality of life. The utilization of natural medications for the management of pathologic oro-dental conditions can be a logical alternative to pharmaceutical methods due to their availability, low costs, and lower side effects. The current literature review aimed at exploration of the variety and extent of herbal products application in oral health maintenance including different fields of oral healthcare such as dental caries, periodontal maintenance, microbial infections, oral cancers, and inflammatory conditions.
... It is widely distributed and used in Asian countries as a traditional medicine for a wide array of conditions, including nausea, vomiting, colds, fever, and rheumatic disorders [15]. Several studies report that ginger and its active components have antimicrobial [16], antioxidant [17], and anti-inflammatory properties [18]. Ginger extract showed its protective effects by reducing lipid peroxidation and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities in mycotoxin-treated HepG2 cell lines [19]. ...
Ginger (Zingiber officianale), the most widely consumed species, is traditionally used as a folk medicine to treat some inflammatory diseases in China and Korea. However, the functional activity of steamed ginger extract on gastric ulcers has not been previously explored. The present study aimed to investigate antiulcer activity of steamed ginger extract (GGE03) against ethanol (EtOH)/HCl-induced gastric ulcers in a rat model. GGE03 (100 mg/kg) was orally administered for 14 days to rats before oral intubation of an EtOH/HCl mixture to induce gastric damage. Pretreatment with GGE03 markedly protected the formation of microscopic pathological damage in the gastric mucosa. Further, administration of GGE03 significantly increased mucosal total nitrate/nitrite production in gastric tissues, and elevated total GSH content, catalase activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression as well as decreasing lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Underlying protective mechanisms were examined by assessing inflammation-related genes, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. GGE03 administration significantly reduced the expression of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that GGE03 possesses antiulcer activity by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
... Since they have an antibacterial effect, it is used in the treatment of oral thrush and sore mouth. Mathai and colleagues (14) reported that ginger extract possess potential antibacterial against Mutans streptococci and the inhibition zone of ginger extract was 11.7 mm. ...
Dental caries and periodontal disease are the two most common oral diseases in man. These most prevalent oral infectious diseases are historically the province of dentists for diagnosis and treatment. Recent advances in the field of dentistry have promoted the use of various herbal and natural products for the prevention and treatment of various oral diseases and conditions. Aloe Vera and ginger are one such product comprise various biologically active ingredients and has gained considerable importance in clinical applications in medicine and dentistry. The aim of this article is shedding light on the significance role of aloe vera and ginger herbs in some oral diseases.
... Wail H2O DD -22 --24 -24 -----9 H2O WD -ve -13 -ve 11 -9 -----ve 10 EtOH WD -ve -10 14 17 [24], Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Norcadiaasteroides, Actinomycesviscosus, and Veilonellaalcaligens [27]. Streptococcus pyogene [30], Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella enterica and Klebsiella oxytoca [39], Vibrio parahaemolyticus [40], Salmonella enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni [45], Streptococcus mutans [46], Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis and Prevotella intermedia [47], Citrobacter freundii and Lactic acid bacteria [48]. ...
Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale), is a famous plant product consumed as a spice as well as many uses in food industries and traditional medicine. Numerous studies have been conducted on its antibacterial potential, which showed varied results. The objective of the current mini-review is to highlight the antibacterial propereties of ginger rhizome, based on the published data. It was found that, out of 40 published papers on the antibacterial properties of ginger rhizome, 2 reported negative results, while 38 exhibited positive results against all or some of the tested bacteria. Even though, most of the positive results were not a competitor to the tested antibiotics (as positive controls). However, there were wide differences and contradictions between the positive results themselves even against the same bacterial species, indicating that the efficacy of this plant product is greatly affected by many reasons such as the method of extraction, antibacterial assay conditions, genetic variations among bacterial strains and its sources. Also, the source of plant sample is an important factor, since plants affected by geographic variations, environmental conditions and physiological factors which influence its bioactive phytochemical compounds. Accordingly, this mini-review suggests that the antibacterial properties of ginger rhizome have yet to be adequately explored using advanced multidisciplinary approach (in vitro and in vivo).
This In Vitro study investigated the effects of incorporating copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) into an etch-and-rinse (ER) adhesive on the survival rate of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) , micro tensile bond strength ( μ TBS), and degree of conversion (DC) when applied to carious dentin. Mandibular teeth with carious lesions were selected, and S. mutans was inoculated on carious-affected dentin (CAD). The samples were divided into four groups based on the concentration of CuNPs in the OptiBond FL primer: Group 1 had unmodified ER adhesive, Group 2 had 0.1 wt% CuNPs, Group 3 had 0.5 wt% CuNPs, and Group 4 had 1 wt% CuNPs. The survival rate of S. mutans was assessed, and the samples were restored to evaluate μ TBS and failure modes. The DC was measured using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Statistical analysis using ANOVA and Tukey tests determined significant differences across groups in antibacterial efficacy, μ TBS, and DC. The results indicated that the 1 wt% CuNPs group (Group 4) exhibited the lowest bacterial survival, while the unmodified ER adhesive group (Group 1) showed the highest S. mutans survival. The highest bond strength to the CAD was observed in the 0.5 wt% CuNPs group (Group 3), with Group 1 demonstrating the lowest μ TBS. These findings suggest that incorporating CuNPs into an ER adhesive system, particularly at a concentration of 0.1 wt%, can effectively provide antimicrobial properties to the adhesive interface while simultaneously enhancing bond strength and achieving a favorable degree of conversion with carious-affected substrates.
Oral problems are becoming a worldwide issue causing serious economic and health burdens that in turn reduces quality of life. Alongside, the personal consequences of these implications impose a great burden on both healthcare and families. Due to the ample nutrition and therapeutic abilities of honey, it has a great potential to be used as a sweet solution in the prevention and curing of oral diseases. Moreover, it exerts biological properties, namely, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancerous and antiseptic. Therefore, honey’s potent multidisciplinary characteristics in oral health are being explored by scientists and researchers. In addition, till now there is no such synthetic compound reported to show all these properties. The overview of this chapter begins with a brief description of the oral microbiome and its potent effects. Furthermore, there is mention of honey’s application in the mitigation and amelioration of several oral issues including gingivitis, malodour, oral cancer, mouth ulcers, herpes labialis, cold sores, oral wounds, radiation-induced oral mucositis and xerostomia. However, despite the extensive utilization of honey, there is still need for more conclusive clinical trials to know about the effectiveness and efficacy of honey in oral healthcare.
Introduction:
The oral cavity is considered to be one of the most intricate environments in the human body. It is known to harbor commensal microorganisms that do not cause diseases, such as Candida albicans, a yeast fungus that has a carriage rate that tends to increase with age. It is worth noting that C. albicans can be readily identified within the flora of the gastrointestinal tract in 80% of healthy patients. Traditional medicine has alternatively been shown to play a key role in various health amenities with a wide spectrum anti-microbial effect against various yeast molds.
Objectives:
To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of pure garlic, onion, and lemon juice extracts against C. albicans. Materials and methods: C. albicans (ATCC 10231) were sub-cultured in brain agar followed by anaerobic incubation for 48 hours at 37°C. Ten plates were used for each of the materials studied to evaluate their antifungal efficacy against C. albicans. The efficiency of commercially available fresh garlic, onion, and lemon was tested in isolation against C. albicans. One-way ANOVA and chi-square were used for comparison between the different materials. The inhibition zone was measured, and the level of statistical significance was set at ≤0.05.
Results:
The diameter of inhibition zones has been measured along the vertical and horizontal axis. No inhibition zones were observed for the onion and lemon extracts used in this study whereas the garlic extract exhibited inhibition zones with altered sizes (4.89 ± 0.275). A highly significant difference was observed between groups (P = 0.000) and between garlic and the other materials (P = 0.000).
Conclusions:
Pure garlic showed a highly significant antifungal efficacy when compared to the onion and lemon juice extracts against C. albicans. Further studies are needed using different concentrations of onion, lemon, and lemon peel juice to confirm their antifungal efficacy in addition to their actual antimicrobial benefits.
This research developed a novel, efficient and safe antimildew for peanut kernel postharvest storage. The antimildew, cinnamon-Litsea cubeba compound essential oil (CLCEO) microcapsule (CLCEOM), was synthesized with CLCEO as core materials and β-cyclodextrin as wall materials. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses indicated that major antifungal compounds of CLCEO were encapsulated in the cavity of β-cyclodextrin. The inhibition zone experiment showed that CLCEOM retained antifungal effect on Aspergillus spp. strains even after storage for 2 months at 4 ℃. Besides, CLCEOM reduced total number of fungal colonies, relative abundance of Aspergillus spp., and aflatoxin B1 content of peanut kernels, and had positive effect on slowing down the increase in acid value of peanut oil without causing any adverse effect on the viability and sensory properties during storage process. Overall, CLCEOM presented good preservative effects on peanut kernels, providing evidence for its potential use as antimildew for peanut storage.
Introduction: Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been one of the most commonly consumed herbal medicines for a long time to treat several common diseases. Antibacterial activity, antioxidant properties and many bioactive compounds in ginger have been identified previously, which could be used as an alternative method to treat many infectious diseases.
Methods: The current study evaluates ginger's biochemical profile using qualitative and quantitative analysis and its bioactive potentials using antioxidant and antimicrobial assays against Streptococcus mutans and selective oral microbes. HPLC analysis was performed for the quantitative analysis. DPPH and Disc diffusion assays were used for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial activity was checked against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus spp., and Lactobacillus Spp. All solvents were removed by rotary evaporation before testing the dried extracts.
Results: The observed IC50 value showed that distilled water extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (43.9), followed by ethanol extract (52.4), and the lowest activity was observed in n-butanol extract (91.2) and n-hexane (90.6). Different plant extracts have shown significant antibacterial activity (p = 0.001) against each bacterium. The highest antibacterial activity against tested bacteria was observed in n-hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts. In comparison, the ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water extracts showed low antibacterial activity.
Conclusion: This study emphasizes that Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) against Gram-positive bacteria is an effective antimicrobial herb. Furthermore, it can be used as a potential natural source of antioxidants. Further studies on the toxicity analysis of ginger are recommended.
Despite advances in health care, dental caries, periodontal problems, various mucosal diseases and oral cancers are among the most common oral health problems and these diseases remain a global health problem all over the world. In addition to the current preventive treatments, safe, effective and economical alternative medical products are needed for the treatment of oral diseases. There are currently many commercially available agents for this purpose. However, it is also known that these chemicals cause serious side effects such as altering oral microbiota and developing bacterial resistance. Therefore, patients and dentists have become increasingly interested in natural phytopharmaceuticals, which are considered safer in terms of side effects. The fact that a single phytopharmaceutical has a complex chemical composition that can exhibit many different effects such as antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal activity offers a promising approach in preventive and therapeutic strategies. İn dentistry, identification of phytocompounds which have potential use in oral diseases, also offers more rational and natural treatment options with standardization and characterization of natural products. In this study, we aim to inform dentists and patients about the use of phytopharmaceuticals in the treatment of oral diseases by integrating them with today's technology in the light of scientific studies on the benefits of plant derivatives.
Background
In the treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC), ionizing radiation is an important modality in achieving curative objectives. However, the effective use of radiation is compromised by the side effects resulting from the damage to the adjacent normal tissue. Preclinical studies carried out in the recent past have shown that the age old dietary agent honey, which also possess myriad medicinal use is beneficial in mitigating diverse radiation-induced side effects like mucositis, xerostomia, fatigue, weight loss and to promote healing of refractory wounds.
Objective
The objective of this memoir is to review the beneficial effects of honey in mitigating radiation-induced side effects in HNC and to emphasize on the underlying mechanism of action for the beneficial effects.
Methods
Two authors searched Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for publications up to December 2019 to assess the ability of honey in reducing the severity of radiation-induced ill effects in the treatment of HNC. Subsequently, the adjunct pharmacological effects and mechanism/s responsible were also searched for and appropriately used to substantiate the underlying mechanism/s of action for the beneficial effects.
Results
The existing data is suggestive that honey is beneficial in mitigating the radiation-induced mucositis, xerostomia, healing of recalcitrant wounds in radiation exposed regions and multiple pathways mediate the beneficial effects especially, free radical scavenging, antioxidant, wound healing, anticancer, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anabolic, anti-fatigue and anti-anaemic effects that add additional value to the use of honey as an adjunct in cancer therapy.
Conclusion
For the first time this review addresses the underlying pharmacological effects related to the beneficial effects of honey in radiation-induced damage, and attempts at emphasizes the lacunae that need further studies for optimizing the use of honey as an adjunct in radiotherapy of HNC. The authors suggest that future studies should be directed at understanding the detail molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects using validated cell culture and animal models of study. Large multi centric clinical trials with standardised honey is also needed to understand the clinical use of honey.
Garlic or Allium sativum is a species in the Allium genus. Its name is derived from an old English word that means spear and leek. Garlic is found all over the world. It has some important chemical compositions that show various activities. The health benefits of consuming garlic are very well known. The use of A. sativum as an antibacterial agent and its effects on oral flora are currently being studied in vitro and in vivo. The application of garlic in oral therapy has shown promising results against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and also on the proteases of Porphyromonas gingivalis that are found in periodontitis. Furthermore, in vivo studies have reported that mouthrinse containing garlic extract is efficient in the treatment of Streptococcus mutans bacteria by reducing their complete count in saliva. The ongoing interest in garlic as an oral antibacterial agent has grown since it appears that the resistance of bacteria to garlic is much less than conventional antibiotics. It has also been found that garlic has antifungal, anticancer, antiallergic, antiobesity, and antiviral properties. Garlic could conceivably become a treatment option for patients suffering from a variety of oral diseases.
Garlic (Allium sativum) belongs to Liliaceae family. Plants belonging to this family are well known for their sulfur compounds besides phenolic substances. The current study was planned to explore the potential of sonication treatment combined with various solvents for extracting bioactive components (phenolics and allicin) of two local garlic varieties that is garlic white and garlic pink and to elucidate the antimicrobial potential of extracts against selected pathogens. Total phenolic contents in various extracts ranged 57.35 ± 4.77–86.18 ± 1.53mg GAE/100 g. Allicin as characterized through high‐performance liquid chromatographic system was found in the range of 62.67 ± 13.49–425.6 ± 3.04 ppm. The minimum inhibitory concentration of garlic extracts as calculated by the broth dilution method ranged 25–133 mg/ml and biofilm formation was 45–82%. On an overall basis, garlic pink indicated higher bioactive components, antimicrobial potential against foodborne pathogens, and biofilm formation inhibition. Regarding solvents extracts with 50% methanol, as extraction solvent, indicated better results trailed by 50% ethanol and water.
Practical applications
Garlic extract is rich in bioactive moieties especially Allicin, other organosulfur and phenolics, having antioxidant and antimicrobial potential which can exert beneficial effects on human health. Antimicrobial potential of garlic extract can be utilized for killing foodborne pathogens and thus achieving food safety. Its use in meat, meat products, and fish can significantly reduce the pathogens associated with these food items. Moreover, both antioxidant and antimicrobial properties offer bio‐preservation effect to these products and extend the shelf life. Biofilm formation inhibition properties of garlic extract can be utilized in food processing and preservation as well in food processing equipment. Further, garlic extracts can be used for preparation of nanoparticles with enhanced efficiency.
Background: Over the years chlorhexidine has been used in the dental practice as an excellent antiplaque agent. Chlorhexidine not only exhibits special property of substantivity, it also possesses a broad antimicrobial spectrum which makes its use in wide variety of oral disorders. Virtually all disciplines of dentistry make use of this material in different formulations like mouth wash, gel, spray, varnish, and restorative material etc. Objectives: To analyse and discuss the use of chlorhexidine not only as antiplaque agent but also an antimicrobial agent. Search methods: The following electronic databases were searched: the Cochrane OralHealth Group Trials Register (to 15 Sep 2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE via OVID (1971 to sept 2015) and EMBASE via OVID (1971 to sep 2015). Selection of article restricted to English language. Analysis: All the available literature is pooled and segregated with respect to dose, frequency,mechanism of action. side effects of chlorhexidine and based on its antimicrobial spectrum further analysed as antibacterial, antiviral and antifunfal and antiprotozoal property accordingly its role in respective oral disorders and their management in different formulation such as mouth wash, spray, gel, cements and varnish etc Conclusion: Analysis giving some insights into its definitive role as an antibacterial agent further supported by a large number of studies clearly highlighting its role as antiplaque agent, as a root canal irrigant, prevention of caries by suppression of S. mutans, prevention of sceondary infection in apthous ulcers and in alveolar osteitis. Showing promisng results as an antifungal agent ascertained by its role in the management of denture stomatatis and implant associated biofilms. Antiprotozoal role as ascertained in the management of ANUG. Though its long term use has been restricted for its known side effects, a new formulation with antidisclouration system has shown promising results. Research results indicated that chlorhexidine doesn't alter the microbial flora and the research is inadequate to prove its carcinogenicity, available data indicates chlorhexidine is not a carcinogen.
Dental caries, a chronic disease is unique among human and is one of the most common important global oral health problems in the world today. It is the destruction of dental hard acellular tissue by acidic by-products from the bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohy¬drates especially sucrose. It progresses slowly in most of the people which results from an ecological imbalance in the equilibrium between tooth minerals and oral biofilms which is characterised by microbial activity, resulting in fluctuations in plaque pH due to bacterial acid production, buffering action from saliva and the surrounding tooth structure. The mi¬crobial community of caries is diverse and contains many facultatively and obligately-anaer¬obic bacteria. S. mutans is the most primary associated with it. Dental caries can affect the human in various ways i.e. presence of tooth pain, infection or dysfunction of the stomato¬gnathic system can limit the necessary ingestion of energetic foods, affecting the growth in children and adults as well as their learning, communication skills and recreational activi¬ties. Moreover, oral and pharyngeal cancers and oral tissue lesions are also significant health concern. Cavernous sinus thrombosis and Ludwig angina can be life-threatening. Due to this, treatment is needed for dental diseases which cost is normally high and is not feasible for all community due to limited resources such as time, person and money. Therefore, prevention is more affordable. Personal hygiene cares and dietary modification should be recommended.
Garlic has been a favorite additive in food for many years in various cultures. It is known that garlic (Allium sativum) possesses antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antimutagenic, antiplatelet and antihyperlipidemic properties. Allicin, a thiosulfinate extract of garlic, has been presumed to be a very strong antioxidant. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of raw garlic extract was not conclusive to determine allicin's presence. However, using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging methods to determine the antioxidant activity of raw garlic extract shows a color change from deep violet to yellow, indicating antioxidant activity. Thus, raw garlic can be a source of antioxidant based on the results of the DPPH scavenging analysis.
Garlic products are used as sources of medicine in many ways in human beings in their day today life. As a result, researchers from various disciplines are now directing their efforts towards discovering the medicinal values of garlic on human health. The main interest of researchers in the medicinal values of garlic is its broad-spectrum therapeutic effect with minimal toxicity. Garlic extract has antimicrobial activity against many genera of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Garlic contains a higher concentration of sulfur compounds which are responsible for its medicinal effects. The chemical constituents of garlic have also been investigated for treatment of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, blood pressure, atherosclerosis and hyperlipidaemia and highly praised by several authors. Therefore, this paper is reviewed to inspire and impress the young researchers about the medicinal values of garlic.
Herbal medicines involve the integration of several therapeutic experiences and practices of indigenous systems of medicine that may span many previous generations, which often provides valuable guidelines to the selection, preparation and application of herbal formulation for the treatment, control and management of variety of ailments. According to World Health Organization, 60% of the world’s population depends on traditional medicine and 80% of the population in developing countries depends almost entirely on traditional medicine practices and herbal medicines for their primary health care needs. As a result of increasing demand for herbal medicines, there are increasing concerns about the safety, standardization, efficacy, quality, availability and preservation of herbal products by policy-makers, health professionals as well as the general public. Improvement in the quality of herbal medicines could be achieved by deliberate implementation of good agricultural practices (GAPs) at the point of cultivation of medicinal plants and good manufacturing practices (GMPs) during the process of manufacture and packaging of finished herbal products, as well as post-marketing quality assurance surveillance. Additionally, following the current sustained improvements in quality control and regulatory measures in many countries of the world, it is envisaged that in the near future, herbal medicinal practices will be integrated into the conventional medicines.
Background:
Traditional medicine remains the only health care available in many rural areas in Madagascar like the rural community of Ambalabe, located in a very remote area in the eastern part of the country. With limited access to modern medicine, the local population uses medicinal plants to treat most diseases. In this study, we aimed to inventory medicinal plants used by local people and how those relate to the treatment of the most frequent diseases encountered in Ambalabe.
Methods:
We interviewed participants in order to identify the most frequent diseases in the region and the medicinal plants used to treat them. The local physician was asked about the most frequent diseases, and ethnobotanical surveys to record medicinal plants and their uses, using semi-structured interviews and free listing, were conducted among 193 informants in local villages, of which 54 % were men and 46 % were women, ageing from 16 to 86 years. The local names, the uses of each plant species and the way they are prepared and administered were recorded and accompanied by herbarium specimens for identification. We also interviewed four traditional healers to elicit more details on the preparation and the use of plants.
Results:
Our research allowed us to identify six most frequent diseases, namely diarrhea, malaria, stomach-ache, cough, bilharzia and dysentery. Among 209 plant species identified as having medicinal use, 83 species belonging to 49 families and 77 genera were used to treat these diseases. Our analyses highlighted the 11 commonly used species for their treatment, and also 16 species with a high fidelity level (FL ≥ 75 %) for each ailment. Diarrhea is one of the diseases with high number of species recorded.
Conclusions:
This study highlighted the closed relationship between people in Ambalabe and plant species, especially when faced with frequent diseases. However, most of the species used were collected in the surroundings of the villages. Few species were from Vohibe forest in which a management system on the use of plant species was already established. Therefore, a sustainable use management should be considered for wild species from which medicinal plants are highly abundant.
Aim:
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is commonly used all over the world, and herbal medicines are the most preferred ways of CAM. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of herbal medicine use among patients with chronic diseases.
Methodology:
A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from April 2014 to December 2014 among patients who had been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), and hyperlipidemia (HL) in Family Medicine Department of Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, in Ankara. A questionnaire about herbal drug use was applied by face to face interview to the participants.
Results:
A total of 217 patients were included in this study. The mean age of the participants was 56.6 ± 9.7 years (55 male and 162 female). The rate of herbal medicine use was 29%. Herbal medicine use among female gender was significantly higher (P = 0.040). Conventional medication use was found to be lower among herbal medicine consumers. There was no relationship between herbal medicine use and type of chronic disease, living area, and occupation or education level. Most frequently used herbs were lemon (39.6%) and garlic (11.1%) for HT, cinnamon (12.7%) for DM, and walnut (6.3%) for HL.
Conclusions:
In this study, herbal medicine use was found to be higher among patients who had been diagnosed with chronic diseases. Therefore, physicians should be aware of herbal medicine usage of their patients and inform them about the effectivity and side effects of herbal medicines.
The objective of this study was to investigative the effects of ten plant extracts, six juices, and propolis and their combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Agar-well diffusion and broth dilution methods were used. Triple and quadruple combinations were tested with the most active extracts. All of the tested 70% ethanolic extracts inhibited the growth of S. mutans and C. albicans. Cloves, cinnamon, propolis, lavender, and sage were the most active inhibitors. Apple, black chokeberry, black elderberry, cranberry, Japanese quince, and lemon juice demonstrated little activity. Mixed in double 1:1 combinations, 8 extract combinations expressed synergistic action and 11 combinations expressed antagonistic action to the inhibition of the growth of C. albicans. Chamomile, liquorice, marigold, and lavender were involved both in synergistic and antagonistic interactions depending on the second component of the mixture. Propolis, cinnamon, and cloves were involved only in particular synergistic interactions, while sweet flag, dog rose, and oregano related only to some antagonistic interactions. The most active quadruple combination consisted of cloves, cinnamon, propolis, and lavender. Moreover, it demonstrated activity and synergistic action against both microorganisms. Propolis and all the studied plant extracts may be of great interest for inhibiting the growth of oral pathogens S. mutans and C. albicans.
To assess the antimicrobial efficacy of six plant extracts of Indian origin often used as traditional medicine against standard strains of Streptococcus mutans.
The antimicrobial activity of six plant extracts was determined by the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the crude (raw), Organic solvent based, aqueous extracts was determined by the agar well diffusion method.
Out of all the six extracts evaluated, organic solvent based and aqueous extracts of all the extracts were found to have variable antimicrobial activities against the oral pathogen. The crude extract of Garlic was the most effective against Streptococcus mutans with the highest zone of inhibition (24.62 mm) followed by the aqueous extract of Amla (19.47mm) and organic solvent based extract of Ginger (18.76 mm).
Despite of the fact that the extracts were not pure compounds and antimicrobial results were obtained. This recommends the potency of these extracts. The figment of the derivation of antimicrobial compounds from plants seems lucrative as it will lead to the development of a phytomedicine to act against microbes.
Determination of the relative amounts of mutans streptococcus in both saliva and plaque and to study its correlation with dental caries in children.
The study comprised of 60 children aged 3-8 years divided into 2 groups (30 children in each): Group A- Children with more than 4 carious teeth and Group B- Children without caries. Saliva and plaque was collected from children of both the groups with the help of Dentocult SM strip test kit (Orion Diagnostic). Following incubation, mutans streptococcus scores (from 0 to 3) in each individual was evaluated and compared between both the groups.
On comparing the two groups, mean ± SD of saliva score and plaque score was 2.40 ± 0.675 and 2.40 ± 0.621 respectively in group A, whereas it was 0.60 ± 0.498 and 0.83 ± 0.531 in children of group B showing a significant correlation (p = < 0.001) between mutans streptococci scores in both saliva and plaque and dental caries experience.
There is a direct and strong co-relation between the salivary and plaque mutans streptococcus counts and caries activity in children aged 3-8 years. Key words:Mutans streptococci, dentocult, dental caries.
Throughout history, many different cultures have recognized the potential use of garlic for prevention and treatment of different diseases. Recent studies support the effects of garlic and its extracts in a wide range of applications. These studies raised the possibility of revival of garlic therapeutic values in different diseases. Different compounds in garlic are thought to reduce the risk for cardiovascular diseases, have anti-tumor and anti-microbial effects, and show benefit on high blood glucose concentration. However, the exact mechanism of all ingredients and their long-term effects are not fully understood. Further studies are needed to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of action of garlic as well as its efficacy and safety in treatment of various diseases.
Standard methods of CD4 counts and plasma viral load estimation require specialized equipment, highly trained personnel and are extremely expensive. This remains a major challenge for the initiation of anti-retroviral therapy for patients in resource-limited settings.
To assess the clinical utility of the total lymphocyte count (TLC) to serve as a surrogate marker for predicting a CD4 counts <350 cell/mm(3) in patients with HIV.
A prospective study of 200 consecutive newly detected highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) naïve HIV patients admitted over a one year period was conducted. Linear regression, Pearson correlation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to calculate the relationship between TLC and CD4 counts.
A significant correlation between TLC and CD4 count was observed (r = 0.682, P < 0.001). TLC cut off of 1200 cell/mm(3) as a predictor of CD4 count <350 cell/mm(3) had 73.1% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value (PPV) and 51.4% negative predictive value (NPV). Raising the cutoff to 1500 cells/mm(3) improved the sensitivity to 82.1% with 88.2% specificity, 96.5% PPV, 44.4% NPV. The ROC curve demonstrated highest area under curve (AUC = 0.8) for TLC of 1500 cell/mm(3).
The study showed that TLC cutoff value of 1500 cells/mm(3) was a cost effective surrogate marker for CD4 counts <350 cells/mm(3) in resource-limited settings.
Honey is a by-product of flower nectar and the upper aero-digestive tract of the honey bee, which is concentrated through a dehydration process inside the bee hive. Honey has a very complex chemical composition that varies depending on the botanical source. It has been used both as food and medicine since ancient times. Human use of honey is traced to some 8000 years ago as depicted by Stone Age paintings. In addition to important role of natural honey in the traditional medicine, during the past few decades, it was subjected to laboratory and clinical investigations by several research groups and it has found a place in modern medicine. Honey has been reported to have an inhibitory effect on around 60 species of bacteria, some species of fungi and viruses. Antioxidant capacity of honey is important in many disease conditions and is due to a wide range of compounds including phenolics, peptides, organic acids, enzymes, and Maillard reaction products. Honey has also been used in some gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, inflammatory and neoplastic states. This review covers the composition, physico-chemical properties and the most important uses of natural honey in human diseases.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. The health-promoting perspective of ginger is attributed to its rich phytochemistry. This study aimed to review the current evidence on ginger effects as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative.
We searched MEDLINE for related publications using "ginger" and "anti-oxidative" and "ginger" and "anti-inflammatory" as keywords. This search had considered Papers that had been published between 2000 and 2010 without any filter.
The anticancer potential of ginger is well documented and its functional ingredients like gingerols, shogaol, and paradols are the valuable ingredients which can prevent various cancers. This review concludes to favor ginger but some ambiguities necessitate further research before claiming its efficacy.
To evaluate the antibacterial properties of Allium sativum (garlic) cloves and Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizomes against multi-drug resistant clinical pathogens causing nosocomial infection.
The cloves of garlic and rhizomes of ginger were extracted with 95% (v/v) ethanol. The ethanolic extracts were subjected to antibacterial sensitivity test against clinical pathogens.
Anti-bacterial potentials of the extracts of two crude garlic cloves and ginger rhizomes were tested against five gram negative and two gram positive multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates. All the bacterial isolates were susceptible to crude extracts of both plants extracts. Except Enterobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp., all other isolates were susceptible when subjected to ethanolic extracts of garlic and ginger. The highest inhibition zone was observed with garlic (19.45 mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The minimal inhibitory concentration was as low as 67.00 µg/mL against P. aeruginosa.
Natural spices of garlic and ginger possess effective anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug clinical pathogens and can be used for prevention of drug resistant microbial diseases and further evaluation is necessary.
Background:
Dental caries has been strongly associated with mutans streptococci, particularly Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus. Many studies have linked these organisms to the carious process and counts of mutans streptococci have been used to monitor caries risk. The high levels of caries generally found in Iceland have enabled several studies to be performed on the variation within strains of S. mutans.
Methods:
This paper reports some studies showing phenotypic differences between strains of S. mutans that were related to whether the strain was isolated from an individual with active caries or from a caries-free subject.
Results:
Strains from individuals with active caries generally adhered better to apatite, were more vigorous in decalcifying apatite and had bacteriocin-like activity that was likely to help the strain compete successfully with other strains, for example in the dental plaque biofilm.
Conclusions:
Phenotypic differences exist between strains of S. mutans depending on the caries activity of the individual from whom the strain was isolated.
Dental plaque is a biofilm that forms naturally on the surfaces of exposed teeth and other areas of the oral cavity. It is the primary etiological factor for the most frequently occurring oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. Specific, nonspecific, and ecologic plaque hypothesis explains the causation of dental and associated diseases. Adequate control of biofilm accumulation on teeth has been the cornerstone of prevention of periodontitis and dental caries. Mechanical plaque control is the mainstay for prevention of oral diseases, but it requires patient cooperation and motivation; therefore, chemical plaque control agents act as useful adjuvants for achieving the desired results. Hence, it is imperative for the clinicians to update their knowledge in chemical antiplaque agents and other developments for the effective management of plaque biofilm-associated diseases. This article explores the critical analysis of various chemical plaque control strategies and the current trends in the control and prevention of dental plaque biofilm.
How to cite this article
Jafer M, Patil S, Hosmani J, Bhandi SH, Chalisserry EP, Anil S. Chemical Plaque Control Strategies in the Prevention of Biofilm-associated Oral Diseases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):337-343.
The present investigation concerns the formulation and evaluation of gastro retentive matrix tablets of sitagliptin which after oral administration, are designed to prolong the gastric residence time, increase drug bioavailability and sustain the drug release. The tablets were prepared by using various polymers viz; HPMC (K4M, K15 M, K100M), xanthan gum and combination of polymers and sodium bicarbonate. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation method and further evaluated for pre compression parameters, physical characteristics, in vitro release, buoyancy time, lag-time and swelling index. Formulations were evaluated for in vitro buoyancy and drug release study using United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 23 paddle-type dissolution apparatus using 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) as a dissolution medium. All formulations had floating lag times below 3 minutes and constantly floated on dissolution medium for more than 12 hrs. The optimized formulations (F13) were subjected to various kinetic release investigations and it was found that the mechanism of drug release was predominantly diffusion in combination with polymeric relaxation. The best formulation (F13) remained buoyant and showed a sustained drug release (98%) for 12hrs. F13 showed no significant change in physical appearance, drug content or floating lag time after storage at 45°C/75% RH for three months.
Inhibitory activity of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia Linn.) on seven bacterial species (Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Norcadia asteroides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinomyces viscosus, Staphylococcus aureus and Veillonella alcaligens) isolated from 240 extracted, carious teeth were investigated using standard techniques. The mean zones of inhibition for garlic, lime and a mixture of both, ranged from (15.0 ± 0.7) -(27.0 ± 1.0); (21.0 ± 1.0) -(27.0 ± 0.7) and (21.0 ± 0.7) -(30.0 ± 0.5) respectively, as compared with that for Gentamycin (18.0 ± 0.0) -(23.0 ± 0.5), indicating antibacterial activity. MICs for garlic, lime and a mixture of both, were 31.25 -62.50 mg mL -1 ; 1:2 v/v and 15.63 -31.25 mg mL -1 respectively, which coincided with the respective MBCs. The result of this investigation suggests that a paste made by blending garlic and lime could be used as a mouth wash in the treatment of dental caries, mouth-sore, sore-throat and also, be incorporated into toothpaste to prevent dental caries.
Evaluation of efficacy of lemon juice extract (Citrius lemoni Risso) on wound healing and haemostatic mechanism of albino Wister rats
- F N Oguwike
- D P Onubueze
Oguwike FN, Onubueze DP. Evaluation of efficacy of lemon
juice extract (Citrius lemoni Risso) on wound healing and
haemostatic mechanism of albino Wister rats. Int J Sci Res
2013 Sep;2(9):190-193.
In vitro assessment of anti-Streptococcus mutans potential of honey
- J Ghabanchi
- A Bazargani
- M D Afkar
- S B Foroushan
- S D Aein
Ghabanchi J, Bazargani A, Afkar MD, Foroushan SB, Aein SD.
In vitro assessment of anti-Streptococcus mutans potential of
honey. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2010 Jan;12(1):61-64.
Medicinal values of garlic: a review
- G Gebreyohannes
- M Gebreyohannes
- Premkishore K, Umapathy T, Kathariya MD, Agrawal A, Pavan Kumar PS, Kallampilly G.