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Smartphone use undermines enjoyment of face-to-face social interactions
Abstract
Using a field experiment and experience sampling, we found the first evidence that phone use may undermine the enjoyment people derive from real world social interactions. In Study 1, we recruited over 300 community members and students to share a meal at a restaurant with friends or family. Participants were randomly assigned to keep their phones on the table or to put their phones away during the meal. When phones were present (vs. absent), participants felt more distracted, which reduced how much they enjoyed spending time with their friends/family. We found consistent results using experience sampling in Study 2; during in-person interactions, participants felt more distracted and reported lower enjoyment if they used their phones than if they did not. This research suggests that despite their ability to connect us to others across the globe, phones may undermine the benefits we derive from interacting with those across the table.
... For example, ample research has documented that being distracted by one's smartphone negatively affects face-to-face social interactions and might also harm relationships in the long run (Beukeboom & Pollmann, 2021;G. Brown et al., 2016;Dwyer et al., 2018;McDaniel & Coyne, 2016). In general, not being fully focused on an activity might diminish gains for well-being. ...
... We supplemented our preregistered analyses with exploratory analyses. Previous research has shown detrimental effects of smartphone usage specifically during social interactions (G. Brown et al., 2016;Dwyer et al., 2018;Kushlev & Heintzelman, 2017;Misra et al., 2016). Hence, we re-ran our analyses at the micro level and assessed whether different patterns of results emerged depending on the sociality of situations. ...
... In addition to our preregistered analyses, we explored whether smartphone usage behaviors have different effects on well-being in a social versus a nonsocial context as another robustness check. Despite previous work showing negative effects of smartphone usage in situations with face-to-face interaction (G. Brown et al., 2016;Dwyer et al., 2018;Kushlev & Heintzelman, 2017;Misra et al., 2016), we did not find any evidence for differing or more pronounced effects of smartphone usage behaviors on mood depending on the sociality of a situation (for detailed results, see the online supplemental material: https://osf.io/ckwge/?view_only=f5d39e95ca2f464 999b1f481b4317aa1.) ...
Smartphones are an integral part of daily life for many people worldwide. However, concerns have been raised that long usage times and the fragmentation of daily life through smartphone usage are detrimental to wellbeing. This preregistered study assesses (1) whether differences in smartphone usage behaviors between individuals predict differences in a variety of well-being measures (between-person effects) and (2) whether differences in smartphone usage behaviors between situations predict whether an individual is feeling better or worse (within-person effects). In addition to total usage time, several indicators capturing the fragmentation of usage/nonusage time were developed. The study combines objectively measured smartphone usage with selfreports
of well-being in surveys (N = 236) and an experience sampling period (N = 378, n = 5775 datapoints). To ensure the robustness of the results, we replicated our analyses in a second measurement period (surveys: N = 305; experience sampling: N = 534, n = 7287 datapoints) and considered the pattern of effects across different operational definitions and constructs. Results show that individuals who use their smartphone more report slightly lower well-being (between-person effect) but no evidence for within-person effects of total usage time emerged. With respect to fragmentation, we found no robust association with well-being.
... Past research suggests that distraction can be an effective emotion regulation strategy at least in the short term, dampening the impact of both positive (Quoidbach et al., 2010) and negative events (Sheppes and Meiran, 2007). Thus, people distracted by their smartphones during face-to-face interactions, for example, have been shown to experience lower levels of well-being (David et al., 2015;Kushlev et al., 2016;Roberts and David, 2016;Dwyer et al., 2018;Kushlev and Dunn, 2019). However, just as with the displacement hypothesis, it is possible that interference from smartphones will benefit well-being if it interferes with harmful activities. ...
... Furthermore, we show that the same individuals felt better, calmer and more energetic on days when they used their phones for complementary purposes. Pre-pandemic research also shows, however, that phone use often undermines wellbeing, especially when it displaces (Lanaj et al., 2014;Hughes and Burke, 2018) or interferes with other activities (Dwyer et al., 2018;Kushlev and Dunn, 2019). In contrast, we found no evidence that phone interference or displacement predicted lower well-being during the initial stages of the pandemic. ...
... Just as with displacement, this lack of effect may be due to the relative lack of rewarding activities associated with social distancing. Indeed, most previous research on the interference effects of phones has shown that phones decrease well-being precisely by interfering with face-to-face social interactions (Dwyer et al., 2018;Kushlev and Dunn, 2019). In addition, during the COVID-19 Pandemic, phones may have also interfered with activities harmful to well-being, such as rumination. ...
IntroductionAs smartphones have become increasingly integrated into people’s lives, researchers have attempted to answer whether they are beneficial or detrimental to well-being. Of particular interest to the current study is the role that smartphones played during the first year of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Methods
In an intensive longitudinal study, we explore how varying uses of smartphones relate to well-being using the Displacement-Interference-Complementarity framework.ResultsConsistent with pre-pandemic research, we show that people felt better, calmer, and more energetic when they used their phones more for complementary purposes (i.e., to access information, entertainment, and connection not otherwise available). In contrast to most pre-pandemic research, however, we find no evidence that any type of phone use predicted lower well-being during the pandemic.DiscussionOverall, this study lends support to the idea that smartphones can be beneficial for individuals, particularly during times when face-to-face interaction is limited.
... checking for new and missed smartphone notifications) consume cognitive resources and distract from concurrent activities (Kushlev, Dwyer, and Dunn 2019), and thus hamper daily activities such as conversing with others and completing work assignments (Montag and Diefenbach 2018;Przybylski and Weinstein 2012). For instance, frequent checking tendencies have been found to disrupt in-person interactions (Dwyer, Kushlev, and Dunn 2018; McDaniel and Drouin 2019) and work productivity (Duke and Montag 2017;Montag and Diefenbach 2018;Winkler et al. 2020). Further, these disruptions in daily activities due to interruptive smartphone notifications have been linked to maladaptive psychological outcomes of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (Bailey and Konstan 2006;Elhai et al. 2021;Winkler et al. 2020). ...
... This lends crucial support to the interference hypothesis: It is plausible that excessive phone checking, which indicates chronic preoccupation with smartphones, interferes with daily experiences that facilitate well-being. Our findings provide empirical evidence that these interferences elevate symptoms of psychological distress, potentially due to high levels of smartphone-induced interruptions that interfere with aspects of daily functioning, including work productivity (Duke and Montag 2017;Montag and Diefenbach 2018); sleep quality (Winkler et al. 2020); and inperson interactions (Dwyer, Kushlev, and Dunn 2018;McDaniel and Drouin 2019). This corroborates emerging research showing that the frequency of interruptive smartphone notifications and messages is positively related to anxiety and stress in young adults (Elhai et al. 2021;Thomée, Härenstam, and Hagberg 2011), and that 'batching' notifications rather than receiving individual notifications can reduce stress and phone interruptions (Fitz et al. 2019). ...
Recent theoretical and empirical accounts maintain that different indices of smartphone use—including problematic smartphone use, phone-checking, and screen time—tap distinct facets of smartphone use. This highlights the importance of disentangling potentially unique associations between facets of smartphone use and psychological distress outcomes. The present study examined fine-grained relationships between several smartphone-use indices and facets of psychological distress. Further, we probed whether sex modulated the relationships between smartphone-mediated behaviours and distress outcomes. Using structural equation modelling, we analysed data from young adults (N = 364) and evaluated the associations of smartphone-related behaviours—problematic use, phone checking, and overall screen time—with depression, anxiety, and stress. We found that phone-checking frequency predicted greater depression, anxiety, and stress levels, while problematic smartphone use predicted anxiety levels above and beyond the effects of other indices. Further, smartphone screen time predicted depression, but not other distress-related outcomes. We also found an interaction effect such that the positive relation between problematic smartphone use and stress was more pronounced for females than males. Our results held true when key covariates (age, sex, socioeconomic status, negative affect, and neuroticism) were accounted for. These findings underscore the importance of distinguishing indices of smartphone use in relation to psychological distress.
... In recent years, researchers have started investigating the negative effects that the excessive use of technology can have on people's mental health, especially the negative effects that the usage of smart devices and social networks can have on people's well-being and social relations. Different studies showed how these media can negatively impact attention (Harmon and Mazmanian, 2013;David et al., 2015;Kushlev et al., 2016), mental health (Demirci et al., 2015;Matar Boumosleh and Jaalouk, 2017;Alhassan et al., 2018), and even the sense of connection with others or the surrounding social environment where digital media are omnipresent (Elhai et al., 2016;Dwyer et al., 2018;Richardson et al., 2018). ...
... Other aspects have to be considered. There are studies highlighting that digital devices also affect the social environment (Elhai et al., 2016;Dwyer et al., 2018;Richardson et al., 2018). In Robinson et al. (2015) the authors claim that digital media use is individually beneficial, but socially problematic because its spread tends to intensify social inequalities. ...
Digital well-being traditionally means limiting the effects on individuals of technology abuses. However, in a broader perspective, it can be crucial to consider the pervasiveness of technology, and the effect it can have not only on individuals but also on their peers in the context of diverse everyday-life situations. Within this view, which emphasises the social side of digital well-being, the paper argues the need of educating young generations to participate in the making of technology for a social goal and have a reflective attitude towards technology and its impact on society. It, therefore, presents a design toolkit as a means to (i) engage young generations to become active in design for social digital well-being and, thanks to the exposure to how technology works, (ii) reflect deeply on the pros and cons of technology in use in their everyday life. By presenting the results of a study with 24 high-school pupils and their teachers, the paper discusses how a phygital toolkit, which structures the design process, engages them in the rapid prototyping of their own smart things, and how it acts as a proxy for soliciting their own reflections around technology and social digital well-being.
... As a result of increased reliance on the Internet to communicate, people will become less engaged Partners in marriage expect their spouse to give them more attention than to their communication technologies such as smartphones (Chambliss et al., 2015). The use of communication while spending time with their partner might lead to less enjoyable interactions (Brown et al., 2016;Dwyer et al., 2018;Murray & Campbell, 2015;McDaniel & Coyne, 2016). Other than that, according to Subrahmanyam and Greenfield (2008), there are several impacts of social media on communication. ...
... Features that enhance communication can enrich the user's experience, resulting in higher perceived enjoyment [77][78][79]. Enhanced connectivity and social interaction offered by mobile apps often lead to increased user enjoyment [96]. Communication can play a vital role in the formation of habits. ...
The rapid proliferation of mobile apps and their increasing usage have led to growing concerns about potential addiction among users. Previous research has identified several factors that contribute to addiction, including flow, perceived enjoyment, and habit. However, the underlying mechanisms and the role of affective factors remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the key factors that affect mobile app addiction by proposing a theoretical framework incorporating communication, affective factors, flow, perceived enjoyment, and habit. Data were collected from 320 mobile app users through a questionnaire survey. The research employed partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze the data and test the proposed relationships. The analysis indicates that communication is significantly associated with perceived enjoyment but does not directly affect flow and habit. The research unveils that positive affect significantly influences both flow and perceived enjoyment, but does not influence habit. Negative affect was found to have no significant effect on flow, perceived enjoyment, and habit. The results demonstrate that flow, perceived enjoyment, and habit are significantly related to addiction. The findings reveal that perceived enjoyment has a substantial impact on both flow and habit. These findings offer valuable guidelines for future research and practical implications for developers and policymakers in addressing the challenges associated with mobile app addiction.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-023-01440-8.
... Dampak negatif juga muncul pada individu yang memiliki kecenderungan fear of missing out. Kecenderungan fear of missing out dapat berdampak negatif misalnya pada munculnya kecemasan, depresi (Elhai et al., 2017), hilangnya motivasi untuk belajar (Alt, 2015) hingga membatasi dan menumpulkan keinginan untuk berinteraksi secara tatap muka (Dwyer et al., 2018). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, dengan melihat berbagai dampak negatif yang dihasilkan dari adiksi seseorang terutama yang dapat dijelaskan dari kecenderungan fear of missing out, maka upaya untuk mengontrol dan mengendalan kecederungan fear of missing out menjadi upaya yang dapat dilakukan setiap individu. ...
JPT Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Negeri Makassar. Ini adalah artikel dengan akses terbuka di bawah licenci CC BY-NC-4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). ABSTRACT Social media addiction has become an increasingly relevant mental health issue along with the intensification of social media use. This study aims to investigate the role of fear of missing out (FOMO) tendencies and self-regulation in the context of social media addiction. The study involved 253 participants aged 18-25, active social media users residing in East Java. Data was collected using scales measuring social media addiction, FOMO, and self-regulation. Data analysis to test hypotheses was conducted through multiple regression using SPSS 25.0 for Windows. The results of the analysis indicate a combined influence of FOMO tendencies and self-regulation on social media addiction, amounting to 58% (F = 117.308, R2 = 0.580, p < 0.001). Partially, FOMO tendencies have a positive role, contributing to a 48% increase in social media addiction (β = 0.667, R2 = 0.480, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, self-regulation does not significantly explain social media addiction (β = 0.070, R2 = 0.100, p > 0.05). The implications of this research emphasize the importance of recognizing the impact of FOMO tendencies on social media addiction in managing user behavior and serving as a basis for developing more effective intervention strategies to reduce social media addiction. ABSTRAK Adiksi media sosial telah menjadi isu kesehatan mental yang semakin relevan seiring dengan intensitas penggunaan media sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki peran kecenderungan fear of missing out (FOMO) dan regulasi diri dalam konteks adiksi media sosial. Penelitian ini melibatkan 253 partisipan berusia 18-25 tahun, pengguna aktif media sosial yang tinggal di Jawa Timur. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan skala adiksi pada sosial media, skala FOMO dan skala regulasi diri. Analisis data untuk menguji hipotesis menggunakan regresi ganda dengan program SPSS 25.0 for Windows. Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya pengaruh kecenderungan FOMO dan regulasi diri secara bersama-sama terhadap adiksi sosial media dengan pengaruh sebesar 58% (F = 117.308, R2 = 0.580, p < 0.001). Secara parsial, kecenderungan FOMO berperan positif atau dapat meningkatkan adiksi sosial media dengan pengaruh sebesar 48% (ꞵ = 0.667, R2 = 0.480, p < 0.05). Sementara itu, regulasi diri tidak berperan signifikan dalam menjelaskan adiksi sosial media (ꞵ = 0.070, R2 = 0.100, p > 0.05). Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa kesadaran akan pengaruh kecenderungan FOMO
... Furthermore, smartphone usage can alter communication and social relationship routines and may cause unusual behavior. For instance, excessive smartphone use may reduce eye contact and limit connection and interaction, significantly affecting interpersonal relations [4]. This is all the more important since almost 90% of young users prefer messaging instead of face-to-face communication [5]. ...
The recent literature highlights the need to explore phubbing, a worrying growing phenomenon, and the potential associated factors and outcomes. Thus, the present study focused on perceived phubbing and the potential associations with life satisfaction and psychological distress. Additionally, this study examined the mediating role of loneliness. The cross-sectional, web-based study involved 720 Romanian adults aged 18 to 77 (M = 24.12, SD = 8.80, 74% females) who completed self-reported scales measuring perceived phubbing, and life satisfaction. Results suggested positive associations between perceived phubbing, loneliness, and psychological distress. A significant negative association was also found between loneliness and life satisfaction. Further analyses suggested that loneliness partially mediated the link between perceived phubbing and life satisfaction and between perceived phubbing and psychological distress. The study highlights the significant role of perceived phubbing when discussing psychological distress and life satisfaction, underlining the need to address further the (mis)use of digital devices (e.g., smartphones) within interpersonal relationships, as well as the need to understand better the outcomes of such behaviors to shape effective interventions in this regard.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-023-01359-0.
... Furthermore, smartphone usage can alter communication and social relationship routines and may cause unusual behavior. For instance, excessive smartphone use may reduce eye contact and limit connection and interaction, significantly affecting interpersonal relations [4]. This is all the more important since almost 90% of young users prefer messaging instead of face-to-face communication [5]. ...
The recent literature highlights the need to explore phubbing, a worrying growing phenomenon, and the potential associated factors and outcomes. Thus, the present study focused on perceived phubbing and the potential associations with life satisfaction and psychological distress. Additionally, this study examined the mediating role of loneliness. The cross-sectional, web-based study involved 720 Romanian adults aged 18 to 77 (M = 24.12, SD = 8.80, 74% females) who completed self-reported scales measuring perceived phubbing, and life satisfaction. Results suggested positive associations between perceived phubbing, loneliness, and psychological distress. A significant negative association was also found between loneliness and life satisfaction. Further analyses suggested that loneliness partially mediated the link between perceived phubbing and life satisfaction and between perceived phubbing and psychological distress. The study highlights the significant role of perceived phubbing when discussing psychological distress and life satisfaction, underlining the need to address further the (mis)use of digital devices (e.g., smartphones) within interpersonal relationships, as well as the need to understand better the outcomes of such behaviors to shape effective interventions in this regard.
... 119 However, digital media use may also monopo-lize our attention, displace in-person socializing, reduce the quality of interactions, increase conflict and reduce relationship satisfaction, and diminish self-esteem. [120][121][122][123] Because technology is so varied and evolving rapidly, each type of technology, the way it is used or applied, and the characteristics of the user, should be considered separately in determining their influence on social connection. ...
Social connection impacts physical health in a variety of ways, including longevity. A diverse and robust body of evidence demonstrates the importance of social connection as a key element of lifestyle relevant to health. Among this evidence, data illustrate the mechanisms linking social connection to health, emphasizing how aspects of social connection impact traditional behavioral lifestyle‐related activities directly and indirectly. The evolving landscape of social engagement through digital technologies further suggests important implications for one's social lifestyle on population health. This evidence points to the importance of considering how social connection impacts health across the lifespan and the need for policy, programming, and other strategies as part of prevention and mitigation efforts to improve social health.
... Overall, the literature shows that distraction and task delay increase when smartphone use increases (e.g., Aalbers et al., 2022;Schnauber-Stockmann et al., 2018;Stothart et al., 2015). For example, Dwyer et al. (2018) showed that increased smartphone use made participants feel more distracted during social interactions, and Meier et al. (2023) found that adolescents experienced more task delay when they checked their smartphones more frequently. ...
The smartphone has become an integral part of adolescents’ daily life. Despite the countless affordances of smartphones, concerns have been raised about their enormous potential to cause failures in self-regulation, such as distraction and task delay. The current study investigated whether two smartphone usage patterns, fragmented and sticky smartphone use, are associated with distraction and task delay. For three weeks, we logged the smartphone usage of 160 adolescents (733,359 observations) and assessed their distraction and task delay six times a day with experience sampling (12,723 observations). Using Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling, we found that, overall, adolescents felt more distracted when their smartphone use was more fragmented or sticky. Exploratory analyses indicated that 77% of adolescents experienced increased distraction (i.e., β > .05) when their smartphone use was more fragmented, and 55% when it was sticky. Overall, adolescents did not report more task delay as their smartphone use was more fragmented or sticky. Nonetheless, 22% experienced increased task delay when their smartphone use was more fragmented, and 42% when it was sticky. Together, our findings underline the dynamic nature of smartphone use and its differential impact on self-regulation outcomes.
... Overall, the literature shows that distraction and task delay increase when smartphone use increases (e.g., Aalbers et al., 2022;Schnauber-Stockmann et al., 2018;Stothart et al., 2015). For example, Dwyer et al. (2018) showed that increased smartphone use made participants feel more distracted during social interactions, and Meier et al. (2023) found that adolescents experienced more task delay when they checked their smartphones more frequently. ...
The smartphone has become an integral part of adolescents’ daily life. Despite the countless affordances of smartphones, concerns have been raised about their enormous potential to cause failures in self-regulation, such as distraction and task delay. The current study investigated whether two smartphone usage patterns, fragmented and sticky smartphone use, are associated with distraction and task delay. For three weeks, we logged the smartphone usage of 160 adolescents (733,359 observations) and assessed their distraction and task delay six times a day with experience sampling (12,723 observations). Using Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling, we found that, overall, adolescents felt more distracted when their smartphone use was more fragmented or sticky. Exploratory analyses indicated that 77% of adolescents experienced increased distraction (i.e., β > .05) when their smartphone use was more fragmented, and 55% when it was sticky. Overall, adolescents did not report more task delay as their smartphone use was more fragmented or sticky. Nonetheless, 22% experienced increased task delay when their smartphone use was more fragmented, and 42% when it was sticky. Together, our findings underline the dynamic nature of smartphone use and its differential impact on self-regulation outcomes.
... Allein die Anwesenheit eines Smartphones verringert die Qualität und Freude an der Interaktion zwischen Gesprächspartnern [6,17,28], und Betreuungspersonen sind, während sie ihre Kinder beaufsichtigen, in ihr Telefon vertieft [10]. Zudem sind Mütter, die ihr Smartphone nach eigenen Angaben vermehrt nutzen, weniger in der Lage, ihr Kind nach einer Stresssituation zu beruhigen [18]. ...
Zusammenfassung
Die Verwendung von Medien in Familien ist ein wichtiges Thema in der heutigen Gesellschaft, da immer mehr Familien auf digitale Medien wie Smartphones, Tablets, Computer und Fernseher zugreifen. Familien sollten Regeln und Richtlinien für die Verwendung von Medien aufstellen. Eltern sollten als Vorbilder agieren und selbst verantwortungsbewusst mit Medien umgehen, um ihre Kinder zu ermutigen, dies ebenfalls zu tun. Die Aufgabe der Fachkräfte, die mit Familien arbeiten, ist es, die Eltern auf diese Herausforderung vorzubereiten und begleitend zu unterstützen. Bildungs- und Ausbildungsprogramme können ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle bei der Förderung der Medienkompetenz spielen.
... ' (p. 20, emphasis original) To this end, while social interaction is important for well-being and smartphones provide a utility benefit for social connection, studies have begun to demonstrate that the smartphone may undermine these interactions by creating distractions and reducing enjoyment After confirming these results in their study using a field experiment design that examined the effect of the mere presence of a smartphone, Dwyer et al. (2018) noted that, Everyday life is riddled with other sources of distraction, such as newspapers and television, but phones differ from these earlier forms of information technology in two critical ways: phones provide access to virtually infinite array of potential diversions, while being so portable that they are almost always with us, enabling them to easily pervade our social interactions. (p. ...
This think piece reflects on the pervasiveness of smartphones—and the constant connection to information, entertainment, and social connections through the internet—in our lives and the implications for this in leisure. While the benefits of smartphones are well-established, and it seems we are well-served by them, the nuanced, cumulative negative consequences of smartphone use have become apparent. Building from these concerns and employing the theoretical framework of digital well-being, this think piece explores the role, value, and functionality of digital disconnection to enhance meaningful leisure. Further, it explores the notion of digital consciousness, which describes not only self-control of technology use, but also the role of personal choice and agency in deciding where technology should exist within one’s life and their leisure.
... Within the past decade, smartphones challenged traditional, face-to-face communication, especially among youth -with 90% of young users preferring messaging over face-to-face conversation (Phubbing, 2019). Along with the many benefits of smartphone and Internet usage, such as work efficiency (e.g., Flynn et al., 2018), communication access (Anshari et al., 2016), or psychological comfort (Melumad et al., 2020), smartphones may undermine the enjoyment of face-to-face interactions, as previously suggested by various scholars (e.g., Dwyer et al., 2018). As M. M. Vanden Abeele (2021) highlighted, our constantly shifting and nuanced reliance on digital connection has both dark and bright sides, challenging our (digital) well-being and highlighting the need to examine the various pathways through which our autonomy is enhanced and, in some cases, undermined. ...
In the present study, we investigated the relationship between online vigilance and phubbing, a specific form of technoference that implies ignoring someone while favoring technological, Internet-based devices, such as smartphones. We also explored the mediating role of loneliness and the moderating role of moral disengagement in the relationship between online vigilance and phubbing. Our sample comprised 607 young adults aged 18 to 30 (M = 20.80, SD = 2.70, 71.5% females) who completed an online survey. Correlation analyses suggested significant positive relations between phubbing, loneliness, moral disengagement, and online vigilance. Subsequent analyses suggested that loneliness mediated the relation between online vigilance and phubbing, regardless of participants’ age and gender. At the same time, moral disengagement moderated this relationship. Finally, we discuss some practical ways to use these results (i.e. online vigilance and loneliness predict phubbing and moral disengagement moderates the relation between online vigilance and phubbing) to prevent and reduce phubbing behaviors among youth
... Consequently, adolescents with depressive tendencies may face challenges in social interactions and resort to using the Internet as a coping strategy to avoid these difficulties and negative emotions. However, relying on the Internet as an escape mechanism is maladaptive, as it not only intensifies depressive feelings [66] but also hinders their ability to effectively interact with people in real life [67,68], thus perpetuating a negative cycle of using the Internet to escape reality. This significant finding offers valuable insights, suggesting that interventions targeting IA among students with depressive tendencies should focus on helping them develop the skills to build and maintain close relationships in real life. ...
Background:
The COVID-19 pandemic and the shift to online learning have increased the risk of Internet addiction (IA) among adolescents, especially those who are depressed. This study aims to identify the core symptoms of IA among depressed adolescents using a cross-lagged panel network framework, offering a fresh perspective on understanding the interconnectedness of IA symptoms.
Methods:
Participants completed the Internet addiction test and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. A total of 2415 students were initially included, and after matching, only 342 students (a cutoff score of 8) were retained for the final data analysis. A cross-lagged panel network analysis was conducted to examine the autoregressive and cross-lagged trajectories of IA symptoms over time.
Results:
The incidence rate of depression rose remarkably from 14.16% (N = 342) to 17.64% (N = 426) after the four-month online learning. The symptom of "Anticipation" exhibited the highest out-expected influence within the IA network, followed by "Stay online longer" and "Job performance or productivity suffer". Regarding the symptom network of depression, "Job performance or productivity suffer" had the highest in-expected influence, followed by "Life boring and empty", "Snap or act annoyed if bothered", "Check email/SNS before doing things", and "School grades suffer". No significant differences were found in global network strength and network structure between waves 1 and 2.
Conclusion:
These findings prove the negative effects of online learning on secondary students' mental health and have important implications for developing more effective interventions and policies to mitigate IA levels among depressed adolescents undergoing online learning.
... Counts (2007) found that activities such as group messaging can increase the social qualities and experiences of fun associated with cell phone use. However, technology may distract individuals from quality in-person interactions and negatively impact overall wellbeing (Dwyer et al., 2018;Kushlev et al., 2019). Further, some research suggests that frequent cell phone use in leisure time is associated with more extrinsically motivated leisure and higher levels of leisure distress (Lepp et al., 2017). ...
Background: Though conceptualized in different ways, time, namely how it is used and experienced, has implications for health and wellbeing. Thus, time-related interventions may offer new ways to support human flourishing. This qualitative study introduces and evaluates a reflective time journaling technique in relation to leisure time and wellbeing.
Methods: Eight participants took part in the intervention study. First, they explored their experiences of leisure time and the role of technology in this time through a semi-structured interview. Participants then engaged with a week-long time journaling exercise to track their leisure time and any reflections that arose through the process. Finally, in a follow up interview, participants reflected on their experiences keeping the time journal and any insights and behavior changes that were prompted by the experience.
Results: Inductive reflexive thematic analysis was used to construct four themes: 1) multi-faceted factors of leisure experiences, 2) technology and quality of leisure, 3) awareness of time through tracking, and 4) meaningful leisure time.
Discussion/Conclusion: The results are discussed with focus given to the time journal design. Implications for future research and application within the fields of coaching and positive psychology are explored with specific implications for supporting people through disruptive times, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic.
... In recent decades, the advent of mobile computing has allowed virtual stimuli from the cybersphere to cross over into daily activities (Stokols, 2018) and social relationships (Dwyer et al., 2018;Misra et al., 2016;Turkle, 2011), largely irrespective of one's location in the biosphere (Misra & Stokols, 2012a). Today, a growing proportion of humanity spends an increasing fraction of their waking life attending to screen-based stimuli, modulating individual and collective attention dynamics (Glass & Kang, 2019;Lorenz-Spreen et al., 2019;McDool et al., 2020;Thornton et al., 2014;Wilmer et al., 2017). ...
Evidence links greenspace exposure with restorative benefits to cognition and well-being, yet nature contact is declining for younger demographics. Although natural settings have been shown to restore the capacity to inhibit distracting stimuli, it remains unknown whether smartphone attention capture disrupts nature contact. Here, we analyzed ~2.5 million observations of logged smartphone use, texting, calling, and environmental exposures for 701 young adults over 2 years. Participants’ weekly smartphone screen-time was over double their green-time. The relationship between greenspace exposure and smartphone activity differed by exposure dose, type, and mobility state. Calling and texting increased during short recreational greenspace visits while all smartphone use declined over the first 3 hr in nature areas, suggesting that nature exposure may support digital impulse inhibition. Those with elevated baseline screen-time or green-time significantly reduced device use in nature, indicating that parts of the biosphere may provide a reprieve from the cybersphere for highly connected youth.
... Employees were less frequently interrupted if they use instant messaging, since they may use this form of messaging to confirm whether a coworker is busy before engaging in a more intense conversation. Furthermore, there's no need to see a person face-to-face before inquiring about current tasks (Dwyer, Kushlev, & Dunn, 2018). Moreover, instant messaging such as LINE delivers the convenience of choosing when one can communicate with colleagues. ...
This research explored the impact of cultural differences using LINE application as a communication channel toward the components of employee engagement. This research added more contributions to using LINE application and employee engagement which found that both factors--job demands and employee support--are associated positively with the intensity of social media use. The survey data were gathered from 300 Thai lecturers and 300 Chinese lecturers from a private university in Thailand. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed for data analysis. The results from the regression analysis showed that the LINE app used for personal related internal communication has negative effects on vigor, dedication and absorption for the Thai respondents. As for the Chinese respondents, it has positive effects on vigor, dedication and absorption. This means that in the Chinese context the more they are engaged with their personal whereabouts the more active they are in the workplace.
... Some empirical evidence supports the idea that people's physical and social 135 contexts (e.g., where they are and who they are with) can complement or interfere with their 136 social media sensitivities. For instance, when using smartphones while engaging in social 137 interactions, people tend to report lower feelings of enjoyment in comparison to engaging in 138 social interactions without using their smartphones (Dwyer et al., 2018). To the best of our 139 knowledge, only one study has investigated the extent to which places modify the impact of 140 social media use on wellbeing outcomes. ...
Research on the effects of social media on wellbeing has been equivocal. Social media impacts people’s wellbeing indifferent ways, but relatively little is known about why this is the case. Here we introduce the construct of “Social Media Sensitivity” to understand how social media’s effects on wellbeing differs across people and the contexts in which these platforms are used. In a month-long large-scale intensive longitudinal study (total n = 1,632; total number of observations = 120,599), we examined for whom and under which circumstances social media was associated with positive and negative changes in social and affective wellbeing. Applying a combination of frequentist and Bayesian multilevel models, we found that the effects of social media on wellbeing were heterogenous, but most people generally experienced a negative social media sensitivity in terms of changes to their loneliness, stress levels, affect and feelings of being accepted. People with psychologically vulnerable dispositions (e.g., those who were depressed, lonely, not satisfied with life) tended to experience a heightened negative social media sensitivity in comparison to people who were not psychologically vulnerable. People also experienced heightened negative social media sensitivities when in certain types of places (e.g., in social places, in nature) and while around certain types of people (e.g., around family members, close ties), as compared to using social media at home or when alone. Our results suggest that an understanding of the effects of social media on wellbeing should account for the psychological dispositions of social media users, and the physical and social contexts surrounding their use. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of social media sensitivity for scholars, policymakers, and those in the technology industry.
... Referring to a study by Dwyer et al. (2018) determined that social connections have led to a rise in virtual technology use. People did not question the connected information when they were told it came from reputable sources. ...
The study aims to determine the factors affecting the usage intention of AI technology in the hospitality and tourism sector in Malaysia. It also investigates the mediating effect of self-efficacy within some relationships. This is a quantitative study applying a cross-sectional online survey technique. The target population consisted of tourists seeking for services from the tourism and hospitality industry in Malaysia. Data was collected from 250 respondents using a survey questionnaire and analysed by applying a structural equation model using the AMOS 21 version. The results indicate that accuracy experience, insight experience, and interactive experience between trust in AI and eWOM engagements are significant respectively, except for the relationship between interactive experience and eWOM. Likewise, the outcome indicates that trust in AI has a significant positive relationship between usage intention and eWOM, while eWOM significantly and positively influences usage intention. In addition , this study found that word-of-mouth mediates the association between accuracy experience and trust in AI. The results show that self-efficacy moderates the association between accuracy experience and trust in AI.
... Smartphone addiction is defined as "a new type of behavioral addiction caused by over-dependence and abuse of smartphones, resulting in psychological and behavioral problems" (Kwon et al., 2013b;Lee et al., 2014;Lin et al., 2014). A volume of research indicates that smartphone addiction is related to negative influences that have penetrated various aspects of life, such as musculoskeletal pain (Xie et al., 2016;Salvi and Battin, 2018), poor sleep quality (Li et al., 2020;Mei et al., 2022), loneliness , decreased life satisfaction (Lepp et al., 2014), interpersonal problems (Dwyer et al., 2018;Nayak, 2018), and poor academic performance (Yang Z. et al., 2019;Sapci et al., 2021). To the best of our knowledge, despite a vast array of negative consequences, the smartphone addiction rate is still rising. ...
Smartphone addiction symptom is increasing globally. Many studies have found that negative emotion is associated with smartphone addiction, but few explore the mediating effect of executive dysfunction. In a large-scale, cross-sectional survey, 421 Chinese college students completed measures on anxiety, depression, smartphone addiction, and executive dysfunction. We surveyed the prevalence of depression, impaired executive function, and smartphone addiction. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the questionnaire structure, and the mediation models were used to examine the relationship between anxiety, depression, impaired executive function, and smartphone addiction. The main finding indicated that anxiety, depression, and executive dysfunction were positively and significantly associated with smartphone addiction. Executive dysfunction plays a mediation role between anxiety and depression with smartphone addiction. Specifically, executive dysfunction completely mediates the pathway of anxiety and smartphone addiction and partly mediates the path of depression and smartphone addiction. Depression directly predicted smartphone addiction positively but anxiety did not. The sample consisted of Chinese college students, which limits generalizability and self-reported lack of objectivity. The result suggests that we should pay more attention to the mediating role of executive dysfunction between negative emotion and smartphone addiction.
... Kutatók egy csoportja amellett érvel, hogy a digitális felületeken történő, folyamatos posztolásra fókuszáló fogyasztói magatartás gátolja az elmélyülést. Sőt, akár az erre lehetőséget adó okostelefon puszta jelenléte is zavaró hatású, mivel túl sok impulzust enged át az élmény fókuszán kívüli világból (WARD et al. 2017, DWYER et al. 2018, KELEMEN-ERDŐS-MITEV 2020. Ezzel szemben TONIETTO és BARASCH (2021) tanulmányukban amellett érvelnek, hogy ha a tartalomgenerálás teljes mértékben káros lenne az élmények befogadására és megélésére, azt a fogyasztóknak is érezniük kellene, és idővel kevesbé csinálnák. ...
A digitalizáció hatására az elmúlt három évtizedben a turizmus makrokörnyezetében, valamint fogyasztói és kínálati oldalán is jelentős változások történtek. A digitalizáció és a digitalizáció-vezérelt innovációk napjainkra az utazástervezés teljes folyamatát és az utazás előtti, alatti, illetve az azt követő fogyasztói magatartást is átalakították. A szakirodalom szintetizálására épülő jelen tanulmányban elsősorban a fogyasztói oldalt vizsgáljuk. Elemzésünk célja a digitalizáció fogyasztói magatartásra gyakorolt hatásainak azonosítása az utazási döntés egyes szakaszaiban. A tanulmányban az utazást megelőző, az utazás alatti és az utazást követő fogyasztói magatartást vizsgálva megállapítjuk, hogy a korábban szekvenciálisnak tekintett utazási döntési szakaszok mára időben és térben egyre inkább összemosódnak, ebből adódóan egyre kiszámíthatatlanabbá és kevésbé előrejelezhetővé válnak. A közösségimédia-használat nemcsak az utazási döntés folyamatára, hanem az élmény befo gadá-sára és a benne való elmerülésre is hatással van.
... Much literature (Choi et al., 2021) correlates distraction and attentional resources, and this association is even more pronounced in smartphone overuse distractions and the attentional resources deployed (Mendoza et al., 2018). There is evidence that excessive distractions affect cognitive processes, such as memory (Ward et al., 2017) and human interactions (Dwyer et al., 2018). Other studies have pointed out that smartphone distractions can be considered a predictor of excessive and problematic smartphone use (Cha & Seo, 2018). ...
The present study focuses on smartphone overuse and on problematic behaviors related to it, investigating possible differences at the intergenerational level among the variables considered. Through the administration of self-report questionnaires, the perception of smartphone distraction, smartphone problematic use, phubbing, and cognitive failures were surveyed. Two hundred and twenty subjects took part in the research. The participants, aged between 18 and 57, were divided by generation Z, Y and Z, according to Ristiyono, classification (2022). Data analysis was carried out through the application of Spearman's rho was used to analyze correlations between subscales. The Kruskal-Wallis test was invectively used to analyze differences between participants. The results confirm our hypotheses showing positive correlations between perceptions of smartphone distraction, phubbing behavior, smartphone problematic use, and cognitive failures, and a significant difference was found between generations in perceptions of all variables considered. Generation Z (18-26 years) shows the highest scores in almost all subscales examined.
... For socially anxious people, technology provides the best opportunity for improving their situation. Increasing the use of technology means that people do not have to meet F2F to share ideas, opinions, and experiences (Dwyer et al., 2018). Socially anxious people find it easy to turn to technology because it is the only place where they can control their fear of social interaction. ...
The internet has considerably changed the landscape of communication in the 21st century. People no longer have to leave their homes to engage in meaningful interpersonal communication. More importantly, individuals who have an inherent fear of human interaction seek solace and comfort in communication technologies. This study investigated how individual's 'fear of human interaction' affects technology acceptance. A proposed framework was built based on the extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2). The model postulates that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, perceived value, fear of physical interaction (FoPI), and social anxiety (SA) can significantly predict an individual's technology acceptance. Results failed to support the role of social influence and fear of physical interaction. All other variables were significant predictors of behavioural intentions. Data analysis included comparing means of SA and FOPI items to understand our major model extension. More details are reported in the paper. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Shoheib, Z., Mauji, N.I. and Abu-Shanab, E. (2022) 'Can 'fear of human interaction' be one of the factors that affect the acceptance and use of technology?', Int. J. Learning Technology, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp.223-245. Biographical notes: Zaki Shoheib is an experienced General Manager with a demonstrated history of working in the air conditioning and home appliances industry. He has skilled in negotiation, budgeting, business planning, 224 Z. Shoheib et al. operations management, and analytical skills. He is a strong sales professional with an MBA degree from Qatar University and interested in research about e-commerce, social commerce, consumer behaviour, and e-marketing. Nasrina Issa Mauji is a well-qualified professional with rich experience in marketing communications, brand management, market research, business development and team leadership across various business verticals. Her areas of interest in research include consumer behaviour, e-commerce, entrepreneurship, knowledge management and marketing.
The study's objective was to determine the mediation role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between interpersonal competence and phubbing. The study was an observational cross-sectional study based on the survey with the aim to determine the mediation role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between interpersonal competence and phubbing. In this context, data were collected from a convenience sample of 321 participants with the Phubbing Scale, Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3, Interpersonal Competence Scale (ICC)-Short Form. Data were analyzed with regression-based mediation analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient. The analysis demonstrated that phubbing was positively related to anxiety sensitivity and negatively related to interpersonal competence. Furthermore, the mediation analysis showed that the anxiety sensitivity had a mediating effect in the relationship between interpersonal competence and phubbing. Furthermore, the bootstrap (10000) method was used to determine whether the mediation analysis was significant. These findings suggest that the level of anxiety sensitivity partly explains the inverse relationship between interpersonal competence and phubbing. Research results both support previous research results and reveal new findings. The findings of the research indicate that anxiety sensitivity is more effective than interpersonal competence in phubbing.
Abstract:
Purpose: The purpose of the present study is the role of phubbing in relation to the index of cognitive reserve and self-directed learning in male and female students. Method: The method of the current research is descriptive-correlation based on its nature. The statistical population includes all students of Islamic Azad University Shahrood branch in the academic year of 2021-2022. To determine the sample size, Cochran's sample size estimation formula was used, which is equal to 263 people. Sampling method is available. Scales were used to collect data. SPSS version 24 software and Pearson correlation method were used to analyze the data. Findings: The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between phubbing and the index of cognitive reserve and self-directed learning (P<0.05). Also, phubbing can be predicted based on the index of cognitive reserve and self-directed learning (P<0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, it seems that by modifying the components related to the index of cognitive reserve and self-directed learning, such as the importance of attending to education and free time, as well as improving self-control and self-management skills, it is possible to minimize phubbing among young people.
Why do people fall in love? Does passion fade with time? What makes for a happy, healthy relationship? This introduction to relationship science follows the lifecycle of a relationship – from attraction and initiation, to the hard work of relationship maintenance, to dissolution and ways to strengthen a relationship. Designed for advanced undergraduates studying psychology, communication or family studies, this textbook presents a fresh, diversity-infused approach to relationship science. It includes real-world examples and critical-thinking questions, callout boxes that challenge students to make connections, and researcher interviews that showcase the many career paths of relationship scientists. Article Spotlights reveal cutting-edge methods, while Diversity and Inclusion boxes celebrate the variety found in human love and connection. Throughout the book, students see the application of theory and come to recognize universal themes in relationships as well as the nuances of many findings. Instructors can access lecture slides, an instructor manual, and test banks.
This chapter introduces the interdisciplinary field of relationship science. It describes the human drive for belonging, including the biological underpinning of sociality and the harmful consequences of social isolation and social exclusion. It also defines romantic relationships and the characteristics that differentiate romantic relationships from other close relationships (high interdependence, high intimate knowledge, high commitment). In addition to emphasizing the core commonalities across romantic relationships, this chapter explores the many ways in which romantic relationships are diverse (e.g., structure, exclusivity, composition, duration, motives). Finally, this chapter highlights the critical importance of close relationships for individual health and well-being as well, as for society more broadly.
The aim of this research is to examine the mediator role of communication skills on the relationship between phubbing tendencies and marital satisfaction of married individuals. The sample of the study consisted of 712 adult married individuals from some cities in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey. 347 (48.7%) of the participants were female and 365 (51.3%) were male. The average age of the participants is 37.45. Marriage Satisfaction Scale, Phubbing Scale and Effective Communication Skills Scale were used as data collection tools. Pearson Correlation Analysis and Multiple mediation analysis (SPSS PROCESS macro (version 3.5-model 4)) techniques were used in the analysis of the data. There were significant negative correlation between the sub-dimensions of communication skills (ego-developing language, effective listening, self revelation, empathy, I-language) and phubbing; they were also found to be significantly positively correlated with marital satisfaction. Analysis results showed that phubbing significantly and negatively predicted marital satisfaction, and when effective communication skills were included in the analysis, the relationship between these two variables became nonsense. This result shows that communication skills are a full mediator on the relationship between phubbing and marital satisfaction in married individuals.
As an emergency, food insecurity threatens people’s well-being, while social capital is expected to enhance their resilience in this situation. This study examined the relationship between food insecurity and social capital during the COVID-19 lockdowns in Shanghai. We collected a dataset of 1064 participants by random sampling. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the dynamics of social capital before and after lockdowns. The results show that the level of post-lockdown social capital was higher than that of pre-lockdown social capital. Pre-lockdown social capital predicted the extent to which people suffered from food insecurity and their approaches to obtaining food. Participation in group purchases and food exchange with other residents predicted the levels of post-lockdown social capital. The results shed light on the interaction between emergencies and social capital. Our study theoretically contributes to understanding social capital through a dynamic perspective.
This study examined the effects of mobile device use, and its mere presence, on in-person conversations. The study utilized an experimental design to replicate and advance existing scholarship on the impact of co-present device use and mere device presence on a conversation. This study examined how the presence of an unused device may hinder conversation, and the results did not replicate the mere presence effect. The study found participants reacted negatively to a confederate’s phone use, regardless of whether it was self- or externally initiated.
Aquariums are unique informal learning environments where families talk about science content and processes and learn about science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). This study explored family smartphone use during informal science learning at an aquarium in relation to parents' self-reported engagement and parent-child science talk. Children (N = 204; 103 girls; Mage = 70.91 months) and their parents were grouped based on whether they chose to use a smartphone in an aquarium exhibit. A survey asked parents to report family demographics as well as whether the family used a smartphone and whether the parent engaged in off-topic talk while in the exhibit. Researchers also observed smartphone use and audio-recorded conversations with a subsample (N = 50 dyads) while they explored an exhibit in the aquarium. Verbatim conversation transcripts were coded for talk about science and about the smartphone. Results showed parents who chose to use a smartphone during informal learning were more likely to report off-topic talk compared to parents who did not use a smartphone. Parents’ smartphone use did not predict the parent or child science talk during informal learning conversations, but smartphone talk at times outweighed science talk within the micro-interactions of families who were preoccupied with their smartphones. Nevertheless, some dyads used their smartphones in ways that promoted science learning. Smartphone use may distract parents during informal learning when parents are preoccupied with the device, but when leveraged for learning, smartphones may offer opportunities to extend science learning during and beyond the aquarium.
A plethora of past studies have highlighted a negative association between phone use and well-being. Recent studies claimed that there is a lack of strong evidence on the deleterious effects of smartphones on our health, and that previous systematic reviews overestimated the negative link between phone use and well-being. In a three-week long in-the-wild study with 352 participants, we captured 15,607 instances of smartphone use in tandem with rich contextual information (activity, location, company) as well as self-reported well-being measures. We conducted an additional study to gather users' perception of the impact of phone use on their well-being in different daily contexts. Our findings show that context and personal characteristics greatly impact the association between screen time and subjective well-being. This study highlights the complexity of the relationship between phone use and well-being and it deepens our understanding of this problem.
The study sought to evaluate a custom intervention programme, informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour, which aimed to help youth athletes reduce their problematic mobile phone use. A hybrid mixed-methods design was employed in this study, involving a one-group pretest–posttest design and a mixed-methods multiple case study design. 23 Singaporean youth athletes (aged 13–19 years) participated in the intervention programme, and were assessed at pre, post, and follow-up timepoints for their objective and subjective measures of mobile phone use. After the intervention programme had concluded, a smaller sample of eight participants were selected to participate in semi-structured interviews to get their views and feedback on the intervention programme. The results showed that while there were no significant differences in the objective measures of mobile phone use (i.e., duration and frequency) between the timepoints, there was a significant reduction in the subjective measure (i.e., SAS-SV) of problematic mobile phone use in both post and follow-up timepoints. This was supported by the multiple case study analysis, which found that participants were able to implement the various strategies that were taught during the intervention programme, and that those strategies were able to help them reduce their level of problematic mobile phone use. Overall, participant feedback for the intervention programme was positive, with participants stating that it was fun, interactive, relatable, and informative. There were still some barriers that prevented participants from reducing their problematic mobile phone use, and suggestions were given on how to improve the intervention programme in future.
Penggunaan smartphone memiliki konsekuensi positif dan negatif, baik itu pada orang dewasa juga anak-anak. Tujuan penelitian ini melihat karakteristik orang tua keluarga nelayan berkaitan dengan pola-pola bimbingan atau gaya pengasuhan khusus pada anak pengguna smartphone melalui penelitian diskriptif kualitatif. Partisipan penelitian adalah sebanyak 6 keluarga nelayan yang memiliki anak usia pra-sekolah (3-7 tahun), telah diadakan wawancara terbuka dan observasi terkait aktivitas digital anak-anak mereka, respon, keyakinan, dan ketertarikan akan penggunaan smartphone sejak dini. Pada pendekatan berbasis data dan analisis data model interaktif Miles dan Huberman yang telah dilakukan, Gaya pengasuhan digital diidentifikasi memiliki kesamaan dengan gaya pengasuhan umum. Temuan penelitian lebih lanjut menunjukkan anak-anak melakukan aktivitas dengan smartphone lebih banyak jika orang tua lebih permisif dan kurang otoriter dalam melakukan pengasuhan. Implikasi pengasuhan orang tua tersebut memiliki respon yang tinggi pada pemenuhan kebutuhan anak terkait penggunaan smartphone sejak dini, namun memiliki tuntutan yang rendah terkait timbal balik atau kemungkinan dampak penggunaan smartphone.
Smartphones are a ubiquitous part of many people's lives, but little is known about their impact on everyday thought processes. Here we introduce the spontaneous smartphone checking scale (SSCS)—which measures the tendency to direct attention toward one's smartphone, unpreceded by external prompts (e.g., notifications, or alerts) and with no specific conscious goal in mind, as a parallel to mind‐wandering directed toward internal thoughts. The SSCS showed good psychometric properties and construct validity. It separated from measures of daydreaming and mind‐wandering by not loading on dimensions related to self‐consciousness, reflection, and rumination, but instead loading highly on a factor associated with other aspects of digital communication and concerns about public appearance on social media. This suggests that spontaneous smartphone checking serves different mental and social functions than internally generated spontaneous thought processes. We discuss possible long‐term effects of spontaneous smartphone checking taking up time for internally generated spontaneous thoughts.
The study provided a qualitative investigation into problematic mobile phone use among the youth athlete population. The study aimed to identify the factors which contributed to problematic use, the effects of problematic use, and suggestions on how to help youth athletes overcome problematic use. Four focus groups sessions were conducted with a total of 21 Singaporean youth athletes (aged 12-18 years old) from four different sports. The data was analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. The findings indicated various factors which contributed to problematic use, namely personal attributes, needs fulfilment, and external influences. Effects of problematic use included areas such as shrinkage of time, performance deficits, and undesirable behaviours. There were various suggestions on how to overcome problematic use, which included strengthening internal resources and tapping into sources of external help. Future research should seek to use the knowledge derived from this study to create interventions to help youth athletes deal with their problematic mobile phone use.
This introductory chapter reviews Cyberpsychology research considering the effect of digital technologies on psychological wellbeing. Whilst there are clear benefits that come from being digitally connected, our reliance on them brings its own problems. This chapter explores the downsides of habitual involvement in terms of stress, depression, anxiety and dependency. Current explanations for these negative effects focus on the displacement of healthy behaviour as being the root cause but here an alternative approach is proposed that focuses on the displacement of attention. The attentional challenge of digital technologies is explored by looking at our innate attentional capacities and the demands placed upon them by the expectations of computational interfaces, multitasking and deliberate exploitation by digital designers.KeywordsMindfulnessDigital interactionTechnostressDisplacement effectDigital dependencyDigital wellbeingDigital addictionAttentionDisplacement of attentionMultitaskingAttention economyMindlessnessDigital mediaSocial media
If there ever was a key to happiness, this key would open a door that leads straight to a rich social life. And in the era of smartphones, this key to social connection is in our pockets anytime and anywhere. Or is it? Using the experience sampling method (ESM), we explore the use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) in the context of face-to-face (FtF) social interactions, testing two competing hypotheses: (1) a complementarity hypothesis stating that more channels of communication should be associated with higher well-being and (2) an interference hypothesis stating that FtF interactions could be impoverished by adding computer-mediated channels of communication. We surveyed 174 millennials (Mage = 19.28; range: 17–22) 5 times a day over a period of a week (4,508 episodes). When participants reported a mix of CMC and FtF socializing in the same episode, they felt worse and less connected than when solely interacting FtF.
We examined whether emerging adults would engage in mobile phone use (MPU) when given the opportunity to socialize face-to-face with a close friend in a laboratory setting. Sixty-three U.S. college student friendship dyads rated their friendship quality in an online survey before coming into the laboratory together. When they arrived for their appointment, they were asked to wait together in a room for 5 min. A hidden camera recorded each dyad. Friends then separately rated the quality of the interaction. We coded time spent using mobile phone in seconds. A hierarchical regression conducted at the level of the dyad controlling for friendship quality and gender showed that more MPU was associated with lower quality interactions. We discuss findings in terms of the potential for MPU to interfere with the development of friendship intimacy.
As smartphones increasingly pervade our daily lives, people are ever more interrupted by alerts and notifications. Using both correlational and experimental methods, we explored whether such interruptions might be causing inattention and hyperactivity—symptoms associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)—even in people not clinically diagnosed with ADHD. We recruited a sample of 221 participants from the general population. For one week, participants were assigned to maximize phone interruptions by keeping notification alerts on and their phones within their reach/sight. During another week, participants were assigned to minimize phone interruptions by keeping alerts off and their phones away. Participants reported higher levels of inattention and hyperactivity when alerts were on than when alerts were off. Higher levels of inattention in turn predicted lower productivity and psychological well- being. These findings highlight some of the costs of ubiquitous connectivity and suggest how people can reduce these costs simply by adjusting existing phone settings.
Partner phubbing (Pphubbing) can be best understood as the extent to which an individual uses or is distracted by his/her cell phone while in the company of his/her relationship partner. The present study is the first to investigate the oft-occurring behavior of Pphubbing and its impact on relationship satisfaction and personal well-being. In Study 1, a nine-item scale was developed to measure Pphubbing. The scale was found to be highly reliable and valid. Study 2 assessed the study's proposed relationships among a sample of 145 adults. Results suggest that Pphubbing's impact on relationship satisfaction is mediated by conflict over cell phone use. One's attachment style was found to moderate the Pphubbing - cell phone conflict relationship. Those with anxious attachment styles reported higher levels of cell phone conflict than those with less anxious attachment styles. Importantly, Pphubbing was found to indirectly impact depression through relationship satisfaction and ultimately life satisfaction. Given the ever-increasing use of cell phones to communicate between romantic partners, the present research offers insight into the process by which such use may impact relationship satisfaction and personal well-being. Directions for future research are discussed.
This study examined the relationship between the presence of mobile devices and the quality of real-life in-person social interactions. In a naturalistic field experiment, 100 dyads were randomly assigned to discuss either a casual or meaningful topic together. A trained research assistant observed the participants unobtrusively from a distance during the course of a 10-min conversation noting whether either participant placed a mobile device on the table or held it in his or her hand. Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling, it was found that conversations in the absence of mobile communication technologies were rated as significantly superior compared with those in the presence of a mobile device, above and beyond the effects of age, gender, ethnicity, and mood. People who had conversations in the absence of mobile devices reported higher levels of empathetic concern. Participants conversing in the presence of a mobile device who also had a close relationship with each other reported lower levels of empathy compared with dyads who were less friendly with each other. Implications for the nature of social life in ubiquitous computing environments are discussed.
Technology use has proliferated in family life; everyday intrusions and interruptions due to technology devices, which we term “technoference,” will likely occur. We examine the frequency of technoference in romantic relationships and whether these everyday interruptions relate to women’s personal and relational well-being. Participants were 143 married/cohabiting women who completed an online questionnaire. The majority perceived that technology devices (such as computers, cell or smartphones, or TV) frequently interrupted their interactions, such as couple leisure time, conversations, and mealtimes, with their partners. Overall, participants who rated more technoference in their relationships also reported more conflict over technology use, lower relationship satisfaction, more depressive symptoms, and lower life satisfaction. We tested a structural equation model of technoference predicting conflict over technology use, which then predicted relationship satisfaction, which finally predicted depression and life satisfaction. By allowing technology to interfere with or interrupt conversations, activities, and time with romantic partners—even when unintentional or for brief moments—individuals may be sending implicit messages about what they value most, leading to conflict and negative outcomes in personal life and relationships.
Connecting with others increases happiness, but strangers in close proximity routinely ignore each other. Why? Two reasons seem likely: Either solitude is a more positive experience than interacting with strangers, or people misunderstand the consequences of distant social connections. To examine the experience of connecting to strangers, we instructed commuters on trains and buses to connect with a stranger near them, to remain disconnected, or to commute as normal (Experiments 1a and 2a). In both contexts, participants reported a more positive (and no less productive) experience when they connected than when they did not. Separate participants in each context, however, expected precisely the opposite outcome, predicting a more positive experience in solitude (Experiments 1b and 2b). This mistaken preference for solitude stems partly from underestimating others' interest in connecting (Experiments 3a and 3b), which in turn keeps people from learning the actual consequences of social interaction (Experiments 4a and 4b). The pleasure of connection seems contagious: In a laboratory waiting room, participants who were talked to had equally positive experiences as those instructed to talk (Experiment 5). Human beings are social animals. Those who misunderstand the consequences of social interactions may not, in at least some contexts, be social enough for their own well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
Although we interact with a wide network of people on a daily basis, the social psychology literature has primarily focused on interactions with close friends and family. The present research tested whether subjective well-being is related not only to interactions with these strong ties but also to interactions with weak social ties (i.e., acquaintances). In Study 1, students experienced greater happiness and greater feelings of belonging on days when they interacted with more classmates than usual. Broadening the scope in Studies 2A and 2B to include all daily interactions (with both strong and weak ties), we again found that weak ties are related to social and emotional well-being. The current results highlight the power of weak ties, suggesting that even social interactions with the more peripheral members of our social networks contribute to our well-being.
Although one's intuition may be that social exclusion causes emotional distress, evidence both supports and refutes this perception. Some research has shown that exclusion results in decreased mood, self-esteem, and other needs, whereas other work has shown that exclusion results not in distress but rather in a relatively flat affective state. We assert that the paradigm used to induce social exclusion may moderate its effect on emotional distress. We found in two studies that Cyberball exclusion resulted in decreased basic needs satisfaction and mood relative to Cyberball inclusion, whereas no differences emerged on these same measures between Future-Life exclusion and inclusion conditions. Implications of these results for understanding the broader effects of exclusion paradigm are discussed.
The study explored college instructors’ and students’ attitudes towards the usage of mobile devices
(laptops and cell phones) for non-academic purposes during lectures. Students report excessive
multitasking: usages of mobile devices for communicating with friends, gaming, etc. Instructors
seem to have pretty good perceptions about the distribution of such usages. Most students
accurately perceive the usage of mobile devices as disturbing instructors and peers, but they still
believe such usage is legitimate! Instructors, on the contrary, feel it is not. Older students, as well,
tend to think the usage of mobile devices during lectures is illegitimate. Results are discussed
from the perspective of McLuhan’s laws of media and from perspectives related to millennial
students’ unique characteristics.
Extended findings that support cognitive evaluation theory to intrapersonal processes by exploring the effects of informational vs controlling feedback, when self-selected and administered vs other-administered, and in conditions of task-involvement (intended to create an informational orientation in relation to the activity) vs ego-involvement (intended to create a controlling orientation in relation to the activity). 128 undergraduates working on a hidden figures task received either an ego- or task-involving induction and then a series of 3 puzzle problems for which half of the Ss received informational feedback and the other half controlling feedback. Half the Ss had the feedback self-administered, and half had it administered by the experimenter. After puzzle-solving, Ss were left alone with additional puzzles and magazines and were observed to see if they worked on the puzzles. Finally, Ss completed a questionnaire assessing their interest and attitudes toward the target activity. Results confirm that controlling feedback, whether self- or other administered, undermined intrinsic motivation relative to task-involvement. Results are discussed in terms of the application of cognitive evaluation theory to intrapersonal processes and self-control theories. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The study examined the relationship among social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress. The authors specifically hypothesized that the direct negative effect of social connectedness on psychological distress would be mediated by dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors. Prior to testing the hypothesis, the authors revised the original Social Connectedness Scale (SCS; R. A Lee and S. B. Robbins, 1995). Studies 1 and 2 describe the revision and validation of the SCS on separate samples of college students. In Study 3, the authors surveyed 194 college students and found support for the mediation hypothesis on general psychological distress. The importance of assessing social connectedness and tailoring counseling interventions for people with low connectedness and dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors is addressed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The effect of the self-perception of inattention on feeling bored was investigated. Ss in a listening situation were simultaneously distracted (a) not at all, (b) moderately, or (c) loudly. As hypothesized, Ss who were distracted by extraneous noise at levels too low to be recognized as a distraction reported that they felt more bored and that the task was less pleasant. That is, they attributed their inattention to the material as opposed to the distraction. Extraverts required louder distractions than introverts to produce boredom. These findings extend self-perception theory in an important direction. This is the first demonstration of a self-perception being based on a cognitive, rather than a physical, action. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Although previous research has uncovered various ways people can savor or dampen their positive emotional experiences, the unique impact of each of these strategies on well-being remains unknown. The present study examines the relative impact of the main positive emotion regulation strategies on two components of well-being: positive affect (PA) and life satisfaction (LS). A total of 282 participants completed measures of PA, LS, overall happiness, and the savoring and dampening strategies they typically used. Results show that when experiencing positive events, focusing attention on the present moment and engaging in positive rumination promoted PA, whereas telling others promoted LS. In contrast, being distracted diminished PA, while focusing on negative details and engaging in negative rumination reduced LS. As the strategies targeted different components of well-being, our results further show that regulatory diversity (i.e., typically using various strategies rather than a few specific ones), was beneficial to overall happiness. Our findings suggest that there are several independent ways to make the best (or the worst) out of our positive emotions, and that the cultivation of multiple savoring strategies might be required to achieve lasting happiness.
Our central goal is to provide a definition of boredom in terms of the underlying mental processes that occur during an instance of boredom. Through the synthesis of psychodynamic, existential, arousal, and cognitive theories of boredom, we argue that boredom is universally conceptualized as "the aversive experience of wanting, but being unable, to engage in satisfying activity." We propose to map this conceptualization onto underlying mental processes. Specifically, we propose that boredom be defined in terms of attention. That is, boredom is the aversive state that occurs when we (a) are not able to successfully engage attention with internal (e.g., thoughts or feelings) or external (e.g., environmental stimuli) information required for participating in satisfying activity, (b) are focused on the fact that we are not able to engage attention and participate in satisfying activity, and (c) attribute the cause of our aversive state to the environment. We believe that our definition of boredom fully accounts for the phenomenal experience of boredom, brings existing theories of boredom into dialogue with one another, and suggests specific directions for future research on boredom and attention.
© The Author(s) 2012.
As interest grows in mindfulness training as a psychosocial intervention, it is increasingly important to quantify this construct
to facilitate empirical investigation. The goal of the present studies was to develop a brief self-report measure of mindfulness
with items that cover the breadth of the construct and that are written in everyday language. The resulting 12-item measure
demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and evidence of convergent and discriminant validity with concurrent measures
of mindfulness, distress, well-being, emotion-regulation, and problem-solving approaches in three samples of university students.
To address potential construct contamination in two items, data are also presented on an alternate 10-item version of the
measure.
We performed an empirical study to investigate whether the context of interruptions makes a difference. We found that context does not make a difference but surprisingly, people completed interrupted tasks in less time with no difference in quality. Our data suggests that people compensate for interruptions by working faster, but this comes at a price: experiencing more stress, higher frustration, time pressure and effort. Individual differences exist in the management of interruptions: personality measures of openness to experience and need for personal structure predict disruption costs of interruptions. We discuss implications for how system design can support interrupted work. Author Keywords Multi-tasking, interruptions, experiment, context
This article examines how consumer decision making is influenced by automatically evoked task-induced affect and by cognitions that are generated in a more controlled manner on exposure to alternatives in a choice task. Across two experiments respondents chose between two alternatives: one (chocolate cake) associated with more intense positive affect but less favorable cognitions, compared to a second (fruit salad) associated with less favorable affect but more favorable cognitions. Findings from the two experiments suggest that if processing resources are limited, spontaneously evoked affective reactions rather than cognitions tend to have a greater impact on choice. As a result, the consumer is more likely to choose the alternative that is superior on the affective dimension but inferior on the cognitive dimension (e.g., chocolate cake). In contrast, when the availability of processing resources is high, cognitions related to the consequences of choosing the alternatives tend to have a bigger impact on choice compared to when the availability of these resources is low. As a result, the consumer is more likely to choose the alternative that is inferior on the affective dimension but superior on the cognitive dimension (e.g., fruit salad). The moderating roles of the mode of presentation of the alternatives and of a personality variable related to impulsivity are also reported. Copyright 1999 by the University of Chicago.
A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent with the belongingness hypothesis, people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds. Belongingness appears to have multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. Other evidence, such as that concerning satiation, substitution, and behavioral consequences, is likewise consistent with the hypothesized motivation. Several seeming counterexamples turned out not to disconfirm the hypothesis. Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation.
The authors examined the effects of divided attention (DA) at encoding and retrieval in free recall, cued recall, and recognition memory in 4 experiments. Lists of words or word pairs were presented auditorily and recalled orally; the secondary task was a visual continuous reaction-time (RT) task with manual responses. At encoding, DA was associated with large reductions in memory performance, but small increases in RT; trade-offs between memory and RT were under conscious control. In contrast, DA at retrieval resulted in small or no reductions in memory, but in comparatively larger increases in RT, especially in free recall. Memory performance was sensitive to changes in task emphasis at encoding but not at retrieval. The results are discussed in terms of controlled and automatic processes and speculatively linked to underlying neuropsychological mechanisms.
Mindfulness is an attribute of consciousness long believed to promote well-being. This research provides a theoretical and empirical examination of the role of mindfulness in psychological well-being. The development and psychometric properties of the dispositional Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) are described. Correlational, quasi-experimental, and laboratory studies then show that the MAAS measures a unique quality of consciousness that is related to a variety of well-being constructs, that differentiates mindfulness practitioners from others, and that is associated with enhanced self-awareness. An experience-sampling study shows that both dispositional and state mindfulness predict self-regulated behavior and positive emotional states. Finally, a clinical intervention study with cancer patients demonstrates that increases in mindfulness over time relate to declines in mood disturbance and stress.
The Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) assesses how people spend their time and how they experience the various activities and settings of their lives, combining features of time-budget measurement and experience sampling. Participants systematically reconstruct their activities and experiences of the preceding day with procedures designed to reduce recall biases. The DRM's utility is shown by documenting close correspondences between the DRM reports of 909 employed women and established results from experience sampling. An analysis of the hedonic treadmill shows the DRM's potential for well-being research.
Download link at: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/norbert.schwarz/day_reconstruction_method__time_use____well-being
The objective of this research was to determine the relative impairment associated with conversing on a cellular telephone while driving.
Epidemiological evidence suggests that the relative risk of being in a traffic accident while using a cell phone is similar to the hazard associated with driving with a blood alcohol level at the legal limit. The purpose of this research was to provide a direct comparison of the driving performance of a cell phone driver and a drunk driver in a controlled laboratory setting.
We used a high-fidelity driving simulator to compare the performance of cell phone drivers with drivers who were intoxicated from ethanol (i.e., blood alcohol concentration at 0.08% weight/volume).
When drivers were conversing on either a handheld or hands-free cell phone, their braking reactions were delayed and they were involved in more traffic accidents than when they were not conversing on a cell phone. By contrast, when drivers were intoxicated from ethanol they exhibited a more aggressive driving style, following closer to the vehicle immediately in front of them and applying more force while braking.
When driving conditions and time on task were controlled for, the impairments associated with using a cell phone while driving can be as profound as those associated with driving while drunk.
This research may help to provide guidance for regulation addressing driver distraction caused by cell phone conversations.
A couple of widely-cited studies have found that presence of cell phones interferes with social interactions and cognitive performance, even when not actively in use. These studies have important implications but have not been replicated, and also suffer from methodological shortcomings and lack of established theoretical frameworks to explain the findings. We improved the methodology used in a previous study of phone presence and task performance [8], while testing an 'opportunity cost' model of effort and attention [2]. We were unable to replicate Thornton et al.'s finding [8] that presence of cell phones reduces performance in a simple cognitive task (additive digit cancellation). Moreover, contrary to our expectations, we found that participants who were more attached to their phones found the tasks more fun/exciting and effortless, if they completed them with their phone present.
Prior research has supported the mere presence hypothesis, which suggests that cell phones act as an environmental nuisance that negatively impact the quality of face-to-face interactions. This study conducted an experiment to determine whether cell-phone presence negatively influences conversation satisfaction. Specifically, network member dyads (N = 46) engaged in unstructured conversations where one partner’s cell phone was either absent or present. The results revealed that, whereas the mere presence of a cell phone did not influence conversation satisfaction, individuals’ recollection of whether or not a cell phone was present did significantly negatively impact their pre- to posttest reports of conversation satisfaction. Implications of these findings for research on the mere presence hypothesis as well as directions for future research are discussed.
This paper presents two experimental studies investigating the impact of mobile messaging during an offline conversation on relational outcomes. A first study examined the impact on impression formation. A 3 × 1 experiment revealed that phone users were perceived as significantly less polite and attentive, and that self-initiated messaging behavior led to more negative impression formation than messaging behavior in response to a notification. A second study examined the impact on perceived conversation quality and social attraction. A 2 × 2 experiment revealed that perceived conversation quality was negatively affected by co-present mobile messaging behavior, while social attraction was not. Whether persons were acquainted or not with the phone user did not moderate this relationship.
Bacterial cell wall and membrane are associated with a variety of glycoconjugates and polysaccharides which aids in structural formation as well as performing various functions in the bacterial cell. In gram-negative bacteria, peptidoglycan is majorly present in the periplasmic space and it provides mechanical strength as well as shape to the cell. In some cases, the periplasm contains membrane-derived oligosaccharides (MDOs), which are involved in osmoregulation. The outer membrane mainly contains lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) that bind to divalent cations or chelators for structure stabilization and to increase outer membrane permeability. This LPS contains lipid A, also known as endotoxin, which has shown a powerful biological effect in mammals such as fever, septic shock, multiple organ failure, and mortality. The mucoid (slime-producing) strains contain capsular polysaccharide which aids as virulence factor. The gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane and have a much thicker peptidoglycan layer along with a specialized polysaccharide known as teichoic acid. It provides cell wall integrity through complex formation with cations and also assists in cell growth regulation. The present report attempts to provide an overview of bacterial polysaccharide structure, occurrence, and their important functions, along with the biosynthesis and major inhibitors to block biosynthetic pathways.
Objective
This study aims to determine whether communicating via short message service text message during surgery procedures leads to decreased intake of fentanyl for patients receiving regional anesthesia below the waist compared with a distraction condition and no intervention.Methods
Ninety-eight patients receiving regional anesthesia for minor surgeries were recruited from a hospital in Montreal, QC, between January and March 2012. Patients were randomly assigned to text message with a companion, text message with a stranger, play a distracting mobile phone game, or receive standard perioperative management. Participants who were asked to text message or play a game did so before receiving the anesthetic and continued until the end of the procedure.ResultsThe odds of receiving supplemental analgesia during surgery for patients receiving standard perioperative management were 6.77 (P = 0.009; N = 13/25) times the odds for patients in the text a stranger condition (N = 22/25 of patients), 4.39 times the odds for those in the text a companion condition (P = 0.03; N = 19/23), and 1.96 times the odds for those in the distraction condition (P = 0.25; N = 17/25).Conclusion
Text messaging during surgery provides analgesic-sparing benefits that surpass distraction techniques, suggesting that mobile phones provide new opportunities for social support to improve patient comfort and reduce analgesic requirements during minor surgeries and in other clinical settings.
Running studies with high statistical power, while effect size estimates in psychology are often inaccurate, leads to a practical challenge when designing an experiment. This challenge can be addressed by performing sequential analyses while the data collection is still in progress. At an interim analysis, data collection can be stopped whenever the results are convincing enough to conclude an effect is present, more data can be collected, or the study can be terminated whenever it is extremely unlikely the predicted effect will be observed if data collection would be continued. Such interim analyses can be performed while controlling the Type 1 error rate. Sequential analyses can greatly improve the efficiency with which data is collected. Additional flexibility is provided by adaptive designs where sample sizes are increased based on the observed effect size. The need for pre-registration, ways to prevent experimenter bias, and a comparison between Bayesian approaches and NHST are discussed. Sequential analyses, which are widely used in large scale medical trials, provide an efficient way to perform high-powered informative experiments. I hope this introduction will provide a practical primer that allows researchers to incorporate sequential analyses in their research.
Mobile devices are a ubiquitous part of American life, yet how families use this technology has not been studied. We aimed to describe naturalistic patterns of mobile device use by caregivers and children to generate hypotheses about its effects on caregiver-child interaction.
Using nonparticipant observational methods, we observed 55 caregivers eating with 1 or more young children in fast food restaurants in a single metropolitan area. Observers wrote detailed field notes, continuously describing all aspects of mobile device use and child and caregiver behavior during the meal. Field notes were then subjected to qualitative analysis using grounded theory methods to identify common themes of device use.
Forty caregivers used devices during their meal. The dominant theme salient to mobile device use and caregiver-child interaction was the degree of absorption in devices caregivers exhibited. Absorption was conceptualized as the extent to which primary engagement was with the device, rather than the child, and was determined by frequency, duration, and modality of device use; child response to caregiver use, which ranged from entertaining themselves to escalating bids for attention, and how caregivers managed this behavior; and separate versus shared use of devices. Highly absorbed caregivers often responded harshly to child misbehavior.
We documented a range of patterns of mobile device use, characterized by varying degrees of absorption. These themes may be used as a foundation for coding schemes in quantitative studies exploring device use and child outcomes.
Recent advancements in communication technology have enabled billions of people to connect over great distances using mobile phones, yet little is known about how the frequent presence of these devices in social settings influences face-to-face interactions. In two experiments, we evaluated the extent to which the mere presence of mobile communication devices shape relationship quality in dyadic settings. In both, we found evidence they can have negative effects on closeness, connection, and conversation quality. These results demonstrate that the presence of mobile phones can interfere with human relationships, an effect that is most clear when individuals are discussing personally meaningful topics.
The present article compares dimensional models of aect with each other. The article focuses on the pleasure±arousal model, the energetic and tense arousal model, and a three-dimensional model with separate pleasure±displeasure, awake±tiredness, and tension±relaxation dimensions. The results show that the three-dimensional model cannot be reduced to a two-dimensional model. Problems of the two-dimensional models' reductionism are discussed. We conclude that a three-dimensional description of aect is necessary. However, the three-dimensional model is not sucient to account for all aspects of the structure of aect.
Today's mobile phone is a pervasive tool. It has become such an important aspect of a user's daily life that it has moved from being a mere 'technological object' to a key 'social object'. This paper explores the societal and human implications of advances in mobile technology, and notably the increasingly personalized nature of the mobile device. It argues that human and identity and social interaction have not been untouched by the mobile phenomenon.
This article describes the development and validation of the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale (MSBS)-the first and only full-scale measure of state boredom. It was developed based on a theoretically and empirically grounded definition of boredom. A five-factor structure of the scale (Disengagement, High Arousal, Low Arousal, Inattention, and Time Perception) was supported by exploratory factor analyses and confirmatory factor analyses of two independent samples. Furthermore, all subscales were significantly related to a single, second-order factor. The MSBS factor structure was shown to be invariant across gender. MSBS scores were significantly correlated with measures of trait boredom, depression, anxiety, anger, inattention, impulsivity, neuroticism, life satisfaction, and purpose in life. Finally, MSBS scores distinguished between participants who were experimentally manipulated into a state of boredom and those who were not, above and beyond measures of trait boredom, negative affect, and depression.
Obra que estudia cómo las nuevas tecnologías de comunicación y las redes sociales que a través de ellas se han generado dan soporte a una nueva forma de establecer relaciones entre las personas y, por lo tanto, de nuevas formas de soledad.
We used a high-fidelity driving simulator to compare the performance of cell-phone drivers with drivers who were legally intoxicated from ethanol. When drivers were conversing on either a hand-held or hands-free cell-phone, their braking reactions were delayed and they were involved in more traffic accidents than when they were not conversing on the cell phone. By contrast, when drivers were legally intoxicated they exhibited a more aggressive driving style, following closer to the vehicle immediately in front of them and applying more force while braking. When controlling for driving conditions and time on task, cell-phone drivers exhibited greater impairment than intoxicated drivers. The results have implications for legislation addressing driver distraction caused by cell phone conversations.
Tell me why you're texting! Effect of cell phone use on interpersonal interactions. Franklin and Marshall College
- D Avelar
Avelar, D. (2015). Tell me why you're texting! Effect of cell phone use on interpersonal interactions. Franklin and Marshall College. (Master's Thesis, Retrieved from) https://
dspace.fandm.edu/handle/11016/24101.
2016 global mobile consumer survey: US edition
- Deloitte
Deloitte (2016). 2016 global mobile consumer survey: US edition (Retrieved from)
https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/technology-media-andtelecommunications/articles/global-mobile-consumer-survey-us-edition.html.
Text messaging reduces analgesic text messaging reduces analgesic requirements during surgery
- J E Guillory
- J T Hancock
- C Woodruff
Guillory, J. E., Hancock, J. T., & Woodruff, C. (2015). Text messaging reduces analgesic
text messaging reduces analgesic requirements during surgery. Pain Medicine, 16,
667-672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pme.12266.
Exploring parental well-being: Is childcare associated with parental wellbeing and what factors can enhance it. University of British Columbia
- K Kushlev
Kushlev, K. (2011). Exploring parental well-being: Is childcare associated with parental wellbeing and what factors can enhance it. University of British Columbia. (Master's Thesis,
Retrieved from) https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/24/items/1.
0072065.
The impact of sensory knowledge and attentional focus on pleasure and on behavioral responses to hedonic stimuli
- LeBel
LeBel, J. L., & Dubé, L. (2001). The impact of sensory knowledge and attentional focus on
pleasure and on behavioral responses to hedonic stimuli. 13th Annual American
Psychological Society Convention.
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- Americans
Americans' views on mobile etiquette. Pew Research Center. (Retrieved from) http://www.
pewinternet.org/2015/08/26/americans-views-on-mobile-etiquette/.
MLmed: An SPSS macro for multilevel mediation and conditional process analysis. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Association of
- N J Rockwood
- A F Hayes
Rockwood, N. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2017, May). MLmed: An SPSS macro for multilevel
mediation and conditional process analysis. Poster presented at the annual meeting of
the Association of Psychological Science (APS), Boston, MA.
Reclaiming conversation: The power of talk in a digital age
- S Turkle
Turkle, S. (2015). Reclaiming conversation: The power of talk in a digital age. Penguin
Press HC.
Mobile phone use: A growing problem of driver distraction. World Health Organization
World Health Organization (2011). Mobile phone use: A growing problem of driver distraction. World Health Organization. (Retrieved from) http://www.who.int/violence_
injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/distracted_driving_en.pdf.
MLmed: An SPSS macro for multilevel mediation and conditional process analysis
- Rockwood