The Influence of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) as Feed Additive on Hematological Traits of Local Iraqi Geese

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding diets containing different levels of parsley on hematological traits of local Iraqi geese. A total of twenty four local geese, one year old, were used in this experiment. The birds were allocated for four treatment groups consisted of six geese each. Treatment groups were: Control diet (C) (free from parsley), T1: Control diet + 80 g/d parsley, T2: Control diet + 160 g/d parsley; T3: Control diet + 240 g/d parsley. At the end of experiment, blood samples were obtained from all geese from brachial vein by venipuncture. Hematological traits included in this study were red blood cells count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), thrombocytes count, white blood cells count (WBC) and percentages of heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils and eiosinophils and heterophils/lymphocytes (H/L) ratio. Results revealed that supplementing the diet of geese with different levels of parsley (T1, T2 and T3) resulted in significant (P<0.05) increase in Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, thrombocytes, WBC and lymphocytes and significant (P<0.05) decrease in H / L ratio and eiosinophils in comparison to C group. Whereas, there were no significant (P>0.05) differences among all experimental groups as regards heterophils, monocytes and basophils. However, T3 group surpass other treatment groups (C, T1 and T2) concerning RBC count, while there were no significant differences among C, T1, T2 groups with respect to RBC count. In conclusion, supplementing the ration of geese with parsley resulted in significant improvement in most of blood traits involved in this study.

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AdvancesinNutritionResearchISSN: 2222-5757
www.ijscience.com
The Influence of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) as Feed Additive on Hematological Traits of
Local Iraqi Geese
Hazim J. Al-Daraji, H. A. Al-Mashadani, A. S. Al-Hassani, H. A. Mirza, W. K. Al-Hayani
University of Baghdad, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Resource
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding diets containing different levels of parsley on
hematological traits of local Iraqi geese. A total of twenty four local geese, one year old, were used in this experiment.
The birds were allocated for four treatment groups consisted of six geese each. Treatment groups were: Control diet
(C) (free from parsley), T1: Control diet + 80 g/d parsley, T2: Control diet + 160 g/d parsley; T3: Control diet + 240
g/d parsley. At the end of experiment, blood samples were obtained from all geese from brachial vein by
venipuncture. Hematological traits included in this study were red blood cells count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration
(Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular
hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), thrombocytes count, white blood cells count (WBC) and percentages of
heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils and eiosinophils and heterophils/lymphocytes (H/L) ratio. Results
revealed that supplementing the diet of geese with different levels of parsley (T1, T2 and T3) resulted in significant
(P<0.05) increase in Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, thrombocytes, WBC and lymphocytes and significant (P<0.05)
decrease in H / L ratio and eiosinophils in comparison to C group. Whereas, there were no significant (P>0.05)
differences among all experimental groups as regards heterophils, monocytes and basophils. However, T3 group
surpass other treatment groups (C, T1 and T2) concerning RBC count, while there were no significant differences
among C, T1, T2 groups with respect to RBC count. In conclusion, supplementing the ration of geese with parsley
resulted in significant improvement in most of blood traits involved in this study.
Keywords: Parsley, Hematological Traits, Geese
Corresponding author: Hazim J. Al-Daraji, Department of Animal Resource, College of Agriculture, University of
Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
INTRODUCTION
Animal health depends on many factors and recently
it has been appreciated that diet plays a pivotal role in
health maintenance and prevention of many diseases
(Finkel and Holbrooke, 2000). Feed additives are
important materials that can improve the efficiency of
feed utilization and animal performance. However, the use
of chemical products especially those of antibiotics and
hormones may cause unfavourable effects. Many attempts
in the field of animal nutrition are being done to achieve
an increase in animal production and thereby profit
(Abdou, 2001).
Old drugs industry depends upon the raw material of
medicinal herbs and plants and their extracts, which
always proved safe. Inversely, many synthesized
chemicals caused many hazards to animals, plants and
human. The world health organization encourages using
medicinal herbs and plants to substitute or minimize the
use of chemicals through the global trend to go back to
nature (Allam et al., 1999). Leafy vegetables play crucial
roles in alleviating hunger and food security and that is
why they are very important in the diet of many people.
They are valuable sources of nutrients where they
contribute substantially to proteins, minerals, vitamins,
fibres, and other nutrients which are usually in short
supply in daily diets (Solanke and Awonorin, 2002). In
addition to their high concentration of micronutrients,
vegetables provide little dietary energy, making them
valuable in energy limited diets. The fibre content has
been reported to have beneficial effects on blood
cholesterol and aids in the prevention of large bowel
diseases, while in diabetic subjects, they improve glucose
tolerance (Ashaye, 2010).
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is an important
culinary herb native to the Miditerranean area. Parsley is a
member of the Umbelliferae family that has been
employed in the food, pharmaceutical, perfume, and
cosmetic industries (Lopez et al., 1999). Parsley has been
reported to have a number of possible medicinal attributes
including, antimicrobial (Wong and Kitts, 2006),
antianemic, menorrhagic (Baytop, 1984), anticoagulant,
antihyperlipidemic, antihepatotoxic (Ozturk et al., 1991),
antioxidant (Nielsen et al., 1999) and laxative
(Kreydiyyeh et al., 2001). It has been used to treat
lumbago, as a blood pressure regulator, to treat eczema,
knee, ache, impotence and nose bleed (Manderfeld et al.,
1997). Parsley seeds are also used as a diuretic and the

Adv Nutr Res, 2012, 1(1): 1-5.
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hypoglycaemic activity of parsley has been shown by
Ozsoy et al. (2006). The constituents of parsley which
include ascorbic acid, carotenoids, flavonoids, coumarins,
apiole, various terpenoic compounds, phenyl propanoids,
phathalides, furano coumarins, and tocopherol, have been
chemically investigated (Tunali et al., 1999). Components
of freshly parsley scavenge superoxide anion in vitro
(Campanella et al., 2003), and the methanol extracts of
parsley scavenge hydroxyl radical in addition to
protecting against ascorbic acid induced membrane
oxidation (Fejes et al., 2000). Supplementation of the
diets with fresh parsley leaf can significantly increase
antioxidant capacity (Hempel et al., 1999).
The present study was conducted to determine the
effect of dietary parsley supplementation on certain
haematological characteristics of local Iraqi geese.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of twenty four local geese, one year old, were
used in this study. The birds were housed on four separate
floor pens under artificial lighting program of 12L:12D.
For three months of experiments, all geese were fed 200
g/d, a commercial ration for geese breeding which
containing 2919 Kcal metabolisable energy and 17%
crude protein (Table 1). Parsley was offered to geese in
the form of fresh leaves. Fresh parsley leaves were cut
into pieces and put on separated trays inside the pens of
geese. The birds were separated into four treatment groups
consisted of six geese each. Treatments were as following:
Control diet (free from parsley; C)
T1: Control diet + 80 g/d parsley
T2: Control diet + 160 g/d parsley
T3: Control diet + 240 g/d parsley
At the end of end of experiment, blood samples were
obtained from each geese by venipuncture from the
brachial vein, using disposable needles (25 G) fitted with
plastic syringe, and was carefully transferred to collecting
tubes containing potassium EDTA (1.5 g/ml). The blood
collection tubes were kept cool on ice and transported to
the laboratory where cell counting and haematological
analyses were performed. In the laboratory, aliquots were
diluted 200 times for red blood cell (RBC) and white
blood cell (WBC) counts in haematological pipette with
Natt–Herric solution (Natt and Herrick, 1952). Total RBC
and WBC counts were determined in a Neabur chamber
(Al-Daraji et al., 2008). Haemoglobin concentration (Hb)
was determined by a cyanomethaemoglobin method
following lysate centrifugation (Zinkl, 1986). Packed cell
volume (PCV) was determined by microhematocrit
centrifugation. Mean cell volume (MCV), mean
corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular
haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were calculated
using standard formulae as reported by Al-Daraji et al.
(2008). Blood smears were fixed in methanol and stained
with commercial Giemsa stain diluted 1: 4 (v/v) in
phosphate buffer, pH 6.80, for 1 hour. Identification and
counting of leucocytes and thrombocytes was done under
a light microscope using an oil immersion lens (× 100). At
least 200 leucocytes were counted in each sample to
establish cell ratio (Leonard, 1982). The number of
thrombocytes was obtained by an estimation method
which consists of counting the number of thrombocytes in
five fields submerged and applying the following formula
(Al-Daraji et al., 2008)
Estimated number of thrombocytes (thrombocytes/µl) =
(mean number of thrombocytes in five fields × 3,500,000)
× 10–3.
The data was assessed by analysis of variance using
the General Linear Model method (SAS, 2000). Test of
significance for the difference between different
treatments was done by Duncan multiple range test
(Duncan, 1955).
Table 1: Ingredients and chemical composition of the diet
fed to geese
Ingredients Percentage composition (%)
Wheat 34.5
Yellow corn 38
Soybean meal (44%) 13
Protein concentrate* 5
Oil 2
Limestone 6
Dicalcium phosphate 1
Vitamins + minerals** 0.2
Sodium chloride 0.3
Calculated content***
Crude protein (%) 15.78
Metabolisable energy (Kcal/Kg) 2919
Total calcium 2.7
Available phosphorus 0.41
Methionine 0.38
Lysine 0.73
Cystine 0.24
*Wafi protein concentrate provided per kg: : 2150 ME / kg; 40%
crude protein; 5% crude fat; 2% crude fiber; 5.6% calcium; 2.6%
available phosphorus; 3.85% lysine; 1.25 methionine; 4.10%
methionine + cystine **Vitamins and minerals mixture provided
per kg: 8,000,000 I.U. Vit. A; 1,500,000 I.U. Vit. D3; 1000 I. U.
Vit E; 2000 mg Vit. K3; 500 mg Vit. B1; 500 MG Vit. B2; 200
mg Vit. B6; 8 mg Vit. B12; 4000 mg Ca Pantothenate; 6000 mg
Nicotinmide; 50 mg Folic acid; 0.40 gm Mn sulphate; 0.15 gm
Zinc sulphate; 0.50 gm Iron sulphate; 0.04 gm Copper sulphate;
0.01 gm cobalt chloride; ***Calculated composition was
according to NRC (1994)
RESULTS
Data presented in Table 2 showed that geese fed
different levels of parsley as fresh leaves (T1, T2 and T3)
recorded the highest (P<0.05) values of Hb, PCV, MCV,
MCH, MCHC and thrombocytes in comparison with C
group. However, T3 group surpassed other groups (C, T1
and T2) concerning RBC count, while there were no
significant differences among C, T1 and T2 with relation
to RBC count in spite of that there was increasing trend in
T1 and T2 groups than C group. Furthermore, there were
no significant differences between T2 and T3 groups in
the mean values of Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC and
thrombocytes (Table 2). The current results clearly
revealed that dietary supplementation with different levels
of parsley (T1, T2 and T3) resulted in significant (P<0.05)
increase in WBC count and percentage of lymphocytes in
comparison with C group (Table 3). Moreover, it was
noticed from Table 2 that control group (C) recorded the
highest means of H/L ratio and percentage of eosinophils
as compared with parsley treated groups (T1, T2 and T3).
Results also indicated no significant (P>0.05) effect on
percentages of heterophils, monocytes and basophils.

Adv Nutr Res, 2012, 1(1): 1-5.
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Table 2: Effect of dietary parsley supplementation on some blood traits of local geese
Treatments
Traits C T1 T2 T3
RBC (× 106 / µl) 3.60 ± 0.27b 3.67 ± 0.31b 3.79 ± 0.15b 4.25 ± 0.39 a
Hb (g / dL) 8.32 ± 0.99c 9.23 ± 0.79b 11.07 ± 0.82a 11.37 ± 0.90a
PCV (%) 37.85 ± 1.03c 39.11 ± 0.89b 41.23 ± 1.11a 44.02 ± 0.26a
MCV (fL) 105.1 ± 1.03c 106.5 ± 2.18b 108.7 ± 1.33a 108.6 ± 2.03a
MCH (Pg) 23.11 ± 0.92c 25.14 ± 0.83b 29.20 ± 0.80a 26.75 ± 0.79b
MCHC (g / dL) 21.98 ± 0.26c 23.60 ± 0.29b 26.84 ± 0.41a 25.82 ± 0.30a
Thrombocytes (× 103 / µl) 19.11 ± 0.76c 20.25 ± 0.95b 21.34 ± 0.35a 21.55 ± 0.51a
C: Control group; T1, T2 and T3: Diet supplemented with 80, 160, 240 g / d parsley, respectively; a-cValues within rows followed by
different letters differ significantly (P< 0.05)
Table 3: Effect of dietary parsley supplementation on certain blood characteristics of local geese
Treatments
Traits C T1 T2 T3
WBC (×103/µl) 9.35 ± 0.77c 10.22 ± 0.91b 11.33 ± 0.85a 11.56 ± 0.99a
Heterophils (%) 27.40 ± 1.92 27.20 ± 1.63 27.35 ± 1.55 27.49 ± 1.92
Lymphocytes (%) 57.17 ± 0.95c 58.99 ± 0.89b 60.11 ± 0.73a 60.33 ± 0.87a
H/L ratio 0.47 ± 0.09a 0.46 ± 0.05b 0.45 ± 0.01c 0.45 ± 0.03c
Monocytes (%) 8.11 ± 0.89 8.15 ± 0.71 8.00 ± 0.95 8.00 ± 0.99
Basophils (%) 4.23 ± 0.81 4.25 ± 0.69 4.27 ± 0.51 4.20 ± 0.62
Eisonophils (%) 3.09 ± 0.15a 1.41 ± 0.15b 0.27 ± 0.08c 0.31 ± 0.02c
C: Control group; T1, T2 and T3: Diet supplemented with 80, 160, 240 g / d parsley, respectively
a-c Values within rows followed by different letters differ significantly (P< 0.05)
However, Table 3 also denoted that there were no
significant (P>0.05) differences between T2 and T3
regarding WBC count, H/L ratio and percentages of
lymphocytes and eiosinophils.
DISCUSSION
In general, adding fresh parsley leaves to the diet of
geese resulted in significant improvement in most
haematological traits involved in this study. This
improvement in haematological traits as a result of the
treatments may be explained by the way that parsley is a
good source of iron, beta carotene and vitamin C, useful
for enhancement of general health status (Ragab et al.,
2010). Duke et al. (2009) reported that parsley builds up
the blood because it is high in iron and its high level of
vitamin C content assist the absorption of iron. Parsley is
an excellent digestion restorative remedy. It improves the
digestion of proteins and fats, therefore, promoting
intestinal absorption, liver assimilation and storage.
Because of its high enzyme content, parsley benefits
digestive activity and elimination (Bahnas et al., 2009).
Osman et al. (2004) indicated that the high vitamin C,
beta carotene, B12, chlorophyll and essential fatty acid
content of parsley enhance immunity. Parsley is an
immune–enhancing multi–vitamin and mineral complex
in green plant form and one of the most important herbs
for providing vitamins to the body (Hassan et al., 2004).
This result is in agreement with the results of the present
study that parsley treated groups (T1, T2 and T3) recorded
the highest means of WBC count and percentage of
lumphocytes in comparison to C group (Table 3). In the
current study, it was noticed that H/L ratio was
significantly higher in C group as compared with parsley
treated groups (T1, T2 and T3) as shown in Table 3. Al-
Daraji et al. (2010) reported that bird under greater stress
have high H/L ratio, partly due to the release of
corticosterone and the corresponding effect of enhancing
heterophils and decreasing lymphocytes. However, it was
known that parsley alleviate stress by its role in enhancing
general health status and immunity (Richmond et al.,
2000).
Hassan et al. (2006) found that treated mice with
Zearalenone (non–steroidal esterogenic mycotoxin present
in corn) induces sever stress on the testis and on the
endocrine function including the testis itself and indirectly
on the pituitary gland. However, these authors found that
treatment these mice with parsley resulted in significant
improvement in all the tested parameters. Zheng et al.
(1992) reported that parsley is rich in myristicin which
showed a high activity as an inducer of the detoxifying
enzyme glutathione S–transferase (GST) in the liver and
small intestine mucosa of mice. Fejes et al. (1998)
indicated that parsley contain flavonoids (apiin, luteolin -,
pigenin - glycosides), essential oil (apiol, miriszticin),
cumarines (bergapten and imperatorin) and vitamin C.
The protective role of parsley may be attributed to its
higher content of these flavonoids which either scavenge
free radicals or increase the production of GST. Ozsoy-
Sacan et al. (2006) concluded that parsley extract
probably, due its antioxidant property, has protective
effects against hepatotoxicity caused by diabetes and have
free radical scavenging and membrane protective effects
(Fejes et al., 2000). In the same way, Nielsen et al. (1999)
reported that treated human with parsley oil resulted in
increased levels of glutathione reductase and superoxide
dismutase and total antioxidant activity. Chlorocompound
in parsley often show significant biological activities, e.g.
antibiotic, antitumour, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-
inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, pesticidal antioxidant
activities which all reflect enhanced the general health
condition of body (Holst and Engvild, 2000; Kery et al.,
2001; Al-Howiriny et al., 2003). Abbas (2010) found that
dietary parsley resulted in significant improvement in live
body weight, feed efficiency and feed intake in broiler
chickens.

Adv Nutr Res, 2012, 1(1): 1-5.
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Conclusion
In conclusion it was found that supplementing the
diet of geese with different levels of fresh parsley leaves
(80, 160 or 240 g/d) resulted in significant improvement
in most haematological characteristics included in this
study. Therefore, parsley could be used as an efficient
feed additive for enhancement general physiological
status of birds.
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