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Smartphone use undermines enjoyment of face-to-face social interactions
Abstract
Using a field experiment and experience sampling, we found the first evidence that phone use may undermine the enjoyment people derive from real world social interactions. In Study 1, we recruited over 300 community members and students to share a meal at a restaurant with friends or family. Participants were randomly assigned to keep their phones on the table or to put their phones away during the meal. When phones were present (vs. absent), participants felt more distracted, which reduced how much they enjoyed spending time with their friends/family. We found consistent results using experience sampling in Study 2; during in-person interactions, participants felt more distracted and reported lower enjoyment if they used their phones than if they did not. This research suggests that despite their ability to connect us to others across the globe, phones may undermine the benefits we derive from interacting with those across the table.
... In a study, it says that in a real-world setting, phones in a café can undermine the social experience of sharing a meal (Dwyer et al., 2018). People enjoy meals less when phones are present, and feel more distracted, leading to negative outcomes for their subjective experience (Dwyer et al., 2018). ...
... In a study, it says that in a real-world setting, phones in a café can undermine the social experience of sharing a meal (Dwyer et al., 2018). People enjoy meals less when phones are present, and feel more distracted, leading to negative outcomes for their subjective experience (Dwyer et al., 2018). Therefore, reducing phone use is crucial for maintaining a positive social environment (Dwyer et al., 2018). ...
... People enjoy meals less when phones are present, and feel more distracted, leading to negative outcomes for their subjective experience (Dwyer et al., 2018). Therefore, reducing phone use is crucial for maintaining a positive social environment (Dwyer et al., 2018). However the complex move between smartphone interaction and in-person engagement begs interesting questions about how the two should be balanced. ...
The results of this study add to our understanding of the complex relationship between
smartphones and secondary school students. Smartphones offer benefits such as
improved learning, easier communication, and access to useful resources, but they can
have drawbacks including addiction, diversions, and mental health issues. The findings'
ramifications are examined, and suggestions are made on how parents, teachers, students,
and legislators might maximize the benefits of smartphone use while minimizing any
potential risks. In conclusion, this research monograph provides a thorough resource for
anyone interested in secondary school students' smartphone use and its impacts
... Past research has demonstrated that using connected devices (e.g., smart phone or tablet), like second screens, mainly serves to decrease the utility consumers derive from their focal, inperson experiences. For example, studies have found that using smartphones during dining experiences can harm enjoyment of the experience (Dwyer, Kushlev, and Dunn 2018), and using laptops during learning experiences can negatively affect memory from the experience (Fried 2008;Tamir et al. 2018). Because these devices allow consumers instant access to other information, content, and even experiences (games, other videos), they can shift consumers focus from the experiences they are undergoing in "real life," ultimately undermining the utility consumers derive from the experience. ...
... One influential stream of research suggests that second screen use during experiences may inhibit feelings of social connection. For instance, past work has shown that smartphone use can distract people from the focal experience and prevent them from connecting with others in person (Dwyer, Kushlev, and Dunn 2018;Kushlev, Proulx, and Dunn 2017). Indeed, people find face-to-face experiences, such as going out to dinner (Dwyer, Kushlev, and Dunn 2018) or searching for a building on campus (Kushlev, Proulx, and Dunn 2017), less socially connecting when they use their smartphones during those experiences. ...
... For instance, past work has shown that smartphone use can distract people from the focal experience and prevent them from connecting with others in person (Dwyer, Kushlev, and Dunn 2018;Kushlev, Proulx, and Dunn 2017). Indeed, people find face-to-face experiences, such as going out to dinner (Dwyer, Kushlev, and Dunn 2018) or searching for a building on campus (Kushlev, Proulx, and Dunn 2017), less socially connecting when they use their smartphones during those experiences. Thus, it appears that using a connected device while together with others in person can interfere with in-person interactions and ultimately reduce social connection. ...
The use of additional electronic devices, such as smartphones or tablets, for sharing, reviewing, and communicating online has become an integral part of consumers' media consumption experiences. Previous research has demonstrated that using connected devices during consumption experiences mainly serves to decrease the utility consumers derive from their experiences. In contrast, the present research examines when second screen use might have a positive effect on the media consumption experience. Across three studies using a variety of real‐world media consumption experiences, we demonstrate that second screen use enhances consumers' feelings of social connection, which in turn increases their likelihood of repeating the media consumption experience. We also identify the viewing context as a theory‐driven and practically‐relevant moderator: second screen use enhances feelings of social connection and repeat viewing when viewers are watching alone, but this effect reverses when viewers are watching with others. These findings have clear substantive implications for a variety of industry stakeholders, including broadcasters, content creators, and platform developers who wish to capture greater consumer attention and foster long‐term viewer loyalty.
... They often coordinate meet-ups, share experiences in real-time, and provide a sense of security and accessibility in social settings. However, the presence of phones during social interactions introduces a dynamic where the physical and digital worlds intersect, affecting the quality and nature of in-person communication (Dwyer et al., 2018). ...
... Proper communication involves politely asking peers to put their phones away to enhance interaction quality, demonstrating a preference for direct and respectful dialogue (Chan, 2015). Conversely, confrontation reflects more assertive actions where students' express frustration or demand attention, highlighting a more immediate and sometimes contentious approach to addressing phone use (Dwyer et al., 2018). These themes indicate a proactive stance among students to mitigate phones' impact on social interactions, showing their desire for more meaningful connections (Hung et al., 2015). ...
... The theme of ignoring and connecting with other individuals suggest alternative coping strategies when faced with phone use in social settings. Ignoring involves choosing not to react to phone use, avoiding conflict, and potentially fostering a sense of detachment (David & Roberts, 2017;Dwyer et al., 2018). In contrast, connecting with other individuals means shifting focus to engage with others who are present and not using their phones, thereby seeking to maintain social engagement and connection through more receptive individuals (Chan, 2015). ...
In today’s social landscape, mobile phones are essential tools for student communication, facilitating meet-ups and real-time sharing but complicating interactions by dividing attention between the physical and digital worlds. The dual role of phones as both enhancers and disruptors of social engagement highlights the increasing issue of problematic phone use, which can lead to social isolation and impaired communication. Despite the prevalence of phone use, there is a significant knowledge gap in understanding students’ specific perceptions and experiences, which this study aims to address comprehensively. The study employed a phenomenological approach and purposive sampling to explore the experiences of ten students with phone use in social interactions. Data were gathered through in-depth semi-structured interviews using a validated researcher-made instrument and analyzed using narrative analysis to identify recurring themes and patterns. The study found that college students have mixed perceptions of mobile phone use, seeing it as essential for communication, academic assistance, entertainment and potential detriment to real-life interactions. Experiences with phone use highlighted issues like social isolation, lack of quality time, and feelings of disrespect and rejection. To manage its impact, students employed coping strategies such as proper communication, confrontation, ignoring, and minimizing phone use.
... This phenomenon may be especially problematic during adolescence and young adulthood, lifestages that are formative for social interaction, mental health, and well-being [3]. Various studies have established connections among phubbing and mental health issues, poorer communication quality [4,5], diminished interpersonal interactions [6,7], and tendencies towards addictive behaviors [8]. ...
... Time spent on electronic devices such as smartphones has increased during and since the world pandemic COVID-19, not only for adults but also for adolescents. Consequently, Phubbing is receiving more attention and research with the aim to better understand and screen for a behaviour that has been linked with psychological difficulties like, among others, poorer communication quality [4,5], diminished interpersonal interactions [6,7], and tendencies towards addictive behaviors [8]. Therefore, screening at early stages seems relevant, and, consequently, assessment tools with adequate evidence of validity and reliability are highly necessary. ...
... (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 17 October 2024 doi:10.20944/preprints202410.1405.v16 ...
Phubbing - the act of snubbing someone by concentrating on a smartphone - is claimed to be an increasing, even normative, behaviour receiving more research attention. However, evidence about the adequacy of instruments that allow screening for phubbing is limited. Thus, the main purpose of the present study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Phubbing scale in a sample of adolescents and young adults, and present a reliable and valid short form. The final sample included a total of 1351 adolescent students (54.25% males), aged between 12 and 21. A two-dimensional model of a short version of the PS with 6 items (PS-6) displayed appropriate goodness of-fit indices. Strong measurement invariance for the two-dimensional model across gender and educational level was confirmed. McDonald’s Omega coefficients for the Communication, the Obsession, and the Total score of the PS-6 were 0.617, 0.669, and 0.701, respectively. The PS-6 was positively associated with several indicators of psychological difficulties and negatively associated with psychological well-being and self-esteem. The present study contributes valuable information about the psy-chometric adequacy of the PS-6, a short instrument that allows screening for Phubbing in adoles-cents and young adults.
... Phubbing has the capability to generate adverse emotional conditions and instill feelings of social exclusion in exposed individuals (Akat et al., 2023;Knausenberger et al., 2022), meaning that it may spoil face-to-face social interactions in the physical world. For example, in a field experiment conducted by Dwyer et al. (2018), participants were asked to have a meal with their families and loved ones. Participants were randomly assigned to groups, either with a phone on the table or without. ...
... The results showed that the experience of having a meal with loved ones was reported to be less enjoyable in the presence of a phone compared to the experience without a phone. Additionally, the group with phones reported a higher sense of distraction during the meal (Dwyer et al., 2018). ...
... supported by the indirect predictive effect of partner phubbing on sleep quality via perceived stress. Beyond the negative feelings and experiences induced in individuals exposed to phubbing (Dwyer et al., 2018;Knausenberger et al., 2022), Nuñez et al. (2020) found that the participants who observe dyadic interpersonal interactions involving phubbing also experience negative affect and stress. Similarly, Maftei and Mȃirean (2023) found that higher perceived phubbing was a direct predictor of higher psychological distress. ...
The increasing integration of technology into our lives has been affecting our daily routines and even our sleeps. Being a relatively new concept, phubbing refers to the act of overly engaging with one’s phone while dismissing those around in the social settings. In this context, partner phubbing involves individuals exhibiting this neglect in the presence of their romantic partners. Evidence suggests that higher partner phubbing may lead to lower relationship satisfaction and higher perceived stress. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to examine whether relationship satisfaction and perceived stress mediate the relationship between partner phubbing and sleep quality. Four hundred twenty-three individuals (females = 78.5%, Mage = 29.19, SD = 6.87) participated in the study and completed the measures of partner phubbing, relationship satisfaction, perceived stress, and sleep quality. The results of the serial mediation analyses showed that partner phubbing was not a direct predictor of sleep quality. However, the relationship between partner phubbing and sleep quality was mediated by the four indirect paths through relationship satisfaction (β = 0.04, p < .05), perceived stress (β = 0.09, p < .05), relationship satisfaction-perceived stress (β = 0.02, p < .05), and perceived stress-relationship satisfaction (β = 0.00, p < .05). The findings suggest that partner phubbing may diminish sleep quality by reducing relationship satisfaction and increasing perceived stress levels. Alternatively, perceived stress exacerbated by partner phubbing could reduce relationship satisfaction, which eventually worsens sleep quality. Digital detox programs, group interventions, emotion-focused couple interventions, and stress management training can help overcome the effects of partner phubbing on sleep quality.
... However, research findings have varied based on the combination of tasks performed, media content consumed, and methodological differences. For instance, Dwyer et al. (2018) found in a field experiment with a community sample that phone use undermined the enjoyment that people derived from interpersonal interactions. By contrast, Wulf et al. (2020) identified a direct, positive effect of online chatting on overall enjoyment while watching eSports on the same platform , using a survey design. ...
... The current framework includes all the quantitative studies that were written in English and reported the effects of any type of media multitasking on enjoyment. Research addressing the use of media during a non-media task (e.g., Dwyer et al., 2018) also meets our inclusion criteria. Unpublished theses and dissertations (i.e., Dolbin, 2015;Luo, 2016) were also included, if applicable. ...
... This supports Kim et al. (2020), who found that people in this era would like to build their social presence online while consuming media, which in turn, further improves their overall multitasking enjoyment. Although Xu et al. (2022) states that social interactivity renders social media multitasking more cognitively demanding, interactions on social media cast as secondary tasks may only interfere with multitasking experience that involve non-media tasks, such as offline interpersonal communication (e.g., Dwyer et al., 2018). Because absorption emerges an important indicator of flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1997), social media interactions decrease immersion in non-media communication while increasing absorption in primary media tasks. ...
The current study synthesizes 34 effect sizes from 18 articles involving 9,271 participants to investigate how media multi-tasking influences enjoyment under different circumstances. The moderating effects of task combination, sample demo-graphics, and methodological artifacts are examined. Study results indicate that task relevance boosts the positive relationship between media multitasking and enjoyment, with sample mean age and gender ratio being controlled. Sample demo-graphics also moderate the relationship between media multi-tasking and enjoyment, with community samples and men reporting higher levels of enjoyment than student samples and women. Lab studies yield lower enjoyment than their non-lab counterparts; single-item measures of enjoyment generate more positive results than multi-item measures. Moreover, when studies using non-media tasks are excluded, surveys, older generations, and studies with social media interaction as the secondary task report higher multi-screening enjoyment.
... Whereas boredom relief is a motivation for social media use (Stockdale & Coyne, 2020), X (Twitter) use was related to a within-person increase in boredom (Oldemburgo de Mello et al., 2024). Similarly, boredom relief is a primary motivator of using a smartphone (Fullwood et al., 2017;Lepp et al., 2017), but smartphone use appears to exacerbate boredom (Dora et al., 2021;Dwyer et al., 2018). There is robust evidence for the link between boredom proneness and excessive smartphone use (Al-Saggaf et al., 2019;Elhai et al., 2018;Ksinan et al., 2021;Wolniewicz et al., 2020;L. ...
... Indeed, in a study which recorded levels of boredom and smartphone use every hour at work (Dora et al., 2021), participants were more likely to use their smartphones when bored, but they reported greater boredom after having used their smartphones. In social situations, smartphone undermines enjoyment and makes people more bored (Dwyer et al., 2018(Dwyer et al., , 2023. Taken together, using digital media to alleviate boredom appears ineffective; not only that, it seems to make it worse. ...
... Videos within and across conditions were all pilot tested that they did not differ significantly in boredom (see Supplemental Tables S5-S7). Second, we added two items for assessing perceived opportunity cost: "Did you feel there were other videos you wanted to watch?" (adapted from Dwyer et al., 2018) and "Did you feel like you were missing out on watching other videos?" (1 = not at all, 7 = very much; r = .69, ...
Boredom is unpleasant, with people going to great lengths to avoid it. One way to escape boredom and increase stimulation is to consume digital media, for example watching short videos on YouTube or TikTok. One common way that people watch these videos is to switch between videos and fast-forward through them, a form of viewing we call digital switching. Here, we hypothesize that people consume media this way to avoid boredom, but this behavior paradoxically intensifies boredom. Across seven experiments (total N = 1,223; six preregistered), we found a bidirectional, causal relationship between boredom and digital switching. When participants were bored, they switched (Study 1), and they believed that switching would help them avoid boredom (Study 2). Switching between videos (Study 3) and within video (Study 4), however, led not to less boredom but more boredom; it also reduced satisfaction, reduced attention, and lowered meaning. Even when participants had the freedom to watch videos of personal choice and interest on YouTube, digital switching still intensified boredom (Study 5). However, when examining digital switching with online articles and with nonuniversity samples, the findings were less conclusive (Study 6), potentially due to factors such as opportunity cost (Study 7). Overall, our findings suggest that attempts to avoid boredom through digital switching may sometimes inadvertently exacerbate it. When watching videos, enjoyment likely comes from immersing oneself in the videos rather than swiping through them.
... This phenomenon may be especially problematic during adolescence and young adulthood, life stages that are formative for social interaction, mental health, and wellbeing [4]. Various studies have established connections between phubbing and mental health issues, poorer communication quality [5,6], diminished interpersonal interactions [7,8], and tendencies towards addictive behaviors [9]. Worth noting, previous research revealed a strong connection between internet addiction, phone use, and aggressive behavior during adolescence. ...
... Time spent on electronic devices such as smartphones has increased during and since the world pandemic COVID-19, not only for adults but also for adolescents. Consequently, Phubbing is receiving more attention and research with the aim to better understand and screen for a behavior that has been linked with psychological difficulties like, among others, poorer communication quality [5,6], diminished interpersonal interactions [7,8], and tendencies towards addictive behaviors [15]. Therefore, screening at early stages seems relevant, and, consequently, assessment tools with adequate evidence of validity and reliability are highly necessary. ...
Background: Phubbing—the act of snubbing someone by concentrating on a smartphone—is claimed to be an increasing, even normative, behavior receiving more research attention. However, evidence about the adequacy of instruments that allow screening for phubbing is limited. Objectives: Thus, the main purpose of the present study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Phubbing scale in a sample of adolescents and young adults and present a reliable and valid short form. Methods: The final sample included a total of 1351 adolescent students (54.25% males), aged between 12 and 21. The study used a self-administered questionnaire with different scales for collecting data. Results: A two-dimensional model of a short version of the PS with 6 items (PS-6) displayed appropriate goodness-of-fit indices. Strong measurement invariance for the two-dimensional model across gender and educational levels was confirmed. McDonald’s Omega coefficients for the Communication, the Obsession, and the Total score of the PS-6 were 0.617, 0.669, and 0.701, respectively. The PS-6 was positively associated with several indicators of psychological difficulties and negatively associated with psychological well-being and self-esteem. Conclusions: The present study contributes valuable information about the psychometric adequacy of the PS-6, a short instrument that allows screening for Phubbing in adolescents and young adults.
... The revolution in technology, however, has influenced how students interact with each other socially (Edwards, 2015). As a result, many researchers have studied the influence of smartphones on face-to-face social interactions among students, concluding that these devices undermine the pleasures of in-person social interactions (Dwyer et al., 2018;Moawad & Ebrahem, 2016;Smith et al., 2018;Weisskirch, 2009). Low-achieving students, who often come from lowincome households, benefit most from social interactions with peers (Telhaj, 2018;Williams et al., 2019). ...
... Results from this study indicated that teachers tend to perceive negative social, psychological, and learning effects of students' smartphone usage. Even though research has indicated that there are advantages of using smartphones for learning purposes (Elder, 2013;Hartnell-Young & Vetere, 2008;Smith-Stoner, 2012;Thomas et al., 2013), some teachers that have employed them as instructional tools have found that students get distracted by non-educational applications and lose focus in the task at hand (Kadvany, 2019;Klein, 2019) and that reduced smartphone usage in the classroom increased students' social interactions (Dwyer et al., 2018;Moawad & Ebrahem, 2016;Smith et al., 2018;Weisskirch, 2009), which may influence teacher's perceptions on the benefits of using smartphones in the classroom. The theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1985) explains how a person's beliefs connect to their behavior. ...
Currently, 95% of American teenagers own a smartphone device, and smartphone users spend on average about 5.4 hours a day on them. Smartphone ownership, usage, and dependency are higher among teens and young adults than in any other age group. This study addressed a gap in research by examining high school teachers’ perspectives on two topics: the impact of smartphone usage on students and classroom smartphone policies. It contributes to a deeper understanding of the social, psychological, and academic effects of smartphone use on students and of the impact of teachers’ beliefs surrounding smartphones on the classroom policies they set regarding those devices. In addition, this study aimed to shed light on the need to create effective and equitable smartphone policies and practices to help promote a classroom environment conducive to learning. Survey data from 248 teachers from six high schools in the Southern California region of the United States of America produced results indicating that teachers who have stronger negative beliefs concerning the social, psychological and academic effects of smartphones on students typically set a stricter classroom smartphone policy. Implications include helping students regulate their smartphone usage so that these devices can be effective tools for learning, not a distraction. Based on the findings from this study, an increase in face-to-face social interactions among students is recommended to increase academic achievement and decrease problematic smartphone use.
... With the prevalence of smartphones and the advancements in internet technology, the use of social networks has transformed traditional face-to-face social interaction patterns [5]. As the primary users of social networks, college students benefit from the convenience and immediacy of online social interaction, leading to the gradual digitalization of social interactions [6]. ...
... The rise of social media has not only transformed the way people communicate but has also influenced how individuals interact with physical environments [5]. Social media allows users, especially those with social anxiety, to engage in social interactions without the immediate pressures of face-to-face encounters, offering an alternative platform for communication. ...
As mental health issues become increasingly prominent, social anxiety is prevalent among university students and significantly affects their social behaviors and environmental preferences. With the increasing reliance on social media, understanding how these behaviors shape preferences for physical social environments is crucial for designing supportive campus spaces. This study investigates the relationship between social anxiety, social media usage, and environmental preferences in campus settings. We aim to identify the key environmental factors that can promote healthier social interactions for students with varying levels of social anxiety and social media use. Data were collected from university students through a structured questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, online and offline behavior, social media usage intensity, social anxiety level, and environmental preferences. Using K-means clustering, participants were grouped into four clusters based on their social media usage and social anxiety levels. ANOVA and Multivariate Multiple Regression (MMR) were conducted to examine differences in environmental preferences across these clusters. Significant differences in environmental preferences were observed across the four clusters. Gender and grade influenced social anxiety levels, with females and undergraduate students reporting greater anxiety. Individuals with high social media use, regardless of their anxiety levels, generally exhibited stronger preferences for various environmental dimensions, including openness, convenience, facility provision, safety/comfort, and cultural landscape. However, individuals with higher social anxiety tended to prefer enclosed, facility-rich, and more controlled environments. The relationship between social anxiety and preferences for convenience, safety/comfort, and cultural landscape was minimal or non-significant. This study highlights the importance of considering both behavioral and psychological factors when designing university social environments. By identifying specific environmental preferences of students with high social anxiety, the findings offer evidence-based recommendations for creating more inclusive and supportive campus spaces that promote positive social interactions and well-being.
... In another investigation, groups of three to five friends or family members out to dinner at a local café were directed to keep their phones on them or put them on silent and set them in a locked, closed container on the table. The diners who kept their phones reported more distraction, as well as lower interest, enjoyment, and well-being during dinner [23]. ...
... Past research spotlights that smartphones can be helpful or harmful to well-being, depending on the situation [22,23]. Likely content and context matter more than the amount of time spent [66]. ...
Both scientists and laypeople have become increasingly concerned about smartphones, especially their associated digital media (e.g., email, news, gaming, and dating apps) and social media (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat). Recent correlational research links substantial declines in Gen Z well-being to digital and social media use, yet other work suggests the effects are small and unnoteworthy. To help further disentangle correlation from causation, we conducted a preregistered 8-day experimental deprivation study with Gen Z individuals (N = 338). Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (1) restrict digital media (i.e., smartphone) use, (2) restrict social media use, (3) restrict water use (active control), or (4) restrict nothing (measurement-only control). Relative to controls, participants restricting digital media reported a variety of benefits, including higher life satisfaction, mindfulness, autonomy, competence, and self-esteem, and reduced loneliness and stress. In contrast, those assigned to restrict social media reported relatively few benefits (increased mindfulness) and even some potential costs (increased negative emotion).
... As far as the present authors are aware, no previous study has examined the direct or indirect relationships between FoMO and SC. Because phubbing is negatively associated with social bonds and life satisfaction and interrupts social interactions due to individuals using their smartphones (Dwyer et al., 2018;Kılıman et al., 2024;Tarigan et al., 2024), FoMO may mediate the relationship between phubbing and social cooperation. A better understanding of FoMO's role and the negative interaction with social collaboration would contribute to explaining this relationship, which is currently missing in the extant literature. ...
The pervasive use of digital devices has profoundly impacted social relationships and interpersonal interactions. The present study explored the associations between the fear of missing out (FoMO), smartphone addiction (SPA), and phubbing with social cooperation and life satisfaction. The associations between FoMO, SPA, phubbing, social cooperation, and life satisfaction were examined within the self-determination theory framework among university students in Türkiye. The study was conducted among 640 university students in Türkiye, which is relevant given the importance that collectivist cultures place on social connectedness and face-to-face interactions. Using structural equation modeling, the study found strong positive relationships between FoMO, SPA, and phubbing. The study specifically hypothesized and found that FoMO correlated with increased phubbing via SPA, which was associated with disrupted face-to-face interactions. The results also showed that phubbing negatively correlated with social cooperation and life satisfaction, indicating a weaker link between these two factors. Moreover, social cooperation was strongly associated with life satisfaction, highlighting the importance of social cooperation for individual life satisfaction. The findings suggest that promoting social activities and face-to-face interactions may help mitigate the associations between phubbing, SPA, and their potential adverse outcomes.
... Additionally, prolonged SN use may reduce face-to-face interactions (50), which are essential for developing social skills and emotional support. This reduction can negatively impact adolescent's ability to engage in meaningful social exchanges, particularly affecting their emotional, instrumental, and communicative skills, whereas cognitive social skills appear to be less affected (51). ...
Objective
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships of social network (SN) use and SN addictive behaviors with self-esteem in Spanish adolescents. The use of specific social media platforms and their associated addictive behaviors related to self-esteem were also evaluated.
Methods
This cross-sectional study used secondary data from the Eating Healthy and Daily Life Activities (EHDLA) project, which included a representative sample of adolescents aged 12–17 years from the Valle de Ricote in the Region of Murcia, Spain. The sample consisted of 632 adolescents. Addiction and SN use were assessed via the Short Social Media Addiction Scale, and self-esteem was assessed via the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Generalized linear regression analyses with Gaussian distributions were conducted to calculate unstandardized beta coefficients (B) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric data were included as covariates.
Results
In terms of SN use, Instagram was the most accepted, in contrast to Facebook, which was the least used. The most notable addictive behaviors toward SN use included salience (i.e., when using SNs is the major concern and the priority motivation) and tolerance (i.e., when increasing use is desired). Furthermore, self-esteem levels decreased as adolescent’s addiction levels increased. In the adjusted model, an increase in each addictive behavior was associated with a significant decrease in self-esteem (B = -0.699; 95% CI -0.890 to -0.508; p < 0.001). Individually, there was a negative and significant association between Twitter use and self-esteem (B = -0.356; 95% CI -0.695 to -0.017; p = 0.040). With respect to addictive behaviors toward SNs, mood modification showed the strongest negative association with self-esteem (B = -2.580; 95% CI -3.192 to -1.968; p < 0.001), followed by conflict (B = -1.410; 95% CI -2.147 to -0.673; p < 0.001), relapse (B = -1.350; 95% CI -1.999 to -0.701; p < 0.001), tolerance (B = -0.928; 95% CI -1.596 to -0.260; p = 0.007), salience (B = -0.892; 95% CI -1.623 to -0.161; p = 0.017), and finally, withdrawal behaviors (B = -0.170; 95% CI -1.905 to -0.435; p = 0.002), all of which were significantly negatively associated with self-esteem in adolescents.
Conclusions
SN use and SN addictive behaviors could significantly affect adolescent’s self-esteem. The findings suggest that the use of Twitter and certain addictive behaviors, such as tolerance, salience, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, or conflict are particularly linked to lower self-esteem. These results highlight the need to develop strategies aimed at promoting healthy engagement with SN platforms and fostering adolescent’s psychological well-being.
... Smartphone usage can alter communication and social relationship routines and may cause maladaptive behavior. For instance, excessive smartphone use may reduce eye contact and limit connection and interaction, significantly affecting interpersonal relations [16]. This is all the more important since almost 90% of young users prefer messaging instead of face-toface [17]. ...
Background and Aims
The study aimed to determine the relationship between phubbing behavior and its association with depression, anxiety, and stress among college students of the School of Rehabilitation at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
Methods
This cross‐sectional survey design used a self‐reported questionnaire that included demographic data, DASS21, and a phubbing scale. The Generic Scale of Phubbing was administered to 320 students from four fields of school of Rehabilitation at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Data analysis was done using the 22nd SPSS software version. The Kolmogorov‐Smirnov, Spearman correlation, Mann‐Whitney and Kruskal‐Wallis tests were used for analysis.
Results
According to the non‐parametric tests, the study revealed a significant association between mental health components and the primary study variables. Specifically, there was a statistically significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between all components of mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress) and phubbing. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) was identified between all dimensions of phubbing (nomophobia, conflict, self‐isolation, and problem confirmation) and the components of mental health.
Conclusion
The final results indicate that 15% of the total variation in phubbing phubbing can be attributed to the variables of depression and educational background. We suggest that phubbing behavior is linked to lower levels of well‐being and mental health.
... The widespread use of smartphones and tablet PCs has significantly impacted interpersonal interactions, particularly among young couples. Research has shown that smartphones can diminish the quality of these interactions (Dwyer et al., 2018). Furthermore, mobile internet devices often lead to social isolation, reducing essential communication between individuals. ...
Introduction
This study investigates the association between young adult partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction, with a focus on the mediating role of attachment anxiety and the moderating role of constructive conflict coping styles (voice or loyalty). Understanding these dynamics is crucial for enhancing relationship satisfaction among young adults.
Methods
A sample of 837 undergraduate students (376 male students; average age 21.02 ± 1.931 years) was recruited to complete questionnaires assessing young adult partner phubbing, relationship satisfaction, attachment anxiety, and constructive conflict coping styles. The data were analyzed to explore the mediating and moderating effects within the proposed model.
Results
The findings revealed that young adult partner phubbing was negatively associated with relationship satisfaction. This relationship was mediated by attachment anxiety, indicating that higher levels of phubbing increased attachment anxiety, which in turn decreased relationship satisfaction. Additionally, the relationship between attachment anxiety and relationship satisfaction was moderated by constructive conflict coping styles, suggesting that individuals who employed voice or loyalty coping strategies experienced a less pronounced negative impact on their relationship satisfaction.
Discussion
This study enhances our understanding of the mechanisms through which partner phubbing affects relationship satisfaction. The findings highlight the importance of addressing attachment anxiety and promoting constructive conflict coping strategies to mitigate the negative effects of phubbing. Practical implications for improving relationship satisfaction among young adult partners are discussed, emphasizing the need for interventions that foster healthy communication and conflict resolution skills.
... Studies have shown that digital media use causally increases boredom. Smartphone use and specifically social media use through phones intensifies boredom (Dwyer et al., 2017). In a study measuring boredom at work, results showed that while boredom caused individuals to use their phones, they reported increased levels of boredom post its usage (Dora et al., 2021;Tam & Inzlicht, 2024). ...
Boredom, while seemingly mundane, is a propeller to action. Previous research has focused on the productive lens of said action, enabling individuals to escape the monotonous nature of the emotion by engaging in meaningful activities. However, in the modern technology-driven society, the prevalence of the dopamine feedback loop created through social media platforms has led to an increase in hedonic rather than eudemonic experience-seeking (Maci̇t et al., 2018). This has translated to maladaptive responses to state boredom due to the tendency to alleviate boredom through instant gratification. Subsequently, an adverse impact on psychological and physiological health is imminent due to the impulsive nature of the activities, including but not limited to increased social media use, overeating, and risk-seeking behaviour (Crockett et al., 2015; Kiliç et al., 2019). This review amalgamated literature from secondary resources such as online databases (Sage Journals, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library) to compile a comprehensive overview to address the gap in the literature on studies regarding the emotion’s realized impact. Further research through empirical studies could provide measures to counter the effect of the maladaptive responses and create interventions for varied demographics to promote productive coping strategies.
Keywords: Boredom, Dopamine feedback loop, Physiological Health, Hedonism, Maladaptive Response
... Studies have shown that digital media use causally increases boredom. Smartphone use and specifically social media use through phones intensifies boredom (Dwyer et al., 2017). In a study measuring boredom at work, results showed that while boredom caused individuals to use their phones, they reported increased levels of boredom post its usage (Dora et al., 2021;Tam & Inzlicht, 2024). ...
Anxiety is a subjective feeling of unease, discomfort, apprehension or fearful concern accompanied by a host of autonomic and somatic manifestations (Shri, 2010). Even though there are effective treatments like psychotherapy and medications, they do not address the complexities of anxiety of everyone. This book chapter draws on
prior research done in the area of music psychology which states that music is an impactful way to reduce anxiety (Elliott et al., 2011). This chapter aims to examine how music assists in relieving anxiety. In order to understand the ways to relieve or reduce
anxiety, this chapter will also discuss causes and effects of anxiety. According to Shri (2010) anxiety is caused due to three primary factors. They are biological causes, psychological causes and social causes. In addition to this, there are various neurobiological effects that include modulating the autonomic nervous system and reducing stress hormones like cortisol while promoting serotonin release.
This chapter aims to explore how music influences brain activity. Additionally, this book chapter also investigates the type of music that can be used to ease anxiety. However, there are also some challenges and risks that are there with the use of music in addressing anxiety among individuals. This book chapter analyses
and examines these challenges and limitations along with addressing these issues and help in bringing forth the use of music to alleviate anxiety and other related psychological issues like stress and depression.
Keywords: Music, Anxiety, Stress Reduction, Emotional Regulation
... Studies have shown that digital media use causally increases boredom. Smartphone use and specifically social media use through phones intensifies boredom (Dwyer et al., 2017). In a study measuring boredom at work, results showed that while boredom caused individuals to use their phones, they reported increased levels of boredom post its usage (Dora et al., 2021;Tam & Inzlicht, 2024). ...
Emotional intelligence (EI), in the evolution of the entire intelligence paradigm, is a derivative of the social intelligence component by Thorndike. Thorndike proposed social intelligence as managing people around us to act wisely in our relations
(Thorndike, 1920). The work concerning intelligence by Gardner 1983, brought about a change in understanding intelligence across individuals. The multiple intelligence theories propose that intelligence solely relates to one’s problem-solving ability (Gardner, 1983). Consequently, Mayer and Salovey attempted to collate the research on existing intelligence to propose the crucial role of affect in intelligence building. They defined EI as a “person’s capability to perceive, express, understand, use, and manage emotions in oneself (personal intelligence) and in others (social intelligence), which leads to adaptive behavior” (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). Several studies of EI levels among school children in India have revealed students possessing an average level of EI —the type of school, geographical location, economic conditions, gender, rural/urban localities, etc. are contributing factors to EI. These regulate emotional regulation quite drastically, requiring the need for formalization of EI/EQ in schools so that its inclusion through the developmental phase could lead to better-functioning individuals equipped with mental affective faculties. Therefore, this chapter aims to shed light on the frameworks concerning emotional intelligence/development and adapt them to the Indian school setting in inculcating emotional intelligence. Additionally, it questions any lack of framework aimed at inculcating EI and
suggests frameworks of application of EI in Indian school settings for holistic development.
Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Quotient, Intelligence Quotient, Holistic Development, Indian Education System
... Studies also revealed that SA was directly correlated to anxiety, stress and negative emotions (28,29). Moreover, SA can reduce face-to-face communication (30,31) and lead to social isolation (32,33). Previous studies emphasized that SA was related to poor HRQoL (34,35), and HRQoL includes the "physical, mental, social, emotional, and behavioral" components of well-being (36). ...
The enigma of smartphone addiction (SA) has plagued academics for the last decade, now scholars believed this behaviour might affect physical and mental wellbeing. SA has become a complex problem, yet to date, there is limited research investigating the predictors of SA and its effect on “health-related quality of life (HRQoL)”. This study aimed to address this gap. The data was gathered from a convenience sample of 440 young adults completed between July 2021 and February 2022 through online survey in Bangladesh. On Logistic regression, after controlling for socio-demographic variables; friend support, process, social and compulsive usage were determined as significant predictors of SA. Those who were smartphone addicted were more presumably to have a lower quality of life. This study has significant implications for designing prevention pro-grams and policy development in relation to predictors of SA and its effect on HRQoL.
... For example, the internet addiction group tended to spend more time on SNS and playing online games (Bozkurt et al., 2018). A possible reason might be that more hours spent on the internet would replace offline social activities with online ones, leaving people lacking intimate and quality interactions with others (Dwyer et al., 2018). Given that few studies have compared the frequency and duration of internet use, our result provides helpful guidance for researchers in selecting those two indexes in future studies. ...
... Konsekuensi dari penggunaan smartphone dalam hal kualitas interaksi sosial antar individu telah menghasilkan banyak minat seperti yang dibuktikan dalam publikasi tentang phubbing. Secara khusus, studi oleh Dwyer et al, (2018) menemukan bahwa smartphone dapat menurunkan kualitas interaksi interpersonal. Orang menghindari interaksi tatap muka dengan orang lain, sehingga kehilangan seni komunikasi. ...
Tujuan dari artikel ini adalah untuk memberikan gambaran umum penelitian tentang phubbing melalui tinjauan literatur saat ini. Penyebabnya adalah karena fakta bahwa smartphone ada di mana-mana dan sering digunakan dalam interaksi bersama. Perilaku ini umumnya dianggap tidak pantas dan disebut "phubbing". Phubbing, seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Chotpitayasunondh dan Douglas (2018), adalah tindakan menghina seseorang dalam suasana sosial dengan melihat ponsel seseorang alih-alih memperhatikan orang lain. Untuk melakukan ini, pencarian dilakukan di database internasional, menemukan 84 artikel relevan dalam bahasa Inggris yang muncul di jurnal peer-review yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2012, tahun di mana istilah 'phubbing' muncul, dan Januari 2020. Tinjauan ini mencakup bidang utama studi penelitian tentang perilaku phubbing. Demikian pula hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebaran artikel yang dipublikasikan tentang phubbing berdasarkan tahun yang merinci jenis penelitian dan pendekatan metodologis dan, terakhir, jurnal penelitian yang telah menerbitkan artikel tentang phubbing. Hasil tinjauan ini diharapkan dapat merangsang dan memandu penelitian di masa depan di bidang ini Keywords: Perilaku Komunikasi Phubbing, Kecanduan Smartphone
... This finding may suggest the existence of a "substitution effect" within the family environment. If families can offer diverse and engaging entertainment activities, these activities could replace the time and desire adolescents have for watching short videos (Dwyer et al. 2018), providing them with opportunities to develop other interests, thereby helping to reduce their dependence on short videos. ...
Short videos, with their brevity and high entertainment value, attract many adolescent users. However, prolonged viewing may negatively impact adolescents’ cognitive development, especially self-control and academic performance. This study explores the impact of the family environment on adolescents’ addiction to short videos and reveals the intrinsic role of psychological capital and self-control in the relationship between the family environment and adolescents’ short video addiction. Based on ecosystem theory, a hypothetical model was constructed in which psychological capital and self-control serve as chained mediators in the influence of the family environment on short video addiction. Revised scales for family environment, psychological capital, self-control, and short video addiction were used to conduct a survey among 1,735 middle school students from five provinces in China (51.7% male; M age = 15.2, SD = 1.8). This study found that: (1) A positive family environment, psychological capital, and self-control are significantly negatively correlated with adolescents’ short video addiction; (2) The mediating effect of psychological capital between the family environment and short video addiction is not significant; (3) Self-control has a significant mediating effect between the family environment and short video addiction (6.8%); (4) Psychological capital and self-control have a significant chained mediating effect between the family environment and short video addiction (12.8%). The family environment has a significant impact on adolescents’ short video addiction. Close family relationships and rich family recreational activities help reduce the risk of addiction. Psychological capital and self-control play important mediating roles in the relationship between the family environment and short video addiction. Enhancing adolescents’ psychological capital and self-control abilities can effectively prevent and intervene in addiction issues.
... As a result, phubbing can damage social and professional relationships and push people into lifethreatening situations. When phubbing occurs, people report that they are more distracted and enjoy communication less [15]. Hence it is significant for our study to include the mediating role of phubbing while examining the effect of digital obesity on life satisfaction. ...
Background
In this study, the effects of individuals’ digital obesity and phubbing behaviors on their life satisfaction were investigated by latent profile analysis (LPA) method. LPA is a statistical technique used to identify unobserved subgroups within a population based on individuals’ responses to various observed variables.
Methods
The present study was conducted in a correlational cross-sectional descriptive design between November 2023- January 2024. Digital obesity scale, phubbing scale, life satisfaction scale were used in this study.
Results
As a result of LPA, Class 1 (Low Digital Addicts) has the lowest arithmetic mean in all indicators. When life satisfaction was analyzed on the basis of the classes, it was found out that Class 2 (High Digital Addicts), which was collected in the group with high levels of digital obesity and phubbing, had lower life satisfaction. Considering the demographic levels of individuals according to class level, it was concluded that high digital addiction was more common among individuals with secondary and postgraduate education.
Conclusions
In the present study, two classes were found as a result of LPA. In the analysis, Class 1(Low Digital Addicts) was found to have the lowest arithmetic mean in all indicators. On the other hand, when life satisfaction was analyzed according to the classes, it was detected that Class 2 (High Digital Addicts) life satisfaction was lower in the group with high levels of digital obesity and phubbing. In the study, the life satisfaction of class 1, which is characterized as low digital addicts, was found to be higher. Longitudinal studies on digital addictions affecting life satisfaction are recommended.
... it can also give the impression of impoliteness and an inattentive demeanor and can reduce the quality of the conversation and interaction (Vanden abeele et al., 2016). as social animals, humans require a level of personal interaction to feel a sense of belonging and connection; however, phubbing can make people feel dissatisfied with social engagement, both on the giving and receiving end, and the benefits of socialization are lost through the excessive dependency on digital devices and technology (Dwyer et al., 2018). although there is little conclusive data regarding the impact of phubbing specifically by gen Z in the workplace, there is conclusive data about the effects of supervisor phubbing which can lead to decreased motivation, employee engagement, and job performance (Rasheed et al., 2022), as well as employees experiencing feelings of social exclusion and a higher power distance with their supervisor (Yasin et al., 2023). ...
The paper tested a moderated mediation model with social isolation, loneliness, emotional intelligence, and quality of life among Generation Z (Gen Z) employees. Approximately 568 Gen Z employees participated in this study. We used WHOQOL-BREF for measuring quality of life, Schutte’s emotional intelligence test, UCLA loneliness scale and social isolation scale from Choi and Noh. We applied the PROCESS macro (model 7) by Hayes for a moderated mediation analysis, using emotional intelligence as a moderating variable and loneliness as a mediating variable between social isolation and quality of life. The results indicate that emotional intelligence moderates the mediating effect of loneliness on social isolation and quality of life and supports hypothesis 2. First, the indirect impact of social isolation on quality of life varies as a function of emotional intelligence moderating the path. Second, both social isolation and loneliness are negative and significant predictors of quality of life. Loneliness is not an individual problem anymore but a public health issue around the world. Individuals who are lonely experience both mental and physical health issues. Strong measures are needed to combat loneliness, and the current research results confirm that emotional intelligence-based interventions will help individuals fight loneliness.
... Owing to the inordinate dependence on devices in which people have their eyes glued to backstage phones that are used to access social media and their news feeds thus a sense of panic and stress arises off which can only spell intrusion to the executive's intra-personal relations in numerous ways (David & Roberts, 2017). As a result, the worry of staying out of anything important that may happen or the fear of being out of the picture contributes to individuals cycling though looking at their phones and entering into phubbing too as the environment is too distracting and not present (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013;Dwyer, Kushlev, & Dunn, 2018). ...
The study sought to investigate the relationship between narcissism, fear of missing out (FOMO), and phubbing behavior pertaining to the young adults, in which special focus was paid to moderating role of mindfulness. The study sample consisted of 300 young adults aged 18-25, comprising 145 males and 155 females. The variables were studied using the FOMO scale, standard narcissistic personality inventory (grandiose narcissism & vulnerable narcissism), mindful attention awareness scale, and Social Phobia Generalized Scale including inter personal conflict, nomophobia, problem recognition and self-isolation. Results demonstrated FOMO as a reputable ‘dangerous’ narcissistic trait associated with phubbing since the two were positively linked to indulging in FOMO. Other social anxiety triggering phubbing was advancing a proposal that FOMO was positively associated with the exhibition of phubbing behaviors. These findings imply the need of incorporating FOMO to the existing interventions that aim at curbing phubbing behavior amongst the young adults. Positioned in this way, the study emphasizes that the development of the curative strategy should contain the assumption of the role of mindfulness in moderating the effect of FOMO on social behaviors.
... The majority of the research has focused on phubbing in a private life context, such as romantic relationships (e.g., Miller-Ott & Kelly, 2015;Roberts & David, 2016), friendships (e.g., Dwyer, Kushlev & Dunn, 2018;Leuppert & Geber, 2020), and parent-child relationships (e.g., Pancani, Gerosa, Gui & Riva, 2021;Solecki, 2022). While fewer studies have examined phubbing in a workplace setting, supervisor phubbing has received some attention. ...
Introduction
The present study qualitatively explores co‐worker “phubbing” (from “phone” and “snubbing”) during communal work breaks. Phubbing, or ignoring others by paying attention to one's phone, has been linked to a range of negative interpersonal and intrapersonal outcomes. Although most research has targeted private relationships, there are indications that lateral work relationships may be similarly affected, with potential consequences at the individual, group, and organizational levels.
Methods
Interviews were conducted with 25 Swedish employees in the electrical trade ( n = 13) and health care ( n = 12), groups that typically work alongside colleagues and regularly take communal breaks. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results
Five main themes were identified: (1) phubbing as a social barrier, (2) the socially integrated smartphone, (3) intentional and unintentional phubbing, (4) navigating phubbing norms, and (5) generational differences in phubbing behavior and attitudes.
Conclusion
The findings indicate that work break phubbing could potentially undermine interpersonal aspects of the psychosocial work environment. However, this was also seen as contingent on social norms and individual needs and preferences. Discussing phubbing in the workplace may be a way of mitigating negative effects by bridging disparate expectations.
... These devices have been used as a tool for enhancing and maintaining social connections (Chan, 2015). However, the use of smartphones may have negative consequences including adverse effects on mental and physical health (Lee et al., 2014), reduced face-to-face interactions and worthless time spent with friends (Rotondi et al., 2017), and promotes a set of detrimental effects in terms of disruptive behaviours in social interactions and interpersonal relationships (Dwyer et al., 2018). Phubbing is a blend of the words "phone" and "snubbing" and it is understood as "the act of snubbing someone in a social setting by looking at your smartphone instead of paying attention" (Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2018;Karadağ et al., 2015). ...
Introduction: The increased use of information and communication technologies, the internet and social networking sites has resulted in significant changes in the way people communicate, leading to negative consequences that might compromise psychological and physical health. The aim of this study was to present an adaptation and validation of the Generic Scale of Phubbing into a Spanish language context. Method: Three hundred forty-six Spanish respondents participated in the study by completing self-report measures for assessing their levels of phubbing, internet addiction, phone addiction, and fear of missing out (FoMO). Results: The scale adaptation to Spanish resulted in high quality psychometric properties and the original number of items and structure were preserved (nomophobia, interpersonal contact, self-isolation, and problem acknowledgement). In addition, the analysis of the relationship between variables showed that phubbing and its dimensions were positively associated with related constructs including internet addiction, phone addiction, and FoMO. Conclusions: The findings provide empirical evidence regarding the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Generic Scale of Phubbing as a tool to assess phubbing behaviours.
... Mobile learning theory serves as the foundation supporting these findings, emphasizing flexibility and ease of access in the teaching-learning process. Additionally, social interaction theory provides valuable insights into the impact of smartphone usage on social interactions among students (Dwyer et al., 2018). Thus, this research aims to complement existing knowledge and further explore how smartphones not only affect learning but also social interactions in the academic environment. ...
The development of technology today is increasingly rapid, including the use of smartphones that make it easy for users to access anything. Smartphones have a very important role for students as a tool to facilitate the learning process and do assignments. The purpose of this study is to analyze the opportunities and challenges of students towards the use of smartphones as a learning medium for students of the Islamic Religious Education Study Program at UNJ. This research uses a qualitative method. The data collection instrument used a questionnaire with 70 respondents of Islamic Religious Education students at the State University of Jakarta. The results of this study smartphones make it easier for students to find information but smartphones can also be a challenge because it harms students such as rarely interacting with their environment, this makes it difficult for students to understand the concept of effective communication, high-level and rational thinking, and high productivity, so that their mindset becomes simple and dependence, and disrupt concentration.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh fear of missing out terhadap kecenderungan perilaku phubbing pada pengguna sosial media di Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap 400 pengguna sosial media di Kota Makassar. Instrumen pengumpulan data menggunakan skala phubbing (a = 0,846) dan skala fear of missing out (a = 0,879). Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi sederhana. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh fear of missing out terhadap kecenderungan perilaku phubbing pada pengguna sosial media di Kota Makassar dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000 (p<0,05). Adapun fear of missing out (FOMO) mempengaruhi kecenderungan perilaku phubbing sebesar 0,207 atau 20,7% dengan koefisien pengaruh positif. Sehingga semakin tinggi fear of missing out maka semakin tinggi pula kecenderungan perilaku phubbing pada pengguna sosial media di Kota Makassar, begitupun sebaliknya semakin rendah fear of missing out maka semakin rendah pula kecenderungan perilaku phubbing pada pengguna sosial media di Kota Makassar.
Research, editorials, anecdotes, and personal experience in the classroom after the COVID-19 pandemic all point to one reality: Student resilience and persistence on assignments, especially those requiring critical thinking, are less robust than before the lockdown began in the spring of 2020. Through the lens provided by the discipline of psychology, we review some post-pandemic challenges educators face (including student mental well-being issues, students’ perceptions of the value and meaning of academics or thinking critically, the prevalence of social media and technology use among students, and the plethora of dis- and misinformation) when trying to promote critical thinking about human behavior among our students. We suggest strategies for helping students navigate these challenges in order to create a classroom context that fosters the learning of critical thinking skills. Our focus will be on providing practical guidance for educators to apply in their classroom teaching and when constructing assignments.
Digital platforms crunching massive amounts of online data are adept at predicting and manipulating human behavior. They filter our choices, shape our decisions, and influence our actions. As these technologies become more powerful in the coming years, we face the prospect of an accelerated erosion of human agency and widespread passivity. Among other psychological ailments, participants of the AI-enabled attention economy will suffer from despair. Free will appears to be at stake.
Many of the most prominent digital devices, platforms, and apps are engineered to distract us, to create habits of ever-increasing use, and to transform these habits into full-scale dependence. Before we can muster effective resistance to agency-eroding forms of distraction and dependence, we need to understand their mechanisms. This chapter addresses the AI-enabled attention economy from a neuroscientific and psychological perspective, illustrating how digital platforms exploit prominent human proclivities to maximize engagement and hijack attention.
This study addresses a knowledge gap in understanding intervention strategies for ethical disengagement in mobile games, focusing on approaches that prioritize player health by moderating game interactivity and aesthetics to mitigate usage. In a randomized experiment involving 84,325 participants playing Flying Gorilla over one month, we evaluated user engagement across seven conditions: a baseline, loading time delays of 1, 5, and 10 seconds, grayscale display, and combinations of grayscale with 5- and 10-second delays. The results indicated that loading time delays and grayscale display effectively reduced retention rates and average daily playtime, with the most significant impact observed when combining grayscale with longer loading time delays. Specifically, a grayscale display paired with a 10-second loading delay reduced daily playtime by up to 30.8% and retention rates by 40.4% compared to the baseline. Additionally, regional and user-type analyses suggested that the effects of these interventions may vary based on regional characteristics and user engagement patterns. These findings highlight the potential of such interventions that might help nudge players to curb excessive gaming and offer insights into designing mobile gaming experiences that consider player well-being.
The rise of smartphones has transformed the landscape of human communication, bringing forth significant ethical concerns. This research is focused on examining the effects of smartphones on ethical decision-making in communication, exploring the relationship between smartphone addiction and the quality of ethical communication. The purpose of this paper is to thoroughly review how smartphones affect ethical norms in communication by looking at pertinent literature, current data on smartphone prevalence, and case studies exposing ethical breaches. This paper is descriptive with content analysis to gather data from a diverse sample to check the level of validity. This research emphasizes on the importance of human communication to foster well-informed and critically engaged users.
Increased reliance on smartphones has given rise to concerning behaviors such as phubbing, which has been linked to various adverse outcomes This study examines the mediating role of social anxiety in the relationship between phubbing behavior and problematic social media use among Turkish higher education students. A cross-sectional study with 783 university students majoring in Health Sciences used the Generic Scale of Phubbing, Social Media Addiction Scale-Adult, and Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users. Data were analyzed with Pearson correlations, multiple regression, and mediation modeling. Phubbing, problematic social media use, and social anxiety were positively correlated. Social anxiety significantly predicted both phubbing (14% variance) and problematic social media use (19% variance) and mediated the relationship between them (indirect effect = 0.051, 95% CI = 0.03–0.07). Social anxiety mediates the link between phubbing and problematic problematic social media use, highlighting the need for interventions addressing social anxiety to mitigate these digital behaviors.
This volume provides a unique perspective on an emerging area of scholarship and legislative concern: the law, policy, and regulation of human-robot interaction (HRI). The increasing intelligence and human-likeness of social robots points to a challenging future for determining appropriate laws, policies, and regulations related to the design and use of AI robots. Japan, China, South Korea, and the US, along with the European Union, Australia and other countries are beginning to determine how to regulate AI-enabled robots, which concerns not only the law, but also issues of public policy and dilemmas of applied ethics affected by our personal interactions with social robots. The volume's interdisciplinary approach dissects both the specificities of multiple jurisdictions and the moral and legal challenges posed by human-like robots. As robots become more like us, so too will HRI raise issues triggered by human interactions with other people.
Political financing involves using financial resources to influence the political process and election dimension. The media has been at the forefront of shaping how the public perceives political financing and attitudes. The aim of political financing is to balance the imperative of maintaining fairness and integrity in a political process aimed at gaining the trust of the voters. The current study therefore seeks to examine the effect of media framing on political financing in Kisii County, Kenya. The study objectives were; to assess the media definitions of the use of Money for Political activities in Kisii County, Kenya; to explore the communicative framing patterns that influence political financing in Kisii, County, Kenya; to examine media proposals on strategies used by politicians to finance in their political campaigns in Kisii County; to assess the implication of media framing on political financing in Kisii County, Kenya. The study was anchored on the agenda-setting theory, cultivation theory and framing theory. The current study employed a descriptive research design which accommodate both quantitative and quantitative data to carry out this study. The target population, were total of 155 respondents including ({(Governor (1), MPs (9), MCAs (45), two members of the community from each of the 45 wards (90), and media personnel operating within the county (8)). The study employed a purposive sampling technique, given that the data required is based on the specific respondent. Additionally, given the small target population of 155 respondents the study employed census method. The study employed both a structured questionnaire for quantitative data collection and interview schedule qualitative data. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and inferential statistics while for qualitative analysis study used thematic analysis and findings presented in terms of tables, charts and graphs as well as quotes from your participants respectively. The results of the regression analysis reveal that all the media-related factors examined have a positive and statistically significant impact on political financing in Kisii County. The unstandardized beta coefficients indicate that the Implication of Media Framing has the largest effect on political financing (0.297), followed by the Media Definition of Politician’s Use of Finance for Political Gain (0.347). The Communicative Framing Patterns Used by Media and the Media Proposal on Strategies Used also have depicted a positive influence, with coefficients of 0.109 and 0.231, respectively. In conclusion, the findings underscore the central role of media in shaping political financing in Kisii County. The study recommended that media outlets in Kisii County adopt more transparent and informative framing when discussing political financing.
Mobile technologies can become sources of interference that interrupt everyday family life. This concept, dubbed technoference, underlies the current study on how technological intrusions influence the parent–child relationship. This study of U.S. co-parents in families of preschool- and kindergarten-aged children examines the extent to which such interruptions are perceived to have negative consequences on the relationships that co-parents have with their children. The study found that the more the participant perceived the other co-parent as allowing technology to interfere during parent–child time together, the more likely the participant was to rate their co-parent's parent–child relationship quality negatively. Additional studies are needed to understand the young child's view of their parents' media use and how it impacts on their relationships.
In an era where entertainment is effortlessly at our fingertips, one would assume that people are less bored than ever. Yet, reports of boredom are higher now than compared to the past. This rising trend is concerning because chronic boredom can undermine well-being, learning, and behaviour. Understanding why this is happening is crucial to prevent further negative impacts. In this Perspective, we explore one possible reason—digital media use makes people more bored. We propose that digital media increases boredom through dividing attention, elevating desired level of engagement, reducing sense of meaning, heightening opportunity costs, and serving as an ineffective boredom coping strategy.
Social media fatigue, also known as SMF, has gained widespread attention in recent times. It is globally renowned for affecting people's well-being. SMF impacts a person's capability of focusing, causing bad mental health, bad sleep cycles, and tiredness, ultimately affecting the users mentally and physically. This study seeks to investigate the various aspects of SMF, particularly in the Kolkata area, aiming to enhance existing research to understand if the previously identified dynamics apply in Gen-Z situations in different cultural backgrounds. The Stressors, Strain, Outcome (SSO) model was taken as a base to analyze the relationship between SMF dynamics (Privacy concerns, Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), Self-efficacy, Information Overload, and Tech-Time Dilemma) with SM Fatigue and social media fasting. A total of 308 samples of data were collected through Google Forms. The findings imply that social media (SM) users in Kolkata prefer Instagram the most among other SM platforms, the data show a pattern in SM usage time of the teen and adults based on age. The 20-23 age group responded to experience most SMF. This study's theoretical and practical implications may help the different stakeholders of SM in future studies to understand the possible patterns in young SM user's psyche and their perception.
Background
Smartphone distraction considerably affects the depression level of college students. These two variables are highly associated with social withdrawal and digital distress. However, the underlying mechanisms of how social withdrawal and digital stress were involved in the relationship between smartphone distraction and depression remain unclear.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in seven colleges of Wuhan, Hubei Province, from September to November 2021. Participants were selected using convenience sampling. Smartphone distraction, social withdrawal, digital stress, and depression level were assessed using the Smartphone Distraction Scale (SDS), 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25), Multidimensional Digital Stress Scale (DSS), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. All scales demonstrated good reliability in this study, the reliability of each scale was 0.920, 0.884, 0.959, and 0.942.
Results
The final analysis included 1184 students (692 males and 492 females), aged between 17 and 37 years. Participants were from various academic disciplines, including medical and non-medical. The findings revealed that smartphone distraction had a significant direct effect on depression (c = 0.073, 95 % CI: 0.037 to 0.108, p < 0.001) and three significant indirect mediation effects: (1) social withdrawal (B = 0.083, 95 % CI: 0.066 to 0.101, p < 0.001), accounting for 27.76 % of the total effect; (2) digital stress (B = 0.109, 95 % CI: 0.088 to 0.132, p < 0.001), accounting for 36.45 % of the total effect; and (3) the chain mediating roles of social withdrawal and digital stress (B = 0.034, 95 % CI: 0.026 to 0.043, p < 0.001), accounting for 11.37 % of the total effect. The total mediating effect was 75.59 %.
Limitations
This study is based on cross-sectional data, which limits the causality inference.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that educational institutions should identify college students with excessive smartphone use early and provide timely interventions to minimize negative outcomes. It is also significant to reduce the risk of social withdrawal and digital stress to maintain the physical and mental health development of college students.
In this study, we investigated how to design a usable augmented reality (AR) profile conversation assistant focusing on how and which information leads to enhanced conversation experience and satisfaction. We drew on usability practices including user need interviews, information disposition sessions and an experiment comparing the conversation experiences between AR profile usage and non-usage. We provide insights into how to design a user interface that can enhance users' conversation experience and satisfaction compared to existing interfaces, especially in terms of type, quantity and placement of information on the AR profile. The three main design insights are to (1) limit the topics to personal information, recent events, preferences and hobbies; (2) use a text-based card format with emojis and make a clear distinction between preferred and not preferred topics through font size and placement difference; and (3) limit the number of information provision pages to less than four pages; however, we were not able to resolve the problem of the guilt and artificiality users feel in acquiring information about others from the AR profile. Thus, to resolve this problem, we suggest shifting our paradigm from a techno-solutionist perspective to breaking the illusion of the omnipotence of technology.
This study explores the relationship between social media use and social isolation and its implications for mental health and well-being among college students at St. Cecilia's College-Cebu,". This research utilized a cross-sectional survey design, data was collected from 50 college students across various years of study within the College of Education program. This paper utilized a structured questionnaire modeled from the Social Media Use Integration Scale (SMUIS) by Jenkins-Guarnieri, Wright, and Johnson (2013), the UCLA Loneliness Scale by Hughes et al. (2004), and the UCLA Loneliness Scale. The following presents the conclusions drawn from the findings of the study: (1) The study found a significant positive relationship between social media use and social isolation among college students at St. Cecilia's College-Cebu; (2) The study found that students' social isolation is significantly influenced by the quality of their online interactions, with genuine, supportive interactions reducing feelings of isolation; (3) Based on the findings, several recommendations for St. Cecilia's College-Cebu are proposed to implement awareness programs on social media use, encourage balance between online and offline interactions, promote face-to-face activities, and integrate healthy social media habits into mental health services and counseling to improve students' social and emotional well-being.
Az okoseszközök jelenléte mindennapjaink szerves része. Használatuk gyakorta megzavarja szemtől szembeni társas érintkezéseinket, mely jelenséget McDaniel és Coyne (2016) találóan a magyarul is intuitíven jól értelmezhető technoferencia kifejezéssel írták le. Téma-összefoglaló tanulmányunk empirikus kutatások áttekintésén keresztül mutatja be a technoferencia fogalmát és relevanciáját. Az okoseszközök által megzavart társas interakciók jellegzetességeit kapcsolati, párkapcsolati, szülő-gyermek kapcsolati, valamint munka-magánélet kontextusában tárgyaljuk. Összességében megállapítható, hogy a technoferencia minden életkorban jelentős rizikófaktor a társas kapcsolatok minősége és a mentális egészség szempontjából. A felsorakoztatott munkákhoz kapcsolódóan kitérünk a téma gyakorlati relevanciáira, és áttekintjük a további lehetséges és szükséges kutatási irányokat.
As guests’ norms and behaviours are rapidly evolving in the digital world, explicitly problematizing commensality, a term designating the social aspects of eating with others, is needed in hospitality contexts. This article introduces the "commensal scene" concept, applying Social presence theory to redefine commensality in dining settings amidst digital-age transformations. Challenging traditional views of physical co-presence, it explores the multi-spatial, multi-levelled dynamics of being 'with others' in both physical and digital contexts. The model allows for a deeper understanding of how digital media reshapes presence beyond mere spatial factors. It highlights the evolving nature of guest behaviours and norms, focusing on the interplay between different communication mediums and responsive social spaces. This innovative approach offers new insights into emerging commensal practices, proposing a framework for designing relevant dining experiences in a digitally-influenced world.
Research demonstrates that phubbing—the act of snubbing someone in a social setting by looking at one's mobile phone—interferes with the quality and satisfaction of social interactions. This article examined how observations of an adult's phone use during a social interaction impact different social judgments. Adult participants (n = 331) watched a 3-min video showing four speakers having a discussion around a table. One speaker looked at their phone intermittently during the meeting (five times for 2–3 s each) while not interacting with the other speakers. Participants were asked to rate characteristics (e.g., attentiveness) of all four speakers and evaluate who they could trust both epistemically (e.g., for knowledge) and interpersonally (e.g., for social connection). Participants also provided information about their own technology use. Results indicated that participants’ judgments, ratings of interpersonal trust, and epistemic trust toward the phone user were significantly lower when compared to their ratings toward the non-phone users in the video, especially among female participants. Additionally, the more participants reported using their own phones during group interactions, the more leniently they rated the phone user in the video. This research provides evidence that overseeing acts of co-present mobile phone use are negatively evaluated. This has implications for how adults view technology use during social engagements.
If there ever was a key to happiness, this key would open a door that leads straight to a rich social life. And in the era of smartphones, this key to social connection is in our pockets anytime and anywhere. Or is it? Using the experience sampling method (ESM), we explore the use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) in the context of face-to-face (FtF) social interactions, testing two competing hypotheses: (1) a complementarity hypothesis stating that more channels of communication should be associated with higher well-being and (2) an interference hypothesis stating that FtF interactions could be impoverished by adding computer-mediated channels of communication. We surveyed 174 millennials (Mage = 19.28; range: 17–22) 5 times a day over a period of a week (4,508 episodes). When participants reported a mix of CMC and FtF socializing in the same episode, they felt worse and less connected than when solely interacting FtF.
We examined whether emerging adults would engage in mobile phone use (MPU) when given the opportunity to socialize face-to-face with a close friend in a laboratory setting. Sixty-three U.S. college student friendship dyads rated their friendship quality in an online survey before coming into the laboratory together. When they arrived for their appointment, they were asked to wait together in a room for 5 min. A hidden camera recorded each dyad. Friends then separately rated the quality of the interaction. We coded time spent using mobile phone in seconds. A hierarchical regression conducted at the level of the dyad controlling for friendship quality and gender showed that more MPU was associated with lower quality interactions. We discuss findings in terms of the potential for MPU to interfere with the development of friendship intimacy.
As smartphones increasingly pervade our daily lives, people are ever more interrupted by alerts and notifications. Using both correlational and experimental methods, we explored whether such interruptions might be causing inattention and hyperactivity—symptoms associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)—even in people not clinically diagnosed with ADHD. We recruited a sample of 221 participants from the general population. For one week, participants were assigned to maximize phone interruptions by keeping notification alerts on and their phones within their reach/sight. During another week, participants were assigned to minimize phone interruptions by keeping alerts off and their phones away. Participants reported higher levels of inattention and hyperactivity when alerts were on than when alerts were off. Higher levels of inattention in turn predicted lower productivity and psychological well- being. These findings highlight some of the costs of ubiquitous connectivity and suggest how people can reduce these costs simply by adjusting existing phone settings.
Partner phubbing (Pphubbing) can be best understood as the extent to which an individual uses or is distracted by his/her cell phone while in the company of his/her relationship partner. The present study is the first to investigate the oft-occurring behavior of Pphubbing and its impact on relationship satisfaction and personal well-being. In Study 1, a nine-item scale was developed to measure Pphubbing. The scale was found to be highly reliable and valid. Study 2 assessed the study's proposed relationships among a sample of 145 adults. Results suggest that Pphubbing's impact on relationship satisfaction is mediated by conflict over cell phone use. One's attachment style was found to moderate the Pphubbing - cell phone conflict relationship. Those with anxious attachment styles reported higher levels of cell phone conflict than those with less anxious attachment styles. Importantly, Pphubbing was found to indirectly impact depression through relationship satisfaction and ultimately life satisfaction. Given the ever-increasing use of cell phones to communicate between romantic partners, the present research offers insight into the process by which such use may impact relationship satisfaction and personal well-being. Directions for future research are discussed.
This study examined the relationship between the presence of mobile devices and the quality of real-life in-person social interactions. In a naturalistic field experiment, 100 dyads were randomly assigned to discuss either a casual or meaningful topic together. A trained research assistant observed the participants unobtrusively from a distance during the course of a 10-min conversation noting whether either participant placed a mobile device on the table or held it in his or her hand. Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling, it was found that conversations in the absence of mobile communication technologies were rated as significantly superior compared with those in the presence of a mobile device, above and beyond the effects of age, gender, ethnicity, and mood. People who had conversations in the absence of mobile devices reported higher levels of empathetic concern. Participants conversing in the presence of a mobile device who also had a close relationship with each other reported lower levels of empathy compared with dyads who were less friendly with each other. Implications for the nature of social life in ubiquitous computing environments are discussed.
Technology use has proliferated in family life; everyday intrusions and interruptions due to technology devices, which we term “technoference,” will likely occur. We examine the frequency of technoference in romantic relationships and whether these everyday interruptions relate to women’s personal and relational well-being. Participants were 143 married/cohabiting women who completed an online questionnaire. The majority perceived that technology devices (such as computers, cell or smartphones, or TV) frequently interrupted their interactions, such as couple leisure time, conversations, and mealtimes, with their partners. Overall, participants who rated more technoference in their relationships also reported more conflict over technology use, lower relationship satisfaction, more depressive symptoms, and lower life satisfaction. We tested a structural equation model of technoference predicting conflict over technology use, which then predicted relationship satisfaction, which finally predicted depression and life satisfaction. By allowing technology to interfere with or interrupt conversations, activities, and time with romantic partners—even when unintentional or for brief moments—individuals may be sending implicit messages about what they value most, leading to conflict and negative outcomes in personal life and relationships.
Connecting with others increases happiness, but strangers in close proximity routinely ignore each other. Why? Two reasons seem likely: Either solitude is a more positive experience than interacting with strangers, or people misunderstand the consequences of distant social connections. To examine the experience of connecting to strangers, we instructed commuters on trains and buses to connect with a stranger near them, to remain disconnected, or to commute as normal (Experiments 1a and 2a). In both contexts, participants reported a more positive (and no less productive) experience when they connected than when they did not. Separate participants in each context, however, expected precisely the opposite outcome, predicting a more positive experience in solitude (Experiments 1b and 2b). This mistaken preference for solitude stems partly from underestimating others' interest in connecting (Experiments 3a and 3b), which in turn keeps people from learning the actual consequences of social interaction (Experiments 4a and 4b). The pleasure of connection seems contagious: In a laboratory waiting room, participants who were talked to had equally positive experiences as those instructed to talk (Experiment 5). Human beings are social animals. Those who misunderstand the consequences of social interactions may not, in at least some contexts, be social enough for their own well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
Although we interact with a wide network of people on a daily basis, the social psychology literature has primarily focused on interactions with close friends and family. The present research tested whether subjective well-being is related not only to interactions with these strong ties but also to interactions with weak social ties (i.e., acquaintances). In Study 1, students experienced greater happiness and greater feelings of belonging on days when they interacted with more classmates than usual. Broadening the scope in Studies 2A and 2B to include all daily interactions (with both strong and weak ties), we again found that weak ties are related to social and emotional well-being. The current results highlight the power of weak ties, suggesting that even social interactions with the more peripheral members of our social networks contribute to our well-being.
Recent advancements in communication technology have enabled billions of people to connect over great distances using mobile phones, yet little is known about how the frequent presence of these devices in social settings influences face-to-face interactions. In two experiments, we evaluated the extent to which the mere presence of mobile communication devices shape relationship quality in dyadic settings. In both, we found evidence they can have negative effects on closeness, connection, and conversation quality. These results demonstrate that the presence of mobile phones can interfere with human relationships, an effect that is most clear when individuals are discussing personally meaningful topics.
Although one's intuition may be that social exclusion causes emotional distress, evidence both supports and refutes this perception. Some research has shown that exclusion results in decreased mood, self-esteem, and other needs, whereas other work has shown that exclusion results not in distress but rather in a relatively flat affective state. We assert that the paradigm used to induce social exclusion may moderate its effect on emotional distress. We found in two studies that Cyberball exclusion resulted in decreased basic needs satisfaction and mood relative to Cyberball inclusion, whereas no differences emerged on these same measures between Future-Life exclusion and inclusion conditions. Implications of these results for understanding the broader effects of exclusion paradigm are discussed.
The study explored college instructors’ and students’ attitudes towards the usage of mobile devices
(laptops and cell phones) for non-academic purposes during lectures. Students report excessive
multitasking: usages of mobile devices for communicating with friends, gaming, etc. Instructors
seem to have pretty good perceptions about the distribution of such usages. Most students
accurately perceive the usage of mobile devices as disturbing instructors and peers, but they still
believe such usage is legitimate! Instructors, on the contrary, feel it is not. Older students, as well,
tend to think the usage of mobile devices during lectures is illegitimate. Results are discussed
from the perspective of McLuhan’s laws of media and from perspectives related to millennial
students’ unique characteristics.
Extended findings that support cognitive evaluation theory to intrapersonal processes by exploring the effects of informational vs controlling feedback, when self-selected and administered vs other-administered, and in conditions of task-involvement (intended to create an informational orientation in relation to the activity) vs ego-involvement (intended to create a controlling orientation in relation to the activity). 128 undergraduates working on a hidden figures task received either an ego- or task-involving induction and then a series of 3 puzzle problems for which half of the Ss received informational feedback and the other half controlling feedback. Half the Ss had the feedback self-administered, and half had it administered by the experimenter. After puzzle-solving, Ss were left alone with additional puzzles and magazines and were observed to see if they worked on the puzzles. Finally, Ss completed a questionnaire assessing their interest and attitudes toward the target activity. Results confirm that controlling feedback, whether self- or other administered, undermined intrinsic motivation relative to task-involvement. Results are discussed in terms of the application of cognitive evaluation theory to intrapersonal processes and self-control theories. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The study examined the relationship among social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress. The authors specifically hypothesized that the direct negative effect of social connectedness on psychological distress would be mediated by dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors. Prior to testing the hypothesis, the authors revised the original Social Connectedness Scale (SCS; R. A Lee and S. B. Robbins, 1995). Studies 1 and 2 describe the revision and validation of the SCS on separate samples of college students. In Study 3, the authors surveyed 194 college students and found support for the mediation hypothesis on general psychological distress. The importance of assessing social connectedness and tailoring counseling interventions for people with low connectedness and dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors is addressed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The effect of the self-perception of inattention on feeling bored was investigated. Ss in a listening situation were simultaneously distracted (a) not at all, (b) moderately, or (c) loudly. As hypothesized, Ss who were distracted by extraneous noise at levels too low to be recognized as a distraction reported that they felt more bored and that the task was less pleasant. That is, they attributed their inattention to the material as opposed to the distraction. Extraverts required louder distractions than introverts to produce boredom. These findings extend self-perception theory in an important direction. This is the first demonstration of a self-perception being based on a cognitive, rather than a physical, action. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Although previous research has uncovered various ways people can savor or dampen their positive emotional experiences, the unique impact of each of these strategies on well-being remains unknown. The present study examines the relative impact of the main positive emotion regulation strategies on two components of well-being: positive affect (PA) and life satisfaction (LS). A total of 282 participants completed measures of PA, LS, overall happiness, and the savoring and dampening strategies they typically used. Results show that when experiencing positive events, focusing attention on the present moment and engaging in positive rumination promoted PA, whereas telling others promoted LS. In contrast, being distracted diminished PA, while focusing on negative details and engaging in negative rumination reduced LS. As the strategies targeted different components of well-being, our results further show that regulatory diversity (i.e., typically using various strategies rather than a few specific ones), was beneficial to overall happiness. Our findings suggest that there are several independent ways to make the best (or the worst) out of our positive emotions, and that the cultivation of multiple savoring strategies might be required to achieve lasting happiness.
Our central goal is to provide a definition of boredom in terms of the underlying mental processes that occur during an instance of boredom. Through the synthesis of psychodynamic, existential, arousal, and cognitive theories of boredom, we argue that boredom is universally conceptualized as "the aversive experience of wanting, but being unable, to engage in satisfying activity." We propose to map this conceptualization onto underlying mental processes. Specifically, we propose that boredom be defined in terms of attention. That is, boredom is the aversive state that occurs when we (a) are not able to successfully engage attention with internal (e.g., thoughts or feelings) or external (e.g., environmental stimuli) information required for participating in satisfying activity, (b) are focused on the fact that we are not able to engage attention and participate in satisfying activity, and (c) attribute the cause of our aversive state to the environment. We believe that our definition of boredom fully accounts for the phenomenal experience of boredom, brings existing theories of boredom into dialogue with one another, and suggests specific directions for future research on boredom and attention.
© The Author(s) 2012.
As interest grows in mindfulness training as a psychosocial intervention, it is increasingly important to quantify this construct
to facilitate empirical investigation. The goal of the present studies was to develop a brief self-report measure of mindfulness
with items that cover the breadth of the construct and that are written in everyday language. The resulting 12-item measure
demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and evidence of convergent and discriminant validity with concurrent measures
of mindfulness, distress, well-being, emotion-regulation, and problem-solving approaches in three samples of university students.
To address potential construct contamination in two items, data are also presented on an alternate 10-item version of the
measure.
We performed an empirical study to investigate whether the context of interruptions makes a difference. We found that context does not make a difference but surprisingly, people completed interrupted tasks in less time with no difference in quality. Our data suggests that people compensate for interruptions by working faster, but this comes at a price: experiencing more stress, higher frustration, time pressure and effort. Individual differences exist in the management of interruptions: personality measures of openness to experience and need for personal structure predict disruption costs of interruptions. We discuss implications for how system design can support interrupted work. Author Keywords Multi-tasking, interruptions, experiment, context
This article describes the development and validation of the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale (MSBS)—the first and only full-scale measure of state boredom. It was developed based on a theoretically and empirically grounded definition of boredom. A five-factor structure of the scale (Disengagement, High Arousal, Low Arousal, Inattention, and Time Perception) was supported by exploratory factor analyses and confirmatory factor analyses of two independent samples. Furthermore, all subscales were significantly related to a single, second-order factor. The MSBS factor structure was shown to be invariant across gender. MSBS scores were significantly correlated with measures of trait boredom, depression, anxiety, anger, inattention, impulsivity, neuroticism, life satisfaction, and purpose in life. Finally, MSBS scores distinguished between participants who were experimentally manipulated into a state of boredom and those who were not, above and beyond measures of trait boredom, negative affect, and depression.
This article examines how consumer decision making is influenced by automatically evoked task-induced affect and by cognitions that are generated in a more controlled manner on exposure to alternatives in a choice task. Across two experiments respondents chose between two alternatives: one (chocolate cake) associated with more intense positive affect but less favorable cognitions, compared to a second (fruit salad) associated with less favorable affect but more favorable cognitions. Findings from the two experiments suggest that if processing resources are limited, spontaneously evoked affective reactions rather than cognitions tend to have a greater impact on choice. As a result, the consumer is more likely to choose the alternative that is superior on the affective dimension but inferior on the cognitive dimension (e.g., chocolate cake). In contrast, when the availability of processing resources is high, cognitions related to the consequences of choosing the alternatives tend to have a bigger impact on choice compared to when the availability of these resources is low. As a result, the consumer is more likely to choose the alternative that is inferior on the affective dimension but superior on the cognitive dimension (e.g., fruit salad). The moderating roles of the mode of presentation of the alternatives and of a personality variable related to impulsivity are also reported. Copyright 1999 by the University of Chicago.
A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent with the belongingness hypothesis, people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds. Belongingness appears to have multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. Other evidence, such as that concerning satiation, substitution, and behavioral consequences, is likewise consistent with the hypothesized motivation. Several seeming counterexamples turned out not to disconfirm the hypothesis. Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation.
The authors examined the effects of divided attention (DA) at encoding and retrieval in free recall, cued recall, and recognition memory in 4 experiments. Lists of words or word pairs were presented auditorily and recalled orally; the secondary task was a visual continuous reaction-time (RT) task with manual responses. At encoding, DA was associated with large reductions in memory performance, but small increases in RT; trade-offs between memory and RT were under conscious control. In contrast, DA at retrieval resulted in small or no reductions in memory, but in comparatively larger increases in RT, especially in free recall. Memory performance was sensitive to changes in task emphasis at encoding but not at retrieval. The results are discussed in terms of controlled and automatic processes and speculatively linked to underlying neuropsychological mechanisms.
Mindfulness is an attribute of consciousness long believed to promote well-being. This research provides a theoretical and empirical examination of the role of mindfulness in psychological well-being. The development and psychometric properties of the dispositional Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) are described. Correlational, quasi-experimental, and laboratory studies then show that the MAAS measures a unique quality of consciousness that is related to a variety of well-being constructs, that differentiates mindfulness practitioners from others, and that is associated with enhanced self-awareness. An experience-sampling study shows that both dispositional and state mindfulness predict self-regulated behavior and positive emotional states. Finally, a clinical intervention study with cancer patients demonstrates that increases in mindfulness over time relate to declines in mood disturbance and stress.
The Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) assesses how people spend their time and how they experience the various activities and settings of their lives, combining features of time-budget measurement and experience sampling. Participants systematically reconstruct their activities and experiences of the preceding day with procedures designed to reduce recall biases. The DRM's utility is shown by documenting close correspondences between the DRM reports of 909 employed women and established results from experience sampling. An analysis of the hedonic treadmill shows the DRM's potential for well-being research.
Download link at: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/norbert.schwarz/day_reconstruction_method__time_use____well-being
The objective of this research was to determine the relative impairment associated with conversing on a cellular telephone while driving.
Epidemiological evidence suggests that the relative risk of being in a traffic accident while using a cell phone is similar to the hazard associated with driving with a blood alcohol level at the legal limit. The purpose of this research was to provide a direct comparison of the driving performance of a cell phone driver and a drunk driver in a controlled laboratory setting.
We used a high-fidelity driving simulator to compare the performance of cell phone drivers with drivers who were intoxicated from ethanol (i.e., blood alcohol concentration at 0.08% weight/volume).
When drivers were conversing on either a handheld or hands-free cell phone, their braking reactions were delayed and they were involved in more traffic accidents than when they were not conversing on a cell phone. By contrast, when drivers were intoxicated from ethanol they exhibited a more aggressive driving style, following closer to the vehicle immediately in front of them and applying more force while braking.
When driving conditions and time on task were controlled for, the impairments associated with using a cell phone while driving can be as profound as those associated with driving while drunk.
This research may help to provide guidance for regulation addressing driver distraction caused by cell phone conversations.
A couple of widely-cited studies have found that presence of cell phones interferes with social interactions and cognitive performance, even when not actively in use. These studies have important implications but have not been replicated, and also suffer from methodological shortcomings and lack of established theoretical frameworks to explain the findings. We improved the methodology used in a previous study of phone presence and task performance [8], while testing an 'opportunity cost' model of effort and attention [2]. We were unable to replicate Thornton et al.'s finding [8] that presence of cell phones reduces performance in a simple cognitive task (additive digit cancellation). Moreover, contrary to our expectations, we found that participants who were more attached to their phones found the tasks more fun/exciting and effortless, if they completed them with their phone present.
Prior research has supported the mere presence hypothesis, which suggests that cell phones act as an environmental nuisance that negatively impact the quality of face-to-face interactions. This study conducted an experiment to determine whether cell-phone presence negatively influences conversation satisfaction. Specifically, network member dyads (N = 46) engaged in unstructured conversations where one partner’s cell phone was either absent or present. The results revealed that, whereas the mere presence of a cell phone did not influence conversation satisfaction, individuals’ recollection of whether or not a cell phone was present did significantly negatively impact their pre- to posttest reports of conversation satisfaction. Implications of these findings for research on the mere presence hypothesis as well as directions for future research are discussed.
This paper presents two experimental studies investigating the impact of mobile messaging during an offline conversation on relational outcomes. A first study examined the impact on impression formation. A 3 × 1 experiment revealed that phone users were perceived as significantly less polite and attentive, and that self-initiated messaging behavior led to more negative impression formation than messaging behavior in response to a notification. A second study examined the impact on perceived conversation quality and social attraction. A 2 × 2 experiment revealed that perceived conversation quality was negatively affected by co-present mobile messaging behavior, while social attraction was not. Whether persons were acquainted or not with the phone user did not moderate this relationship.
Bacterial cell wall and membrane are associated with a variety of glycoconjugates and polysaccharides which aids in structural formation as well as performing various functions in the bacterial cell. In gram-negative bacteria, peptidoglycan is majorly present in the periplasmic space and it provides mechanical strength as well as shape to the cell. In some cases, the periplasm contains membrane-derived oligosaccharides (MDOs), which are involved in osmoregulation. The outer membrane mainly contains lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) that bind to divalent cations or chelators for structure stabilization and to increase outer membrane permeability. This LPS contains lipid A, also known as endotoxin, which has shown a powerful biological effect in mammals such as fever, septic shock, multiple organ failure, and mortality. The mucoid (slime-producing) strains contain capsular polysaccharide which aids as virulence factor. The gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane and have a much thicker peptidoglycan layer along with a specialized polysaccharide known as teichoic acid. It provides cell wall integrity through complex formation with cations and also assists in cell growth regulation. The present report attempts to provide an overview of bacterial polysaccharide structure, occurrence, and their important functions, along with the biosynthesis and major inhibitors to block biosynthetic pathways.
Objective
This study aims to determine whether communicating via short message service text message during surgery procedures leads to decreased intake of fentanyl for patients receiving regional anesthesia below the waist compared with a distraction condition and no intervention.Methods
Ninety-eight patients receiving regional anesthesia for minor surgeries were recruited from a hospital in Montreal, QC, between January and March 2012. Patients were randomly assigned to text message with a companion, text message with a stranger, play a distracting mobile phone game, or receive standard perioperative management. Participants who were asked to text message or play a game did so before receiving the anesthetic and continued until the end of the procedure.ResultsThe odds of receiving supplemental analgesia during surgery for patients receiving standard perioperative management were 6.77 (P = 0.009; N = 13/25) times the odds for patients in the text a stranger condition (N = 22/25 of patients), 4.39 times the odds for those in the text a companion condition (P = 0.03; N = 19/23), and 1.96 times the odds for those in the distraction condition (P = 0.25; N = 17/25).Conclusion
Text messaging during surgery provides analgesic-sparing benefits that surpass distraction techniques, suggesting that mobile phones provide new opportunities for social support to improve patient comfort and reduce analgesic requirements during minor surgeries and in other clinical settings.
Running studies with high statistical power, while effect size estimates in psychology are often inaccurate, leads to a practical challenge when designing an experiment. This challenge can be addressed by performing sequential analyses while the data collection is still in progress. At an interim analysis, data collection can be stopped whenever the results are convincing enough to conclude an effect is present, more data can be collected, or the study can be terminated whenever it is extremely unlikely the predicted effect will be observed if data collection would be continued. Such interim analyses can be performed while controlling the Type 1 error rate. Sequential analyses can greatly improve the efficiency with which data is collected. Additional flexibility is provided by adaptive designs where sample sizes are increased based on the observed effect size. The need for pre-registration, ways to prevent experimenter bias, and a comparison between Bayesian approaches and NHST are discussed. Sequential analyses, which are widely used in large scale medical trials, provide an efficient way to perform high-powered informative experiments. I hope this introduction will provide a practical primer that allows researchers to incorporate sequential analyses in their research.
Mobile devices are a ubiquitous part of American life, yet how families use this technology has not been studied. We aimed to describe naturalistic patterns of mobile device use by caregivers and children to generate hypotheses about its effects on caregiver-child interaction.
Using nonparticipant observational methods, we observed 55 caregivers eating with 1 or more young children in fast food restaurants in a single metropolitan area. Observers wrote detailed field notes, continuously describing all aspects of mobile device use and child and caregiver behavior during the meal. Field notes were then subjected to qualitative analysis using grounded theory methods to identify common themes of device use.
Forty caregivers used devices during their meal. The dominant theme salient to mobile device use and caregiver-child interaction was the degree of absorption in devices caregivers exhibited. Absorption was conceptualized as the extent to which primary engagement was with the device, rather than the child, and was determined by frequency, duration, and modality of device use; child response to caregiver use, which ranged from entertaining themselves to escalating bids for attention, and how caregivers managed this behavior; and separate versus shared use of devices. Highly absorbed caregivers often responded harshly to child misbehavior.
We documented a range of patterns of mobile device use, characterized by varying degrees of absorption. These themes may be used as a foundation for coding schemes in quantitative studies exploring device use and child outcomes.
The present article compares dimensional models of aect with each other. The article focuses on the pleasure±arousal model, the energetic and tense arousal model, and a three-dimensional model with separate pleasure±displeasure, awake±tiredness, and tension±relaxation dimensions. The results show that the three-dimensional model cannot be reduced to a two-dimensional model. Problems of the two-dimensional models' reductionism are discussed. We conclude that a three-dimensional description of aect is necessary. However, the three-dimensional model is not sucient to account for all aspects of the structure of aect.
Today's mobile phone is a pervasive tool. It has become such an important aspect of a user's daily life that it has moved from being a mere 'technological object' to a key 'social object'. This paper explores the societal and human implications of advances in mobile technology, and notably the increasingly personalized nature of the mobile device. It argues that human and identity and social interaction have not been untouched by the mobile phenomenon.
Obra que estudia cómo las nuevas tecnologías de comunicación y las redes sociales que a través de ellas se han generado dan soporte a una nueva forma de establecer relaciones entre las personas y, por lo tanto, de nuevas formas de soledad.
We used a high-fidelity driving simulator to compare the performance of cell-phone drivers with drivers who were legally intoxicated from ethanol. When drivers were conversing on either a hand-held or hands-free cell-phone, their braking reactions were delayed and they were involved in more traffic accidents than when they were not conversing on the cell phone. By contrast, when drivers were legally intoxicated they exhibited a more aggressive driving style, following closer to the vehicle immediately in front of them and applying more force while braking. When controlling for driving conditions and time on task, cell-phone drivers exhibited greater impairment than intoxicated drivers. The results have implications for legislation addressing driver distraction caused by cell phone conversations.
Tell me why you're texting! Effect of cell phone use on interpersonal interactions. Franklin and Marshall College
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Exploring parental well-being: Is childcare associated with parental wellbeing and what factors can enhance it. University of British Columbia
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The impact of sensory knowledge and attentional focus on pleasure and on behavioral responses to hedonic stimuli
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MLmed: An SPSS macro for multilevel mediation and conditional process analysis. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Association of
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mediation and conditional process analysis. Poster presented at the annual meeting of
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MLmed: An SPSS macro for multilevel mediation and conditional process analysis
- Rockwood