Article

Parents vs Peers’ Influence on teenagers’ Internet Addiction and Risky Online Activities

April 2018
Telematics and Informatics 35(1):225-236

DOI:10.1016/j.tele.2017.11.003

Authors:

Patrick Chin Hooi Soh

Multimedia University

Kok-Wai Chew

Multimedia University

Koay Kian Yeik

Sunway University

Peng Hwa Ang

Nanyang Technological University

An integral part of the daily lives of adolescents revolves around the Internet. Adolescents are vulnerable online because of a combination of their natural innocence, sensation-seeking drive coupled with the current digital media landscape and its manifold affordances for interactivity, immersive virtual environments and social networking. Adolescence is a time of transition in which youths progressively venture from the safety of the home to explore new opportunities. In this phase of life, both parents and peers play a critical role in either instigating or mitigating risky and dangerous activities. This study examines in the context of youth’s online risky activities, whether the compensatory-competition model or the continuity-cognitive model prevails. This study also explores whether the engagement of parental mediation activities mitigates or compounds the situation. A Partial Least Squares Equation analysis of a stratified random survey of 2000 Malaysian school children between 13 and 15-year-old controlling for age and gender, found that peer-attachment competes with parent attachment for the influence of teenagers’ risky online activities and Internet addiction. Parental influence is stronger when parents actively engage in mediating the online activities of their teenagers. On balance, parents can have more influence on teenagers than their peers.

Problematic gaming in adolescents: Identifying parent and family factors relevant for treatment

Thesis

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Philip Nielsen

In my work as family therapist I have been seeing many adolescents with alcohol, drug and/or delinquency issues. About fifteen years ago, an additional group of teens sought treatment, this time because their online gaming behaviour was deemed problematic, if not by themselves then by people close to them (parents, school staff). Like in cases of substance abuse and delinquency, parent and family (PF) factors appeared to play a role in the problems that had led the adolescent and his or her parents to seek guidance and help. I decided to examine the impact of PF factors. Is adolescent problematic gaming indeed associated with PF factors? If one could modify these factors in positive ways, would that have a beneficial therapeutic effect? The current thesis reflects the research work I have done since I joined the evolving field of gaming research. This work includes two systematic reviews and one randomised controlled trial. Parents of adolescents with gaming problems often expect the therapist to teach them rules and strategies – collectively known as ‘parental mediation techniques’ – that they could use to keep their teen on the right track, away from indulging too much in playing games. In the first literature review (Study 1), four forms of parental mediation were assessed: (1) no mediation, i.e., refraining from action; (2) co-viewing or co-gaming with the adolescent; (3) active mediation (talking to the adolescent about gaming); and (4) restrictive mediation (limiting access to games). Nine publications relating data on the prevalence of problematic gaming (PG) to parental mediation practices were analysed. The study participants were mostly school pupils. The review concluded that none of the major parental mediation techniques can be considered to be an established risk or protective factor for problematic gaming. That is, none of the mediation practices was consistently linked to lower or higher rates of PG (or, in another set of studies, to problematic use of the Internet in general). Refraining from parental mediation tended to be harmful, increasing screen use problems. Restrictive mediation worked out negatively or positively, depending on the type of restriction and on family attachment and functioning. In contrast to the parental mediation techniques, family cohesion and family conflict had consistent effects on PG rates (beneficial and harmful, respectively). The apparent importance of family cohesion and conflict was reason to carry out a second systematic literature review, this time focused on cohesion and conflict variables (parent and family factors). This review (Study 2) identified 27 research publications relating problematic gaming rates to parent and family factors. Six categories of PF factors were distinguished: problems faced by the parents; child abuse; co-parental teamwork; parenting style; family attachment; and family functioning. These categories comprise both risk and protective factors, which were disentangled by regrouping the factors into four classes: 1. positive parenting (positive parenting style and positive co-parental teamwork); 2. negative parenting (negative style and teamwork; child abuse; problems of the parents); 3. positive family dynamics (positive family attachment and family functioning); and 4. negative family dynamics (negative family attachment and functioning). The review showed positive parenting and positive family dynamics to be associated with lower rates of PG, and negative parenting and negative family dynamics to be linked to higher PG rates. Most effect sizes reported in the reviewed studies were statistically significant, although rather small. The effect sizes for the PF factors, which are interpersonal factors, were compared with those for a range of intrapersonal adolescent risk and protective factors and found to be of the same order of magnitude. Having established that PF factors are linked to adolescent problematic gaming, the next step was to examine if decreasing the impact of PF risk factors and increasing the impact of PF protective factors would have a beneficial effect on problematic gaming behaviour. One form of treatment that explicitly addresses PF factors is family therapy. Family therapy has been found effective in treating adolescents with substance use disorders and delinquency. One treatment programme with a particularly good track record in this respect is multidimensional family therapy (MDFT). The outpatient treatment centre where I worked, Centre Phénix-Mail in Geneva, mounted a randomised controlled trial comparing MDFT with the other form of family therapy offered in the centre, family therapy as usual (FTAU) (Study 3.a and 3.b). Study participants were 42 adolescents meeting the criteria for Internet gaming disorder (IGD), as defined – provisionally, for the moment – by the DSM-5 classification system. Measures included IGD symptoms, mental health symptoms, quality of life, parental supervision and school functioning. Assessments were made at baseline, at 6 months (after completion of the treatment) and at 12 months. With one exception, all adolescents recruited for the trial were boys. They were rather young (on average 15 years) and about half of them came from broken families. Most adolescents met 6 or 7 out of the nine IGD criteria, the most often endorsed criteria being ‘Continued gaming despite problems’ and ‘Impaired control over gaming’. Several findings indicated that the adolescents had issues with family and school. Most of them had been referred to the treatment centre by their parents and/or school. There were frequent episodes of youths being absent from school. The adolescents and the parents held discordant views as to the severity of the gaming problems and the mental health problems of the youth. At baseline, the parents rated their child’s gaming problems as being large, in contrast to their teens, who considered the gaming problems to be small. This discrepancy in judgment diminished across the study period as parents became milder in rating problem severity. Both family therapies decreased the prevalence of IGD across the one-year period. They also reduced the number of IGD criteria met, with MDFT outperforming FTAU. The amount of time spent on gaming remained stable throughout the trial. MDFT better retained families in treatment than FTAU. The IGD outcomes confirm the hypothesis that family therapy, especially MDFT, was effective in treating adolescent IGD. Improvements in family relationships may contribute to the treatment success. The findings are promising but need to be replicated in larger study. In some respects, such as defining criteria, gaming disorder is still ill-understood and in need of further examination. The results reported in this dissertation render it likely that, at least in some cases of IGD (DSM-5) or Gaming Disorder (GD; WHO, ICD-11), gaming disorder should be seen in social context. The adolescent knows that his or her gaming is problematic in the eyes of others, such as the parents, but not unbearably so in his or her own perception. This discordance in views may lead to conflicts and distress, which may aggravate the gaming problems and increase the therapeutic challenges. Quality of relationships is a core target of family therapy. Therapists work hard to transform hate and rejection into love and inclusion. Family therapists are convinced that behavioural problems occurring during the crucial period of adolescence are intimately linked to deep issues of bonding, sense of meaning and identity. This may be part of the explanation of why these approaches appeared to work in mitigating gaming problems.

Associations between parental mediation and adolescents' internet addiction: The role of parent–child relationship and adolescents' grades

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Introduction: Family factors, such as parental mediation on Internet use and parent-child relationships, have been shown to play a crucial role in preventing adolescents' internet addiction. Previous studies have shown a change in characteristics of online risk during adolescents' development. However, it is still of great interest whether such differences applied in the relationships among parent-child relationships, different types of parental mediation and adolescents' internet addiction level. In this study, we investigated the associations between different types of parental mediators and adolescents' internet addiction level and how the associations were mediated by father-child and mother-child relationships. We further investigated whether mediating effect differs between primary and secondary school children. Methods: Based on a sample of 3,026 school children aged 9-14 years (M = 11.56, SD = 0.71; 55.25% primary school adolescents, 44.75% secondary school adolescents), a series of Structural Equation Models were applied to investigate the relationships among internet addiction, parental mediation, and parent-child relationship. In addition, a series of multi-group analysis were applied to detect whether there are differences in these relationships between the primary and secondary school group. Results: The internet addiction level and intensity of parental mediation was higher among primary school adolescents than secondary school adolescents. Parental active mediation and monitoring on internet use were associated with reduced and increased adolescents' internet addiction. Father-child relationship had stronger partial mediating effects on the relationships between parental mediation and adolescents' internet addiction than the mother-child relationship. The relationships among parental mediation, parent-child relationship and internet addiction were more pronounced among primary school adolescents than secondary school adolescents. Discussion: The findings suggest that good father-child relationships and adequate parental mediation approach, such as active mediation, may contribute to reduction of internet addiction risk in adolescents, especially in primary school adolescents.

Show me what you post, and I'll tell you who you are: a reflection on GenZ's perception of body image and manipulation on social media

Chapter

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Dec 2021

In a society increasingly dominated by the image cult, reports on the growth of prejudice and discrimination based solely on physical appearance have increased. GenZ is the first generation born entirely in a fully developed internet and has known social media early. Therefore, it is crucial to understand their perception of body image and image manipulation perception as they are targeted daily on social media by retouched images of celebrities and branded content. In this study, we opted to develop a survey applied to 785 GenZers residing in Portugal to collect their perceptions about this topic. Results aim to show their perceptions of body image on social media by reflecting on their own posting habits and their views on celebrity retouched images. At the end of this study, the main results are presented in the hopes that new generations will gradually begin to deconstruct stereotypes and prejudices that mark a society still dominated by the image and by the aesthetic and beauty standards.

As gerações dos ecrãs: práticas e experiências relacionadas com o online

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Peer and Parent Influence on Consumer Behavior Buying Decision Making: An Empirical Study among Saudi Female Consumers

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Purpose – This study examines peer and parents’ influences on buying decisions utilizing social power theory. Design/methodology/approach – The study made use of a survey of 285 participants (young female consumers) who live in Saudi Arabia. Findings – The study serves and provides insights for marketers and producers to understand the way consumers behave taking the influence of parents and peers on buying decisions into consideration. The findings of this study relatively conform to the previous studies and Saudi culture, such as greater parental referent, legitimate, and reward power. However, it shows a high peer influence of expertise, reward, and legitimate power. The theoretical and managerial implications of the results of the study are discussed. Research limitations/implications – The study extends research on social power theory bases by examining their effects on consumer decisions. It helps to gain an insight on how young female consumers make their decisions which leads to a more realistic choice of the decision in consumption. Producers and manufacturers should take the overall importance of parental and social power into consideration; it suggests that marketers have to focus on the role of peers and parents in consumers’ decision as being high on potential parental acceptance. Originality/value –The current study investigates the importance and the influencing factors that affect consumers' behavior regarding parents and peers’ relationships. Other empirical evidence contributes to the study that is applicable to the producers and manufacturers in the Saudi Arabian market.

Theoretical perspectives of parental influence on adolescent cyber behaviour: A bi-national Instagram-based study

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An increase in adolescent social media use has exacerbated cyberbullying globally. Instagram has the highest percentage of adolescent users experiencing cybervictimisation. While past research has delved into self-driven or peer-driven motivations of cyberbullying, theory-driven research characterising external factors is integral to understanding the psyche of cyberbullies, victims, or bystanders. Examining factors moderating cyberbullying in the broader social context of family in addition to peers is vital to mitigate cyberbullying. This paper explores factors related to parent and adolescent behaviours and relationships using the theory of planned behaviour. Two Instagram-specific instruments were designed, developed, and validated. Statistical analysis and comparisons were made between participants from two countries, i.e., India and Singapore. Results showed that perceived parental control, parental behavioural intention, subjective norms, and gender were significant predictors of adolescents' cyber behaviour. While past studies have concluded that theoretical perspectives are integral to studying cyberbullying behaviours, our study gives insight on how determinants of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) predict actual intentions to cyberbully in adolescents. Further, the theoretical perspective and structural equation modelling (SEM) allows us to explore the effects of deeply held attitudes (Singapore: β = .590, p < .01; India: β = .659, p < .01), perceived parental control (Singapore: β = .068, p < .01; India: β = .192, p < .01) and subjective norms (Singapore: β = .745, p < .01; India: β = .295, p < .01) in proximal factors such as parents and their behavioural intentions. While TPB has only been used to study individual behavioural intentions in the past, the statistical analysis gives us the chance to delve into how individual behavioural intentions in family settings may affect adolescents' social media behaviour.

U.S. adolescents' attitudes toward school, social connection, media use, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Differences as a function of gender identity and school context

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PLOS ONE

The COVID-19 pandemic changed school contexts and social opportunities dramatically for adolescents around the world. Thus, certain adolescents may have been more susceptible to the stress of the pandemic as a function of differences in schooling. We present data from 1256 United States adolescents (ages 14-16) to examine how the 2020-2021 school context (in-person, hybrid, or virtual) related to feelings of school satisfaction and success, social connection, mental health, and media use. We also examine differences as a function of gender identity. Results demonstrate that school context, particularly in-person compared to virtual schooling, was related to higher school satisfaction and academic success, stronger feelings of social connection and inclusion, lower levels of anxiety and depression, and less problematic media use. Interestingly, adolescents did seem to use media as a tool to support social connection when in hybrid or virtual school contexts, but they also reported higher rates of problematic media use, thus suggesting that media use needs to be examined more carefully to understand its role as a potential protective mechanism for adolescents' social connection and mental health. These findings provide baseline information about how schools' responses to the COVID-19 pandemic may have created disparities among youth. These findings have implications for current school interventions.

Problematic internet usage: the impact of objectively Recorded and categorized usage time, emotional intelligence components and subjective happiness about usage

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Most research on Problematic Internet Usage (PIU) relied on self-report data when measuring the time spent on the internet. Self-reporting of use, typically done through a survey, showed discrepancies from the actual amount of use. Studies exploring the association between trait emotional intelligence (EI) components and the subjective feeling on technology usage and PIU are also limited. The current cross-sectional study aims to examine whether the objectively recorded technology usage, taking smartphone usage as a representative, components of trait EI (sociability, emotionality, well-being, self-control), and happiness with phone use can predict PIU and its components (obsession, neglect, and control disorder). A total of 268 participants (Female: 61.6%) reported their demographic and completed a questionnaire that included Problematic Internet Usage Questionnaire short form (PIUQ–SF–6), Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue-SF), level of happiness with the amount and frequency of smartphone use, and living conditions (whether alone or with others). Their smartphone usage was objectively recorded through a dedicated app. A series of one-way ANOVA revealed no significant difference in PIU for different living conditions and a significant difference in the subjective level of happiness with phone usage (F (3, 264) = 7.55, p < .001), as well as of the frequency of usage where the unhappy group had higher PIU (F (3, 264) = 6.85, p < .001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that happiness with phone usage (β = −.17), the actual usage of communication (β = .17), social media (β = .19) and gaming apps (β = .13), and trait EI component of self-control (β = −.28) were all significant predictors of PIU. Moreover, gender, age, and happiness with the frequency of phone usage were not significant predictors of PIU. The whole model accounted for the total variance of PIU by 32.5% (Adjusted R² = .287). Our study contributes to the literature by being among the few to rely on objectively recorded smartphone usage data and utilizing components of trait EI as predictors.

The interplay between adolescents’ Internet addiction and family-related factors: three common patterns

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This study aimed to identify typical interactions between adolescents’ Internet addiction and family environment factors. 165 parents were surveyed about family environment and problematic Internet use for themselves and their adolescents. Three distinct clusters were identified. Cluster 1 (assertive interaction) involved non-addicted authoritative parents with adolescents at risk of addiction. These parents had occasional arguments with their adolescents. Cluster 2 (aggressive interaction) included at-risk authoritarian parents with Internet addicted adolescents. These parents often had arguments with their adolescents. Cluster 3 (lenient interaction) comprised non-addicted permissive parents with highly addicted adolescents. These parents constantly argue with their adolescents. As we have not identified a cluster where adolescents’ addiction was below minimal risk, we advocate the need to train parents along with adolescents on healthy technology use. The clusters identified can be used by professionals as a basis to produce diverse interventions that fit each of the identified family types.

Problematic Use of Social Networking Sites Among Adolescents in the Czech Republic Versus Offline Risk Behaviour and Parental Control

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The Problematic Use (PU) of Social Networking Sites (SNS) is a diagnostic and preventive as well as educational challenge. Problematic Use of new media is currently a phenomenon discussed by psychologists, sociologists, and media educators in the field of diagnosing the scale of the phenomenon, as well as protective factors and risks related to this phenomenon. This text is part of the debate on the scale of SNS among young people, as well as on the role of parents in reducing this phenomenon. The text also juxtaposes issues related to the prediction of PU SNS and risk behaviours in the offline space. The study employed a triangulation of quantitative tools in the form of: frequency of SNS use, parental control online, and scale of psychoactive substance use. Based on the data collected among a group of adolescents in the Czech Republic (N = 531 individuals aged 13-19 years, study year 2018/2019), it was noted that: 1) Almost 75% of adolescents systematically use SNS before bedtime; 2) Every fifth adolescent consumes dinner daily or almost daily accompanied by SNS; 3) Less than a third of respondents use SNS almost continuously; 4) SNS UI indicators are mutually related; however, the relationship is not always strong; 5) Girls have a slightly higher level of PU SNS than boys; 6) Systematic alcohol consumption is a predictor of PU SNS; 7) Parental restriction of Internet use time leads to a reduction in PU SNS among adolescents.

Attachment anxiety and smartphone addiction among university students during confinement: Teacher–student relationships, student–student relationships and school connectedness as mediators

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Learning at home during the COVID-19 confinement might affect students' relationships with their peers, teachers, and schools and increase the possibility of smartphone addiction. We hypothesized that attachment anxiety directly and indirectly affects smartphone addiction, with teacher–student relationships, student–student relationships, and school connectedness as mediators. The participants were 999 university students from different regions of China. The results showed that six of the paths were significant except the one between student–student relationships and smartphone addiction. Also, the association between attachment anxiety and smartphone addiction was mediated by teacher–student relationships and school connectedness not but student–student relationships. The current study highlights the mediating effect of school connectedness and teacher–student relationships in the multiple mediation model, and suggests that universities can alleviate the risk of smartphone addiction in distance teaching by cultivating good teacher–student relationships and strengthening students' sense of belonging to their schools.

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Longitudinal Investigations of Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Path Models Among Internet Use, Executive Function Problems, and Maternal Control in Young Korean Children

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Hana Song

Excessive Internet use is related to behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions, but little is known about the relationship between them in young elementary school children. This study examined the longitudinal relationship between children's Internet use for entertainment purposes, executive function problems, and maternal control. Differences by children's Internet addiction status in their associations were also examined. Data from Wave 9 (2016) to Wave 11 (2018) of 1,463 children and mothers who participated in the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC) were used. The children's ages were 8 (grade 2), 9 (grade 3), and 10 years (grade 4) at Waves 9, 10, and 11, respectively. Associations between the variables were analyzed using autoregressive cross-lagged model estimations and multi-group analysis. The results showed the longitudinal stability of each of children's Internet use, executive function problems, and maternal control over the 3 years. Mutual associations between maternal control and children's Internet use were found especially in the low-risk group. In addition, children's executive function problems positively predicted Internet use, and negative associations from executive function problems to maternal control were significant over the years. However, some of these associations were significant only in the high-risk group. Discussions have focused on the protective role of maternal control and cognitive intervention, which could reduce children's excessive Internet use.

Psychometric Properties of Turkish Version of Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale-2 and the Relationship Between Internet Use Patterns and Problematic Internet Use

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This study aimed to validate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale-2 (GPIUS2), to categorize Internet use patterns (IUP) that are academic, social, and recreational, and to elucidate the current state of the relationships between demographic characteristics, problematic Internet use (PIU), and IUP. To this end, two studies were conducted 1 year apart at two different public universities in Turkey. The first study tested the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the GPIUS2 for young adults alongside piloting the Internet Use Patterns Questionnaire (IUPQ) with a total of 328 university students in the fall semester of 2017–2018. In a follow-up study, the Turkish version of the GPIUS2 was further validated alongside the examination of IUP with 479 university students in the fall semester of 2018–2019. Factor analyses were conducted in both studies to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the GPIUS2. Pearson correlation, independent samples T-test, and ANOVA were conducted in the follow-up study to examine the relationship between demographic information, PIU, and IUP. In both the initial and follow-up studies, the translated version of the GPIUS2 proved to be a reliable, valid, and acceptable measurement instrument with 14 items and three factors. Regarding the relationship between IUP and PIU, duration of use rather than purpose of use frequency was found to be related to PIU. An increase in the duration of academic use implies a decrease in PIU, and the opposite is true for social and recreational use. The surprising, nonsignificant relationship between grade point average and PIU is discussed in line with the literature.

Determinants of Energy Efficient Appliances among Malaysian Households: Roles of Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Interaction and Appliance Quality

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of purchasing intention of energy efficient appliances among Malaysian households. Consumer behavior, particularly when purchasing non-environmentally friendly products, contributes significantly towards environmental problems and climate change. This study adopts the theory of planned behavior as the basis and integrates it with two external domains, namely social interaction and the quality of energy efficient appliances. A total of 318 respondents participated and were analyzed via partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Findings show that perceived behavioral control and subjective norms exert a significant and positive effect on consumers’ intention to purchase energy efficient appliances, while attitude has no significant influence. Meanwhile, social interaction and quality were found to be critical determinants of intention to purchase energy efficient appliances. Implications in the context of sustainable purchasing behavior and recommendations to increase consumers’ purchases of energy efficient appliances or green appliances are discussed.

Anababa-Ergen Çatışması ve Problemli İnternet Kullanımına Etkisi

Article

Apr 2021

Derya Atalan Ergin

The parent-adolescent relationship is getting more complicated during adolescence. Adolescents demand more autonomy; parents try to balance between adolescents’ demands and their own expectations. These changes may cause more frequent and intense conflict between parent-adolescent, which in turn would affect adolescents’ problematic behaviour. The present study has two parts: Study 1 aims to examine the impact of demographic variables, more specifically parent and adolescents’ gender, on conflict and Study 2 investigates the impact of conflict on PIU. The sample of Study 1 consisted of 173 adolescents (101 girls, 58.4%; 72 boys, 41.6%). The main and interaction effect of gender was analysed in the detailed conflict using two-way ANOVA. The sample of Study 2 consisted of 221 adolescents (107 girls, 48.4%;113 boys, 51.4%). The predicted role of the amount of time parents and adolescents spend together and conflict issues with problematic internet usage (PIU) was examined using the hierarchical regression model. Results revealed an interaction effect of parents’ and adolescents’ gender on conflict. Daughter-mother and son-father conflicts were resolved in more positive ways. Besides, adolescents who spent time with their parents had less PIU, but conflict about the internet was related to higher PIU. The study revealed that the duration of interaction between adolescents and their same-gender parents is critical for conflict resolution. Moreover, the interaction had a buffer role and the conflict on the internet was a risk factor for adolescents’ PIU.

Exploring Parental Mediation of Internet Use Through Young Children's Perspective

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the parental mediation of children’s internet use from middle school students’ point of view. In doing so, we first developed a Parental Mediation Scale. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a four-factor structure (monitoring, safety, active, technical mediation), which was then verified through confirmatory factor analysis. After conducting validity and reliability studies of the scale, we applied it to 416 Turkish middle school students in the 2018-2019 school year. To examine the parental mediation of internet use in terms of demographic characteristics, we employed group comparison tests (i.e., independent samples t-Test and one-way ANOVA). The results indicated that middle school students perceived the mediation of their parents at a medium level. Moreover, parental mediation of internet use did not differ based on the age of children, child’s level of education, the gender of children, number of children in the family, parents’ level of education, and family’s income level.

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As India is overrunning towards digitalization, and along with showing technological advancements and conveniences, it has also presented some unfortunate consequences for the youth. This research paper focuses on the serious concern of negative effects of technology on the teenagers and youngsters of the country. The researcher has attempted to identify the various factors having influence on youth's digital addiction level and also analysis the impact of demographic variables on it. The study has been conducted through the structured questionnaire rolling among the people of different age groups to analyse the perception of the different occupation on the addiction level of the youth. With the sample size of 405 people, the finding has uncovered the facts of addiction level, and the mess between the youth and overuse of gadget. The results also suggest how the parents can tackle with the negative effects of technology for the well-being of their children.

Typologies of Helicopter Parenting in American and Chinese Young-Adults’ Game and Social Media Addictive Behaviors

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J Child Fam Stud

Helicopter parenting has emerged as a prevalent phenomenon in families with adult children. Due to its developmentally inappropriate nature, helicopter parenting sometimes serves as a risk factor for children. In addition, culture and parents’ gender shape parenting and adult children’s outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to identify multidimensional constructs of helicopter parenting among college students and describe how latent classes of helicopter parenting of mothers and fathers are related to college students’ game and social media addictive behaviors in the United States and China. Using a three-step latent class approach, data from 1402 mother and young-adult child (MC) and 1225 father and young-adult child (FC) pairs in the United States and 527 MC and 426 FC pairs in China were analyzed. Four helicopter parenting latent classes (strong, strong but weak direct intervention, weak but strong academic management, and weak) were identified among MC and FC pairs in the United States, but three latent classes (strong, strong but weak direct intervention, and weak) were identified in China. In addition, college students whose parents were in the strong helicopter parenting class reported a higher level of game and social media addictive behaviors than those in weak and weak but strong academic management classes in the United States, but not in China. These findings indicate that helicopter parenting is multidimensional in nature in both American and Chinese families, but the impact of helicopter parenting on college students’ game and social media addictive behaviors differs between the two countries.

Mediación parental y habilidades digitales de los adolescentes de la Comunidad de Madrid: competencias y desempeño

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Nov 2021

Un uso positivo de internet y de los medios sociales, aprovechando sus oportunidades o afrontando sus peligros, requiere de habilidades digitales. La mediación parental es considerada un factor crítico para que los adolescentes adquieran estos conocimientos y habilidades digitales, adoptándolos en su comportamiento cotidiano. A partir de los datos de una encuesta a una muestra representativa de 524 alumnos matriculados en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (12-16 años) de la Comunidad de Madrid (España) y aplicando análisis de regresión lineal jerárquica por pasos, este artículo examina las relaciones entre las diferentes formas de mediación parental reportadas por los adolescentes, por un lado, y sus competencias digitales y desempeño, por otro. El análisis mostró que tanto la mediación parental restrictiva como la mediación parental orientada hacia el bienestar de los menores impactan, aunque débilmente, en las competencias online de los adolescentes: La primera limita el desarrollo de competencias digitales, mientras que la segunda las favorece. Sin embargo, la edad y el tiempo de uso influyen más en la puesta en práctica de competencias digitales. El co-uso guiado por los padres no se manifiesta como una práctica autónoma de la mediación para asegurar el bienestar, ni parece tener impacto sobre competencias y desempeño digital. Los resultados sugieren que las prácticas parentales restrictivas y las prácticas familiares orientadas a advertir y aconsejar a los menores sobre los riesgos y buenos usos online no son más relevantes que los factores relacionados con la edad y la experiencia de uso en el desempeño digital.

Conceptualization of emotional behavior and addiction to social networks

Article

Jan 2019

In a few years, social networks have become an instrument of influence and communication in all age ranges. Preteens and adolescents remain the most vulnerable group because they lack strategies to defend themselves against certain aggressions of this environment. The information and training channels for the management of social networks are still scarce and controversial and their power of social influence is evident in different areas of society, generating currents of opinion and modification of attitudes and beliefs. The great versatility and ease of use, makes them instruments for continued use. We have to add to the process the ignorance on the part of the parents of how to educate the children in their use, taking into account that there is a quite pronounced digital divide. The emotional states in this age group are in continuous development and any incident can have a positive or negative impact on their configuration and, on the other hand, the consequences of an abusive use of them can lead to addiction behavior. In this work we intend to address, from the review of the literature and from a theoretical point of view, the influence of virtual social networks on the emotional behavior of young people and their possible relationship with the addiction process.

The Junior Students’ Internet Literacy Scale: Measure Development and Validation

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021
Int J Environ Res Publ Health

Despite the great attention paid to Internet literacy research, little has been done to overcome the problems stemming from the heterogeneity of Internet literacy nomenclature and the use of non-standardized measurement tools, especially for adolescents in developing countries. Considering junior students are the high-risk groups of Internet addiction and have wide access to the Internet, the aim of this study is to develop a new scale to assess Chinese junior students’ Internet literacy (JIL). In the psychometric study (n = 1099 junior students), an 18-item scale was developed using the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, which includes five subscales: knowledge and skills for the Internet (KSI), Internet self-management (ISM), awareness and cognition of Internet (ACI), Internet interactions (II), and autonomous learning on the Internet (ALI). Evidence of internal reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity provided good psychometric support for the measure. Criterion-related validity of the measures was demonstrated by examining its anticipated theoretical relations to two hypotheses: (1) High JIL level alleviates the adverse effects of an individual’s Internet addiction degree, while pathological use for interacting with others on the Internet exacerbates the adverse effects; (2) an individual’s degree of Internet use self-efficacy is positively associated with JIL level. It is envisaged that the JIL Scale will help facilitate unified research in the field.

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Jul 2021

Ifeanyi Adigwe

This study examined the moderating and mediating variables in parental mediation practices in Nigerian families in the digital age. This study applied a multi-stage sampling technique to achieve an adequate representation of the population in six educational districts in Lagos, Nigeria. The study included 1,270 adult sample. Data were obtained through questionnaire from parents of children in the selected schools. Findings of the study showed that a strong and positive relationship exists between parent’s age and educational level and parent’s gender and educational level. These relationships were evident as strong moderating variables for the four mediation strategies measured in this study. It was found that, relating to the digital literacy of parents, the hierarchical regression analyses showed that only 7% of variance in parental mediation practice, in the case of participatory learning, was explained. By implication, the constructs of digital literacy are more relevant to participatory learning mediation practice compared to other parental mediation practices in the context of Nigerian families.

Psychological Well-Being and Home Conditions during COVID-19 Confinement. Internet Addiction and Nostalgia as Mediators

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021
Int J Environ Res Publ Health

The COVID-19 pandemic posed a challenge for all confined populations, dealing with their home resources and suffering changes in their psychological well-being. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between home conditions (i.e., having children, square meters of the house and square meters of the terrace or similar) and psychological well-being, and to test whether this relationship is mediated by Internet addiction and nostalgia. The sample was composed of 1509 people, aged between 18 to 78 years (67.6% women). Structural Equations Models and 2 x 2 ANOVAs were analyzed. It was found that better home conditions mean greater psychological well-being, and that this relationship is partially mediated, in a negative sense, by Internet addiction and nostalgia, especially after day 45 of confinement and with greater intensity in women. These results provide evidence about how psychological well-being can be preserved during a confinement situation, which may be useful for planning healthy strategies in similar circumstances in the future.

Problematic Internet use among residential college students during the COVID-19 lockdown: A social network analysis approach

Article

Full-text available

May 2021

Background and aims During the COVID-19 lockdown, problematic Internet use (PIU) has become a serious issue among residential college students, who remain physically isolated from off-campus society. This study constructs an integrated model to investigate the influencing mechanisms of internal locus of control (LOC) and objective peer effects. Methods Residential college students ( n = 494) were surveyed from a single department of a Chinese university. An item from the World Value Survey was employed to measure internal LOC, while objective peer effects were assessed via friends’ mutual nominations. Finally, PIU was measured using Young’s Internet Addiction Tests, while a social network analysis and logit regression were combined to estimate various factors’ effects on PIU. Results In our sample, the prevalence rate of PIU was 30.6%, and while internal LOC was a protective factor for PIU, its protective role was diluted when exposed to a peer environment with high PIU prevalence. Furthermore, indegree performed contrasting roles on PIU under various network conditions. It acted as a protective factor when exposed to a low prevalence of PIU in a peer environment; however, it became a risk factor when PIU peers were prevalent. Lastly, the protective efficacy of betweenness was activated when individuals had more than one PIU friend. Discussion and conclusions Further intervention studies focusing on individuals with a weak internal LOC are recommended during the lockdown. Additionally, interventions that consider the network structures carefully, may enhance the prevention of PIU.

Correlates of Internet Addiction in Turkish Adolescents

Article

May 2021
CHILD YOUTH SERV REV

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of Internet addiction with age, gender, sitting time, duration of smartphone use, playing violent digital games, and exercising. Three hundred and sixty-two adolescents completed questionnaires regarding physical activity and Internet addiction. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age (β = -0.159) and 2 hours or more of smartphone use (β = 0.309) had a linear relationship with Internet addiction (p <0.05) in Model II (female adolescents). In both Model I (all adolescents) and Model III (male adolescents), smartphone use for 2 hours or more (β = 0.315 and β = 0.314, respectively) and playing violent digital games (β = 0.178 and β = 0.181 and, respectively) were related linearly with Internet addiction (p <0.05). In addition, Internet addiction was significantly and positively associated with sitting time in all adolescents (p <0.05). These findings suggest that the variables of playing violent digital games in male adolescents, age in female adolescents, and the use of smartphones for 2 hours or more in all adolescents contribute to the occurrence of Internet addiction.

Parent-adolescent conflict process and the relationship with adolescents' problematic Internet usage

Preprint

May 2021

Derya Atalan Ergin

The parent-adolescent relationship is getting more complicated during adolescent. Adolescents postulate more autonomy; parents try to balance between adolescents demands and their own expectations. These changes may cause more frequent and intense conflict between parent-adolescent which in turn would affect adolescents' problematic behavior. The present study has two parts: Study 1 aims to examine the impact of demographic variables, more specifically parent and adolescents' gender, on conflict and Study 2 investigates the impact of conflict on PIU. The sample of Study 1 consisted of 173 adolescents (101 girls, 58.4%, 72 boys, 41.6%). The gender's main and interaction effect was investigated in the conflict detailed using two-way ANOVA. The sample of Study 2 consisted of 221 adolescents (107 girls, 48.4%, 113 boys, 51.4%). The predicted role of the number of time parents and adolescents spend together and conflict issues on problematic Internet usage (PIU) using the hierarchical regression model. Results revealed an interaction effect of parents and adolescents' gender on conflict. Daughter-mother and son-father conflicts were resolved more positive ways. Besides, adolescents who spend time with their parents had less PIU, but conflict about the Internet was related to higher PIU. The study revealed that duration of interaction between adolescents and their same-gender parents is critical for conflict resolution. Moreover, interaction had a buffering role, and the conflict on the Internet was a risk factor on adolescents' PIU. Ebeveyn-Ergen Çatışma Süreci ve Ergenlerin Problemli İnternet Kullanımı İle İlişkisi Öz Ergenlik, ebeveyn-ergen arasındaki ilişkilerin daha karmaşık hale geldiği bir dönemdir. Ergenler anne babalarından daha fazla özerklik talep ederken, ebeveynler kendi beklentileri ve ergenlerin talepleri arasında denge kurmaya çalışırlar. Bu değişimler ebeveyn-ergen arasında daha yoğun ve sık çatışmalara neden olabilir. Çatışmaların artışı ise ergenin problemli davranışları ile ilişkilendirilebilir. Bu araştırma iki bölümden oluşmaktadır: Çalışma 1'in örneklemi 173 ergen oluşturmaktadır (101 kız, %58.4, 72 erkek, %41.6). Çatışmanın ayrıntılı incelenmesinde cinsiyetin ana ve ortak etkisinin belirlenmesi amacıyla iki-yönlü ANOVA kullanılmıştır. Çalışma 2'nin örneklemi 221 ergen oluşturmaktadır (107 kız, %48.4, 113 erkek, %51.4). Ebeveyn ve ergenin birlikte geçirdikleri zamanın miktarının ve çatışma konularının Problemli İnternet Kullanımı (PİK) üzerindeki yordayıcılığı hiyerarşik regresyon analizi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bulgular çatışma üzerinde ebeveyn ve ergenin cinsiyetinin ortak etkisini göstermektedir. Kız-anne ve oğlan-baba arasındaki çatışmalar daha olumlu yollarla çözülmektedir. Ayrıca, ebeveynleriyle daha fazla zaman geçiren ergenlerin PİK düzeyleri daha düşüktür. Ancak İnternet konusunda yapılan tartışmalar PİK'in yüksek düzeyiyle ilişkili bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma, ergenin kendi cinsiyetinden ebeveyniyle geçirdiği etkileşimin önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Ek olarak, ebeveyn-ergen etkileşimi PİK üzerinde koruyucu bir faktörken, İnternet hakkındaki çatışmalar risk faktörüdür. Anahtar kelimeler: Ebeveyn-ergen çatışması, problemli İnternet kullanımı, çatışmanın çözümü, çatışmanın yoğunluğu, çatışmanın sıklığı, cinsiyet.

Phenomenology of adolescent parenting injuries in cyberspace

Article

Apr 2022

Parental mediation of online interactions and its relation to adolescents’ contacts with new people online: the role of risk perception

Article

Nov 2022

To ensure their children's safety online, parents can utilize number of strategies, including active and restrictive parental mediation. Active mediation encompasses parents discussing and advising children about safe usage of the internet, whereas restrictive mediation means limiting children's internet usage. Both strategies aim to affect children's online behavior, especially to minimize online risks. Using a sample of 1031 adolescents aged 11–17 (54% females) and structural equation modeling, we focused on the active and restrictive parental mediation of online interactions and their connections to adolescents’ potentially risky online contacts with new people. In addition, we considered the indirect effect of parental mediation on adolescents’ behavior through adolescents’ risk perception. In this way, we captured one of the potential explanatory mechanisms through which the parental mediation's effect occurs. The results showed that restrictive mediation decreased contacts with new people by increasing adolescents’ risk perception of this activity. In contrast, active mediation had neither a direct nor indirect effect on adolescents’ online contacts. The results enrich the theory of parental mediation by showing that risk perception is an important factor to consider when researchers examine the effects of parental mediation on children's potentially risky online behavior.

Odrednice ovisnosti o internetu zagrebačkih srednjoškolaca [DETERMINANTS OF INTERNET ADDICTION AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE CITY OF ZAGREB]

Thesis

Full-text available

Nov 2022

Sabina Mandić

ODREDNICE OVISNOSTI O INTERNETU ZAGREBAČKIH SREDNJOŠKOLACA [DETERMINANTS OF INTERNET ADDICTION AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE CITY OF ZAGREB] Introduction In the last twenty years, technology has become an indispensable part of people’s lives around the world, and at the same time the availability and accessibility of the Internet has been increasing. Children are surrounded by modern technologies from birth, and almost all young people are highly dependent on the Internet during their education. As a result, it is not surprising that there are currently nearly five billion active Internet users in the world and a portion of the population has been developing problems related to excessive Internet use or Internet addiction. Young people, i.e., high school and college students, are continuously cited as a particularly vulnerable group for the development of Internet addiction because they belong to a generation that has grown up with an extraordinary accessibility to modern technologies and for whom the Internet is inseparable from almost all aspects of life. Although prevalence data vary and there is no consensus, findings suggest a slightly higher prevalence of Internet addiction among high school students in Asian countries, where it ranges from 14% to 20%, while in European countries it ranges from 1% to 5%. As for individual risk factors for developing Internet addiction, the most significant are younger age of first Internet use, shyness, loneliness, certain personality traits, low self-esteem and self-efficacy, and low self-control. Special emphasis is also placed on the presence of mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as impulsivity, hyperactivity, and problems with maintaining attention. In addition to individual factors, environmental factors, especially family and peer factors, are also important. Family factors include frequent conflicts between parents and between parents and adolescents, inadequate parental control of Internet use, substance abuse and positive attitude of close family members towards it, parents’ mental health issues, and lower level of family functioning. The most important risk factors related to peer relationships are social loneliness, peer pressure, and peer rejection. The main goals of this study are to gain insight into the characteristics and habits of social networking and video game use among adolescents, to examine the prevalence of Internet addiction, and to identify possible differences in the characteristics of use and Internet addiction in relation to key personal and sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, the contribution of selected personal characteristics to Internet addiction among adolescents who prefer social networking sites and adolescents who prefer online video games will be examined. Methodology This research was conducted on a probabilistic sample of a total of 825 students from the first to the final grade of different high schools (three- and four-year vocational schools and grammar schools) from the City of Zagreb. This type of sampling allows us to generalize the results of the sample to the population of high school students in the City of Zagreb. The sample consists of a total of 49.0% boys, 50.7% girls and 0.3% students who did not provide information about their gender, and the participants’ ages ranged from 14 to 20 years (Mage=16.65 years; SDage=1.208). In order to provide a comprehensive response to the research goals and problems, an extensive battery of measurement instruments was used: (1) Questionnaire on participants' baseline characteristics; (2) Questionnaire on frequency of use of social networks and online video games; (3) Internet Addiction Test (Young, 1998); (4) International Personality Item Pool-20 (Donnellan et al., 2006); (5) Self-Description Questionnaire II (Marsh, 1992); (6) General Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer and Jerusalem, 1995); (7) Hyperactivity - impulsivity - attention Scale (Vulić-Prtorić, 2006); (8) Questionnaire of emotional skills and competence (Takšić, 1998); (9) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995); (10) Internet Motive Questionnaire for Adolescents (Bischof-Kastner, Kuntsche, and Wolstein, 2014); (11) Social Comparison Scale (Gibbons and Buunk, 1999); (12) Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale (diTommaso and Spinner, 1993). Prior to the start of this study, the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences of the University of Zagreb was obtained, as well as the approval of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia with a positive opinion of the Education and Teacher Training Agency. Consent was obtained from the principals of the selected schools, and from the parents of the minors. After obtaining the above consents, the research in the schools began. It was conducted during the second semester of the 2020/2021 school year, using the "pencil and paper" method of self-reporting. The students gave their verbal consent to participate in the research after having been informed about the basic aim of the research, anonymity, and voluntary nature of participation, as well as the possibility to stop filling in the questionnaire at any time. Results The results show that the participants of this research use social networks the most, namely Instagram and YouTube. They are followed by Snapchat, which is used slightly less frequently than Instagram and YouTube, and in third place is TikTok. All four types of online video games, Facebook and Pinterest share the "fourth" place, meaning they are used less frequently compared to Instagram, YouTube, Snapchat and TikTok. Twitter is used the least. Almost all social networks (Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok and Pinterest), are used more often by girls, while only YouTube is used more by men, which points to significant gender differences in social media usage. Gender differences were not found in the use of Facebook and Twitter, which are those social networks that are used the least (almost not at all) by both girls and boys compared to other networks. As for the differences in the frequency of use of online video games, they are significant in favour of young men, i.e., they play them to a greater extent than girls. Most participants (79%) use the Internet in a way that helps them fulfil their obligations and occasionally provides entertainment without interfering with their daily routine. About 20.1% of adolescents have a moderate level of addiction, while 0.8% of them meet the criteria for a high level of addiction. In other words, one fifth of Zagreb high school students have certain problems related to Internet use, and their daily psychosocial functioning is impaired in almost all areas, such as in interpersonal relationships, academic success, reducing Internet usage, and the like. The results indicate differences in students’ gender and age and the type of secondary schools. It has been found that the prevalence of addiction is higher in girls than in boys. Furthermore, first grade students report the presence of certain symptoms of Internet addiction to a greater extent than older students. As far as the type of secondary schools is concerned, the results have shown that grammar school students express problems related to Internet addiction most often. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed and significant predictors of Internet addiction among adolescents who predominantly used social networks were found, such as the female gender; lower levels of conscientiousness and self-efficacy; more problems with attention; emotional loneliness; a greater tendency to compare oneself with others; motivation to use the Internet with the aim of social conformity (conformism), mood elevation, and as a coping strategy for stressful life situations; and more intensive use of social networks. Significant predictors of Internet addiction among adolescents who predominantly played online video games were higher levels of attention problems, motivation to use the Internet as a coping strategy for stressful life situations, and more intensive use of online video games. Conclusion In conclusion, this study has certainly contributed to the expansion of the body of knowledge in scientific and professional contexts. The characteristics and habits of Internet use among Zagreb high school students were investigated, especially in relation to the frequency and intensity of use of certain online activities. The prevalence of Internet addiction among Zagreb high school students was determined, which allowed comparison of the results with foreign and domestic studies. The correlates of Internet addiction among adolescents depending on the dominant online activity were investigated and the role of certain factors in explaining Internet addiction, which are included but not clearly enough described in the model I- PACE, was described in more detail. The research findings point to the need for changes in the way Internet addiction is measured, with a particular focus on measuring addiction to specific online activities. The findings provide a starting point for the development and implementation of effective prevention and treatment interventions for adolescents.

Connected or Cutoff? A 4-Year Longitudinal Study of the Links Between Adolescents’ Compulsive Internet Use and Social Support

Article

Nov 2022

As the online world plays an increasing role in young peoples’ lives, research on compulsive internet use (CIU) is receiving growing attention. Given the social richness of the online world, there is a need to better understand how CIU influences adolescents’ social support and vice versa. Drawing on ecological systems theory, we examined the longitudinal links between adolescents’ CIU and perceived social support from three sources (parents, teachers, and friends) across 4 critical years of adolescence (Grades 8–11). Using random intercept cross-lagged modeling, we found that CIU consistently preceded reduced social support from teachers, whereas social support from parents preceded increases in CIU over time. We discuss the implications of our findings for parents and schools seeking to support young people experiencing CIU.

Cybercrime Behaviour in the Context of Youth Development

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022

The positive growth of youth is vital in the development of the particular country. Thus, it is crucial to acknowledge the factors that contribute to positive youth development. Using a bibliometric analysis approach, this study investigated the research contribution in the fields of positive youth development by finding the information related to the annual growth of publication, research areas, top 20 impactful journals, and highly cited articles and authors. This study aimed to present an extensive knowledge map of Malaysian youth development by accumulating a 10-year dataset from the Scopus database. Articles published between 2011 until 2021 were analysed using bibliometric approach. Searching the keyword "youth", 3354 articles were found. After refining with the keywords of "Malaysia Youth", 528 articles were then collected. In addition, this paper collected data from the Institute for Youth Research Malaysia, a leading centre in researching youth and their development in Malaysia. It is proven that health (stress-free, worry-free), social relations (relationship with parents), and safety (security while using the internet) had a significant relationship in cybercrime behaviour among Malaysian youth. Furthermore, this study discussed the contributions and significance of youth studies in the latest research studies together with the future direction.

Rizikó-magatartások epidemiológiai megközelítésben

Book

Full-text available

Oct 2022

The association between parent-child relationship and problematic internet use among English- and Chinese-language studies: A meta-analysis

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2022

As past studies of the association between parent-child relationship and problematic internet use show mixed results and are influenced by many factors, this meta-analysis of 75 primary Chinese and English language studies from 1990 to 2021 with 110,601 participants (aged 6−25 years) explored (a) the overall association between parent-child relationship and problematic internet use, and (b) whether the association is affected by their types, country, measures, objects of the parent-child relationship, gender, age, year and publication types. We used funnel plots, Classic fail-safe N and Egger's test to test for publication bias and for moderation with the homogeneity tests. The results showed a negative association between quality of parent-child relationship and problematic internet use ( r = −0.18, 95% CI = [−0.20, −0.15]). The moderation analysis found that compared with internet addiction tendency, the association between social media addiction and parent-child relationship was stronger. Moreover, the association between the parent-child relationship and problematic internet use of emerging adults (18–25 years old) was stronger than that of adolescents (12−18 years old). Furthermore, the negative association between parent-child relationship and problematic internet use was weaker (a) in Italy than those in Turkey and China, (b) when using CPS (Closeness to Parents Scale), IPPA (Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment), or PARQ (Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire) measuring parent-child relationship than using PCCS (Parent-Child Communication Scale), (c) when using IAT measuring problematic internet use rather than using IGDS or APIUS. Hence, these results indicate a negative association between parent-child relationships and problematic internet use, and the association is moderated by types of problematic internet use, age, country, scales of both parent-child relationship and problematic internet use.

Diligo 2.0: A Pilot Study for the Use of a Mobile App to Assess School Readiness

Chapter

Full-text available

Aug 2022

Diligo 2.0 is a mobile app designed as a serious game to assess spatial and numerical cognition as key elements of the school readiness concept in association with a preference for slow and fast thinking strategies. School readiness is a key concept for the future development of cognitive and emotional abilities of children, and it is highly correlated with academic success. The app is also focused on evaluating a preference for slow or fast thinking activities. The Diligo 2.0 app has been developed for Android platform and has been distributed in two Italian schools as a pilot study with 44 children. Usage data have been collected and are discussed in this paper to show possible directions for this kind of digital tool both for assessment and for training children's abilities.

Robot Assistive Therapy Strategies for Children with Autism

Chapter

Full-text available

Aug 2022

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a category of neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities. Social robots offer clinicians new ways to interact and work with people with ASD. Robot-Assisted Training (RAT) is a growing body of research in HRI, which studies how robots can assist and enhance human skills during a task-centred interaction. RAT systems have a wide range of application for children with ASD. Aims: In a pilot RCT with an experimental group and a control group, research aims will be: to assess group differences in repetitive and maladaptive behaviours (RMBs), affective states and performance tasks across sessions and within each group; to assess the perception of family relationships between two groups before and post robot interaction; to develop a robotic app capable to run Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM), a test typically used to measure general human intelligence and to compare the accuracy of the robot to capture the data with that run by psychologists. Material and Methods: Patients with mild or moderate level of ASD will be enrolled in the study which will last 3 years. The sample size is: 60 patients (30 patients will be located in the experimental group and 30 patients will be located in the control group) indicated by an evaluation of the estimated enrolment time. Inclusion criteria will be the following: eligibility of children confirmed using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule −2; age ≥ 7 years; clinician judgment during a clinical psychology evaluation; written parental consent approved by the local ethical committee. The study will be conducted over 10 weeks for each participant, with the pretest and post test conducted during the first and last weeks of the study. The training will be provided over the intermediate eight weeks, with one session provided each week, for a total of 8 sessions. Baseline and follow-up evaluation include: socioeconomic status of families will be assessed using the Hollingshead scale; Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) will be used to screen the communication skills and social functioning in children with ASD; Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, 2nd edition (VABS) will be used to assess the capabilities of children in dealing with everyday life; severity and variety of children’s ripetitive behaviours will be also assessed using Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R). Moreover, the perception of family relationships assessment will be run by Portfolio for the validation of parental acceptance and refusal (PARENTS). Expected Results: 1) improbe communication skills; 2) reduced repetitive and maladaptive behaviors; 3) more positive perception of family relationships; 4) improved performance. Conclusions: Robot-Assisted Training aims to train and enhance user (physical or cognitive) skills, through the interaction, and not assist users to complete a task thus a target is to enhance user performance by providing personalized and targeted assistance towards maximizing training and learning effects. Robotics systems can be used to manage therapy sessions, gather and analyse data and like interactions with the patient and generate useful information in the form of reports and graphs, thus are a powerful tool for the therapist to check patient’s progress and facilitate diagnosis.

The Motivation of Distance Learning in Universities Since Covid- 19 Outbreak

Chapter

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Aug 2022

Around midmonth March 2020, The World Health Organization acknowledged the COVID outbreak as a “public health emergency of international concern.” Worldwide, various heads of state-imposed mandatory lockdowns to curb and ease the spread of the disease. With such restrictions in hand, the education sector was among the many which felt the pinch brought about by the restriction measures imposed. To try and flatten the curve and minimize the spreading of the virus from one person to another, there was a need for reduced physical contact among people. According to Shahzad et al. (2020), public gatherings such as parties, religious services, social amenities, political gatherings, and physical learning for both universities and lower levels stopped since health comes first before anything else. With that in hand, the world had to look for suitable solutions to cope with the pandemic since the virus was not ending time soon; as a result, the globe adapted ‘the new normal of life. In response, education facilities had to embark on e-learning since life had to continue, which is great gratitude to technology. However, it brought about various issues that we will try and highlight since a change in anything is always accompanied by multiple challenges.

Storytelling Practice in Sectors of Education, Psychology, Communication, Marketing: A Narrative Review

Chapter

Full-text available

Aug 2022

Changes in digital storytelling are increasing the platforms for people in different professions such as business, family, healthcare, and research to communicate. Social movements through digital storytelling practices have increased over the past decade due to digital storytelling evolvement. Social activities through social media platforms have impacted freedom of communication, and continuous changes in digital storytelling will create more space for people to raise views. Other practices affected by the evolvement of digital storytelling include marketing, healthcare such as mental health of people, teaching, and research. Generally, digital storytelling changes over the past ten years have improved communication skills, enhanced interpersonal relationships, teamwork, and interprofessional collaboration globally.

Promoting Web-Source Evaluation and Comprehension of Conflicting Online Documents: Effects of Classroom Interventions

Chapter

Full-text available

Aug 2022

This study examines the effectiveness of two short-term instructional interventions on the evaluation of digital sources in the classroom context. One hundred sixty-one 8 th graders were involved in one of three conditions: an intervention based on providing declarative knowledge (DK) on source evaluation, an intervention based on providing contrasting cases (CC) of source evaluation strategies, and a control condition (C) with no intervention. Students in both intervention conditions carried out a series of activities in two lessons. Prior topic knowledge and interest, reading comprehension, working memory, and perceived competence in online information search and evaluation were used as control variables to ensure the equivalence of participants across conditions. In all conditions, participants were asked to read four documents on the debated issue of the potential health risks associated with the use of the mobile phone and, after reading, to rank-order them for reliability, providing justifications for their rank-ordering, and to write a short essay to judge those health risks, based on the texts read. The findings indicate that both interventions were effective, to some extent, in promoting the use of source characteristics in reliability judgments, as revealed by the justifications provided by the students for motivating their rank-ordering of the read documents. Both interventions were also effective in supporting multiple-text comprehension as revealed by the students’ argumentation in short essays.

Educational Digital Storytelling: Empowering Students to Shape Their Future

Chapter

Full-text available

Aug 2022

Educational digital storytelling (EDS) refers to digital storytelling in education. EDS is often presented as a technology-enhanced learning approach with powerful educational benefits. The use of EDS as a tool to support students to consider and pursue a meaningful life based on their interests, talents, and aspirations is spreading. Due to its nature, EDS could be an optimal tool to create and share digital stories to stimulate career plans. This paper deals with the educational uses of digital storytelling and presents an overview of how EDS can be used to support career guidance. It concludes with a brief description of the NEFELE Erasmus+ project that will implement tangible user interfaces (TUIs) in the classrooms to promote the EDS as a tool for career intervention.

On the Perceptions of Online Learning Due to COVID-19 Pandemic. Case Study: University of Foggia, Italy

Chapter

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Aug 2022

Due to COVID-19, higher education institutions all over the world transitioned to online learning. The sudden and forced transition to this new learning methodology pushed the Universities to rapidly adequate to the needs, upgrading their digital platforms to comply with the new requirements. In the same way, teachers had to adapt their teaching to fit the new medium’s potentials and limitations. The final receivers of this striking change, the students, had to adequate to the novelty approach, though this process has not been painless. Several difficulties, challenges and opportunities arose in this transition process for students, and the full digital class delivery also stressed them emotively. This study explores University of Foggia students’ perceptions of the emergency online learning. The factors analyzed involved their perception about the University implementation of the online class delivery, their consideration about the future of online learning and their emotional impact in attending courses with this methodology. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 3,140 participants. The findings present how students have globally appreciated online learning, but they mostly prefer a blended learning approach. Furthermore, by using segmentation variables, differences emerged among the participants’ groups, indicating online learning can have great potentials, but more complex and integrated approaches are needed to fulfill the different learning needs.

A Project to Promote English Learning in Primary School: “An English Island®” E-learning Platform

Chapter

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Aug 2022

The present study was aimed to investigate English learning as second language, in school, in first, second and third graders of twelve classes randomly assigned to a control or an experimental group. Children in the latter are exposed during English school teaching to the method “An English Island ® ” and to its platform activities. The method “An English Island ® ” offers a variety of strategies for teaching English in primary school, an innovative digital tool that promotes teaching/learning English language’s communicative approach, lead students to become familiar with the language in a sort of continuous, inclusive workout, in which everyone participates and talks. English skills as well as cognitive abilities are tested in both groups at the beginning and at the end of the school year with the aim to compare control and experimental classes in both a longitudinal and a cross-sectional design.

Two perspectives on gaming social capital among Korean adolescents’ gamers

Article

Nov 2021

Chang Won Jung

The present study examined the associations of gaming social capital formed through game playing on offline social capital (bonding- and bridging social capital) and, further, with negative effects of gaming disorder. To do this, this work continuously tracked a cohort of Korean adolescent participants (N = 451) at equal time intervals and used latent growth modeling in analyzing the two-aspects of game playing. Results indicated that an increase in initial game use among adolescents is likely to be associated with an increase in their formation of gaming social capital, which is positively associated with the formation of offline bridging social capital. This suggests that social capital formed via gaming facilitates the formation of various new relationships. However, it was found that an increase in the negative effects of gaming playing is also associated with an increase in gaming social capital, suggesting that the gaming social capital may lead to gaming disorder. The present study provides empirical support for the association of both aspects of game playing, both aspects of game playing, indicating that researchers should acknowledge a somewhat contradictory aspects of gaming and consider new roles of game playing.

El contexto educativo como predictor de habilidades digitales y comportamientos riesgosos en Internet

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

El estudio busca determinar el efecto de la mediación tecnológica do-cente, la mediación de las amistades, el uso educativo de la Internet y las reglas asociadas al uso del teléfono celular en la institución educativa so-bre las habilidades digitales y los comportamientos de riesgo. El estudio se llevó a cabo con 530 adolescentes costarricenses de entre 13 y 17 años, 52.6 por ciento mujeres y una edad promedio de 14.84 años (DT=1.44). Se recurrió a un modelo de ecuación estructural, además de la utilización de análisis de mediación y moderación como procedimientos de análisis. Los resultados muestran que un mayor uso de la Internet en el colegio, una mayor mediación activa de los pares y niveles socioeconómicos más altos se asocian a mayores habilidades digitales, mientras que un mayor uso de la Internet se asocia a mayores comportamientos de riesgo, pero una mayor mediación activa de los pares se relaciona con un menor ries-go. Se discuten los resultados. The present study seeks to determine the effect of teaching technological mediation, friendships mediation, educational use of the Internet and cell phone usage rules in educational institutions on digital skills and risk behaviors. In order to do this, we surveyed 530 Costa Rican teenagers between the ages of 13 and 17-an average age of 14.84 years old (SD = 1.44)-from which 52.6 percent were women. Furthermore, we applied a structural equation model as well as mediation and moderation analysis. The results show that a greater use of the Internet at school, greater active peer mediation, and higher socioeconomic status tend to result in higher digital skills; while a greater use of the Internet is associated with greater risk behaviors; also, a more active peer mediation tends to lower said risks.

Are Parents Doing It Right? Parent and Child Perspectives on Parental Mediation in Singapore

Article

Sep 2021

This study examines how parents and their children differ in their perceptions of parental mediation strategies implemented to supervise and monitor children’s digital media use. Focusing on the Asian context, we explore reasons for parents to set rules as well as parental roles and strictness in relation to children’s digital media use. In-depth qualitative interviews with parents and their children (n = 41 from 20 families) showed that children and parents had divergent opinions on the parental mediation strategies deployed. While some parents felt that they communicated with their children about digital media and were actively involved in mediating their children’s digital media use, children generally perceived these conversations as instructional, one-way communication. Children and parents in the sample stated that prioritizing scholastic pursuit was a major reason for parents’ restricting and reducing of children’s digital media use. Children also perceived differences between fathers and mothers in their strictness and mediating roles when regulating digital media use. Insights gained from the research will help policymakers develop educational platforms for parents to incorporate more effective communication-based mediation strategies. The findings will also encourage parents to consider children’s reactions and perceptions when employing parental mediation, while reevaluating the over-reliance on restrictive strategies.

The Impact of Parental Depression on Children’s Smartphone Addiction: A Serial Mediation Model With Parental Neglect and Children’s Self-Esteem

Article

Aug 2021
SOC SCI COMPUT REV

The present study investigates the mechanisms underlying the relationship between parental depression and children’s smartphone addiction. It explores the effects of parental depression on children’s smartphone addiction, as well as the mediating roles of parental neglect and children’s self-esteem in this relationship, which multiplies sequentially. We utilize data—comprising 2,396 children and their parents—from the National General Survey on Korean Children, using parent–child dyads. First, a hierarchical regression analysis shows that parental depression significantly and positively predicts children’s smartphone addiction ( B = .29, SE = .03, p < .001). Second, Hayes’s PROCESS macro (Model 6), executed to test the mediation effects, reveals that the effect of parental depression on children’s smartphone addiction is significantly mediated by parental neglect ( B = .07, Boot SE = .01, 95% Boot CI [.05, .10]) and children’s self-esteem ( B = .12, Boot SE = .01, 95% Boot CI [.10, .14]). Moreover, the serial mediation model’s results support that parental neglect and children’s self-esteem serially mediate the relationship between parental depression and children’s smartphone addiction ( B = .02, Boot SE = .004, 95% Boot CI [.01, .03]), implying that a higher level of parental depression is sequentially associated with increased parental neglect that reduces children’s self-esteem and consequently accelerates their smartphone dependence. The theoretical and practical implications of the results as well as the directions for future research are discussed.

E-ISSN: 22 2 2 -6990 In-Text Citation: (Munusamy et al., 2021) To Cite this Article

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

This paper aims to provide a review on the psychological characteristic that indicates the mobile phone usage behavior and mobile phone addiction. There were identified psychological characteristics such as social extraversion, anxiety and low self-esteem have a positively associated with mobile phone usage. For many young adolescents' mobile phones are prerequisites, but these devices can adversely bring the impact to the mental health and quality of life? Rapid mobile technological advancement provides an excellent range of features and enhanced portability that increases the prevalence of mobile phone use, particularly among youths. A vast array of studies has been reported that cell phone addiction will have adverse effects on physical and mental health social adaptation, for instance poor performance in academic, interactive problems, health issue, stress, anxiety, and even loose hope and commit suicide. Hence, this paper emphasizes the necessity of proper use of technology and provides direction to the technology-savvy youth in particular on how to reap the technology's advantage for their positive growth. This paper presents an integrative conceptual framework, and a detailed summary for each topic. This study identifies three psychological characteristics namely self-esteem, social extraversion and anxiety that derived towards the mobile phone use and will be impact to the long term on mobile phone addiction. An integrative conceptual framework and a detailed summary table are presented in this paper. This paper demonstrates a model on relationship between psychological characteristic, use of mobile phones and mobile phone addiction among youths.

Publicidad encubierta en los kidsfluencers. Una propuesta metodológica aplicada al estudio de caso de los diez youtubers menores con más seguidores de España

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2021

The digital age has brought about great changes in the practice and design of marketing and advertising campaigns. In recent years, the development of new strategies such as influencer marketing has increased dramatically, involving minors who have become true protagonists in the marketing of toys, video games, fashion, etc., with the Instagram and YouTube platforms being the most widely used. This activity has been highly criticized recently, despite its occurrence worldwide with the main aim of broadcasting audiovisual content by minors, often including product placement and/or promotions that are not duly announced. However, in most cases, it is very difficult to prove the existence of a contractual relationship between the promoted brands and the minors. For this reason, a novel method was developed in this work to analyze the audiovisual content based on assertions in the message, thus enabling a determination of the characteristics and specific circumstances of the content broadcast by kidsfluencers (aged 15 or under) that would constitute camouflaged acts of illicit advertising. The results are conclusive and demonstrate the repeated presence of advertising in the videos analyzed. In Spain, this would represent a clear violation of the current legal framework and an obvious danger to minors or followers of these influencers. This situation could also be extrapolated to other societies that are dominated by the use and impact of new technologies and the internet, which should be updated and developing in accordance with new trends in the practice of marketing and advertising online. Resumen La era digital ha supuesto grandes cambios en la práctica y diseño de las campañas de marketing y publicidad. Nuevas estrategias, como la del marketing de influencers, han crecido vertiginosamente en los últimos años implicando a los más pequeños del hogar, que se han convertido en auténticos protagonistas del marketing de juguetes, videojuegos, moda, etc., siendo Instagram y YouTube las redes más utilizadas. Una actividad muy criticada en los últimos años, pese a ser una constante en todo el mundo, que tiene como principal cometido la emisión de contenidos audiovisuales por parte de menores que, sin embargo, frecuentemente son acciones de emplazamiento de producto y/o promociones no debidamente anunciadas. En la mayoría de las ocasiones resulta muy difícil demostrar la existencia de una relación contractual entre las marcas promocionadas y los menores. Para ello, en esta investigación se parte de la creación de un método propio de análisis del contenido audiovisual basado en aserciones estimativas del mensaje, mediante el cual es posible conocer las características y circunstancias concretas de los contenidos emitidos por los kidsfluencers (influencers menores de 15 años) que camuflarían actos de publicidad ilícita. Los resultados son concluyentes y demuestran la presencia reiterada de publicidad en los vídeos analizados. En España, esto supondría una clara infracción del marco jurídico actual y un evidente perjuicio para los menores y seguidores de estos influencers. Una realidad extrapolable a otras sociedades dominadas por el uso e impacto de las nuevas tecnologías e internet, que requieran actualizarse para avanzar, coherentemente, conforme a las nuevas tendencias en la praxis del marketing y la publicidad en la Red.

The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1998

Provides a nontechnical introduction to the partial least squares (PLS) approach. As a logical base for comparison, the PLS approach for structural path estimation is contrasted to the covariance-based approach. In so doing, a set of considerations are then provided with the goal of helping the reader understand the conditions under which it might be reasonable or even more appropriate to employ this technique. This chapter builds up from various simple 2 latent variable models to a more complex one. The formal PLS model is provided along with a discussion of the properties of its estimates. An empirical example is provided as a basis for highlighting the various analytic considerations when using PLS and the set of tests that one can employ is assessing the validity of a PLS-based model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Level Up! Refreshing Parental Mediation Theory for Our Digital Media Landscape: Parental Mediation of Video Gaming

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2016
COMMUN THEOR

This article argues that parental mediation theory is rooted in television studies and must be refined to accommodate the fast-changing media landscape that is populated by complex and intensively used media forms such as video games, social media, and mobile apps. Through a study of parental mediation of children's video game play, we identify the limitations of parental mediation theory as applied to current trends in children's media use and suggest how it can be enhanced. This study seeks to improve parental mediation theory's descriptive and explanatory strength by identifying and outlining the specific activities that parents undertake as they impose their media strategies. We explain how restrictive, co-use, and active mediation are constituted by gatekeeping, discursive, diversionary, and investigative activities.

An Overview of the Social Norms Approach

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2005

Alan D. Berkowitz

Using PLS Path Modeling in New Technology Research: Updated Guidelines

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2016
IND MANAGE DATA SYST

Purpose – Partial least squares (PLS) path modeling is a variance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) technique that is widely applied in business and social sciences. Its ability to model composites and factors makes it a formidable statistical tool for new technology research. Recent reviews, discussions, and developments have led to substantial changes in the understanding and use of PLS. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper aggregates new insights and offers a fresh look at PLS path modeling. It presents new developments, such as consistent PLS, confirmatory composite analysis, and the heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations. Findings – PLS path modeling is the method of choice if a SEM contains both factors and composites. Novel tests of exact fit make a confirmatory use of PLS path modeling possible. Originality/value – This paper provides updated guidelines of how to use PLS and how to report and interpret its results.

A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-based Structural Equation Modeling

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2015
J ACAD MARKET SCI

Discriminant validity assessment has become a generally accepted prerequisite for analyzing relationships between latent variables. For variance-based structural equa-tion modeling, such as partial least squares, the Fornell-Larcker criterion and the examination of cross-loadings are the dominant approaches for evaluating discriminant validity. By means of a simulation study, we show that these ap-proaches do not reliably detect the lack of discriminant valid-ity in common research situations. We therefore propose an alternative approach, based on the multitrait-multimethod ma-trix, to assess discriminant validity: the heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations. We demonstrate its superior performance by means of a Monte Carlo simulation study, in which we compare the new approach to the Fornell-Larcker criterion and the assessment of (partial) cross-loadings. Finally, we provide guidelines on how to handle discriminant validity issues in variance-based structural equation modeling.

The influence of parental and peer attachment on Internet usage motives and addiction

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2014

The impact of parental and peer attachment on four Internet usage motives and Internet addiction was compared using path modelling of survey data from 1,577 adolescent Malaysian school students. The model accounted for 31 percent of Internet addiction score variance. Lesser parental attachment was associated with greater Internet addiction risk. Psychological escape motives were more strongly related to Internet addiction than other motives, and had the largest mediating effect upon the parental attachment–addiction relationship. Peer attachment was unrelated to addiction risk, its main influence on Internet usage motives being encouragement of use for social interaction. It is concluded that dysfunctional parental attachment has a greater influence than peer attachment upon the likelihood of adolescents becoming addicted to Internet–related activities. It is also concluded that the need to relieve dysphoria resulting from poor adolescent–parent relationships may be a major reason for Internet addiction, and that parents’ fostering of strong bonds with their children should reduce addiction risk.

Friends as a Bridge to Parental Influence: Implications for Adolescent Alcohol Use

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2014

The current study investigates the possibility that friendship networks connect adolescents to influence from a broader group of adults beyond their own families. In doing so, we combine two rich traditions of research on adult influence on children and adolescents. Family research has suggested a number of ways in which effective parenting can reduce deviant behavior among adolescents. In addition, research on neighborhoods has advanced the idea that adults outside of the immediate family can exert social control that may reduce deviance. We employ longitudinal social network analysis to examine data drawn from the PROSPER Peers Project, a longitudinal study of adolescents following over 12,000 students in 27 non-metropolitan communities as they moved from 6th through 9th grade. We find evidence that the behavior of friends' parents is linked, both directly and indirectly, to adolescent alcohol use. Findings suggest that much of the influence from friends' parents is mediated through peer behavior, but that parental knowledge reported by friends continues to be associated with alcohol use even when controlling for competing mechanisms. Furthermore, adolescents tend to choose friends who report similar levels of parenting as themselves. Our results provide support for the position that friendships in adolescence connect youth to a broader network of adults and illustrate how adults outside of the family contribute to the social control of adolescents.

The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment: Individual Differences and Their Relationship to Psychological Well-Being in Adolescence

Article

Full-text available

Oct 1987

The results of two studies are reported. Study I involved the development of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), a self-report instrument for use with adolescents. Subject were 179 college students aged 16-20 years. Item content of the instrument was suggested by attachment theory's formulations concerning the nature of feelings toward attachment figures. In Study II, the convergent validity of the IPPA was examined. Also, a hierarchial regression model was employed to investigate the association between quality of attachment and self-esteem, life-satisfaction, and affective status. Respondents were 86 adolescents from the Study I sample. As hypothesized, perceived quality of both parent and peer attachments was significantly related to psychological well-being. Results of the development of a theoretically focused, exploratory classification scheme indicated that adolescents classified as highly securely attached reported greater satisfaction with themselves, a higher likelihood of seeking social support, and less symptomatic response to stressful life events.

Peer Influences: The Impact of Online and Offline Friendship Networks on Adolescent Smoking and Alcohol Use

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2013

Online social networking sites (SNSs) have become a popular mode of communication among adolescents. However, little is known about the effects of social online activity on health behaviors. The authors examined the use of SNSs among friends and the degree to which SNS activities relate to face-to-face peer influences and adolescent risk behaviors. Longitudinal egocentric friendship network data along with adolescent social media use and risk behaviors were collected from 1,563 10th-grade students across five Southern California high schools. Measures of online and offline peer influences were computed and assessed using fixed-effects models. The frequency of adolescent SNS use and the number of their closest friends on the same SNSs were not significantly associated with risk behaviors. However, exposure to friends' online pictures of partying or drinking was significantly associated with both smoking (β = .11, p < .001) and alcohol use (β = .06, p < .05). Whereas adolescents with drinking friends had higher risk levels for drinking, adolescents without drinking friends were more likely to be affected by higher exposure to risky online pictures (β = -.10, p < .05). Myspace and Facebook had demographically distinct user characteristics and differential effects on risk behaviors. Exposure to risky online content had a direct impact on adolescents' risk behaviors and significantly interacted with risk behaviors of their friends. These results provide evidence that friends' online behaviors should be considered a viable source of peer influence and that increased efforts should focus on educating adolescents on the negative effects of risky online displays.

Adolescent Psychological Health and School Attitudes: The Impact of Attachment Relationships

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2004

Abstract The simultaneous and differential effects of parental, peer, and intimate friendship attachment on attitudes to school and psychological,health were,examined,in a sample,of 520 adolescents aged,from,13 to 19 years. Based on recent extensions,to attachment theory,it was,predicted,that parental, peer and intimate friend attachment would impact on psychologicalhealth variables , while peer attachmentand

Validation of a brief measure of adolescents’ parent attachment based on Armsden and Greenberg’s three-dimension model

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2004
EUR REV APPL PSYCHOL

The three studies that are reported examined the validity of a three-dimension model of adolescents’ attachment to parents based on Armsden and Greenberg’s IPPA [J. Youth Adolesc. 5 (1987) 427]. In Study 1, 289 14–15-year-old participants assessed their parent attachments using a French version of the original scale. Using factor analyses, we selected those items that tap one of the three expected dimensions (communication, trust, and alienation) especially well for each parent relationship. This shortened scale was tested in Study 2 with 206 14–15-year-old participants. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the three-dimension model provides acceptable fit, in contrast to one- and two-dimension models. In Study 3, 283 18–19-year-old participants responded to this short form and to a parenting styles questionnaire. Based on confirmatory factor analyses and convergent validity indices, we conclude that this questionnaire is a reliable basis on which to develop a more complex multidimensional inventory.

Adolescent Friendships as Academic Resources: The Intersection of Friendship, Race, and School Disadvantage

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2003

Research on adolescent friendships has typically treated these social ties differently from friendships at other stages of life or from other relationships during adolescence. To draw parallels among these literatures, this study focuses on two largely neglected aspects of adolescent friendships: their role in positive adjustment and the way in which this role varies by social structural and institutional context. In an analysis of data from 9,223 adolescents in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we found that those who had friends who liked school or did well in school had fewer academic problems than did those whose friends were less academically oriented. This potential protective role of friends did not differ by race, but it did differ by level of school disadvantage. Moreover, this moderating role of school disadvantage differed by race. These results suggest that adolescent friendships serve as social capital, the value of which is context-specific.

Parent and Peer Attachment in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence

Article

Full-text available

May 2005
J EARLY ADOLESCENCE

This study investigated child and early adolescent relationships with parents and peers within the theoretical framework of attachment. A cross-sectional sample of 279 fourth, sixth, and eighth graders completed two self-report measures assessing attachment to parents and friends. Fourth graders described more trusting and communicative relationships with parents than sixth or eighth graders. Older early adolescents turned to peers to fulfill attachment functions of proximity seeking and safe haven more often than children, although all participants reported that parents primarily served secure base functions. Females reported more trust, communication, and overall attachment to peers than males. Grade, sex, and views of attachment relationships to parents and peers predicted the introduction of friends into the attachment hierarchy. Participants who viewed relationships with parents as less secure were more likely to select peers to fulfill attachment functions. The important and complementary roles of parents and peers and their implications are discussed.

Parental Mediation of Children's Internet Use

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2008

This article examines parental regulation of children and teenagers' online activities. A national survey of 1511 children and 906 parents found that 12–17-year-olds encounter a range of online risks. Parents implement a range of strategies, favoring active co-use and interaction rules over technical restrictions using filters or monitoring software, but these were not necessarily effective in reducing risk. Parental restriction of online peer-to-peer interactions was associated with reduced risk but other mediation strategies, including the widely practiced active co-use, were not. These findings challenge researchers to identify effective strategies without impeding teenagers' freedom to interact with their peers online.

Adolescent-parent attachment as a mediator of relations between parenting and adolescent social behavior and wellbeing in China

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2013
INT J PSYCHOL

The purpose of this study was to examine links between parenting dimensions (authoritative parenting, psychological control, and parental authority) and adolescent wellbeing (self-esteem, autonomy, and peer attachments) as mediated by parent-teen attachment, among Chinese families. The sample included 298 Chinese adolescents, ages 15-18 years (M age = 16.36, SD = .68; 60% female). The mediation model was examined using path analyses (one model with parental authority as overprotection, and one with it as perceived behavioral control). To improve model fit a direct path was added from authoritative parenting to autonomy. Authoritative parenting was positively predictive of attachment, while psychological control and overprotection (but not behavioral control) were negative predictors. In turn, adolescent-parent attachment was positively related to the three outcomes. Lastly, the model paths did not differ by adolescent gender. These findings suggest that parenting behaviors may play a crucial role in adolescent social behaviors and wellbeing via adolescent-parent attachment.

Decomposing filial piety into filial attitudes and filial enactments

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2007
ASIAN J PSYCHOL

In an attempt to explore the attitude-behaviour relationship, the present study examined the mixed findings from research on filial piety by differentiating filial attitudes from filial behaviours. The Filial Behaviour Scale was developed to tap the behavioural manifestations of filial piety, and its nomological network was established in two Chinese contexts, Hong Kong and Beijing. In addition to filial attitudes, we used values, social beliefs, and self-construals to explain filial behaviours. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the value factor of conservation and the social axiom of reward for application predicted filial behaviour above and beyond filial attitudes; an interdependent self-construal moderated the effect of cultural group on filial behaviour. Gender and regional differences in filial piety were also examined. Males were found to score higher on filial attitudes, but not significantly higher on filial behaviours. Regional differences existed in filial behaviours, but not in filial attitudes, with Mainland Chinese displaying a higher level of filial behaviours than their Hong Kong counterparts. These identified differences suggest the importance of differentiating filial attitudes from filial behaviours in future attempts to understand Chinese filiality.

The Role of Parental and Peer Attachment in the Psychological Health and Self-Esteem of Adolescents

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2004

Ross B Wilkinson

This paper presents the results of 3 studies examining the relationships of parental attachment, peer attachment, and self-esteem to adolescent psychological health. A model is presented in which parental attachment directly influences both psychological health and self-esteem and the influence of peer attachment on psychological health is totally mediated by self-esteem. Using structural equation modeling, Study 1 evaluates the model on a sample of 1998 Norwegian high school students (aged 12–19 years). With some modifications it is found to be a satisfactory fit. Study 2 replicates Study 1 using a sample of 358 Australian high school students (aged 15–18 years). A multisample analysis revealed no significant differences between the model for Studies 1 and 2. Study 3 was a further successful replication employing alternative measures of the constructs considered with a sample of 345 Australian high school students (aged 15–19 years). The major finding from all 3 studies is that the role of peer and parental attachment on psychological health is primarily meditated by self-esteem. Implications for research elucidating the links between attachment and specific aspects of self-esteem are discussed.

Parenting, Peer Orientation, Drug Use, and Antisocial Behavior in Late Adolescence: A Cross-National Study

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate the links between maternal and paternal bonding, parental practices, orientation toward peers, and the prevalence of drug use and antisocial behavior during late adolescence. A model was tested using structural equation modeling in order to verify the robustness of the investigated links across 3 countries: Canada, France, and Italy. A self-report questionnaire was given to a sample of 908 adolescents, with an equivalent number of girls and boys, in Grade 11. The questionnaire assessed the following variables: parental bonding, parental supervision, parental tolerance, orientation toward peers, involvement in physically aggressive antisocial behavior, non-physically aggressive antisocial behavior, and drug use. The model was robust across the 3 countries, thus confirming a path that identified quality of emotional bonds between adolescents and their parents as a distal variable acting upon deviant behaviors through the following mediators: parental supervision, parental tolerance, frequency of conflicts, and orientation toward peers.

Do Peers' Parents Matter? A New Link Between Positive Parenting and Adolescent Substance Use

Article

Full-text available

May 2012
J STUD ALCOHOL DRUGS

Although studies have demonstrated that an adolescent's parents and friends both influence adolescent substance use, it is not known whether the parenting experienced by one's friends also affects one's own use. Drawing on conceptions of shared parenting and the tenets of coercion theory, we investigated the extent to which three domains of parenting behaviors (parental knowledge, inductive reasoning, and consistent discipline) influenced the alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use of not only their own adolescent children but also of members of their adolescents' friendship groups. Analyses of friendship nominations within each of two successive ninth-grade cohorts in 27 Iowa and Pennsylvania schools (N = 7,439 students, 53.6% female) were used to identify 897 friendship groups. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to examine prospective associations between 9th-grade friendship group-level parenting behaviors and adolescent self-reported alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use in 10th grade. Adolescent substance use in 10th grade was significantly related to parenting behaviors of friends' parents, after controlling for adolescents' reports of their own substance use and their own parents' behaviors at the 9th grade level. These associations were particularly strong for parents' knowledge about their children and use of inconsistent discipline strategies. Significant interaction effects indicated that these relationships were strongest when adolescents received positive parenting at home. Some, but not all, of the main effects of friends' parents' parenting became nonsignificant after friends' substance use in ninth grade was included in the model. The findings suggest that the parenting style in adolescents' friends' homes plays an important role in determining adolescent substance use. Implications of the joint contribution of parents and peers for prevention and intervention are discussed.

To control or not to control? Parenting behaviors and adolescent online aggression

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2010
COMPUT HUM BEHAV

Non-empirical publications have espoused the importance of monitoring/controlling children’s online and computer activities through monitoring software; however, no empirical research has verified whether this is a viable means for promoting responsible and safe internet use. This study examined the association between parenting behaviours and adolescent online aggression. The sample included 733 adolescents (451 females), between 10 and 18 years, from Western Canada. Participants completed a questionnaire that included questions on internet aggression, and parenting. The parenting questions were modified from Stattin and Kerr’s (2000) questionnaire to better suit the online environment. Results from the univariate least squares factor analysis revealed two distinct factors: (1) Parent Solicitation (parents ask where child is going on the internet), (2) Child Disclosure (child naturally tells parents what they are doing). Hierarchical Linear Regression analysis revealed that having a computer in the bedroom increased the likelihood of engaging in online aggression and that adolescent self-disclosure of online behaviours (and not controlling or monitoring online activities) was negatively associated with online aggression. These findings emphasize the importance of establishing good communication between parents and adolescents rather than investing money on monitoring software and on controlling adolescent internet use.

Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error

Article

Feb 1981

The statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined. A drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in addition to the known problems related to sample size and power, is that it may indicate an increasing correspondence between the hypothesized model and the observed data as both the measurement properties and the relationship between constructs decline. Further, and contrary to common assertion, the risk of making a Type II error can be substantial even when the sample size is large. Moreover, the present testing methods are unable to assess a model's explanatory power. To overcome these problems, the authors develop and apply a testing system based on measures of shared variance within the structural model, measurement model, and overall model.

The development of infant-mother attachment

Article

Jan 1973

M.D.S. Ainsworth

The Impact of Parent-Child Attachment on Adolescent Problematic Internet Use: A Moderated Mediation Model

Article

Jan 2015
Acta Psychol Sin

Adolescents' perceptions of parental management of peer relationships in an ethnically diverse sample

Article

Jul 2004
J ADOLESCENT RES

Nina S Mounts

Relations between adolescents' reports of parental management of peer relationships (consulting, mediating, and autonomy granting in regard to peer relationships) and positive friendship quality, friendship conflict, delinquent activity, and drug use were examined in an ethnically diverse sample of 322 7th and 8th graders. Regression analyses revealed that higher levels of consulting and mediating were related to higher levels of positive friendship quality, and that higher levels of autonomy,granting were related to lower levels of friend conflict, delinquent activity, and drug use. Higher levels of consulting were related to lower levels of delinquent activity, and drug use. Relations between parental management and delinquent activity, were moderated by ethnicity and family structure. The relation between parental management and drug use was moderated by ethnicity.

Parent marital conflict and Internet addiction among Chinese college students: The mediating role of father-child, mother-child, and peer attachment

Article

Jun 2016
COMPUT HUM BEHAV

Peer influences on adolescent decision-making

Article

Jan 2013

Internet addiction: Does it really exist? (revisited)

Article

Jan 2007

Yeladim Israelim golshim ba’internet: Mi panica musarit le horut ahrait

Article

Jan 2009

The relationship between parental belief on filial piety and child psychosocial adjustment among malay families

Article

Sep 2009

This study examines the relationship between parental belief on filial piety and child psychosocial adjustment among Malay families. The study sample comprised 108 mother-child dyads of Malay families from the central zone of Peninsular Malaysia. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Parental belief was measured using Parental Belief Scale, while child psychosocial adjustment was measured using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results showed that children whose parents believed in filial piety had significantly lower levels of total difficulties in behavioural, emotional symptoms, conduct problem, and hyperactivity or inattention. Findings implied that filial piety could be used as a positive measure of behavioural and emotional control of a child. Therefore, it is important for parents to nurture their children about filial piety expectations so as to provide them with moral education associated with positive psychosocial adjustment.

Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable and measuremenr error

Article

Jan 1981

Knowledge Management: An Organizational Capabilities Perspective

Article

Jan 2001
J MANAGE INFORM SYST

Albert H. Segars

Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies

Article

Oct 2003

Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.

Attachment

Article

May 1970

The relationship between parental mediation and Internet addiction among adolescents, and the association with cyberbullying and depression

Article

Nov 2014
COMPR PSYCHIAT

This study examined the relationships between parental mediation and Internet addiction, and the connections to cyberbullying, substance use, and depression among adolescents.Method The study involved 1,808 junior high school students who completed a questionnaire in Taiwan in 2013.ResultsMultivariate analysis results showed that adolescents who perceived lower levels of parental attachment were more likely to experience Internet addiction, cyberbullying, smoking, and depression, while adolescents who reported higher levels of parental restrictive mediation were less likely to experience Internet addiction or to engage in cyberbullying. Adolescent Internet addiction was associated with cyberbullying victimization/perpetration, smoking, consumption of alcohol, and depression.Conclusion Internet addiction by adolescents was associated with cyberbullying, substance use and depression, while parental restrictive mediation was associated with reductions in adolescent Internet addiction and cyberbullying.

Family, School, Peer, and Media Predictors of Adolescent Deviant Behavior in Hong Kong

Article

Oct 1997

Yuet-Wah Cheung

Based on a self-report study of 1139 secondary school students in Hong Kong, this paper estimates the strengths of selected family variables, school variables, peer variables, and media variables in the prediction of adolescent deviant behavior. Regresssion results show that the equation containing peers' deviant behavior, peers' disapproval of deviant behavior, frequency of media exposure, preference for violent/obscene content, imitation of media characters, parents' deviant behavior, and teachers' negative evaluation explained the amount of variance of adolescent deviant behavior. Theoretical and research implications of these and other findings for the rapidly industrializing and modernizing society of Hong Kong are discussed.

Parental mediation, peer norms and risky online behavior among adolescents

Article

Apr 2014
COMPUT HUM BEHAV

Previous studies have shown that parental mediation of adolescents online is associated with the latter’s participation in risky behavior online and being a victim of online harassment and bullying. However, there is a paucity of studies investigating the differential contribution of peers’ norms and parental mediation on adolescents’ engagement in risky online behavior. To fill this gap in the literature, we collected data from a representative sample of 495 sixth to eleventh grade students in a large city in Israel. Participants responded to an online survey measuring three types of parental mediation: active guidance, restrictive supervision and non-intervention. We measured risky behavior online with items indicating the frequency of posting personal details, sending an insulting massage and meeting face-to-face with a stranger met online. In addition, respondents reported their perceptions about their peers’ attitudes toward various risky online behaviors. Multivariate findings show that after controlling for age, gender, time spent online and online activities, only restrictive parental supervision had a significant effect. However, such supervision actually increased adolescents’ risky behavior online. Perceptions that one’s peers approve of such behavior reduced the effect of restrictive parental supervision, leading to increased risky actions online. The results emphasize the importance of peer networks in youngsters’ engagement in risky online activities.

Developmental changes through adolescence in the spontaneous nomination of reference groups as function of decision context

Article

Jun 1979

The achievement of behavioral autonomy and psychological independence from the family is one of the foremost developmental tasks of the adolescent. This aspect of adolescent socialization is examined with regard to the developmental trends in the individual's nomination of socialization groups as competent referents in different areas of judgment. Eighty subjects, distributed equally between sex and among samples drawn from the fifth, seventh, ninth, and twelfth grades, were interviewed and allowed to nominate spontaneously reference groups of their own choosing for guidance in moral, informational, and social judgments. A significant relation was found between the nomination of a particular reference group and the nature of the decision to be made. The distribution of reference group nominations among the grade levels sampled differed significantly in the case of informational and social judgments. With increasing age during adolescence, peers seemed to be a more acceptable source of information in matters of social judgment than either parents or adults outside the family. Adults outside the family, however, exhibited a marked increase in acceptability as a reference group for judgments of an informational nature. Parents seemed to be the most acceptable referent across all grades for moral judgments. The findings are viewed particularly in relation to the results of studies which have examined developmental trends in simulated group conformity situations and susceptibility to cross-pressures. The possible reasons for the different developmental phenomena revealed by this study and by the conformity studies are discussed.

Parental restrictive mediation of children’s internet use: Effective for what and for whom?

Article

Parents vs Peers’ Influence on teenagers’ Internet Addiction and Risky Online Activities

Abstract

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