Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Despite widespread scientific and popular interest in mindfulness-based interventions, questions regarding the empirical status of these treatments remain. We sought to examine the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for clinical populations on disorder-specific symptoms. To address the question of relative efficacy, we coded the strength of the comparison group into five categories: no treatment, minimal treatment, non-specific active control, specific active control, and evidence-based treatment. A total of 142 non-overlapping samples and 12,005 participants were included. At post-treatment, mindfulness-based interventions were superior to no treatment (d=0.55), minimal treatment (d=0.37), non-specific active controls (d=0.35), and specific active controls (d=0.23). Mindfulness conditions did not differ from evidence-based treatments (d=-0.004). At follow-up, mindfulness-based interventions were superior to no treatment conditions (d=0.50), non-specific active controls (d=0.52), and specific active controls (d=0.29). Mindfulness conditions did not differ from minimal treatment conditions (d=0.38) and evidence-based treatments (d=0.09). Effects on specific disorder subgroups showed the most consistent evidence in support of mindfulness for depression, pain conditions, smoking, and addictive disorders. Results support the notion that mindfulness-based interventions hold promise as evidence-based treatments.

Full text

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders:
A systematic review and meta-analysis
Simon B. Goldberg, PhD*1,2,3, Raymond P. Tucker, PhD4, Preston A. Greene, PhD1, Richard J.
Davidson, PhD2,5, Bruce E. Wampold, PhD3,6, David J. Kearney, MD1, & Tracy L. Simpson,
PhD1,7
1VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
2Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
3Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
4Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
5Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
6Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway
7Center for Excellence in Substance Abuse Treatment and Education, VA Puget Sound Health
Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
*Correspondence to: Simon B. Goldberg, PhD, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System
– Seattle Division, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, Washington, 98108, United States
simon.goldberg@va.gov
Please cite this manuscript as:
Goldberg, S.B., Tucker, R.P., Greene, P.A., Davidson, R.J., Wampold, B.E., Kearney, D.J., &
Simpson, T.L. (in press). Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A meta-
analysis. Clinical Psychology Review. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011
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Abstract
Despite widespread scientific and popular interest in mindfulness-based interventions, questions
regarding the empirical status of these treatments remain. We sought to examine the efficacy of
mindfulness-based interventions for clinical populations on disorder-specific symptoms. To
address the question of relative efficacy, we coded the strength of the comparison group into five
categories: no treatment, minimal treatment, non-specific active control, specific active control,
and evidence-based treatment. A total of 142 non-overlapping samples and 12,005 participants
were included. At post-treatment, mindfulness-based interventions were superior to no treatment
(d = 0.55), minimal treatment (d = 0.37), non-specific active controls (d = 0.35), and specific
active controls (d = 0.23). Mindfulness conditions did not differ from evidence-based treatments
(d = -0.004). At follow-up, mindfulness-based interventions were superior to no treatment
conditions (d = 0.50), non-specific active controls (d = 0.52), and specific active controls (d =
0.29). Mindfulness conditions did not differ from minimal treatment conditions (d = 0.38) and
evidence-based treatments (d = 0.09). Effects on specific disorder subgroups showed the most
consistent evidence in support of mindfulness for depression, pain conditions, smoking, and
addictive disorders. Results support the notion that mindfulness-based interventions hold
promise as evidence-based treatments.
Keywords: mindfulness; meditation; meta-analysis; psychiatric disorders; relative efficacy;
evidence-based treatments
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Mindfulness-based interventions have experienced a marked increase in scientific and
popular interest in the past two decades. Recent commentaries have, however, raised questions
regarding the evidence base for this family of therapies. Farias, Wikholm, and Delmonte (2016)
voiced several concerns, particularly the use of non-active control conditions (i.e., waitlist
controls) in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of mindfulness therapies along with a lack of
specificity regarding outcomes that these treatments may or may not impact. Others have
questioned the degree to which selective reporting of results may introduce systematic bias into
the literature, thereby overstating the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions (Coronado-
Montoya et al., 2016).
One recent meta-analysis estimated the effects of meditation-based interventions
(including mindfulness as well as other meditative techniques) compared to active control
conditions that, analogous to placebos in pharmaceutical trials, provide non-specific treatment
ingredients (e.g., expectancy; Goyal et al., 2014). While mindfulness meditation programs
showed effects on anxiety, depression, and pain when compared with non-specific treatment
controls, there was no evidence that these treatments were superior to specific active controls
(i.e., other active treatments).
The current meta-analysis was intended to further interrogate the findings of Goyal et al.
(2014). We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of RCTs examining the effects of
mindfulness-based interventions on disorder-specific symptoms across psychiatric populations.
Rather than restrict our sample to certain types of comparison conditions, we aimed to evaluate
empirically the degree to which outcomes are influenced by the characteristics of the control
group. A more nuanced comparison to type of control condition may provide clinicians
important information regarding when a mindfulness intervention should be favored compared to
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other known interventions. While other comprehensive meta-analyses have suggested that
mindfulness-based interventions can impact clinical outcomes (e.g., anxiety, depression; Khoury
et al., 2013), and several meta-analyses have examined the evidence for specific psychiatric
conditions (e.g., Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD]; Cairncross & Miller,
2016), no published comprehensive meta-analytic review has examined effects on disorder-
specific symptoms across psychiatric conditions. Our study sought to examine: (1) the degree to
which mindfulness-based interventions compare with a variety of control conditions, including
treatments with established efficacy (i.e., evidence-based treatments); (2) for which specific
disorders mindfulness-based interventions appear most efficacious, and (3) potential sources of
bias.
Method
Eligibility Criteria
We included all RCTs of mindfulness-based interventions for adult patients with
psychiatric diagnoses for which there are evidence-based treatments per the American
Psychological Association’s (APA, 2017) Division 12 (Society of Clinical Psychology; see
Supplemental Materials Table 1a). To be eligible, samples had to have either a formal diagnosis
or elevated symptoms of a given disorder (i.e., above a given cut-off on a symptom inventory,
e.g., score greater than five on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, score greater than 13 on the
Beck Depression Inventory – II; Asl, & Barahmand, 2014; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996; Black,
O'Reilly, Olmstead, Breen, & Irwin, 2015; Buysse, Reynolds, Monk, Berman, & Kupfer, 1989).
Samples receiving treatment within a facility focused on a specific disorder (e.g., substance
abuse treatment) were included. Elevated stress levels alone were not considered to reflect a
clinical condition.
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To qualify, interventions had to have mindfulness meditation as a core component with
home meditation practice as a treatment ingredient. While interventions combining mindfulness
with other modalities (e.g., mindfulness and cognitive techniques as in Mindfulness-Based
Cognitive Therapy [MBCT]; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002) were included, therapies
emphasizing the attitudinal stance of mindfulness (rather than the formal practice of mindfulness
meditation) were excluded (e.g., Acceptance and Commitment Therapy [ACT], Dialectical
Behavior Therapy [DBT]; Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999; Linehan, 1993). Other forms of
meditation (e.g., mantram repetition) were excluded. Interventions had to be delivered in real
time (i.e., not provided exclusively through video instruction or smartphone app) and had to
include more than one session (to allow for home meditation practice). Studies were also
excluded for the following reasons: (1) not published in a peer-reviewed journal in English; (2)
not a peer-reviewed article; (3) data unavailable to compute standardized effect sizes; (4) no
disorder-specific (i.e., targeted) outcomes reported; (5) data redundant with other included
studies; (6) no non-mindfulness-based intervention or condition included.
Information Sources
This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-
Analyses (PRISMA) Standards (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, Altman, & The PRISMA Group,
2009). We searched the four databases (PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science) and a
publically available comprehensive repository of mindfulness studies (Black, 2012). Citations
from recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews were also reviewed. Citations were included
from the first available date (i.e., 1966) until January 2nd, 2017.
Search
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We used the search terms “mindfulness” and “random*”. When a database allowed, we
restricted our search to clinical trials.
Study Selection
Titles and/or abstracts of potential studies were independently coded by the first author
and a second co-author. Disagreements were discussed with the senior author until a consensus
was reached.
Data Collection Process
Standardized spreadsheets were developed for coding both study-level and effect size-
level data. Doctoral-level coders were trained by the first author through coding an initial sample
of studies (k = 10) in order to achieve reliability. Data were extracted independently by the first
author and a second co-author. Disagreements were discussed with the senior author. Inter-rater
reliabilities were in the good to excellent range (i.e., s and ICCs > .60; Cicchetti, 1994). When
sufficient data for computing standardized effect sizes were unavailable, study authors were
contacted.
Data Items
Along with data necessary for computing standardized effect sizes, the following data
were extracted: (1) publication year; (2) disorder; (3) intent-to-treat (ITT) sample size; (4)
whether an ITT analysis was reported; (5) whether a non-self-report measure was included; (6)
sample demographics (mean age, percentage female, percentage non-Caucasian race, percentage
with some college education); (7) country of origin; (8) standardized mindfulness intervention on
which mindfulness condition was based; (9) whether treatment time was matched between
mindfulness and control condition; (10) quality of the control condition. Quality of the control
condition was assessed based on a five-tier system with non-overlapping categories. These
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included: (1) no treatment (in which the control condition received no intervention beyond that
which was provided to the treatment condition); (2) minimal treatment (very brief or minimal
intensity interventions, e.g., five- to 10-minute individual counseling sessions for smoking
cessation; Vidrine et al., 2016); (3) non-specific active control (active conditions in which no
mechanism of change or clear rationale for treatment was provided, e.g., discussing air travel,
shopping, and past residences; Helmes & Ward, 2017); (4) specific active control (contained
specific therapeutic mechanisms, has a theoretical / treatment rationale, e.g., Intensive Short-
Term Dynamic Psychotherapy; Chavooshi, Mohammadkhani, & Dolatshahee, 2016; Wampold et
al., 1997); (5) evidence-based treatment (EBT, e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia;
Garland et al., 2014). Comparison treatments were coded as EBTs if they were identified by
APA Division 126 as an EBT for that particular disorder, or if they were promoted as a first-line
treatment by a similarly relevant organization (e.g., smoking cessation treatment promoted by the
American Lung Association, cognitive-behavioral therapy promoted by the National Institute on
Drug Abuse).
Risk of Bias in Individual Studies
Considerations for minimizing bias in individual studies were drawn from both Jadad’s
criteria as well as the GRADE system (Atkins et al., 2004; Jadad et al., 1996). Based on the
GRADE recommendation to select relevant study characteristics to quantify (Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality, 2014) and based on the large number of potential study
characteristics for assessing quality in psychotherapy trials, (e.g., n = 185 quality criteria;
Liebherz, Schmidt, & Rabung, 2016), we restricted our analysis to randomized trials, employed
intent-to-treat samples (when available), and coded the strength of the comparison condition (as
described above), whether an ITT analysis was reported (e.g., using multiple imputation, last
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observation carried forward, or conservative assumptions regarding outcomes for participants
who dropped out of the study [e.g., smoking relapse; Davis et al., 2014]), and whether a non-self-
report outcome was included (e.g., biologically-confirmed abstinence, clinician-rated diagnostic
status; Davis et al., 2014; Teasdale et al., 2000).
Summary Measures
Our primary effect size measure was the standardized mean difference (Cohen’s d). As
done by Goyal et al. (2014), we first computed a pre-post effect size for both the mindfulness
and non-mindfulness groups alone. This method has the advantage of accounting for potential
baseline differences (i.e., it does not rely exclusively on between-group differences at post-test;
Becker, 1988). We then calculated the relative difference in the pre-post effects (i.e., change
scores) using standard methods (Becker, 1988), including controlling for a small known bias in d
(Cooper, Hedges, & Valentine, 2009). Analyses were conducted using the R statistical software
and the ‘metafor’ and ‘MAd’ packages (Del Re & Hoyt, 2010; Viechtbauer, 2010). Cohen’s d
was computed both from pre- to post-treatment (or time point closest to post-treatment) as well
as from pre- to last available follow-up time point. Random effects models were used.
Synthesis of Results
When available, effect sizes were computed using pre- and post-test means and standard
deviations (SD). Other reported statistics (e.g., F, t, p, odds ratios) were used when appropriate
based on standard meta-analytic methods (Cooper et al., 2009). Data were aggregated first
within-studies (i.e., across disorder-specific outcomes within a given study) using the ‘MAd’
package and then between studies, based on the comparison of interest using restricted maximum
likelihood random effects analyses. Summary statistics were computed in Cohen’s d units along
with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was systematically assessed using the I2
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(measuring the proportion of between-study heterogeneity) and the Q-statistic (assessing whether
between-study heterogeneity exceeds that expected by chance alone).
To answer the question of the degree to which mindfulness-based interventions
demonstrate relative efficacy with other comparison group types, summary results were first
aggregated across studies employing a given comparison condition type (e.g., specific active
control conditions). Although this involved pooling outcomes across a variety of disorders, we
believe this analysis most directly examines the degree to which mindfulness-based interventions
compare, on average, with various control group types, including other active therapies and
evidence-based treatments. Then, in order to examine relative efficacy at the disorder level,
studies that shared a given comparison type (e.g., no treatment controls) and a given disorder
(e.g., depression) were analyzed separately. In order to more efficiently and reliably summarize
results, specific conditions with similar core features were collapsed (e.g., anxiety disorders,
addictive disorders). Disorder categories were based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders 5th edition (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). We employed the
recommended convention of requiring at least four studies within a subgroup for moderator and
subgroup analyses (Fu et al., 2011).
Some studies included multiple control groups (k = 22, e.g., Bowen et al., 2014),
comorbid diagnoses (k = 5, e.g., depression and pain; De Jong et al., 2016), or both (k = 1, e.g.,
Zautra et al., 2008). We attempted to code and analyze these studies in ways that allowed their
data to be most fully characterized (this was deemed preferable to ignoring data from either
multiple control groups or on comorbid disorders). Specifically, when multiple control groups
were included, data from the mindfulness conditions were replicated to allow a representation of
the unique comparison with each control group. For samples with comorbid conditions, separate
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effect sizes were included for each disorder. In order to assess potential bias introduced by this,
sensitivity analyses were run excluding multiple comparison groups (only the most rigorous of
the comparison groups was retained in these analyses) and excluding outcomes on comorbid
conditions (only one of the two comorbid conditions was retained in these analyses).
Risk of Bias Across Studies
We assessed publication bias by visually inspecting funnel plots for asymmetry within
the comparison of interest and by re-estimating models using trim-and-fill methods that account
for the asymmetric distribution of studies around an omnibus effect (Viechtbauer, 2010). In
addition, we ran models within comparison condition assessing whether various features of study
quality (i.e., based on Jadad and GRADE guidelines; Atkins et al., 2004; Jadad et al., 1996) were
related to outcome. These features included for whether an ITT analysis was reported, whether
non-self-report measures were included, and whether treatment time was matched between the
mindfulness and the comparison conditions.
Results
Study Selection
A total of 9,067 citations were retrieved. After 3,485 duplicates were removed, 5,582
unique titles and/or abstracts were coded. Following the application of the exclusion criteria (see
PRISMA flow diagram in Figure 1), 171 studies were retained for analysis representing 142
independent samples, 172 unique comparisons (some studies included multiple comparison
groups and comorbid samples), and 12,005 participants. Included studies were published
between 2000 and 2016.
Study Characteristics
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The aggregate effect size (d) and other study characteristics for each study are shown in
Supplemental Materials. The sample was on average 43.63 years old, 64.38% female, with
61.27% having some post-secondary education. The largest percentage of trials was conducted in
the United States (44.44%). The largest proportion of studies used no treatment comparison
conditions (52.10%). The most commonly studied disorder was depression (30.41%; see
Supplemental Materials Figure 1a). The majority of studies included a follow-up assessment
time point (k = 79, 55.63%). For studies with a follow-up assessment, the average follow-up
length post-treatment was 6.43 months (SD = 5.36, range = one to 24).
Risk of Bias Within Studies
All included studies used randomized designs. A minority of comparisons (41.32%)
matched treatment time between the mindfulness and control conditions. Approximately half of
the studies reported at least one ITT analysis (54.86%) and included at least one non-self-report
measure (48.61%).
Results of Individual Studies
For each included study, treatment effects on disorder-specific outcomes and confidence
intervals are reported in Supplemental Materials Table 2a. All included outcome measures for
each study is listed in Supplemental Materials Table 3a.
Synthesis of Results
Effects at post-treatment. As expected, type of control condition was a significant
moderator of effects at post-treatment (Q[4] = 51.59, P<.001; Figure 2). Mindfulness-based
interventions were shown to be superior to no treatment conditions (k = 89, d = 0.55 95% CI 0.47
to 0.63), minimal treatment conditions (k = 4, d = 0.37 95% CI 0.03 to 0.71), non-specific
treatment conditions (k = 9, d = 0.35 95% CI 0.09 to 0.62), and specific treatment conditions (k =
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42, d = 0.23 95% CI 0.12 to 0.34). Mindfulness-based interventions did not differ from EBTs (k
= 28, d = -0.004 95% CI -0.15 to 0.14). Within each comparison significant heterogeneity was
detected, with the exception of minimal treatment comparisons.
Disorder type was next examined as a moderator of effects for studies using the same
comparison conditions. Disorders were included in this analysis if at least four trials employing a
given comparison condition were available (Fu et al., 2011). For studies using a no treatment
comparison, disorder was not a significant moderator (Q[5] = 10.86, p = .054). Mindfulness-
based interventions showed superior effects on disorder-specific outcomes for anxiety,
depression, pain, schizophrenia, and weight/eating-related disorders, with ds ranging from 0.45
to 0.89 (Figure 3); addictions were the exception (d = 0.35 95% CI -0.06 to 0.76). Sufficient
studies were not available for minimal treatment or non-specific treatment comparison types.
For specific active control conditions, disorder was not a significant moderator (Q[3] = 4.84, p =
.305). Mindfulness-based interventions were superior to the comparison group for depression
and addiction (ds = 0.27 to 0.38) and equivalent to the comparison group for anxiety, pain, and
weight/eating (ds = 0.03 to 0.15). When compared with EBTs, disorder was a significant
moderator (Q[2] = 14.51, p = .001). Mindfulness-based interventions were superior to EBTs for
smoking (d = 0.42) and equivalent to EBTs for anxiety and depression (ds = -0.01 to -0.18).
Effects at longest follow-up. At follow-up, type of control condition was a significant
moderator of effects (Q[4] = 9.85, p = .043; Figure 4). Mindfulness-based interventions were
shown to be superior to no treatment conditions (k = 37, d = 0.50 95% CI 0.36 to 0.65), non-
specific treatment conditions (k = 4, d = 0.52 95% CI 0.05 to 0.99), and specific active controls
(k = 29, d = 0.29 95% CI 0.13 to 0.45). Mindfulness-based interventions did not differ
statistically from minimal treatment conditions (k = 4, d = 0.38 95% CI -0.05 to 0.82) and EBTs
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(k = 15, d = 0.09 95% CI -0.14 to 0.33). Within each comparison, significant heterogeneity was
detected (Figure 4), with the exception of the minimal treatment comparisons.
Disorder type was again examined as a moderator of effects for studies using the same
comparison conditions. For studies using a no treatment comparison, disorder was a significant
moderator (Q[2] = 6.46, p = .040). Mindfulness-based interventions showed superior effects for
depression, pain, and schizophrenia, with ds ranging from 0.48 to 1.18 (Figure 5). Sufficient
studies were not available for minimal treatment or non-specific treatment comparison types. For
specific active control conditions, disorder was not a significant moderator (Q[3] = 1.22, p =
.748). Mindfulness-based interventions were superior to the comparison group for depression (d
= 0.35) and equivalent to the comparison group for addictions, pain, and weight/eating (ds = 0.18
to 0.38). Mindfulness-based interventions were equivalent to EBTs for depression (d = 0.04).
Sensitivity Analyses
A series of sensitivity analyses examined the potential impact of duplicating data from
portions of the sample in order to allow for multiple comparison groups and/or multiple disorder-
specific outcomes to be fully represented. Results from these models are reported in
Supplementary Materials and are summarized here. When excluding multiple comparison groups
at post-treatment, insufficient studies were available to estimate minimal treatment comparisons
or effects on weight/eating for no treatment comparisons. All significance tests remained
unchanged, with the exception of effects on addiction for specific active control comparisons,
which became non-significant, although the effect size increased slightly (ds = 0.27 95% CI 0.02
to 0.53 and 0.29 95% CI -0.04 to 0.62, for multiple comparisons included and excluded,
respectively). When excluding multiple groups at follow-up, insufficient studies were available
to estimate minimal treatment comparisons and non-specific treatment comparisons. Insufficient
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studies were available for estimating effects on schizophrenia for no treatment comparisons and
effects on addiction for specific active controls. All remaining significance tests were unchanged.
For models excluding multiple disorders, the significance tests for all analyses remained
unchanged with the exception of studies of depression using specific active controls at follow-up
which became non-significant (ds = 0.35 95% CI 0.04 to 0.67 and 0.15 95% CI -0.13 to 0.44, for
multiple disorders included and excluded respectively).
Risk of Bias Across Studies
Asymmetric funnel plots suggested evidence for publication bias for several analyses (see
Supplemental Materials Figures 2a to 7a), with trim-and-fill analyses resulting in modified effect
size estimates. Of note, the statistical significance of all estimates remained unchanged, with the
exception of no treatment comparisons for schizophrenia at longest follow-up, which was no
longer significant. Neither reporting ITT analyses, including non-self-report outcomes, nor
matching treatment time between mindfulness and comparison conditions predicted outcomes
when examined within comparison type significantly moderated effects at post-treatment or
follow-up (all ps > 0.05, see Supplemental Materials Table 7a), with one exception: studies using
non-specific active controls and reporting objective outcomes had significantly lower effects at
follow-up (d = 0.25) relative to those not using objective outcomes (d = 1.34, Q[1] = 10.08, p
= .002).
Discussion
Several conclusions can be drawn from these findings. At the most basic level, our results
suggest that there is an empirical basis for mindfulness-based therapies. Mindfulness treatments
were shown, in general, to be of similar potency with first-line psychological (and psychiatric)
interventions when compared directly and superior to other active comparison conditions (as
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well as waitlist control conditions), with relatively little variation across disorders. These effects
were generally robust to accounting for publication bias, study quality features, and in sensitivity
analyses that restricted our sample to one comparison per study. This finding supports continued
research exploring the clinical application of mindfulness therapies and provides a basis for
consideration of these treatments by medical providers.
The promising effects demonstrated on psychiatric symptoms in the included studies are
consistent with several other symptom- or disorder-specific meta-analytic reviews (e.g.,
Cairncross & Miller, 2016; Khoury et al., 2013; Khoury, Lecomte, Gaudiano, & Paquin, 2013;
Piet & Hougaard, 2011) as well as with a comprehensive review in child and adolescent samples
(Zoogman, Goldberg, Hoyt, & Miller, 2015). The magnitude of the effect sizes detected in the
current study (e.g., d = 0.55 for mindfulness versus no treatment comparison conditions at post-
treatment) suggests that mindfulness-based interventions are, on average, associated with
moderate drops in psychiatric symptoms (based on Cohen’s [1988] guidelines). Interestingly, our
findings diverge from those of Goyal et al. (2014) who reported no differences between
mindfulness conditions and specific active control conditions. This discrepancy may be due to
the current meta-analysis including only disorder-specific symptoms and increased statistical
power to detect difference through including a larger number of trials and examining effects at
the level of comparison condition type (i.e., not only disaggregated by disorder).
This is the first comprehensive meta-analysis to examine effects of mindfulness-based
interventions on symptoms specific to clinical disorders. In addition, we have attempted to grade
the strength of comparison conditions to rigorously examine the relative efficacy of mindfulness-
based interventions compared not only to no treatment but also to other active treatments that
may be recommended. We believe that this method addresses the primary question facing
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clinicians who may be themselves providing or considering recommending mindfulness-based
therapies: How do mindfulness interventions compare with other evidence-based treatments?
Our sample included a wide range of psychiatric conditions with behavioral therapies
known to be efficacious. Overall, mindfulness therapies were superior to no treatment, minimal
treatment (at post-treatment), non-specific active controls (i.e., psychological placebo groups),
and specific active controls (i.e., other psychological treatments). Further, mindfulness-based
interventions were on average not different from first-line, evidence-based therapies such as
cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medications.
Subsequent analyses examined the relative performance of mindfulness-based
interventions within categories of clinical conditions at post-treatment (e.g., anxiety disorders,
addictive disorders). As analyses were restricted to comparisons that included at least four RCTs,
only a subset of conditions could be assessed. The clearest evidence was found regarding the use
of mindfulness for depression. Mindfulness was found to be superior to no treatment, other
active therapies, and equivalent to EBTs. For pain and weight/eating, mindfulness performed on
par with other active therapies and was superior to no treatment controls. For schizophrenia,
mindfulness outperformed no treatment control conditions. For anxiety, mindfulness
outperformed no treatment control conditions and was equivalent to other active therapies,
including EBTs. For smoking, mindfulness outperformed EBTs. Effects on addictions varied.
Mindfulness was equivalent to no treatment controls although superior to other active therapies.
This apparently contradictory finding is likely due to the small number of studies examining
addictive disorders using no treatment control groups (k = 5) along with the small sample size
included in this particular group of studies (mean n = 29.8) which yielded a wide confidence
interval for this effect size estimate. Examination of effect sizes at post-treatment shows the
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expectedly larger effect on addictions for no treatment comparisons (d = 0.35) than for specific
active control conditions (d = 0.27), despite the contrasting significance tests.
At follow-up, results were similar, although not identical. In these analyses, mindfulness
was no different than minimal treatment controls, again perhaps due to the small number of
studies included in this group. Mindfulness was again superior to no treatment and specific
active control comparisons, and equivalent to EBTs. For specific disorders, mindfulness
outperformed no treatment comparisons for depression, pain, and schizophrenia (although not
when accounting for publication bias), and was equivalent or superior to other active treatments
for addictions, depression, pain, and weight/eating. When compared with EBTs for depression,
mindfulness was equivalent.
It remains difficult, however, to make firm recommendations based on the literature
regarding for which particular disorders these therapies hold most promise (Farias et al., 2016).
This is due to the heterogeneity in effects across disorders, the uneven distribution of studies
across disorders, the relative scarcity of direct comparisons between mindfulness-based therapies
and other first-line treatments (a study design feature that may not be improving despite repeated
concerns voiced in the literature; Goldberg et al., in press), and evidence of publication bias.
Based on our findings, it appears that the strongest recommendation can be made for
mindfulness treatments for depression with evidence also supporting the use of mindfulness for
treating pain conditions, smoking, and addictive disorders.
The uneven distribution of studies across disorders and comparison types is a primary
limitation of the current study. As is always the case with meta-analyses, we were limited by the
published literature (and given the scope of the project focused exclusively on studies published
in peer-reviewed journals, i.e., did not include unpublished studies or dissertations), and
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therefore were unable to make firm conclusions regarding disorder groups that have received less
research attention. In addition, for the purposes of generating reliable effect size estimates,
related outcomes and related disorders were collapsed (e.g., pain intensity and pain functionality,
obesity and eating disorders) which limited our ability to detect specific effects at the outcome
and disorder level.
Several key questions for future research suggest themselves. One concerns the impact
of practice duration. Insufficient data were available to include this in the meta-analysis but
other basic research clearly indicates the importance of practice duration on basic biological
measures (Wielgosz, Schuyler, Lutz, & Davidson, 2016). A second critical question is which
individuals may be most benefited by mindfulness interventions? Are there certain individual
difference characteristics that predict the magnitude of change with mindfulness interventions
(Mascaro, Rilling, Negi, & Raison, 2013)? Again basic research underscores the importance of
such individual differences. Collectively our findings underscore the potential promise of
mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders.
18

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
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596 from hand searching
5582title-abstract reviews
screened
Excluded at title-abstract review level
3 620 not randomized clinical trial
1 107 not relevant diagnosis
286 not mindfulness-based intervention
157 not adults
35 not in person
31 not published in English
9 no non-mindfulness intervention
31 not peer-reviewed article
3 no targeted outcomes
3 485 duplicates removed
Studies retrieved from
electronic database searches
4 792 AMRA
228 PsycInfo
637 PubMed
1 275 Scopus
1 539 Web of Science
303full text reviews
Excluded at full text review level
26 not randomized clinical trial
25 not relevant diagnosis
22 not mindfulness-based intervention
1 not in person
1 not published in English
1 no non-mindfulness intervention
2 not peer-reviewed article
26 no targeted outcomes
28 no new data provided
171included articles
Figure 1. PRISMA Flow Diagram

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Figure 2. Post-treatment effects by comparison group type. k = number of disorder-specific comparisons; Tx n = mindfulness
condition sample size; Cont n = comparison group sample size (note that total n is larger than the full sample size as some samples are
represented in multiple comparisons); d = Cohen’s d effect size; Q = Q-statistic; Qp = p-value for Q-statistic; I2 = heterogeneity; kimp =
number of imputed studies based on trim-and-fill analyses; dadj = adjusted d based on trim-and-fill analyses; No tx = no treatment; Min
tx = minimal treatment; Non-spec = non-specific active control condition; Spec = Specific active control condition; EBT = evidence-
based treatment.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Figure 3. Post-treatment effects on disorder-specific symptoms by comparison group and disorder. Comp = comparison group; k =
number of disorder-specific comparisons; Tx n = mindfulness condition sample size; Cont n = comparison group sample size (note
that total n is larger than the full sample size as some samples are represented in multiple comparisons); d = Cohen’s d effect size; Q =
Q-statistic; Qp = p-value for Q-statistic; I2 = heterogeneity; kimp = number of imputed studies based on trim-and-fill analyses; dadj =
adjusted d based on trim-and-fill analyses; No tx = no treatment; Min tx = minimal treatment; Non-spec = non-specific active control
condition; Spec = Specific active control condition; EBT = evidence-based treatment.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Figure 4. Follow-up effects by comparison type. k = number of disorder-specific comparisons; Tx n = mindfulness condition sample
size; Cont n = comparison group sample size (note that total n is larger than the full sample size as some samples are represented in
multiple comparisons); d = Cohen’s d effect size; Q = Q-statistic; Qp = p-value for Q-statistic; I2 = heterogeneity; kimp = number of
imputed studies based on trim-and-fill analyses; dadj = adjusted d based on trim-and-fill analyses; No tx = no treatment; Min tx =
minimal treatment; Non-spec = non-specific active control condition; Spec = Specific active control condition; EBT = evidence-based
treatment.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Figure 5. Follow-up effects by comparison type and disorder. Comp = comparison group; k = number of disorder-specific
comparisons; Tx n = mindfulness condition sample size; Cont n = comparison group sample size (note that total n is larger than the
full sample size as some samples are represented in multiple comparisons); d = Cohen’s d effect size; Q = Q-statistic; Qp = p-value for
Q-statistic; I2 = heterogeneity; kimp = number of imputed studies based on trim-and-fill analyses; dadj = adjusted d based on trim-and-fill

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
analyses; No tx = no treatment; Min tx = minimal treatment; Non-spec = non-specific active control condition; Spec = Specific active
control condition; EBT = evidence-based treatment.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Supplemental Materials Table 1a. List of disorders and recognized evidence-based treatments
APA Large
Category
Collapsed
Disorder
Category
Subcategory Treatments
ADHD ADHD CBT
Bipolar Bipolar Psychoed, Systematic Care, Cog Ther, Family-Focused Ther,
Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Ther
Borderline PD Borderline DBT, Mentalization-Based Therapy, Schema-Focused Ther,
Transference-Focused Ther
Chronic or
Persistent Pain
Pain Fibromyalgia Multicomponent CBT for FM
Chronic or
Persistent Pain
Pain Chronic low back
pain
Behavioral Therapy, CBT for CLBP
Chronic or
Persistent Pain
Pain Rheumatologic
pain
Multicomponent CBT for Rheumatic Pain
Chronic or
Persistent Pain
Pain Headache CBT for Chronic Headache
Chronic or
Persistent Pain
Pain Chronic or
persistent pain
ACT for Chronic Pain
Depression Depression BT/BA, CT, Cog Behav Analysis System of Psychotherapy, IPT,
Problem-Solving Ther, Self-Management / Self-Control Therapy,
32

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
ACT, Behavioral Couple Ther, EFT, REBT, Reminiscence / Life
Review Therapy, Self-System Therapy, Short-Term Psychodynamic
Therapy
Eating Disorders
and Obesity
Weight/Eating Anorexia Nervosa Family-Based Treatment, CBT
Eating Disorders
and Obesity
Weight/Eating Bulimia Nervosa CBT, IPT, Family-Based Treatment, Healthy-Weight Program
Eating Disorders
and Obesity
Weight/Eating Binge Eating
Disorder
CBT, IPT
Eating Disorders
and Obesity
Weight/Eating Obesity and
Pediatric
Overweight
Behavioral Weight Loss Treatment
Generalized
Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety CBT
Insomnia Sleep CBT, Sleep Restriction Therapy, Stimulus Control Therapy,
Relaxation Training, Paradoxical Intention, EMG Biofeedback
Mixed Anxiety Anxiety ACT for Mixed Anxiety Conditions
OCD Anxiety Exposure and Response Prevention, CT, ACT
Panic Disorder Anxiety CBT, Applied Relaxation, Psychoanalytic Treatment
PTSD PTSD PE, PCT, CPT, Seeking Safety, Stress Inoculation Therapy, EMDR,
Psych Debriefing
33

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Schizophrenia and
Other Mental
Illnesses
Schizophrenia Social Skills Training, CBT, Assertive Community Treatment,
Family Psychoed, Supported Employment, Social learning / Token
Economy Programs, Cog Remediation, ACT for Psychosis, Cog
Adaptation Training, Illness Management and Recovery
Social Phobia and
Public Speaking
Anxiety
Anxiety CBT
Specific Phobias Anxiety Exposure therapies
Substance and
Alcohol Use
Disorders
Addiction Mixed substance
abuse
MI, MET, MET + CBT, Prize-Based Contingency Management,
Seeking Safety, Friends Care, Guided Self-Change
Substance and
Alcohol Use
Disorders
Addiction Alcohol Behavioral Couples Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorders, Moderate
Drinking, Prize-Based Contingency Management
Substance and
Alcohol Use
Disorders
Addiction Cocaine Prize-Based Contingency Management
Substance and
Alcohol Use
Disorders
Smoking Smoking Smoking Cessation with Weight Gain Prevention
34

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Other society's
treatments
Smoking Freedom From Smoking (American Lung Association), CBT (U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services)
Addiction CBT (National Institute of Drug Abuse)
Note: APA = American Psychological Association; ADHD = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; CBT = Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy; Psychoed = Psychoeducation; PD = Personality Disorder; Cog = Cognitive; Ther = Therapy; FM = Fibromyalgia; CLBP =
Chronic Low Back Pain; BT = Behavioral Therapy; BA = Behavioral Activation; CT = Cognitive Therapy; EFT = Emotion-Focused
Therapy; REBT = Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy; IPT = Interpersonal Psychotherapy; EMG = Electromyography; OCD =
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; ACT = Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; PTSD = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; PE =
Prolonged Exposure; PCT = Present-Centered Therapy; CPT = Cognitive Processing Therapy; EMDR = Eye Movement
Desensitization and Reprocessing; MI = Motivational Interviewing; MET = Motivational Enhancement Therapy; U.S. = United States.
35

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Supplemental Materials Table 2a. Included studies descriptive statistics
Original Study Dx Cont Mindful ES Var ES FU Var FU Tx n Cont n ITT Obj
Abolghasemi 2015 Depression EBT MBCT 0.61 1.87 1.06 1.68 15 15 Yes No
Alberts 2010 Weight/Eating No Tx None 3.13 0.59 NA NA 10 9 Yes Yes
Alberts 2012 Weight/Eating No Tx MBCT 0.69 0.09 NA NA 12 14 Yes Yes
Alexander 2012 Depression EBT None 0.19 0.35 NA NA 67 67 No No
Alterman 2004 Addiction No Tx None 0.19 0.09 0.22 0.10 18 13 No Yes
Arch 2013 Anxiety EBT MBSR 0.1 0.03 0.16 0.04 45 60 Yes Yes
Asl 2014 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.81 0.14 NA NA 18 17 No No
Astin 2003 Pain Spec Act MBSR 0.15 0.05 0.14 0.04 64 64 No Yes
Atkinson 2016 Weight/Eating Spec Act MBCT 0.34 0.11 0.06 0.10 17 16 No No
Atkinson 2016 Weight/Eating No Tx MBCT 0.82 0.09 0.41 0.09 17 17 No No
Bakhshani 2016 Pain No Tx MBSR 1.29 0.08 NA NA 20 20 No No
Banth 2015 Pain No Tx MBSR 1.45 0.17 1.88 0.23 39 48 No No
Barnhofer 2009 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.74 0.14 NA NA 16 15 Yes Yes
Bedard 2014 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.21 0.04 NA NA 57 48 No No
Black 2015 Sleep Spec Act None 0.97 0.07 NA NA 24 25 Yes No
Bondolfi 2010 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.48 0.06 0.75 0.12 31 29 Yes Yes
Bowen 2009 Addiction Spec Act MBRP 0.27 0.04 0.03 0.03 93 70 No No
Bowen 2014 Addiction Spec Act MBRP 0.06 0.02 0.23 0.03 103 88 No Yes
Bowen 2014 Addiction Spec Act MBRP 0.27 0.02 0.34 0.03 103 95 No Yes
Brewer 2009 Addiction EBT MBRP -0.51 0.20 NA NA 21 15 No No
Brewer 2011 Smoking EBT MBRP 0.60 0.05 0.82 0.07 41 47 Yes Yes
Brown 2013 Pain No Tx None 0.50 0.08 NA NA 20 20 No No
Cash 2015 Pain No Tx MBSR 0.40 0.03 0.19 0.03 51 40 Yes No
Cathcart 2014
Pain No Tx MBSR/
MBCT 0.01 0.05 NA NA 29 29
No Yes
Chacko 2016 Weight/Eating Min Tx MBSR -0.12 0.10 -0.04 0.10 9 9 Yes Yes
Chadwick 2009 Schizophrenia No Tx None 0.27 0.13 NA NA 11 11 No No

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Chadwick 2016 Schizophrenia No Tx None 0.14 0.03 -0.06 0.03 54 54 Yes Yes
Chavooshi 2016 Pain Spec Act MBSR -4.2 0.70 NA NA 20 23 No No
Chavooshi 2016 Pain No Tx MBSR 0.91 0.11 NA NA 20 20 No No
Cherkin 2016 Pain No Tx MBSR 0.32 0.01 0.30 0.01 116 113 Yes No
Cherkin 2016 Pain EBT MBSR 0.04 0.01 -0.04 0.01 116 113 Yes No
Chien 2013 Schizophrenia No Tx MBSR 0.61 0.03 1.20 0.04 48 48 Yes Yes
Chien 2014 Schizophrenia No Tx MBSR 0.75 0.04 2.17 0.06 36 35 Yes Yes
Chien 2014 Schizophrenia Spec Act MBSR 0.28 0.04 1.32 0.06 36 36 Yes Yes
Chiesa 2012 Depression Spec Act MBCT 1.02 0.26 NA NA 9 9 No Yes
Chiesa 2015 Depression Spec Act MBCT 0.54 0.08 0.81 0.09 26 24 Yes Yes
Colgan 2016 PTSD Spec Act MBSR 0.46 0.08 NA NA 28 28 No No
Colgan 2016 PTSD Non-Spec Act MBSR 0.15 0.09 NA NA 28 28 No No
Corsica 2014 Weight/Eating Spec Act MBSR -0.07 0.13 -0.20 0.14 19 20 No Yes
Crane 2008 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.59 0.10 NA NA 33 35 No No
Daubenmier 2011
Weight/Eating No Tx MBSR/
MBCT/
MB-
EAT 0.09 0.05 NA NA 24 23
Yes Yes
Daubenmier 2016
Weight/Eating Spec Act MBSR/
MB-
EAT 0.05 0.01 0.09 0.01 100 94
Yes Yes
Davis 2013 Smoking EBT MTS 0.78 0.15 NA NA 30 25 Yes Yes
Davis-JSAT 2014 Smoking EBT MTS 0.18 0.03 0.23 0.05 68 67 Yes Yes
Davis-SUM 2014 Smoking Min Tx MTS 0.36 0.03 0.34 0.05 105 91 Yes Yes
Day 2014 Pain No Tx MBCT 0.17 0.06 NA NA 19 17 Yes No
DeDios 2012 Addiction No Tx None 1.01 0.16 -1.08 0.67 22 12 No No
DeJong 2016 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.71 0.12 NA NA 26 14 No Yes

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
DeJong 2016 Pain No Tx MBCT 0.20 0.08 NA NA 26 14 No Yes
Delgado 2010 Anxiety Spec Act None -0.14 0.09 NA NA 18 18 No No
Dimidjian 2016 Depression Min Tx MBCT 0.71 0.06 0.68 0.06 43 43 Yes Yes
Eisendrath 2016 Depression Spec Act MBCT 0.29 0.03 0.05 0.02 87 86 Yes Yes
Esmer 2010 Pain No Tx MBSR 1.33 0.13 NA NA 19 21 No No
Fissler 2016 Depression Spec Act MBCT 1.42 0.17 NA NA 38 36 No No
Fleer 2014 Depression No Tx MBCT -0.04 0.10 0.09 0.09 23 23 Yes No
Fogarty 2015 Pain No Tx MBSR 0.43 0.06 0.35 0.07 26 25 No No
Garland 2010 Addiction Spec Act MORE -0.02 0.08 NA NA 27 26 No No
Garland-JCCP 2014 Pain Spec Act MORE 0.46 0.02 0.69 0.03 57 58 No No
Garland-JCO 2014 Sleep EBT MBSR -1.16 0.04 -0.87 0.04 64 47 Yes Yes
Garland 2016 Addiction Spec Act MORE 0.22 0.04 NA NA 64 52 Yes No
Garland 2016 Addiction EBT MORE 0.32 0.03 NA NA 64 64 Yes No
Geschwind 2011 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.40 0.02 NA NA 64 66 Yes Yes
Glasner 2016 Addiction Non-Spec Act MBRP 0.09 0.07 0.18 0.07 31 32 No Yes
Godfrin 2010 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.97 0.04 0.60 0.04 52 54 Yes Yes
Goldin 2016 Anxiety EBT MBSR -0.60 0.10 NA NA 36 36 Yes No
Goldin 2016 Anxiety No Tx MBSR 0.91 0.06 NA NA 36 36 Yes No
Greenberg 2016 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.89 0.12 NA NA 22 18 No Yes
Gross 2011 Sleep EBT MBSR -0.03 0.11 0.23 0.14 20 10 No Yes
Hanstede 2008 Anxiety No Tx None 1.55 0.36 NA NA 8 9 No No
Helmes 2015 Anxiety Non-Spec Act MBCT 1.42 0.09 1.34 0.09 26 26 Yes No
Hepark 2015 ADHD No Tx MBCT 0.48 0.03 NA NA 55 48 No Yes
Hoge 2013 Anxiety Spec Act MBSR 0.38 0.04 NA NA 48 45 Yes Yes
Huijbers 2015 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.17 0.06 0.11 0.06 33 35 Yes Yes
Imani 2015 Addiction No Tx MBRP 0.49 0.10 NA NA 15 15 No Yes
Iranshahri 2015 Addiction No Tx MBSR 1.03 0.28 NA NA 15 15 Yes No
Jay 2015 Pain No Tx None 0.43 0.03 NA NA 56 56 Yes No
Jazaieri 2012 Anxiety Spec Act MBSR 0.32 0.08 0.02 0.20 31 25 No No
Johannsen 2016 Pain No Tx MBCT 0.49 0.03 0.41 0.03 67 62 No No
Kanter 2016 Pain No Tx MBSR 0.52 0.15 NA NA 9 11 No No

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Kaviani 2012 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.83 0.12 1.75 0.18 15 15 No No
Kearney 2013 PTSD No Tx MBSR 0.21 0.09 0.18 0.09 25 22 Yes No
Keune 2011 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.51 0.04 NA NA 45.5 45.5 No No
King 2016 PTSD EBT MBCT 0.38 0.18 NA NA 26 17 No Yes
Kocovski 2013 Anxiety No Tx MBCT 0.66 0.05 NA NA 53 31 Yes Yes
Kocovski 2013 Anxiety EBT MBCT -0.08 0.05 NA NA 53 53 Yes Yes
Koszycki 2007 Anxiety EBT MBSR -0.59 0.08 NA NA 26 27 Yes Yes
Koszycki 2016 Anxiety No Tx None 1.16 0.11 NA NA 21 18 Yes Yes
Kristeller 2013
Weight/Eating No Tx MB-
EAT 1.13 0.05 1.61 0.36 53 47
No Yes
Kristeller 2013
Weight/Eating Spec Act MB-
EAT 0.28 0.05 0.97 0.40 53 50
No Yes
Kuyken 2008 Depression EBT MBCT 0.13 0.05 0.27 0.04 61 62 Yes Yes
Kuyken 2015 Depression EBT MBCT 0.18 0.01 0.03 0.02 212 212 Yes Yes
LaCour 2015 Pain No Tx MBSR 0.18 0.02 NA NA 54 55 Yes No
Langer 2010 Schizophrenia Non-Spec Act MBCT 0.23 0.06 NA NA 18 20 No No
Langer 2012 Schizophrenia No Tx MBCT 0.71 0.26 NA NA 11 12 No No
Lee 2011 Addiction No Tx MBRP -0.9 0.19 NA NA 10 14 Yes No
Lopez-Navarro 2015 Schizophrenia No Tx None 0.27 0.06 NA NA 22 22 Yes Yes
Ma 2004 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.75 0.14 0.52 0.07 37 38 Yes Yes
Madani 2013 Anxiety No Tx None 1.42 0.20 -0.31 0.15 15 15 No No
Majid 2012 Anxiety No Tx MBSR 3.39 0.32 NA NA 17 16 Yes No
Manicavasgar 2011 Depression EBT MBCT -0.01 0.08 0.05 0.30 30 39 No No
Mann 2016 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.21 0.14 1.18 0.14 19 19 No No
McIndoo 2016 Depression EBT MBSR -0.24 0.13 -0.59 0.14 20 16 Yes Yes
McIndoo 2016 Depression No Tx MBSR 0.85 0.10 0.62 0.10 20 14 Yes Yes
Meadows 2014 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.44 0.02 0.48 0.02 102 102 Yes Yes
Michalak 2015 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.43 0.06 0.43 0.09 36 35 Yes Yes
Michalak 2015 Depression EBT MBCT -0.34 0.07 -0.11 0.10 36 35 Yes Yes

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Miller 2014
Weight/Eating Spec Act MB-
EAT -0.17 0.05 -0.11 0.05 32 36
No Yes
Mitchell 2013 ADHD No Tx None 0.97 0.12 NA NA 11 11 No Yes
Moore 2016 Anxiety Spec Act MBSR 0.23 0.04 NA NA 32 35 No No
Morone 2008 Pain No Tx MBSR 0.29 0.06 NA NA 19 18 Yes No
Morone 2009 Pain Spec Act MBSR 0.14 0.07 0.18 0.07 20 20 No No
Morone 2016 Pain Spec Act MBSR 0.26 0.01 0.17 0.01 140 142 Yes No
Nakamura 2013 Sleep Spec Act MBSR 0.81 0.11 0.98 0.19 20 18 Yes No
Nassif 2016 Pain No Tx None 0.39 0.21 0.42 0.21 6.5 6.5 No No
Niles 2012 PTSD Non-Spec Act None 0.82 0.12 0.01 0.15 17 16 No Yes
Omidi 2013 Depression No Tx MBCT 1.40 0.11 NA NA 30 30 Yes No
Omidi 2013 Depression EBT MBCT -0.85 0.21 NA NA 30 30 Yes No
Ong 2014 Sleep No Tx MBSR 0.37 0.06 NA NA 19 16 Yes Yes
Panahi 2016 Depression No Tx MBCT 1.30 0.09 NA NA 30 30 Yes No
Parra-Delgado 2013 Pain No Tx MBCT 0.74 0.08 0.92 0.08 17 16 No No
Perich 2013 Bipolar No Tx MBCT -0.09 0.04 -0.28 0.03 48 47 Yes Yes
Piet 2010 Anxiety EBT MBCT -0.13 0.11 NA NA 14 12 Yes Yes
Plews-Ogan 2005 Pain Spec Act MBSR -0.58 0.23 -0.50 0.20 10 10 No No
Plews-Ogan 2005 Pain No Tx MBSR 0.40 0.19 0.06 0.18 10 10 No No
Polusny 2015 PTSD EBT MBSR 0.17 0.03 0.35 0.03 58 58 Yes Yes
Possemato 2016 PTSD No Tx MBSR 0.11 0.05 -0.13 0.07 36 26 Yes Yes
Pots 2014 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.45 0.03 NA NA 76 75 Yes No
Pradhan 2007 Pain No Tx MBSR -0.22 0.07 NA NA 31 32 No Yes
Rungreangkulkij 2011 Depression No Tx None 1.26 0.35 NA NA 32 32 Yes No
Schmidt 2011 Pain Spec Act MBSR 0.05 0.02 0.24 0.02 59 59 Yes Yes
Schmidt 2011 Pain No Tx MBSR 0.18 0.02 0.12 0.02 59 59 Yes Yes
Schuver 2016 Depression Spec Act MBSR 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.17 20 20 No No
Segal 2010 Depression EBT MBCT -0.03 0.08 0.18 0.09 26 28 Yes Yes
Segal 2010 Depression Non-Spec Act MBCT 0.26 0.07 0.49 0.09 26 30 Yes Yes
Shahar 2010 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.63 0.06 NA NA 29 23 No Yes

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Shahar 2010 Sleep No Tx MBCT 0.07 0.09 NA NA 29 23 No Yes
Shallcross 2015 Depression Spec Act MBCT -0.25 0.03 -0.04 0.03 46 46 Yes Yes
Singh 2014 Smoking No Tx None 0.73 0.08 0.69 0.08 25 26 Yes No
Strauss 2012 Depression No Tx PBCT 1.50 0.18 NA NA 14 14 Yes No
Tang 2013 Smoking Spec Act None 0.94 0.12 NA NA 15 12 No Yes
Teasdale 2000 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.35 0.05 0.31 0.04 76 69 Yes Yes
Thompson 2010 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.80 0.18 NA NA 13 27 No No
Tovote 2014 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.74 0.06 NA NA 31 31 Yes Yes
Tovote 2014 Depression EBT MBCT -0.19 0.07 NA NA 31 32 Yes Yes
VanAalderen 2012 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.54 0.01 NA NA 111 108 No Yes
Vidrine 2016 Smoking EBT MBCT 0.43 0.02 0.35 0.03 154 155 Yes Yes
Vidrine 2016 Smoking Min Tx MBCT 0.40 0.03 0.46 0.03 154 103 Yes Yes
Vollestad 2011 Anxiety No Tx MBSR 0.53 0.03 NA NA 39 37 Yes No
Wang 2016 Schizophrenia No Tx MBSR 0.76 0.03 1.47 0.04 46 46 No Yes
Wang 2016 Schizophrenia Spec Act MBSR 0.30 0.03 0.71 0.03 46 46 No Yes
Wells 2014 Pain No Tx MBSR 0.70 0.12 0.54 0.12 10 9 Yes No
Williams-Bipolar 2008 Bipolar No Tx MBCT 0.64 0.18 NA NA 9 8 No No
Williams-Unipolar 2008 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.35 0.09 NA NA 24 27 No No
Williams 2014 Depression Spec Act MBCT 0.11 0.02 0.04 0.02 108 110 No Yes
Williams 2014 Depression No Tx MBCT 0.31 0.03 0.14 0.02 108 56 No Yes
Witkiewitz 2014 Addiction Spec Act MBRP 0.54 0.03 NA NA 55 50 Yes No
Wong 2009 Pain Spec Act MBSR -0.07 0.03 0.15 0.04 50 50 No No
Wong 2011 Pain Spec Act MBSR -0.04 0.03 -0.04 0.03 51 49 Yes No
Wong 2015 Sleep Spec Act MBCT 0.01 0.05 -0.23 0.06 26 31 Yes Yes
Wong 2016 Anxiety No Tx MBCT 0.31 0.03 NA NA 61 60 Yes No
Wong 2016 Anxiety Spec Act MBCT -0.07 0.03 0.00 0.03 61 61 Yes No
Zangi 2012 Pain No Tx None 0.49 0.04 0.59 0.04 37 36 No No
Zautra-Depressed 2008
Depression Spec Act MBSR/
MBCT 0.25 0.19 NA NA 6 17
Yes Yes
Zautra-Depressed 2008 Depression Non-Spec Act MBSR/ 0.42 0.19 NA NA 6 14 Yes Yes

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
MBCT
Zautra-Depressed 2008
Pain EBT MBSR/
MBCT 0.41 0.10 NA NA 6 17
Yes Yes
Zautra-Depressed 2008
Pain Non-Spec Act MBSR/
MBCT 0.33 0.12 NA NA 6 14
Yes Yes
Zautra-Not depressed
2008
Pain Non-Spec Act MBSR/
MBCT -0.14 0.04 NA NA 42 30
Yes Yes
Zautra-Not depressed
2008
Pain EBT MBSR/
MBCT -0.07 0.05 NA NA 42 35
Yes Yes
Zemestani 2016 Addiction Spec Act MBRP 0.94 0.25 1.8 0.20 37 37 Yes No
Zemestani 2016 Depression Spec Act MBRP 1.35 0.16 1.96 0.15 37 37 Yes No
Zgierska 2016 Pain No Tx None 0.46 0.08 0.45 0.07 21 14 Yes No
Zhang 2015 Sleep No Tx MBSR 1.15 0.08 NA NA 30 30 Yes No
Note: Mindful = basis of mindfulness condition (if standardized mindfulness-based intervention was referenced), ES = Effect size;
Var = variance, FU = follow-up; Tx n = intent-to-treat sample size for mindfulness condition (when reported); Cont n = intent-to-treat
sample size for the control condition (when reported); ITT = whether intent-to-treat analysis was reported; Obj = whether an objective
outcome measure was included; No tx = no treatment comparison condition; Min tx = minimal treatment comparison condition; Non-
Spec Act = non-specific active comparison condition; Spec Act = specific active comparison condition; EBT = Evidence-Based
Treatment; MBCT = Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy; MBSR = Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction; MBRP = Mindfulness-
Based Relapse Prevention; MB-EAT = Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training; MTS = Mindfulness Training for Smokers;

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
MORE = Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement; PBCT = Person-Based Cognitive Therapy; PTSD = Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder; OCD = Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; JSAT = Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment; SUM = Substance Use & Misuse;
JCCP = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology; JCO = Journal of Clinical Oncology; NA = not applicable. Studies are listed
multiple times if they included multiple comparison groups and/or samples with comorbid conditions for which targeted outcomes
were available.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Supplemental Materials Table 3a. Included outcome measures
Study Outcome
Abolghasemi 2015 Beck Depression Inventory
Alberts 2010 General Food Craving Questionnaire - Emotional craving
Alberts 2010 General Food Craving Questionnaire - Loss of control
Alberts 2010 General Food Craving Questionnaire - Positive outcome expectancy
Alberts 2010 General Food Craving Questionnaire - Preoccupation with food
Alberts 2010 Weight
Alberts 2012 Body Mass Index
Alberts 2012 Body Shape Questionnaire - Body image concern
Alberts 2012 Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire - Emotional eating
Alberts 2012 Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire - External eating
Alberts 2012 Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire - Restrained eating
Alberts 2012 General Food Craving Questionnaire Trait
Alexander 2012 Beck Depression Inventory
Alterman 2004 Addiction Severity Index - Alcohol
Alterman 2004 Addiction Severity Index - Drug
Alterman 2004 Addiction Severity Index - Employment
Alterman 2004 Addiction Severity Index - Family-social
Alterman 2004 Addiction Severity Index - Legal
Alterman 2004 Addiction Severity Index - Medical
Alterman 2004 Addiction Severity Index - Psychiatric
Alterman 2004 Timeline followback and urine toxicology screen
Arch 2013 Clinician Anxiety Rating
Arch 2013 Mini Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire-Anxious Arousal Scale
Arch 2013 Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Asl 2014 Beck Depression Inventory II
Astin 2003 6 minute walk
Astin 2003 Fibromyalgic Impact Questionnaire
Astin 2003 Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36 Pain Score
Astin 2003 Total Myalgic Score
Atkinson 2016 Clincial Impairment Assessment - Psychosocial impairment related to eating
Atkinson 2016 Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire - Restraint
Atkinson 2016 Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire - Eating disorder symptoms
Atkinson 2016 Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire - Weight and shape concerns
Atkinson 2016 Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale - Sociocultural pressure
Atkinson 2016 Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale - Thin Ideal
Bakhshani 2016 Pain Intensity
Bakhshani 2016 Short Form-36 Bodily Pain (BP)
Bakhshani 2016 Short Form-36 Physical Functioning (PF)
Bakhshani 2016 Short Form-36 Role Limitations due to Physical Health (RP)
Banth 2015 McGill Pain Questionnaire

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Barnhofer 2009 Beck Depression Inventory - II
Barnhofer 2009 MDD diagnostic status
Barnhofer 2015 Beck Depression Inventory
Barnhofer 2015 Suicidal Cognitions Scale
Bedard 2014 Beck Depression Inventory II
Bedard 2014 Patient Health Questionnaire-9
Bedard 2014 Symptom Checklist-90 Revised - Depression
Bieling 2012 Experiences Questionnaire - Rumination
Black 2015 Athens Insomnia
Black 2015 Fatigue Symptom Inventory - Interference
Black 2015 Fatigue Symptom Inventory - Severity
Black 2015 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Bondolfi 2010 Beck Depression Inventory
Bondolfi 2010 Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale
Bondolfi 2010 Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
Bondolfi 2010 Relapse of depression
Bondolfi 2010 Relapse time
Bondolfi 2010 Rumination/Reflection Questionnaire - Rumination
Bowen 2009 Alcohol and drug use days
Bowen 2009 Penn Alcohol Craving Scale
Bowen 2009 Short Inventory of Problems
Bowen 2014 Addiction Severity Index
Bowen 2014 Any Drug Use number (Time Line Follow Back)
Bowen 2014 Any Heavy Drinking (Time Line Follow Back)
Bowen 2014 Drug Use Days (Time Line Follow Back)
Bowen 2014 Heavy Drinking Days (Time Line Follow Back)
Bowen 2014 Severity of Dependence Scale
Brewer 2009 Alcohol use days
Brewer 2009 Cocaine use days
Brewer 2009 Drug craving
Brewer 2011 Cigarettes per day
Brewer 2011 Smoking abstinence
Britton 2010 Diary Number of Awakenings
Britton 2010 Diary Sleep Efficiency
Britton 2010 Diary Sleep Onset Latency
Britton 2010 Diary Sleep Quality
Britton 2010 Diary Total Sleep Time
Britton 2010 Diary Wake After Sleep Onset
Britton 2010 Sleep Study Arousals
Britton 2010 Sleep Study Number of Awakenings
Britton 2010 Sleep Study Sleep Efficiency
Britton 2010 Sleep Study Sleep Onset Latency
Britton 2010 Sleep Study Slow-Wave Sleep

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Britton 2010 Sleep Study Stage 1 Minutes
Britton 2010 Sleep Study Total Sleep Time
Britton 2010 Sleep Study Wake After Sleep Onset
Britton 2012 Diary Sleep Efficiency
Britton 2012 Diary Sleep Onset Latency
Britton 2012 Diary Sleep Quality
Britton 2012 Diary Total Sleep Time
Britton 2012 Diary Total Wake Time
Britton 2012 Diary Wake After Sleep Onset
Britton 2012 Sleep Study Sleep Efficiency
Britton 2012 Sleep Study Sleep Onset Latency
Britton 2012 Sleep Study Slow-Wave Sleep Mins
Britton 2012 Sleep Study Stage 1 Minutes
Britton 2012 Sleep Study Total Sleep Time
Britton 2012 Sleep Study Total Wake Time
Britton 2012 Sleep Study Wake After Sleep Onset
Brown 2013 Laser pain unpleasantness
Brown 2013 Pain Attitudes Questionnaire - Perceived control
Brown 2013 Pain Stages of Change Questionnare - Contemplation
Brown 2013 Pain Stages of Change Questionnare - Engagment
Brown 2013 Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire - Affective Pain
Brown 2013 Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire - Sensory Pain
Cash 2015 Fatigue Symptom Inventory
Cash 2015 Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire - physical functioning
Cash 2015 Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire - sx severity
Cash 2015 Visual Analog Scale - Pain
Cathcart 2014 Heachache intensity
Cathcart 2014 Headache duration
Cathcart 2014 Headache frequency
Cathcart 2013 Cold pain tolerance in seconds
Cathcart 2013 Cold-pain detection threshold
Cathcart 2013 Conditioned Pain Modulation
Cathcart 2013 Muscle Tenderness
Cathcart 2013 Pain Detection Thershold at Shoulder
Cathcart 2013 Pain Detection Threshold at Finger
Cathcart 2013 Pain rating at 10 sec of immersion
Cathcart 2013 Pain rating at 20 sec of immersion
Chacko 2016 Binge Eating Scale
Chacko 2016 Body Mass Index
Chacko 2016 Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - Cognitive Restraint
Chacko 2016 Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - Emotional Eating
Chacko 2016 Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - Uncontrolled Eating
Chacko 2016 Waist circumference

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Chacko 2016 Weight (kg)
Chacko 2016 Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire
Chadwick 2009 Beliefs about Voices Questionnaire Revised
Chadwick 2009 Psychiatric symptom rating scale - auditory hallucinations
Chadwick 2009 Psychiatric symptom rating scale - paranoia
Chadwick 2009 Southhampton Mindfulness Voices Questionnaire
Chadwick 2016 CHOICE Self-report assessment of recovery - satisfaction
Chadwick 2016 CHOICE Self-report assessment of recovery - severity
Chadwick 2016 Psychotic symptoms rating scale - total - clinician rated
Chavooshi 2016 Numerical Pain Rating Scale
Cherkin 2016 Characteristic pain intensity
Cherkin 2016 Global Improvement in Pain
Cherkin 2016 Pain bothersome rating
Cherkin 2016 Roland Disability Questionnaire (pain)
Chien 2013 Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
Chien 2013 Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire
Chien 2013 Rehospitalize Duration
Chien 2013 Rehospitalize Number
Chien 2013 Specific Level of Functioning
Chien 2014 Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
Chien 2014 Duration of readmissions to hospital
Chien 2014 Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire
Chien 2014 Number of readmissions to hospital
Chien 2014 Specific level of functioning
Chiesa 2012 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
Chiesa 2015 Beck Depression Inventory
Chiesa 2015 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
Colgan 2016 PTSD Checklist
Collip 2013 I feel accepted
Corsica 2014 Eating and Appraisal Due to Emotions and Stress Questionnaire - Stress-Related Eating
Corsica 2014 Weight
Crane 2008 Beck Depression Inventory
Daubenmier 2011 Abdominal fat
Daubenmier 2011 Emotional eating
Daubenmier 2011 External eating
Daubenmier 2011 Restrained eating
Daubenmier 2011 Trunk/leg fat ratio
Daubenmier 2011 Weight
Daubenmier 2016 Waist circumference
Davis 2013 2-week point prevalence abstinence
Davis 2013 Days abstinent two-weeks post-quit
Davis 2015 Morning disability
Davis-JSAT 2014 24-week point prevalence abstinence

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Davis-JSAT 2014 4-week point prevalence abstinence
Davis-JSAT 2014 Urge ratings
Davis-SUM 2014 24-week continuous abstinence
Davis-SUM 2014 24-week point prevalence abstinence
Davis-SUM 2014 4-week continuous abstinence
Davis-SUM 2014 4-week point prevalence abstinence
Day 2014 Acetaminophen
Day 2014 Brief Pain Inventory - intensity
Day 2014 Brief Pain Inventory - interference
Day 2014 Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire
Day 2014 Headache disability, equivalent hours
Day 2014 Headache distress
Day 2014 Headache duration
Day 2014 Headache frequency
Day 2014 Headache index
Day 2014 Headache Management Self-Efficacy Scale
Day 2014 Morphine
Day 2014 Pain Catastrophizing Scale
Day 2014 Peak headache intensity
DeDios 2012 Marijuana use days (in past 7 days)
DeJong 2016 Brief Pain Inventory
DeJong 2016 Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression
DeJong 2016 Pain Catastrophizing Scale
DeJong 2016 Patient Global Impression of Change Questionnaire
DeJong 2016 Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms - Clinician Rated
DeJong 2016 Visual Analog Scale Pain Intensity
Delgado 2010 Daily Self-report of Worry - duration
Delgado 2010 Daily Self-report of Worry - number
Delgado 2010 Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Delgado 2010 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Trait
Dimidjian 2016 Depression Relapse
Dimidjian 2016 Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale
Dimidjian 2016 Time to relapse
Eisendrath 2016 Multivariate depression score % reduction
Eisendrath 2016 Remission rates %
Eisendrath 2016 Ruminative Response Scale
Eisendrath 2016 Treatment responder % based on HAM-D
Esmer 2010 Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionanire
Esmer 2010 Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire
Esmer 2010 Summary Visual Analog Scale for pain
Faucher 2016 Visual Analog Scale Anxiety Scores
Fissler 2016 Beck Depression Inventory
Fleer 2014 Depression Relapse

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Fleer 2014 Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology at relapse
Fogarty 2015 Swollen joint count
Fogarty 2015 Tender joint count
Fogarty 2015 Visual Analog Scale - Patient global assessment
Garland 2010 Craving
Garland 2010 Impaired Alcohol Response Inhibition
Garland 2013 Coping Strategies Questionnaire - Perceived Control Over Pain
Garland 2016 Penn Alcohol Craving Scale
Garland-JCCP 2014 Muscle tension symptoms
Garland-JCCP 2014 Pain interference
Garland-JCCP 2014 Pain severity
Garland-JCCP 2014 Reinterpretation of pain sensations
Garland-JCO 2014 Actigraphy - Sleep Efficiency %
Garland-JCO 2014 Actigraphy - Sleep Onset Latency
Garland-JCO 2014 Actigraphy - Total Sleep Time
Garland-JCO 2014 Actigraphy - Wake After Sleep Onset
Garland-JCO 2014 Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes About Sleep Scale
Garland-JCO 2014 Insomnia Severity Index Total Score
Garland-JCO 2014 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Garland-JCO 2014 Sleep Diary - Sleep Efficiency %
Garland-JCO 2014 Sleep Diary - Sleep Onset Latency
Garland-JCO 2014 Sleep Diary - Total Sleep Time
Garland-JCO 2014 Sleep Diary - Wake After Sleep Onset
Garland-JPSM 2014 Brief Pain Inventory - Enjoyment of life
Garland-JPSM 2014 Brief Pain Inventory - General activity
Garland-JPSM 2014 Brief Pain Inventory - Mood
Garland-JPSM 2014 Brief Pain Inventory - Normal work
Garland-JPSM 2014 Brief Pain Inventory - Relationships
Garland-JPSM 2014 Brief Pain Inventory - Sleep
Garland-JPSM 2014 Brief Pain Inventory - Walking ability
Geschwind 2011 Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
Geschwind 2011 Inventory of Depressive Symptoms
Geschwind 2011 Negative Affect
Geschwind 2011 Pleasantness
Geschwind 2011 Positive Affect
Geschwind 2011 Rumination on Sadness Scale
Glasner 2016 Addiction Severity Index - Drug Severity
Glasner 2016 Addiction Severity Index - Psychiatric composite
Glasner 2016 Proportion of stimulant-free urine samples
Godfrin 2010 Beck Depression Inventory
Godfrin 2010 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
Godfrin 2010 Profile of Moods Scale - Depressive
Godfrin 2010 Relapse of depression

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Goldin 2012 Negative Self-Endorsement
Goldin 2012 Positive Self-Endorsement
Goldin 2012 Sheehan Disability Scale
Goldin 2013 Negative emotion reactivity
Goldin 2013 Negative emotion regulation
Goldin 2016 Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale - Self-report
Goldin 2016 Subtle Avoidance Frequency Examination
Greenberg 2016 Beck Depression Inventory - II
Greenberg 2016 Hamilton Depression Scale - 28
Greenberg 2016 Rumanitative Response Scale
Gross 2011 Actigraphy - Sleep Efficiency
Gross 2011 Actigraphy - Sleep Onset Latency
Gross 2011 Actigraphy - Total Sleep Time
Gross 2011 Actigraphy - Wake After Sleep Onset
Gross 2011 Activity Impairment
Gross 2011 Dysfunctional Beliefs About Sleep
Gross 2011 Insomnia Severity Scale
Gross 2011 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Gross 2011 Sleep Diary - Sleep Efficiency
Gross 2011 Sleep Diary - Sleep Onset Latency
Gross 2011 Sleep Diary - Total Sleep Time
Gross 2011 Sleep Diary - Wake After Sleep Onset
Gross 2011 Sleep Self-Efficacy Scale
Grossman 2016 Activity - 12-15
Grossman 2016 Activity - 15-18
Grossman 2016 Activity - 19-21
Grossman 2016 Activity - 9-12
Hanstede 2008 OCD-complaints
Helmes 2015 Anxiety Sensitivity Index
Helmes 2015 Geriatric Anxiety Inventory
Hepark 2015 Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult
Hepark 2015 Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale - Investigator Rating
Hepark 2015 Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale - Self Report
Hepburn 2009 Beck Depression Inventory
Hoge 2013 Beck Anxiety Inventory
Hoge 2013 Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness
Hoge 2013 Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
Hoge 2013 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Hoge 2013 Trier Social Stress Test - Negative Self-Statements During Public Speaking
Hoge 2013 Trier Social Stress Test - Positive Self-Statements During Public Speaking
Hoge 2013 Trier Social Stress Test - State Trait Anxiety Inventory
Hoge 2013 Trier Social Stress Test - Subjective Units of Distress
Hoge 2015 Penn State Worry Questionnaire

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Huijbers 2015 Duration of first relapse
Huijbers 2015 Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - Clinician Rated
Huijbers 2015 Number of relapses
Huijbers 2015 Relapse of depression
Huijbers 2015 Time to relapse
Imani 2015 Addiction Severity Index - Alcohol subscale
Imani 2015 Addiction Severity Index - Opium subscale
Imani 2015 Positive morphine urine tests
Iranshahri 2015 Craving Beliefs Questionnaire
Jay 2015 Average pain intensity
Jay 2016 Pain-related fear-avoidance beliefs leisure
Jay 2016 Pain-related fear-avoidance beliefs work
Jazaieri 2012 Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
Jazaieri 2012 Social Interaction Anxiety Scale
Jazaieri 2016 Social anxiety clinical symptoms
Johannsen 2016 McGill Pain Questionnaire - Present Pain Intensity
Johannsen 2016 Pain Burden - Numerical Rating Scale
Johannsen 2016 Pain Intensity - Numerical Rating Scale
Johannsen 2016 Short Form - McGill Pain Questionnaire - Total score
Kanter 2016 Female Sexual Function Index - Pain
Kanter 2016 Global Response Assessment Improved
Kanter 2016 O'Leary-Sant Symptom and Problem Index
Kanter 2016 Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire
Kanter 2016 Visual Analog Score - Pain
Kaviani 2012 Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire
Kaviani 2012 Beck Depression Inventory
Kaviani 2012 Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale
Kearney 2013 PTSD Checklist
Kearns 2016 Ruminative Response Style Total
Keune 2011 Beck Depression Inventory
Keune 2011 Response Styles Questionnaire - Self-focused rumination
Keune 2011 Response Styles Questionnaire - Symptom-focused rumination
King 2016 Clinician Administered PTSD Scale
Kocovski 2013 Clinical Global Impression Severity - Clinician report
Kocovski 2013 Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale - Clinician report
Kocovski 2013 Social Phobia Inventory
Koszycki 2007 Clinical Global Impression - Illness severity
Koszycki 2007 Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure
Koszycki 2007 Liebowitz Self-Rated Disability Scale - Current
Koszycki 2007 Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale - Avoidance
Koszycki 2007 Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale - Fear
Koszycki 2007 Social Interaction Scale
Koszycki 2007 Social Phobia Scale

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Koszycki 2016 Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale
Koszycki 2016 Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
Koszycki 2016 Social Phobia Inventory
Kristeller 2013 Binge days per month
Kristeller 2013 Binge eating scale
Kristeller 2013 Body Mass Index
Kristeller 2013 Eating Self-Efficacy
Kristeller 2013 Power of Food Scale - food available
Kristeller 2013 Power of Food Scale - food present
Kristeller 2013 Power of Food Scale - food tasted
Kristeller 2013 Proportion no longer meeting diagnostic criteria
Kristeller 2013 Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - cognitive restraint
Kristeller 2013 Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - disinhibition
Kristeller 2013 Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire - hunger
Kuyken 2008 Beck Depression Inventory - II
Kuyken 2008 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
Kuyken 2008 Relapse of depression
Kuyken 2010 Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale post-induction
Kuyken 2010 Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale pre- to post-induction
Kuyken 2010 Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale pre-induction
Kuyken 2010 Sad mood post-induction
Kuyken 2010 Sad mood pre- to post-induction
Kuyken 2010 Sad mood pre-induction
Kuyken 2015 Beck Depression Inventory
Kuyken 2015 Depression free days
Kuyken 2015 GRID Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression
Kuyken 2015 Relapse of depression
LaCour 2015 Brief Pain Inventory
LaCour 2015 Control over pain
LaCour 2015 Minimizing pain
LaCour 2015 Pain acceptance total score
LaCour 2015 Short Form-36 Pain scale
LaCour 2015 Short Form-36 Physical functioning
LaCour 2015 Short Form-36 Vitality
Langer 2010 Revised hallucinations scale - Auditory and visual hallucinations
Langer 2010 Revised hallucinations scale - Intrusive thoughts and auditory distortions
Langer 2010 Revised hallucinations scale - Mean anxiety
Langer 2010 Revised hallucinations scale - Mean distress
Langer 2010 Revised hallucinations scale - Visual perceptive distortions
Langer 2010 Revised hallucinations scale - Vivid daydreams
Langer 2012 Clinical Global Impression - Schizophrenia
Lee 2011 Drug Avoidance Self-Efficacy Scale
Lee 2011 Drug Use Identification Disorders Test - Neg aspect of drug use

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Lee 2011 Drug Use Identification Disorders Test - Pos aspect of drug use
Lipschitz 2013 Sleep Problems Index - II
Lopez-Navarro 2015 Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale General Sx - Clinician rated
Lopez-Navarro 2015 Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Neg Sx - Clinician rated
Lopez-Navarro 2015 Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Pos Sx - Clinician rated
Ma 2004 Relapse of depression
Madani 2013 Yale-Brown OCD Total Score
Majid 2012 Beck Anxiety Inventory
Majid 2012 Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Manicavasgar 2011 Beck Depression Inventory II
Manicavasgar 2012 Rumination Response Style Questionnaire
Mann 2016 Beck Depression Inventory II
Mason 2016 Body Mass Index
Mason 2016 Reward-based Eating Drive
Mason 2016 Weight
Mason 2015 Sweets consumption
McIndoo 2016 Beck Depression Inventory II
McIndoo 2016 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
McIndoo 2016 Ruminative Response Scale
Meadows 2014 Mean days in major depressive episode
Meadows 2014 Proportion relapsing
Meadows 2014 Time to relapse (months)
Michalak 2015 Beck Depression Inventory
Michalak 2015 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
Miller 2012 Body Mass Index
Miller 2012 Metabolic equivalent hr/wk
Miller 2012 Waist circumference
Miller 2014 Eating self-efficacy
Miller 2014 Energy (calories)
Miller 2014 Three-factor eating questionnaire - control/restraint
Miller 2014 Three-factor eating questionnaire - disinhibition of control
Miller 2014 Three-factor eating questionnaire - hunger suspectibility
Miller 2014 Weight
Mitchell 2013 ADHD functioning clinician report
Mitchell 2013 ADHD functioning self-report
Mitchell 2013 ADHD symptoms clinician report - hyperactive impulsive
Mitchell 2013 ADHD symptoms clinician report - inattention
Mitchell 2013 ADHD symptoms self-report - hyperactive impulsive
Mitchell 2013 ADHD symptoms self-report - inattention
Mitchell 2013 Attentional Network Task - Alerting
Mitchell 2013 Attentional Network Task - Conflict
Mitchell 2013 Attentional Network Task - Orienting
Mitchell 2013 Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Mitchell 2013 Continuous Performance Task - Commissions
Mitchell 2013 Continuous Performance Task - Detectability
Mitchell 2013 Continuous Performance Task - Omissions
Mitchell 2013 Continuous Performance Task - Perseverations
Mitchell 2013 Continuous Performance Task - Response style (beta)
Mitchell 2013 Continuous Performance Task - RT
Mitchell 2013 Continuous Performance Task - RT SE
Mitchell 2013 Continuous Performance Task - Variability
Mitchell 2013 Deficits in Executive Functionining Scale Total - clinician report
Mitchell 2013 Deficits in Executive Functionining Scale Total - self-report
Mitchell 2013 Digit span - Backward
Mitchell 2013 Digit span - Forward
Mitchell 2013 Digit span - mixed
Mitchell 2013 Ecological Momentary Assessment Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning
Mitchell 2013 Ecological Momentary Assessment Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale
Mitchell 2013 Ecological Momentary Assessment Hyperactive - Impulsive symptoms
Mitchell 2013 Ecological Momentary Assessment Inattentive ADHD symptoms
Mitchell 2013 Trail-making test Trail A
Mitchell 2013 Trail-making test Trail B
Moore 2016 NIH PROMIS Ecological Momentary Assessment Anxiety
Moore 2016 NIH PROMIS paper-and-pencil anxiety
Morone 2008 Chronic Pain Acceptance Total Score
Morone 2008 McGill Pain Questionnaire Short Form
Morone 2008 Roland Disability Questionnaire
Morone 2008 Short Form-36 Pain Scale
Morone 2008 Short Form-36 Physical Function Scale
Morone 2009 Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale: Pain Self-Efficacy
Morone 2009 McGill Pain Questionnaire: Total Score
Morone 2009 Roland Disability Questionnaire
Morone 2009 Short Form-36 Pain Score
Morone 2016 Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale - Coping
Morone 2016 Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale - Function
Morone 2016 Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale - Pain
Morone 2016 Numeric Pain Rating Scale - Average
Morone 2016 Numeric Pain Rating Scale - Current
Morone 2016 Numeric Pain Rating Scale - Most Severe
Morone 2016 Pain Catastrophizing Scale of Coping Questionnaire
Morone 2016 Roland Disability Questionnaire
Nakamura 2013 Medical Outcome Sleep Study Scale - Sleep problems index II
Nassif 2016 Brief Pain Inventory - Interference
Nassif 2016 Brief Pain Inventory - Pain severity
Nassif 2016 Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale - Interference
Nassif 2016 Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale - Perceived pain

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Nassif 2016 Visual analog pain scale
Niles 2012 Clinician Administered PTSD Scale
Niles 2012 PTSD Checklist - Military
Omidi 2013 BSI Depression
Ong 2014 Insomnia Severity Index
Ong 2014 Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale
Ong 2014 Sleep Efficiency
Ong 2014 Sleep Efficiency - Actigraphy
Ong 2014 Sleep Efficiency - Polysomnography
Ong 2014 Total Sleep Time
Ong 2014 Total Sleep Time - Actigraphy
Ong 2014 Total Sleep Time - Polysomnography
Ong 2014 Total Wake Time
Ong 2014 Total Wake Time - Actigraphy
Ong 2014 Total Wake Time - Polysomnography
Panahi 2016 Beck Depression Inventory
Parra-Delgado 2013 Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire
Parra-Delgado 2013 Visual Analogue Scale pain cervical
Parra-Delgado 2013 Visual Analogue Scale pain dorsal
Parra-Delgado 2013 Visual Analogue Scale pain left arm
Parra-Delgado 2013 Visual Analogue Scale pain left leg
Parra-Delgado 2013 Visual Analogue Scale pain lumbar
Parra-Delgado 2013 Visual Analogue Scale pain right arm
Parra-Delgado 2013 Visual Analogue Scale pain right leg
Perich 2013 Depression Anxiety Stress Scales - Depression
Perich 2013 Depressive relapse
Perich 2013 Mania relapse
Perich 2013 Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale
Perich 2013 Response Style Questionnaire - Dangerous
Perich 2013 Response Style Questionnaire - Rumination
Perich 2013 Young Mania Rating Scale
Piet 2010 Beck Anxiety Inventory
Piet 2010 Fear of Negative Evaluation
Piet 2010 Inventory of Interpersonal Problems
Piet 2010 Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
Piet 2010 Shehan Disability Scale
Piet 2010 Social Interaction Scacle
Piet 2010 Social Phobia Scale
Plews-Ogan 2005 Pain sensation
Plews-Ogan 2005 Pain unpleasantness
Polusny 2015 Clinician Administered PTSD Scale
Polusny 2015 Loss of PTSD diagnosis
Polusny 2015 PTSD Checklist

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Possemato 2016 Clinician Administered PTSD Scale
Possemato 2016 PTSD Checklist
Pots 2014 Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression
Pradhan 2007 Disease Activity Score in 28 Joints
Rungreangkulkij 2011 9Q Depression Measure
Schmidt 2011 Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire
Schmidt 2011 Health Related Quality of Life
Schmidt 2011 Pain Perception Scale - Affective
Schmidt 2011 Pain Perception Scale - Sensory
Schoenberg 2014 Correct hits to Go stimuli
Schoenberg 2014 Correct hits to Go stimuli reaction time
Schoenberg 2014 Correctly rejected NoGo stimuli
Schoenberg 2014 False alarm reaction time
Schoenberg 2014 False alarms to NoGo stimuli
Schuver 2016 Beck Depression Inventory
Schuver 2016 Ruminative Response Scale
Segal 2010 Relapse rates
Shahar 2010 Beck Depression Inventory
Shahar 2010 Ruminative Response Scale - Brooding
Shahar 2010 Ruminative Response Scale - Reflection
Shallcross 2015 Beck Depression Inventory
Shallcross 2015 Depressive relapse
Shallcross 2015 Time to relapse
Singh 2014 Cigarettes smoked
Strauss 2012 Beck Depression Inventory II
Tang 2013 Craving
Tang 2013 Smoking (CO ppm)
Teasdale 2000 Relapse rates
Thompson 2010 Beck Depression Inventory
Tovote 2014 Beck Depression Inventory - II
Tovote 2014 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
Turner 2016 Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire - Total score
Turner 2016 Pain Catastrophizing Scale
Turner 2016 Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire
VanAalderen 2012 Beck Depression Inventory
VanAalderen 2012 Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression
VanAalderen 2012 Rumination on Sadness Scale
Vidrine 2016 Recovery from a lapse
Vidrine 2016 Smoking abstinence
Vollestad 2011 Beck Anxiety Inventory
Vollestad 2011 Bergen Insomnia Scale
Vollestad 2011 Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Vollestad 2011 State Trait Anxiety Inventory-State

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Vollestad 2011 State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait
Wang 2016 Average duration of rehospitalizations
Wang 2016 Average number of rehospitalizations
Wang 2016 Insight and Treatment Attitude Questionnaire
Wang 2016 Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
Wang 2016 Questionnaire for the Process of Recovery
Wang 2016 Specific Level of Functioning
Wells 2014 Headache Impact Test
Wells 2014 Headache Management Self-Efficacy Scale
Wells 2014 Migraine Disability Assessment
Wells 2014 Migraine-Specific Quality of Life
Williams 2000 Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression
Williams 2008 Beck Depression Inventory
Williams 2014 Beck Depression Inventory
Williams 2014 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
Williams 2014 Relapse of depression
Williams 2014 Time to relapse
Williams 2008 Beck Depression Inventory
Witkiewitz 2014 Addiction Severity Index - Family/social
Witkiewitz 2014 Addiction Severity Index - Legal
Witkiewitz 2014 Addiction Severity Index - Medical
Witkiewitz 2014 Addiction Severity Index - Psychiatric
Witkiewitz 2014 Drug use days
Witkiewitz 2014 Short Inventory of Problems
Witkiewitz-AB 2013 Addiction Severity Index
Wong 2009 Numeric Pain Intensity
Wong 2009 Visual Analog Pain Distress Level
Wong 2009 Visual Analog Pain Level
Wong 2011 Pain Intensity
Wong 2011 Pain-related Distress
Wong 2011 Profile of Moods Scale - Vigor Activity
Wong 2015 Actigraphy total sleep time
Wong 2015 Insomnia Severity Scale
Wong 2015 Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index
Wong 2015 Sleep log total sleep time
Wong 2016 Beck Anxiety Inventory
Wong 2016 Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Zangi 2012 Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale - Pain
Zangi 2012 Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale -Symptoms
Zangi 2012 Numerical Rating Scale - Pain
Zangi 2012 Numerical Rating Scale - Patient Global Assessment of Disease Activity
Zangi 2012 Numerical Rating Scale - Self-Care Ability
Zautra 2008 Coping Efficacy for Pain

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Zautra 2008 Depression Items
Zautra 2008 Numerical Rating Scale - Pain
Zautra 2008 Pain Catastrophizing
Zautra 2008 Pain Control
Zautra 2008 Swelling
Zautra 2008 Tenderness
Zemestani 2016 Beck Depression Inventory - II
Zemestani 2016 Penn Alcohol Craving Scale
Zgierska 2016 Brief Pain Inventory
Zgierska 2016 Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire
Zgierska 2016 Morphine Equivalent Dose mg per day
Zgierska 2016 Oswestry Disability Index total score
Zgierska 2016 Pain Intensity
Zgierska 2016 Pain Unpleasantness
Zhang 2015 Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index - total score
Notes: AB = Addictive Behaviors; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; CO =
carbon monoxide; HAM-D = Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression; hr = hour; JCCP = Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology; JCO = Journal of Clinical Oncology; JPSM = Journal of
Pain and Symptom Management; JSAT = Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment; kg = kilogram;
MDD = major depressive disorder; Neg = negative; NIH = National Institutes of Health; OCD =
obsessive compulsive disorder; Pos = positive; PROMIS = Patient Reported Outcomes
Measurement Information System; ppm = part per million; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder;
RT = reaction time; SE = standard error; SUM = Substance Use and Misuse; Sx = symptoms; wk
= week.
Supplemental Materials Table 4a. Included studies
Abolghasemi, A., Gholami, H., Narimani, M., & Gamji, M. (2015). The Effect of Beck’s
Cognitive Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Sociotropic and Autonomous
Personality Styles in Patients With Depression. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences, 9(4), e3665.
Alberts, H. J., Mulkens, S., Smeets, M., & Thewissen, R. (2010). Coping with food cravings.
Investigating the potential of a mindfulness-based intervention. Appetite, 55(1), 160-163.
Alberts, H. J. E. M., Thewissen, R., & Raes, L. (2012). Dealing with problematic eating
behaviour. The effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on eating behaviour, food cravings,
dichotomous thinking and body image concern. Appetite, 58(3), 847-851.
Alexander, V., Tatum, B. C., Auth, C., Takos, D., Whittemore, S., & Fidaleo, R. (2012). A study
of mindfulness practices and cognitive therapy: Effects on depression and self-efficacy.
International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 4, 115-122.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Alterman, A., Koppenhaver, E., Ladden, L., & Baime, M. (2004). Pilot trial of effectiveness of
mindfulness meditation for substance abuse patients. Journal of Substance Use, 9(6), 259-268.
Arch, J. J., Ayers, C. R., Baker, A., Almklov, E., Dean, D. J., & Craske, M. G. (2013).
Randomized clinical trial of adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction versus group cognitive
behavioral therapy for heterogeneous anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(4),
185-196.
Asl, N. H., & Barahmand, U. (2014). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for
co-morbid depression in drug-dependent males. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 28(5), 314-318.
Astin, J. A., Berman, B. M., Bausell, B., Lee, W. L., Hochberg, M., & Forys, K. L. (2003). The
efficacy of mindfulness meditation plus Qigong movement therapy in the treatment of
fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Rheumatology, 30(10), 2257-2262.
Atkinson, M. J., & Wade, T. D. (2016). Does mindfulness have potential in eating disorders
prevention? A preliminary controlled trial with young adult women. Early Intervention in
Psychiatry, 10, 234-245.
Bakhshani, N. M., Amirani, A., Amirifard, H., & Shahrakipoor, M. (2016). The effectiveness of
mindfulness-based stress reduction on perceived pain intensity and quality of life in patients with
chronic headache. Global Journal of Health Science, 8(4), 142-151.
Banth, S., & Ardebil, M. D. (2015). Effectiveness of mindfulness meditation on pain and quality
of life of patients with chronic low back pain. International Journal of Yoga, 8(2), 128-133.
Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hargus, E., Amarasinghe, M., Winder, R., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009).
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic depression: A preliminary study.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(5), 366-373.
Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Brennan, K., Duggan, D. S., Crane, R. S., Eames, C., ... & Williams, J.
M. G. (2015). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) reduces the association between
depressive symptoms and suicidal cognitions in patients with a history of suicidal depression.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(6), 1013-1020.
Bédard, M., Felteau, M., Marshall, S., Cullen, N., Gibbons, C., Dubois, S., ... & Gainer, R.
(2014). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reduces symptoms of depression in people with a
traumatic brain injury: results from a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Head Trauma
Rehabilitation, 29(4), E13-E22.
Bieling, P. J., Hawley, L. L., Bloch, R. T., Corcoran, K. M., Levitan, R. D., Young, L. T., ... &
Segal, Z. V. (2012). Treatment-specific changes in decentering following mindfulness-based
cognitive therapy versus antidepressant medication or placebo for prevention of depressive
relapse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(3), 365-372.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Black, D.S., O'Reilly, G.A., Olmstead, R., Breen, E.C., & Irwin, M.R. (2015). Mindfulness
meditation and improvement in sleep quality and daytime impairment among older adults with
sleep disturbances: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175(4), 494-501.
Bondolfi, G., Jermann, F., Van der Linden, M., Gex-Fabry, M., Bizzini, L., Rouget, B. W., ... &
Bertschy, G. (2010). Depression relapse prophylaxis with Mindfulness-Based Cognitive
Therapy: replication and extension in the Swiss health care system. Journal of Affective
Disorders, 122(3), 224-231.
Bowen, S., Chawla, N., Collins, S., Witkiewitz, K., Hsu, S, Grow, J.,...Marlatt, A. (2009).
Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: A pilot efficacy trial.
Substance Abuse, 30, 295-305.
Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Clifasefi, S. L., Grow, J., Chawla, N., Hsu, S. H., ... & Larimer, M. E.
(2014). Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention,
and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry,
71(5), 547-556.
Brewer, J., Sinha, R., Chen, J., Michalsen, R., Babuscio, T., Nich, C,... Rounsaville, B.J. (2009).
Mindfulness training and stress reactivity in substance abuse: Results from a randomized,
controlled Stage I pilot study. Substance Abuse, 30, 306-317.
Brewer, J.A., Mallik, S., Babuscio, T.A., Nich, C., Johnson, H.E., Deleone, C.M.,... Rounsaville,
B.J. (2011). Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: Results from a randomized controlled
trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 119, 72-80.
Britton, W. B., Haynes, P. L., Fridel, K. W., & Bootzin, R. R. (2010). Polysomnographic and
subjective profiles of sleep continuity before and after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in
partially remitted depression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(6), 539-548.
Britton, W. B., Haynes, P. L., Fridel, K. W., & Bootzin, R. R. (2012). Mindfulness-based
cognitive therapy improves polysomnographic and subjective sleep profiles in antidepressant
users with sleep complaints. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 81(5), 296-304.
Brown, C. A., & Jones, A. K. (2013). Psychobiological correlates of improved mental health in
patients with musculoskeletal pain after a mindfulness-based pain management program. The
Clinical Journal of Pain, 29(3), 233-244.
Cash, E., Salmon, P., Weissbecker, I., Rebholz, W. N., Bayley-Veloso, R., Zimmaro, L. A., ... &
Sephton, S. E. (2015). Mindfulness meditation alleviates fibromyalgia symptoms in women:
results of a randomized clinical trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(3), 319-330.
Cathcart, S., Barone, V., Immink, M., & Proeve, M. (2013). Mindfulness training does not
reduce generalized hyperalgesia in chronic tension-type headache. Journal of Pain Management,
6(3), 217-221.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Cathcart, S., Galatis, N., Immink, M., Proeve, M., & Petkov, J. (2014). Brief mindfulness-based
therapy for chronic tension-type headache: a randomized controlled pilot study. Behavioural and
Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42, 1-15.
Chacko, S. A., Yeh, G. Y., Davis, R. B., & Wee, C. C. (2016). A mindfulness-based intervention
to control weight after bariatric surgery: Preliminary results from a randomized controlled pilot
trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 28, 13-21.
Chadwick, P., Hughes, S., Russell, D., Russell, I., & Dagnan, D. (2009). Mindfulness groups for
distressing voices and paranoia: a replication and randomized feasibility trial. Behavioural and
Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 403-412.
Chadwick, P., Strauss, C., Jones, A. M., Kingdon, D., Ellett, L., Dannahy, L., & Hayward, M.
(2016). Group mindfulness-based intervention for distressing voices: a pragmatic randomised
controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research, 175(1), 168-173.
Chavooshi, B., Mohammadkhani, P., & Dolatshahee, B. (2016). Efficacy of intensive short-term
dynamic psychotherapy for medically unexplained pain: A pilot three-armed randomized
controlled trial comparison with mindfulness-based stress reduction. Psychotherapy and
Psychosomatics, 85(2), 123-125.
Cherkin, D. C., Sherman, K. J., Balderson, B. H., Cook, A. J., Anderson, M. L., Hawkes, R. J., ...
& Turner, J. A. (2016). Effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction vs cognitive behavioral
therapy or usual care on back pain and functional limitations in adults with chronic low back
pain: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 315(12), 1240-1249.
Chien, W. T., & Lee, I. Y. (2013). The mindfulness-based psychoeducation program for Chinese
patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 64(4), 376-379.
Chien, W. T., & Thompson, D. R. (2014). Effects of a mindfulness-based psychoeducation
programme for Chinese patients with schizophrenia: 2-year follow-up. The British Journal of
Psychiatry, 205, 52-59.
Chiesa, A., Mandelli, L., & Serretti, A. (2012). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus
psycho-education for patients with major depression who did not achieve remission following
antidepressant treatment: a preliminary analysis. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary
Medicine, 18(8), 756-760.
Chiesa, A., Castagner, V., Andrisano, C., Serretti, A., Mandelli, L., Porcelli, S., & Giommi, F.
(2015). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy vs. psycho-education for patients with major
depression who did not achieve remission following antidepressant treatment. Psychiatry
Research, 226(2), 474-483.
Colgan, D. D., Christopher, M., Michael, P., & Wahbeh, H. (2016). The Body Scan and Mindful
Breathing Among Veterans with PTSD: Type of Intervention Moderates the Relationship
Between Changes in Mindfulness and Post-treatment Depression. Mindfulness, 7(2), 372-383.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Collip, D., Geschwind, N., Peeters, F., Myin-Germeys, I., van Os, J., & Wichers, M. (2013).
Putting a hold on the downward spiral of paranoia in the social world: a randomized controlled
trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in individuals with a history of depression. PLoS
One, 8(6), e66747.
Corsica, J., Hood, M. M., Katterman, S., Kleinman, B., & Ivan, I. (2014). Development of a
novel mindfulness and cognitive behavioral intervention for stress-eating: a comparative pilot
study. Eating Behaviors, 15(4), 694-699.
Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Duggan, D. S., Hepburn, S., Fennell, M. V., & Williams, J. M. G.
(2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and self-discrepancy in recovered depressed
patients with a history of depression and suicidality. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(6),
775-787.
Daubenmier, J., Kristeller, J., Hecht, F. M., Maninger, N., Kuwata, M., Jhaveri, K., ... & Epel, E.
(2011). Mindfulness intervention for stress eating to reduce cortisol and abdominal fat among
overweight and obese women: an exploratory randomized controlled study. Journal of Obesity,
2011, 1-13.
Daubenmier, J., Moran, P. J., Kristeller, J., Acree, M., Bacchetti, P., Kemeny, M. E., ... &
Milush, J. M. (2016). Effects of a mindfulness‐based weight loss intervention in adults with
obesity: A randomized clinical trial. Obesity, 24(4), 794-804.
Davis, J. M., Mills, D. M., Stankevitz, K. A., Manley, A. R., Majeskie, M. R., & Smith, S. S.
(2013). Pilot randomized trial on mindfulness training for smokers in young adult binge drinkers.
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(1), 1-10.
Davis, J.M., Goldberg, S.B., Anderson, M.C., Manley, A.R., Smith, S.S., & Baker, T.B. (2014).
Randomized trial on Mindfulness Training for Smokers targeted to a disadvantaged population.
Substance Use and Misuse, 49, 571-585.
Davis, J.M., Manley, A.R., Goldberg, S.B., Smith, S.S., & Jorenby, D.E. (2014). Randomized
trial comparing mindfulness training for smokers to a matched control. Journal of Substance
Abuse Treatment, 47(3), 213-221.
Davis, M. C., Zautra, A. J., Wolf, L. D., Tennen, H., & Yeung, E. W. (2015). Mindfulness and
cognitive–behavioral interventions for chronic pain: Differential effects on daily pain reactivity
and stress reactivity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(1), 24-35.
Day, M. A., Thorn, B. E., Ward, L. C., Rubin, N., Hickman, S. D., Scogin, F., & Kilgo, G. R.
(2014). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for the treatment of headache pain: a pilot study.
The Clinical Journal of Pain, 30(2), 152-161.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
de Dios, M. A., Herman, D. S., Britton, W. B., Hagerty, C. E., Anderson, B. J., & Stein, M. D.
(2012). Motivational and mindfulness intervention for young adult female marijuana users.
Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 42(1), 56-64.
de Jong, M., Lazar, S. W., Hug, K., Mehling, W. E., Hölzel, B. K., Sack, A. T., ... & Gard, T.
(2016). Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on body awareness in patients with
chronic pain and comorbid depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-13.
Delgado, L. C., Guerra, P., Perakakis, P., Vera, M. N., del Paso, G. R., & Vila, J. (2010).
Treating chronic worry: Psychological and physiological effects of a training programme based
on mindfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(9), 873-882.
Dimidjian, S., Goodman, S. H., Felder, J. N., Gallop, R., Brown, A. P., & Beck, A. (2016).
Staying well during pregnancy and the postpartum: A pilot randomized trial of mindfulness-
based cognitive therapy for the prevention of depressive relapse/recurrence. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(2), 134-145.
Eisendrath, S. J., Gillung, E., Delucchi, K. L., Segal, Z. V., Nelson, J. C., McInnes, L. A., ... &
Feldman, M. D. (2016). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
for treatment-resistant depression. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(2), 99-110.
Esmer, G., Blum, J., Rulf, J., & Pier, J. (2010). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for failed
back surgery syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of the American Osteopathic
Association, 110(11), 646-652.
Faucher, J., Koszycki, D., Bradwejn, J., Merali, Z., & Bielajew, C. (2016). Effects of CBT versus
MBSR treatment on social stress reactions in social anxiety disorder. Mindfulness, 7(2), 514-526.
Fissler, M., Winnebeck, E., Schroeter, T., Gummersbach, M., Huntenburg, J. M., Gaertner, M.,
& Barnhofer, T. (2016). An investigation of the effects of brief mindfulness training on self-
reported interoceptive awareness, the ability to decenter, and their role in the reduction of
depressive symptoms. Mindfulness, 7(5), 1170-1181.
Fleer, J., Schroevers, M., Panjer, V., Geerts, E., & Meesters, Y. (2014). Mindfulness-based
cognitive therapy for seasonal affective disorder: a pilot study. Journal of Affective Disorders,
168, 205-209.
Fogarty, F. A., Booth, R. J., Gamble, G. D., Dalbeth, N., & Consedine, N. S. (2015). The effect
of mindfulness-based stress reduction on disease activity in people with rheumatoid arthritis: a
randomised controlled trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 74(2), 472-474.
Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., Boettiger, C. A., & Howard, M. O. (2010). Mindfulness training
modifies cognitive, affective, and physiological mechanisms implicated in alcohol dependence:
results of a randomized controlled pilot trial. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(2), 177-192.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Garland, E. L., & Howard, M. O. (2013). Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement reduces
pain attentional bias in chronic pain patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 82(5), 311-
318.
Garland, E.L., Manusov, E.G., Froeliger, B., Kelly, A., Williams, J.M., & Howard, M.O. (2014).
Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement for chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse:
Results from an early-stage randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 82(3), 448-459.
Garland, E. L., Thomas, E., & Howard, M. O. (2014). Mindfulness-oriented recovery
enhancement ameliorates the impact of pain on self-reported psychological and physical function
among opioid-using chronic pain patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 48(6),
1091-1099.
Garland, E. L., Roberts-Lewis, A., Tronnier, C. D., Graves, R., & Kelley, K. (2016).
Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement versus CBT for co-occurring substance
dependence, traumatic stress, and psychiatric disorders: Proximal outcomes from a pragmatic
randomized trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 77, 7-16.
Garland, S.N., Carlson, L.E., Stephens, A.J., Antle, M.C., Samuels, C., & Campbell, T.S. (2014).
Mindfulness-based stress reduction compared with cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment
of insomnia comorbid with cancer: A randomized, partially blinded, non inferiority trial. Journal
of Clinical Oncology, 32(5), 449-457.
Geschwind, N., Peeters, F., Drukker, M., van Os, J., & Wichers, M. (2011). Mindfulness training
increases momentary positive emotions and reward experience in adults vulnerable to
depression: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(5),
618-628.
Glasner, S., Mooney, L. J., Ang, A., Garneau, H. C., Hartwell, E., Brecht, M. L., & Rawson, R.
A. (2016). Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Stimulant Dependent Adults: A Pilot
Randomized Clinical Trial. Mindfulness, DOI:10.1007/s12671-016-0586-9
Godfrin, K. & van Heeringen, C. (2010). The effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on
recurrence of depressive episodes, mental health and quality of life: A randomized controlled
study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(8), 738-746.
Goldin, P., Ziv, M., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. (2012). Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-
based stress reduction versus aerobic exercise: effects on the self-referential brain network in
social anxiety disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 1-16.
Goldin, P., Ziv, M., Jazaieri, H., Hahn, K., & Gross, J. J. (2013). MBSR vs aerobic exercise in
social anxiety: fMRI of emotion regulation of negative self-beliefs. Social Cognitive and
Affective Neuroscience, 8(1), 65-72.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Goldin, P. R., Morrison, A., Jazaieri, H., Brozovich, F., Heimberg, R., & Gross, J. J. (2016).
Group CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(5), 427-437.
Greenberg, J., Shapero, B. G., Mischoulon, D., & Lazar, S. W. (2016). Mindfulness-based
cognitive therapy for depressed individuals improves suppression of irrelevant mental-sets.
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0746-x
Gross, C. R., Kreitzer, M. J., Reilly-Spong, M., Wall, M., Winbush, N. Y., Patterson, R., ... &
Cramer-Bornemann, M. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction versus pharmacotherapy for
chronic primary insomnia: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Explore, 7(2), 76-87.
Grossman, P., Deuring, G., Walach, H., Schwarzer, B., & Schmidt, S. (2017). Mindfulness-based
intervention does not influence cardiac autonomic control or the pattern of physical activity in
fibromyalgia during daily life: an ambulatory, multimeasure randomized controlled trial. The
Clinical Journal of Pain, 33, 385-94.
Hanstede, M., Gidron, Y., & Nyklícek, I. (2008). The effects of a mindfulness intervention on
obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a non-clinical student population. The Journal of Nervous
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Mindfulness-based stress reduction for chronic insomnia in adults older than 75 years: a
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MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Supplemental Materials Table 5a. Models re-estimated with multiple comparison groups
excluded
Model Time point Comparison k d 95% CI
Comparison
type Post-treatment No tx 73 0.53 [0.44, 0.62]
Comparison
type Post-treatment Non-spec 4 0.59 [0.19, 1.00]
Comparison
type Post-treatment Spec 40 0.23 [0.12, 0.35]
Comparison
type Post-treatment EBT 28 -0.006 [-0.15, 0.14]
No tx by dx Post-treatment Addiction 5 0.35 [-0.06, 0.75]
No tx by dx Post-treatment Anxiety 5 1.21 [0.82, 1.61]
No tx by dx Post-treatment Depression 25 0.57 [0.43, 0.72]
No tx by dx Post-treatment Pain 20 0.46 [0.30, 0.62]
No tx by dx Post-treatment Schizophrenia 5 0.36 [0.04, 0.68]
No tx by dx Post-treatment Overall 60 0.54 [0.44, 0.63]
Spec by dx Post-treatment Addiction 5 0.29 [-0.04, 0.62]
Spec by dx Post-treatment Anxiety 5 0.15 [-0.18, 0.47]
Spec by dx Post-treatment Depression 9 0.39 [0.12, 0.66]
Spec by dx Post-treatment Pain 9 0.02 [-0.22, 0.27]
Spec by dx Post-treatment
Weight/
Eating 5 0.08 [-0.26, 0.41]
Spec by dx Post-treatment Overall 33 0.18 [0.05, 0.31]
EBT by dx Post-treatment Anxiety 5 -0.18 [-0.41, 0.06]
EBT by dx Post-treatment Depression 10 -0.01 [-0.19, 0.16]
EBT by dx Post-treatment Smoking 4 0.42 [0.20, 0.64]
EBT by dx Post-treatment Overall 19 0.07 [-0.05, 0.19]
Comparison
type Follow-up No tx 27 0.43 [0.27, 0.60]
Comparison
type Follow-up Spec 28 0.28 [0.13, 0.44]
Comparison
type Follow-up EBT 15 0.09 [-0.12, 0.31]
No tx by dx Follow-up Depression 9 0.59 [0.33, 0.85]
No tx by dx Follow-up Pain 9 0.57 [0.31, 0.83]
No tx by dx Follow-up Overall 18 0.58 [0.40, 0.76]

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Spec by dx Follow-up Depression 6 0.35 [0.04, 0.67]
Spec by dx Follow-up Pain 8 0.19 [-0.07, 0.44]
Spec by dx Follow-up
Weight/
Eating 5 0.19 [-0.16, 0.53]
Spec by dx Follow-up Overall 19 0.24 [0.06, 0.41]
EBT by dx Follow-up Depression 7 0.04 [-0.13, 0.20]
EBT by dx Follow-up Overall 7 0.04 [-0.13, 0.20]
Notes: k = number of studies; CI = confidence intervals; No tx = no treatment; Min tx = minimal
treatment; Non-spec = non-specific active control condition; Spec = Specific active control
condition; EBT = evidence-based treatment; dx = diagnosis.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Supplemental Materials Table 6a. Models re-estimated with multiple disorders excluded
Model Time point Comparison k d 95% CI
Comparison
type Post-treatment No tx 87 0.55 [0.47, 0.63]
Comparison
type Post-treatment Minimal tx 4 0.37 [0.03, 0.71]
Comparison
type Post-treatment Non-spec 8 0.35 [0.08, 0.62]
Comparison
type Post-treatment Spec 40 0.22 [0.10, 0.33]
Comparison
type Post-treatment EBT 28 -0.004 [-0.15, 0.14]
No tx by dx Post-treatment Addiction 5 0.35 [-0.07, 0.76]
No tx by dx Post-treatment Anxiety 8 0.90 [0.62, 1.18]
No tx by dx Post-treatment Depression 29 0.59 [0.45, 0.73]
No tx by dx Post-treatment Pain 24 0.45 [0.30, 0.60]
No tx by dx Post-treatment Schizophrenia 7 0.50 [0.23, 0.77]
No tx by dx Post-treatment
Weight/
Eating 5 0.80 [0.44, 1.15]
No tx by dx Post-treatment Overall 78 0.56 [0.48, 0.65]
Spec by dx Post-treatment Addiction 7 0.27 [0.02, 0.52]
Spec by dx Post-treatment Anxiety 5 0.15 [-0.15, 0.45]
Spec by dx Post-treatment Depression 7 0.30 [0.03, 0.57]
Spec by dx Post-treatment Pain 9 0.04 [-0.18, 0.26]
Spec by dx Post-treatment
Weight/
Eating 5 0.08 [-0.23, 0.38]
Spec by dx Post-treatment Overall 33 0.16 [0.05, 0.28]
EBT by dx Post-treatment Anxiety 5 -0.18 [-0.41, 0.06]
EBT by dx Post-treatment Depression 10 -0.01 [-0.19, 0.16]
EBT by dx Post-treatment Smoking 4 0.42 [0.20, 0.64]
EBT by dx Post-treatment Overall 19 0.07 [-0.05, 0.19]
Comparison
type Follow-up No tx 37 0.50 [0.36, 0.65]
Comparison
type Follow-up Minimal tx 4 0.39 [-0.04, 0.81]

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Comparison
type Follow-up Non-spec 4 0.52 [0.06, 0.98]
Comparison
type Follow-up Spec 28 0.25 [0.09, 0.41]
Comparison
type Follow-up EBT 15 0.09 [-0.13, 0.32]
No tx by dx Follow-up Depression 12 0.55 [0.25, 0.84]
No tx by dx Follow-up Pain 12 0.48 [0.19, 0.78]
No tx by dx Follow-up Schizophrenia 4 1.18 [0.71, 1.66]
No tx by dx Follow-up Overall 28 0.63 [0.43, 0.82]
Spec by dx Follow-up Addiction 4 0.35 [0.03, 0.67]
Spec by dx Follow-up Depression 5 0.15 [-0.13, 0.44]
Spec by dx Follow-up Pain 8 0.19 [-0.02, 0.41]
Spec by dx Follow-up
Weight/
Eating 5 0.19 [-0.11, 0.49]
Spec by dx Follow-up Overall 22 0.21 [0.08, 0.35]
EBT by dx Follow-up Depression 7 0.04 [-0.13, 0.20]
EBT by dx Follow-up Overall 7 0.04 [-0.13, 0.20]
Notes: k = number of studies; CI = confidence intervals; No tx = no treatment; Min tx = minimal
treatment; Non-spec = non-specific active control condition; Spec = Specific active control
condition; EBT = evidence-based treatment; dx = diagnosis.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Supplemental Materials Table 7a. Study quality features as moderators of treatment outcome
Model Time point Moderator Q Qp
No tx Post-treatment ITT analysis 0.69 .406
Minimal
tx Post-treatment ITT analysis 0.00 .999
Non-spec Post-treatment ITT analysis 0.14 .708
Spec Post-treatment ITT analysis 0.62 .432
EBT Post-treatment ITT analysis 0.00 .999
No tx Post-treatment Non-self-report included 2.89 .089
Minimal
tx Post-treatment Non-self-report included 0.00 .999
Non-spec Post-treatment Non-self-report included 0.94 .333
Spec Post-treatment Non-self-report included 0.72 .395
EBT Post-treatment Non-self-report included 0.49 .485
No tx Post-treatment Time matched 0.00 .999
Minimal
tx Post-treatment Time matched 0.00 .999
Non-spec Post-treatment Time matched 0.06 .810
Spec Post-treatment Time matched 2.21 .137
EBT Post-treatment Time matched 0.53 .465
No tx Follow-up ITT analysis 1.38 .240
Minimal
tx Follow-up ITT analysis 0.00 .999
Non-spec Follow-up ITT analysis 3.22 .073
Spec Follow-up ITT analysis 1.50 .221
EBT Follow-up ITT analysis 0.03 .855
No tx Follow-up Non-self-report included 0.05 .831
Minimal
tx Follow-up Non-self-report included 0.00 .999
Non-spec Follow-up Non-self-report included 10.08 .002
Spec Follow-up Non-self-report included 0.28 .600
EBT Follow-up Non-self-report included 0.04 .843
No tx Follow-up Time matched 0 .999
Minimal
tx Follow-up Time matched 0 .999
Non-spec Follow-up Time matched 0 .968
Spec Follow-up Time matched 2.15 .142

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
EBT Follow-up Time matched 0.69 .408
Notes: Q = Q-statistic testing the significance of each study feature as a moderator of treatment
effects; No tx = no treatment; Min tx = minimal treatment; Non-spec = non-specific active
control condition; Spec = Specific active control condition; EBT = evidence-based treatment;
ITT = intent-to-treat.

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Supplemental Materials Figure 1a. Distribution of comparisons by control group type and
disorder

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Supplemental Materials Figure 2a. Trim-and-fill corrected funnel plot for no treatment
comparison type at post-treatment

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Supplemental Materials Figure 3a. Trim-and-fill corrected funnel plot for minimal treatment
comparison type at post-treatment

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Supplemental Materials Figure 4a. Trim-and-fill corrected funnel plot for specific active
treatment comparison type at post-treatment

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Supplemental Figure 5a. Trim-and-fill corrected funnel plot for minimal treatment comparison
type at longest follow-up

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Supplemental Materials Figure 6a. Trim-and-fill corrected funnel plot for non-specific active
treatment comparison type at longest follow-up

MINDFULNESS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Supplemental Materials Figure 7a. Trim-and-fill corrected funnel plot for EBT comparison type
at longest follow-up