Summerfruit tοrtriχ, Adoxophyes orana: life cycle, warning system and control

Abstract

The summerfruit tortrix, Adoxophyes orana F.v.R., is a pest which has recently adapted to the intensive culture of apple and pear. The larvae develop primarily on the young leaves and shoots and occasionally feed on the surface of the fruit. Under Swiss conditions there are two flights per year though there are three in Greece with the second and third overlapping. The diapausing larvae hibernate in the third stage (L3) and begin development again in the spring. There are three periods in which the larvae are active. The methods used to sample populations for making management decisions are: visual examination of flower clusters in spring, sex pheromone traps, and visual examination of shoots and fruit in summer. A model describing the life cycle as a function of temperature allows for the determination of the best time to sample damage and to apply treatments with regard to their particular mode of action. Some classical insecticides provide control curatively but efficiency is always reduced against older larvae. The best results are obtained at egg eclosion following the first flight. The insect growth regulator (IGR), fenoxycarb, is very effective when applied in the spring against the last stage larvae (Ls) of the overwintering generation. A specific virus also gives good control in the spring against overwintering larvae. The mating disruption technique and insect growth inhibitors (ICI), which prevent the formation of chitin, are currently being studied. For all the products used to control A. orana, the timing of the application is extremely important in order to obtain the best

Full text

ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA
Vol. 7, 1989
Summerfruit tοrtriχ, Adoxophyes orana: life cycle,
warning system and control
Charmillot P.-J. Station Fédérale de
Recherches Agronomiques
de Changins, CH-1260
Nyon, Switzerland
Brunner J. F. Washington State University,
Wenatchee, Washington
98801, USA
http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.13964
Copyright © 1989 P.-J. Charmillot, J. F. Brunner
To cite this article:
Charmillot, & Brunner (1989). Summerfruit tοrtriχ, Adoxophyes orana: life cycle, warning system and control.
ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA, 7, 17-26.
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ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 7 (1989): 17-26
Summerfruit Tortrix, Adoxophyes or ana:
Life Cycle, Warning System and Control1
P.-J. CHARMILLOT and J. F. BRUNNER
Station Fédérale de Recherches Agronomiques de Changins, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland, and
Washington State University, Wenatchee, Washington 98801, USA
ABSTRACT
The summerfruit tortrix, Adoxophyes orano F.v.R., is a pest which has recently
adapted to the intensive culture of apple and pear. The larvae develop primarily
on the young leaves and shoots and occasionally feed on the surface of the fruit.
Under Swiss conditions there are two flights per year though there are three in
Greece with the second and third overlapping. The diapausing larvae hibernate in
the third stage (L3) and begin development again in the spring. There are three
periods in which the larvae are active. The methods used to sample populations
for making management decisions are: visual examination of flower clusters in
spring, sex pheromone traps, and visual examination of shoots and fruit in sum-
mer. A model describing the life cycle as a function of temperature allows for the
determination of the best time to sample damage and to apply treatments with
regard to their particular mode of action. Some classical insecticides provide
control curatively but efficiency is always reduced against older larvae. The best
results are obtained at egg eclosion following the first flight. The insect growth
regulator (IGR), fenoxycarb, is very effective when applied in the spring against
the last stage larvae (Ls) of the overwintering generation. A specific virus also
gives good control in the spring against overwintering larvae. The mating disrup-
tion technique and insect growth inhibitors (ICI), which prevent the formation of
chitin, are currently being studied. For all the products used to control A. orana,
the timing of the application is extremely important in order to obtain the best
efficiency.
Introduction
The distribution of the tortricid, Adoxophyes
orana F.v.R., encompasses all of northern
Europe and Asia. This tortricid is very
polyphagous, developing on more than 30 gen-
era of host plants (Janssen 1958). It adapted
later to Rosaceae and was not known as a pest
of apple and pear in western Europe until 1939
in the Netherlands (De Jong 1951), 1944 in
Belgium and the northwest of France (Soenen
1947),
and later in Germany (Blunk and Jans-
sen 1952), Switzerland (Geier 1953, Klinger
' Received for publication December 15, 1989.
1956) and in northern Italy (Salvatemi 1953). In
Greece, A. orana was mentioned for the first
time as a pest of apple, peach and cherry in the
region of Naoussa in Macedonia in 1985
(Savopoulou-Soultani et al. 1985). The intro-
duction probably came from Yugoslavia.
Outbreaks of A. orana are closely linked
with the quality of leaves available to the lar-
vae.
The population density can be very high in
intensively managed orchards with strong shoot
growth but is always lower in orchards with less
intensive management where annual growth is
reduced.
The intent of this article was to summarize
the life history of A. orana in Switzerland and
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IN ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA Vol. 7 (1989)
discusses techniques used to monitor and man-
age this pest. Obvious and potential differ-
ences between the life history and control of
A.
orana in Greece and Switzerland are em-
phasized. In addition, some useful information
derived from two models is presented that as-
sociates important life history events of A.
orana with degree day values.
Cycle of Development
A.
orana overwinters (hibernates) in thethird de-
velopmental stage
(LJ).
They leave their shel-
ters around early April. The larvae start feed-
ing on the flower buds when these have expand-
ed and continue during and after the blossom
period. In Switzerland, the most advanced in-
dividuals enter the pupal stage at the beginning
of May (Fig. 1). The first flight of the overwin-
tering generation begins during the last days of
May but occurs for the greater part in June. The
first eggs (egg masses) hatch in early June in
early years but can continue until the end of the
month. The young larvae web and feed bet-
ween the veins of leaves at the extremities of
shoots until they arrive at the third larval stage
(L3) when they begin to roll the leaves together
with webbing. The infestations are then very
easy to see. The larvae of the last stage (Ls)
sometimes attack the surface of the fruit, most
commonly when the fruits are touching each
other. Feeding on the fruit sometimes covers
an area of several cm2. In Switzerland the sec-
ond flight may begin at the end of July and
continues occasionally through September. The
young larvae feed on leaves and fruit where
they make small circular holes. The third stage
larvae (L3) quit feeding in August, September
or in early October and move to hibernating
sites.
In the north of Greece, A. orana has 3 to 4
flights (Kyparissoudas 1988). The first flight is
separate but those following overlap each other
(Fig. 2). As a consequence there is a mixture of
larvae of different developmental stages from
A. orana phenology in Switzerland
APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP
FIG. 1. Representation of the life history of the summerfruit tortrix, Adoxophyes orana F.v.R., under average conditions in
Switzerland.
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CHARMILLOT AND BRUNNER: ADOXOPHYES ORANA LIFE CYCLE AND CONTROL
A. orana flight in Switzerland and Greece
APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP
FIG. 2. Comparison of the flight activity of the summerfruit tortrix, Adoxophyes orana F.v.R.. under average conditions in
Greece and Switzerland, (in part based on information from Savopoulou-Soultani, M., et al. 1985 and unpublished flight
curves).
the end of July through to September, which
makes curative control later in the season more
difficult.
Methods of Sampling and Warning
Estimation of larval populations in spring
In Switzerland, estimation of the population in
spring is made by sampling flower clusters at
the end of April just before the bloom of apple.
This sampling is labour intensive because it is
necessary to examine a large number of clus-
ters and because the identification of the larvae
is
often difficult. It allows the detection of plots
(orchards) where the population potential is
sufficiently high (>0.5%) to justify a treatment
in summer, but it does not permit the discrimi-
nation between moderate and low populations.
Probably in Greece this sampling can be done
better after the blossom period because blos-
som occurrence in the Mediterranean region is
earlier than in central Europe.
Sex pheromone traps
For A. orana there is a poor relationship bet-
ween the captures in pheromone traps and the
subsequent damage. The trap catches cannot be
used as the only information for making control
decisions. Under Swiss conditions, if the
weekly captures do not exceed 20 to 40 moths,
control is usually not required. By contrast, ex-
ceeding this threshold does not always repres-
ent a strong threat. If control is necessary,
pheromone trap captures allow the precise de-
termination of the beginning of egg hatch
which is the optimal timing for treatment with
classical insecticides (e.g. organo-phosphates
or synthetic pyrethroids). The first hatch begins
after the accumulation of about 100 degree-
days (°d) above a threshold of 10°C following
the rapid increase in moth captures.
Sampling shoot damage in summer
Sampling the attack of the summer generation
at the extremity of shoots is easy to execute
because the damage is easily visible when the
L3 larvae and older begin to roll the leaves.
However, when the first attacks are detectable
the rate of attack increases rapidly, often doubl-
ing in 3 to 5 days, before stabilizing when most
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20 ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA Vol. 7 (1989)
of the population is in the last larval stage. In
Switzerland the
first
damage on shoots is ap-
parent
from the end of June to the end of July,
depending
on the season being early or late,
about
200"d after the start of the
first
flight. A
model
of development based on the summation
of temperatures is thus necessary to determine
the
timing when shoot samples should be
made.
There
is a relationship between the infesta-
tion
of shoots and fruit damage but it is highly
variable and depends on the fruit load and vari-
ety. On average, a shoot infestation of
5
to 10%
results in about 1% fruit damage (De Jong and
Minks
1981).
Sampling fruit damage throughout the season
Some
larvae from the
first
generation some-
times
stop feeding on the extremity of the
shoots and finish their development feeding on
the
surface of fruit.
Visual
samples conducted
in
July make it possible to follow the evolution
of the damage. The economic tolerance
threshold
is between 0.5 to 1%. Curative
treatments
with classical insecticides can pro-
tect
fruit from further damage but are not effec-
tive against older larvae which are protected in
rolled leaves.
The
small larvae of the last generation gen-
erally develop as far as the L,3 larva before
entering
diapause. They feed on leaves and
fruit in August and September, making small
holes.
If the tolerance threshold is passed it is
possible to intervene with a curative treatment
but
the choice of insecticides is more limited
due
to preharvest interval restrictions.
Sampling fruit at harvest
A visual examination of about
2,000
fruits per
orchard
plot at harvest
always
gives
much in-
formation.
Fruit injuries caused by the
first
and
second generation of
A.
orana
differ in appear-
ance
thus allowing the discrimination of when
control
failures occurred. In addition, the small
feeding holes at the end of
the
season show the
presence of overwintering larvae and indicate
that
control measures may be needed in the
following year.
Phenology
Model
of A.
orana
Development
Two models of A.
orana
development, a re-
gression model and a simulation model based
on
the PETE (Welch et al. 1978) system, have
been
developed using information from the lit-
erature
and moth capture and larval develop-
ment
data from Switzerland. Both models are
based on the summation of degree days (°d)
above a 10"C threshold using the method of
Baskerville and Emin (1969). While details of
the
models
will
be published elsewhere, some
useful information is given here.
Charmillot
(1989a) demonstrated a good re-
lationship
between A.
orana
larval head cap-
sule
size
and weight. He also showed that the
best timing of insect growth regulators
(IGR)
is
when larval weight is about 15 mg or larval
head
capsule is 1,100 µ, a time when 60% of
the
larvae are in the Ls stage but before any
pupae
are present. There is a good correlation
between head capsule
size
of A.
orana
and the
accumulation
of °d calculated from 1 January
onwards. In Switzerland the last possible mo-
ment
to apply an IGR would be between 7075
°d. The
first
pupa is present after about 83 "d. A
similar relationship between larval head cap-
sule
size
or weight and "d accumulation from 1
January
should
exist
in Greece, but the ud value
is expected to be different from that used in
Switzerland.
Analysis
of A.
orana
moth capture data from
1976 to 1989 showed that activity in Switzer-
land
was highly variable from year to year. The
first
moth of the overwintering generation was
detected
as early as 17 May (1976) or as late as
12 June (1980).
Average
detection of the
first
moth
over the period was 3 June (±9.4 days)
and
the average percent of total capture on that
date
was 8%. The average for 50% emergence
was 9 June (±6.7 days). Using a lower
threshold
temperature of 10°C and the sine
wave
method of calculating degree days
(Baskerville and Emin 1969), the average de-
gree day accumulation on 3 and 9 June was 168
(±23
°d) and 210(±23 °d), respectively, calcu-
lated from 1 January. The flight of overwinter-
ing moths and those of the summer generation
was distinctly separate. The
first
moth of the
summer
generation was detected as early as 14
July (1976) and as late as 14 August (1980).
Average
detection of the
first
moth of the
summer
generation was 29 July (±11 days),
and
the average percent of total emergence on
that
date was 8%. The average for 50%
emergence was 8 August (±9.5 days). The av-
erage "d accumulation on 29 July and 8 August
was 616 (±65 °d) and 693 (±38 °d), respec-
tively.
Using
first
moth capture as a biological fix
.
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CHARMILLOT AND BRUNNER: ADOXOPHYES ORANA LIFE CYCLE AND CONTROL 21
TABLE 1. Summary of A. orana life cycle events in degree days ("d) as predicted by a phenology model along with
appropriate management responses if any.
Biological
event °d total1
from BIOFIX Management
response
BIOFIX2
First moth (1%)
50%
capture
100%
capture3
5%
egg hatch
50%
hatch
1%
third instar
50%
third instar
90%
third instar
5%
pupae
First moth (1%)
2nd generation
5%
egg hatch4
2nd generation
50%
egg hatch
2nd generation
First moth (1%)
3rd generation
5%
egg hatch
3rd generation
65
240
135
185-190
210
280
330-340
395
430-440
590
685-690
885-895
1045
Continue with bi-weekly
monitoring of traps.
Continue with bi-weekly
monitoring of traps.
Switch to weekly monitoring.
Apply classical insecticide
treatment if necessary.
Check shoots for larval feeding.
Good estimate of total shoot damage.
Check traps bi-weekly.
Apply control treatment if required.
1 Degree days based on sine wave method (Baskerville and Emin 1969) using a 10"C lower threshold and 29"C upper
threshold as a vertical
cut-off.
2 BIOFIX="biological fix point" which is the biological event used to initialize the model, in this case it is the capture of
the first moth in pheromone traps.
3 This is a conservative estimate for
100%
capture. Under most situations last moths of the overwintering generation would
be captured earlier than this.
4 This timing with classical insecticides will for some pear and apple varieties be near harvest in Switzerland so product
choice will be limited by pre-harvcst interval restrictions.
point (BIOFIX) is useful for initializing the °d
accumulation and provides a more accurate
prediction of life history events in the summer
generation. Table
1
summarizes the predictions
of critical life cycle events derived from the "d
model along with appropriate management res-
ponses.
Methods to Control A. orana
Control using classical insecticides
A number of classical insecticides in the
organo-phosphate and synthetic pyrethroid
groups are registered for control of A. orana
larvae. All of these products are more effective
in controlling the neonate or very young larvae
than the older larvae, L-4 and Ls. The timing of
the treatment is essential for the efficacy of the
control. Under Swiss conditions there are three
periods of larval activity (Fig. I). Control with
classical insecticides usually is not very effec-
tive in spring because of the presence of older
larvae. When the larval population is high,
however, spring treatments may help reduce
populations thus making control in summer
easier (Fig. 3).
In June, timing of application is most effec-
tive at the first egg hatch. However, even if the
insecticide used has a long residual period it is
necessary to repeat the treatment after 12-15
days because the young larvae feed at the tip of
the shoots where new leaves that were not hit
by the first spray develop very rapidly.
A curative control is possible in July when
the damage on the shoots is visible. This allows
protection of the fruit but the impact on the
population dynamics is poor because many lar-
vae are protected by the rolled leaves and web-
bing. Also at this time the choice of insec-
ticides is more restricted because some of them
are not effective against older larvae.
Finally, control with classical insecticides is
still possible in August and early September
when timed at the egg hatch of the second gen-
eration but it is necessary to take into account
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22
ENTOMOLOGIA
HELLENICA
Vol. 7 (1989)
Timing
with
classical
insecticides
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEP
FIG.
3. Timing of classical insecticides in relation to the occurence of sensitive
life
stages of
Adoxophyes
orana
in
Switzerland. The optimal timing is represented by the black arrows while alternative timings are shown as shaded arrows.
the
preharvest interval. Generally this treat-
ment
is not advised, in part because the egg
hatch
period is more lengthy
than
during the
first
generation and in part because control of
A.
orana
should be done earlier in the season to
avoid damage on fruit at the end of the
first
generation.
In
principle, the above remarks also apply to
conditions
in Greece where the timing of
treatments
will
be earlier because of the more
rapid development of/A
orana.
Late in the sea-
son, however, control
will
always
be more
dif-
ficult because of
the
overlapping of generations
giving
a mixture of larvae of different de-
velopmental stages.
Finally it should be remembered that the ma-
jority of the classical insecticides, especially
the
synthetic pyrethroids, are
very
toxic to
natural
enemies of pests, in particular to the
predatory mites.
Control
with insect growth regulators (IGR)
Metamorphosis in insects is regulated by a
complex system of hormones of which juvenile
hormone
(JH) plays a dominant role. An IGR,
for example fenoxycarb, is an analog or mimic
of
JH.
When fenoxycarb is applied against the
young larvae of A.
orana
which produces JH it
has no effect. However, when it is applied on
Ls larvae which do not produce JH it disrupts
development of the pupa. An IGR cannot be
applied curatively since the death of the insect
occurs in the pupal stage, after the larval feed-
ing period. Therefore, it must be applied
against the generation preceding the one caus-
ing economic damage. This occurs in the spring
against the last stage of the overwintering gen-
eration
(Fig. 4). The timing of an IGR treat-
ment
clearly must be precise. There are two
means to determine when this
will
occur in a
certain
region. It is enough to regularly sample
in
the spring 20 to 30 larvae from a representa-
tive orchard within a region and weigh the lar-
vae or measure the
size
of the head capsules.
The
first
fenoxycarb treatment is applied when
the
average head capsule
size
is 1,100 µ or
when the average weight is about 15 mg. At
that
time 60% of the population is in the Ls
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à
-
CHARMILLOT AND BRUNNER: ADOXOPHYES ORANA LIFE CYCLE AND CONTROL 23
Timing using IGR - fenoxycarb
APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP
FIG. 4. The optimum timing of IGR products, for example fenoxycarb, in relation to the occurence of sensitive life stages
aï Adoxophyes orana F.v.R. under conditions in Switzerland.
larva but none have pupated (Charmillot
1989a). When the populations are high a sec-
ond application 10-15 days after the first will
control the later developing larvae.
Under conditions in Switzerland, the op-
timum timing of the first application against A.
orana coincides with the phenological stage
"G"
of the apple variety Golden Delicious,
that is a few days after full bloom. However,
some damage to the brood of bees has been
observed when larvae are fed with pollen con-
taminated by IGR within a day of the treatment.
In 1989, fenoxycarb was therefore not permit-
ted during blossom time (Anonymous 1989).
North of the Alps the treatment can be effec-
tive when applied just before the bloom period
though there is a reduction in efficacy because
the timing is not optimal. In the Upper Rhone
Valley, on the other hand, the treatment can be
made immediately after the blossom period be-
cause in this region there are not yet any pupae
present at that time. In other regions including
the Mediterranean, for example, the Italian
Trentino, the larvae of A. orana attain the stage
sensitive to an IGR only after the blossom
period because of the difference in phenology
between the host plant and the insect. Probably
a similar situation exists in Greece.
When applied in the spring against the last
larval stage of the overwintering generation,
fenoxycarb has always shown a good effect and
could keep pest densities of the first and second
generation below the tolerance threshold (De
Reede et al. 1984, Galli 1984, Charmillot and
Blaser 1985). However, there is a risk of im-
migration during the first flight period if the
orchard treated with an IGR is located less than
20 meters from orchards inhabited by high A.
orana populations, that are treated with a clas-
sical insecticide in summer. After the second
year of fenoxycarb use it is often possible to
apply only a single treatment.
It is important to note here that fenoxycarb
appears to be harmless to many hymenopteran
parasites (Dorn et al. 1981) and also to pre-
dators such as syrphids and coccinellids as well
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24 ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA Vol. 7 (1989)
as to predatory mites (Stäubli el al. 1983).
Other biotechnical means of control presently
being investigated
Insect Growth Inhibitors. Several in-
sect growth inhibitors (IGI) which block the
formation of chitin are presently being investi-
gated. Their mode of action is slow since the
insect does not die until the first moult follow-
ing treatment. Some of these products act on all
stages of A. orana larvae. Tests show that they
are not harmful to beneficial fauna. The present
studies are aimed at verifying their efficacy in
orchards and determining the best timing in re-
lation to their mode of action.
Granulosis Virus. There is available a
virus for A. orana which has in part been de-
rived from infected larvae collected in an or-
chard (Schmid et al. 1983) and which has a
provisional registration in Switzerland under
the commercial name Capex (Andermatt and
Andermatt 1989). The action of the granulosis
virus is very selective. It acts by ingestion and
can first be applied on the young larvae in
spring after the start of feeding activity. A sec-
ond treatment is applied 10-15 days following
the first in order to contaminate the last larvae
that leave their hibernacula (Fig. 5). Death oc-
curs in the Ls larva or in the pupal stage. The
efficacy obtained is generally greater than 90%
which is satisfactory when the average popula-
tion is low (Andermatt and Andermatt 1989).
This new control agent may be effective
against larger populations because of its persis-
tence in orchard thus affecting later genera-
tions
.
Mating Disruption Technique.
Studies of control of
A.
orana by mating disrup-
tion have given variable results. Efficacy is
usually good when the initial populations are
low but are insufficient against higher levels
(Charmillot 1989b). Current studies in several
European countries are conducted in orchards
with low populations and are aimed at the long
term maintenance of populations below the to-
lerance threshold. Application of a single
Timing using a specific virus
BLOOM
APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP
FIG. 5. The optimum timing of a specific granulosis virus, Capex, in relation to the occurence of sensitive life stages of
Adoxophyes orana F.v.R. under conditions in Switzerland.
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CHARMILLOT AND BRUNNER: ADOXOPHYES ORANA LIFE CYCLE AND CONTROL 25
common pheromone component present in the
pheromone of several related tortricid species,
makes it possible to control not only A. orana
but at the same time Pandemis heperana,
Archips podana, Archips rosana, and
Argyrotaenia pulchellana.
Conclusions
Control of the tortricid, A. orana, is difficult for
several reasons. It is polyvoltine, allowing
population increases to occur two (Switzerland)
or three (Greece) times in a season. The larvae
are active during a large part of the season with
a mixture of different stages present at the
same time, especially in Greece late in the sea-
son when the generations overlap. As long as
the larvae only attack foliage they do not cause
economic damage and can be tolerated in large
numbers. In summer, when they begin to feed
on fruit, the larvae are in the last stage and
densities are usually high. At this time, how-
ever, they are well protected by rolled leaves
and webbing and there are few insecticides that
are effective. Curative control provides a tem-
porary solution that protects the fruit but does
not substantially influence the pest's population
dynamics.
Good management of A. orana can be ob-
tained with a single preventative treatment.
However, success of this strategy depends on
good knowledge of the pest's life cycle, a reli-
able estimation of pest density and optimal tim-
ing of the control agent in relation to its mode
of action and to plant growth. Preventive con-
trol is possible with classical insecticides ap-
plied at the time of first egg hatch and with an
IGR applied against the Ls larvae of the spring
population.
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granulose pour l'arboriculture. Revue UFA (2): 56.
Anonymous. 1989. L'Insegar et les abeilles - Nouvelles
prescriptions. Revue Suisse Vitic. Arboric. Hortic. 21:
64-65.
Baskerville, G. L. and P. Emin. 1969. Rapid estimation of
heat accumulation from maximum and minimum temp-
eratures. Ecology 50: 514-517.
Blunk, H. and M. Janssen. 1952. Ein neuer gefährlicher
Apfelschädling. Gesunde Pflanzen 4: 115K«U6.
Charmillot, P.-J. 1989a. Les régulateurs de croissance
d'insectes (RCI), mimiques de l'hormone juvénile, en
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51:
59-69.
Charmillot, P.-J. 1989b. Technique de confusio contre la
tordeuse de la pelure Adoxophyes orana F.v.R.: étude
du comportement des papillons et essais de lutte.
Revue Suisse Vitic. Arboric. Hortic. 21 (5) in press.
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régulateur de croissance d'insectes homologué contre
la tordeuse de la pelure Adoxophyes orana F.v.R.
Revue Suisse Vitic. Arboric. Hortic. 17 (2): 85-92.
De Jong, D. J. 1951. Leafrollers (Tortricidae) on fruit
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Field
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against
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para-
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Entomol.
exp.
appi.
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Dorn,
S., M.L.
Frischknecht,
V.
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R.
Zurfltih
and
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KEY
WORDS:
Tortricidae,
Adoxophyes orana,
Summerfruit
tortrix
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26 ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA Vol. 7
(1989)
Το
Λεπιδόπτερο
Adoxophyes
orana
F.v.R.:
Βιολογικός
Κύκλος,
Σύστημα
Προειδοποίησης
και
Καταπολέμηση
P.J. CHARMILLOT και J. F. BRUNNER
Ομοσπονδιακός
Γεωργικός
Σταθμός
Ερευνών
De
Changins,
CH-1260
Nyon,
Ελβετία
ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ
Το Λεπιδόπτερο
Adoxophyes
orana
F.v.R.,
είναι ένας εχθρός που προσαρµόσθηκε πρόσ-
φατα
στις
εντατικές
καλλιέργειες
µηλιάς και αχλαδιάς. Οι προνύµφες αναπτύσσονται αρχ-
ικά
επάνω σε νεαρά φύλλα και βλαστούς και ευκαιριακά προσβάλλουν την επιφάνεια του
καρπού.
Στην Ελβετία υπάρχουν δύο πτήσεις το χρόνο, ενώ στην Ελλάδα υπάρχουν τρεις
πτήσεις µε τη δεύτερη και τρίτη να επικαλύπτονται. Οι διαπαύουσες προνύµφες διαχ-
ειµάζουν όταν είναι στο τρίτο στάδιο (L?) και αρχίζουν πάλι να αναπτύσσονται την άνοιξη.
Υπάρχουν τρεις περίοδοι που οι προνύµφες είναι δραστήριες. Οι µέθοδοι προειδοποίησης
είναι: η οπτική εξέταση των λουλουδιών την άνοιξη, οι παγίδες µε φοροµόνες φύλου και η
οπτική εξέταση των βλαστών και καρπών το καλοκαίρι. Ένα µοντέλο, που περιγράφει το
βιολογικό κύκλο σε συνάρτηση µε τη θερµοκρασία, επιτρέπει τον καθορισµό του
καλύτερου χρόνου δειγµατοληψίας ζηµιών και εφαρµογής φαρµάκων σε
σχέση
µε τον
τρόπο δράσης τους. Μερικά κλασικά εντοµοκτόνα προσφέρουν θεραπευτική
καταπολέµηση αλλά η αποτελεσµατικότητα τους πάντοτε µειώνεται εναντίον προνυµφών
προχωρηµένης ηλικίας. Τα καλύτερα αποτελέσµατα επιτυγχάνονται
κατά
την εκκόλαψη
των ωών της πρώτης γενεάς. Ο ρυθµιστής ανάπτυξης των εντόµων
(IGR),
fenoxycarb,
είναι
πολύ αποτελεσµατικός όταν εφαρµόζεται την άνοιξη εναντίον του τελευταίου προνυµ
φικού σταδίου (Ls) της διαχειµάζουσας γενεάς.
Ένας
ειδικός ιός επίσης δίνει καλά
αποτελέσµατα εναντίον των διαχειµαζουσών προνυµφών. Τον καιρό αυτό µελετώνται η
τεχνική της παρεµπόδισης των συζεύξεων και οι παρεµποδιστές ανάπτυξης των εντόµων
(IGI) που εµποδίζουν τον σχηµατισµό της χιτίνης. Για όλα τα προϊόντα που
χρησιµοποιήθηκαν για την καταπολέµηση του Α.
orana
ο χρόνος που
µεσολαβεί
είναι
πολύ σηµαντικός για τη
µέγιστη
αποτελεσµατικότητα.
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