No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF ACORUS CALAMUS FROM DISTRICT-PITHORAGARH, UTTARAKHAD, INDIA
... Acorus calamushas has a rich ethnobotanical history dating back possibly to the time of Moses in the Old Testament of the Bible and in early Greek and Roman medicine [68], that its scented leaves and rhizomes of have long history of medicinal use in Chinese , Indian and American Indians herbal traditions. In Ayurveda medicine Calamus is an important herb, and is valued as a "rejuvenator" for the brain and nervous system, and as a remedy for digestive disorders [69]. ...
Over the centuries, humanity has known and utilized some sacred oils extracted from their medicinal plants for therapeutic purpose. They are considered as good source of bioactive compounds having a wide range of vital biological activities. Aromatic oils have been a part of human history for more than 3,500 years BC and appeared with regularity throughout all major civilizations down the ages, with uses ranging from religious ritual, food flavoring, medicines, perfumery and the masking of bad odors. It is impossible to date exactly when plants were first used medicinally, since such a development would have taken place over thousands of years. During recent decades, many researchers have investigated the mechanisms of action and the therapeutic use of essential oils as physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. This review, highlights on some sacred essential oils extracted from important traditional medicinal plants that possesses several pharmacological properties, considering that the safety and versatility of this these supplement should allow for its use in numerous pathological conditions.
... ß-asarone 2.22-83.2% [86,[122][123][124][125][126] Artemisia dracunculus, ...
The antispasmodic effect of drugs is used for the symptomatic treatment of cramping and discomfort affecting smooth muscles from the gastrointestinal, billiary or genitourinary tract in a variety of clinical situations.The existing synthetic antispasmodic drugs may cause a series of unpleasant side effects, and therefore the discovery of new molecules of natural origin is an important goal for the pharmaceutical industry. This review describes a series of recent studies investigating the antispasmodic effect of essential oils from 39 plant species belonging to 12 families. The pharmacological models used in the studies together with the mechanistic discussions and the chemical composition of the essential oils are also detailed. The data clearly demonstrate the antispasmodic effect of the essential oils from the aromatic plant species studied. Further research is needed in order to ascertain the therapeutic importance of these findings.
Plant-derived phytochemicals have been touted as viable substitutes in a variety of diseases. All over the world, dentists have turned to natural remedies for dental cure due to the negative possessions of certain antibacterial mediators used in dentistry. Antimicrobial and other drugs are currently in use, but they show some side effects. Since ancient times, antioxidant EOs have been used for different ailments and have grown in popularity over time. Several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials have shown the safety and effectiveness of antioxidant essential oils (EOs) in oral health obtained from medicinal plants. The current review of literature provides a summary of secondary metabolites, more specifically EOs from 20 most commonly used medicinal plants and their applications in maintaining oral health. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most common and preventable global infectious diseases, with diseases of the oral cavity being considered major diseases affecting a person’s health. Several clinical studies have shown a connection between oral diseases and oral microbiota. This review discusses the role of antioxidant secondary metabolites in inhibiting the growth of oral pathogens and reducing the formation of dental plaque, and as well as reducing the symptoms of oral diseases. This review article contributes a basic outline of essential oils and their healing actions.
1. Pandey P.K.; Lingaswami T.M.S.; Pandey K.K.; De Niramal; Satpati S and Prasad Kundan, (2004) Dissipation pattern of dimethoate residue in cabbage. Vegetable Science. 31(2) pp-181-182.
2. Singh Jagdish, A. K. Upadhyay, Kundan Prasad, Anant Bahadur and Mathura Rai (2007). Variability of Carotenes, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Phenolics in Brassica vegetables. J. Food Comp. Anal. 20(2): 106-112.
3. Singh Jagdish, Mathura Rai, A. K. Upadhyay and Kundan Prasad (2007). Sinigrin (2-propenyl glucosinolate) content and myrosinase activity in Brassica vegetables. Int. J. Veg. Sci. 13 (2): 21 - 31.
4. Pandey P.K.; Lingaswami T.M.S.; Pandey K.K.; De Niramal; Satpati S and Prasad Kundan, (2007) Dissipation pattern of endosulfan residue in/on tomato fruits. Vegetable Science. 33(2).
5. Indra D. Bhatt, Kundan Prasad, Sandeep Rawat and Ranbeer S. Rawal (2008). Evaluation of antioxidant phytochemical diversity in Hedychium spicatum: a high value medicinal plant of Himalaya. Pharmacognosy Magazine Vol 4, Issue 16 (Suppl.), S202-S205.
6. I. D. Bhatt, Arvind Bhatt, Kundan Parsad, Sanjay Gairola, R.S. Rawal and Uppeandra Dhar (2008). Preliminarily Investigation on nutritional Properties of Artemesia maritime Linn. Ethnobotanical leaflets 12: 614-19.
7. Kalpana Moulekhi, Kundan Prasad, Ganga Bisht (2009). Constituents of volatile oil of seed bearing twig from Vitex negundo Linn. Indian perfumer. 53 No. 431-33.
8. K. Prasad, K. Moulekhi and G. Bisht (2010) Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Pavetta indica L. Leaves. Research Jouranl of Phytochemistry, 5(1): 66-69, 2011.
9. K. Prasad and G. Bisht (2011). Evaluation of nutritive, antioxidant and mineral composition in the leaves of Pavetta indica Linn. Research Jouranl of Phytochemistry, 5(1): 54-59
10. Kundan Prasad and Ganga Bisht, (2011). Evaluation of Nutritive Minerals and Antioxidants Values of Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. Current Research in Chemistry, 3: 98-105.
11. K. Prasad, Deepak Chandra and G. Bisht, (2014). Evaluation of Nutritive, Antioxidant and Mineral Composition in Wild Edible Rhizomes of Pouzolzia hirta Linn. Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 8: 9-15.
12. Kundan Prasad , 2014. Evaluation of Antioxidant, Vitamins, Phytochemicals and Nutritive Values of Euphorbia hirta Linn. Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 8: 47-51.
13. Kundan Prasad, S. Gupta and G. Bisht, 2014. HPLC Analysis of α-tocopherol and Vitamin C in Important Medicinal Plants of Uttarakhand Himalayas. Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 8(3): 74-77.
14. Kundan Prasad, Jagdish Singh and Deepak Chandra, (2014). Quantification of Antioxidant Phytochemicals in Fresh Vegetables Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Research Journal of Phytochemistry. 8(4): 162-167.
15. S. Gupta, K. Prasad and G. Bisht (2014), Macro and Micro Minerals Content in Some Important Indian Medicinal Plants. Research Journal of Phytochemistry. 8: 168-171.
16. K Prasad, K Moulekhi, G Bisht (2014). Preliminarily Investigation on Antioxidant Phytochemical in Some Medicinal Plants of Kumaon Region. Research Journal of Phytochemistry 8 (4), 199-204.
17. Deepak Chandra, Gunjan Kohli, Kundan Prasad, G. Bisht, Vinay Deep Punetha, K.S. Khetwal, Manoj Kumar Devrani and H.K. Pandey (2015). Phytochemical and Ethnomedicinal Uses of Family Violaceae. Current Research in Chemistry 7 (2): 44-52, 2015.
18. Kundan Prasad*, S. Gupta and G. Bisht(2014) Quantitative evaluation of -carotene and xanthophyll in some medicinal plants from Kumaon Himalayas. Research Journal of Phytochemistry. 8 (4): 205-209.
19. Deepak Chandra*, Kundan Prasad, G. Bisht and Vinay Deep Punetha (2015). Essential oil constituents of Swertia ciliata d.don ex g.don. from Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand, india. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.4(8): 1171-1176.
20. Deepak Chandra*, Kundan Prasad, Gunjan Kohli, G. Bisht, Vinay Deep Punetha, K. S. Khetwal and H. K. Pandey (2015). Essential oil composition of acorus calamus from district-pithoragarh, uttarakhad, india. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Volume. 4(9): 1158-1166.
21. Deepak Chandra*, Gunjan Kohli, Kundan Prasad, G.Bisht, Vinay Deep Punetha, Amit Panwar and Veena Pande. (2016). Antimicrobial Activitiy of Swertia Ciliata, Acorus Calamus and Viola Serpens.World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.5(6): 913-924.
22. Kavita Rawat*, Kundan Parasad and Ganga Bisht (2017). Chemical Compostion Of Essential Oil Of Excoecaria Acerifolia Collected From Kumaun Himalayas. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 6(7): 1261-1266.
23. Manoj Kumar Devrani, Kavita Rawat*, Deepak Chandra, Kundan Parasad and Ganga Bisht (2017). PHYTOCHEMICAL Studies And GC-MS Analysis of The Abies Pindrow . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 6(7): 1261-1266.
24. Manoj Kumar Devrani1*, Kundan Prasad, Deepak Chandra, Sapna Tewari and Ganga Bisht (2017). Phytochemical Studies And GC-MS Analysis of The Nychium Cryptogamia Collected from Kumaun, Himalayas, Uttarakhand. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 6 (10): 1203-1208.
25. Manoj Kumar Devrani*, Kundan Prasad, Deepak Chandra, Anita Rana, Kavita Rawat and Ganga Bisht (2017). Study On The Chemical Constituents Of The Essential Oil Of Taraxacum Mitalii Collected From Kumaun, Himalayas, Uttarkhand. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 6 (10), 967-972
26. Deepak Chandra, Gunjan Kohli, Kundan Prasad, G. Bisht, Vinay Deep Punetha and H. K. Pandey. (2017). Chemical composition of the essential oil of Viola serpens from Bageshwar (Shama), Uttarakhad, India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research.11(32): 513-517.
27. Deepak Chandra, Gunjan Kohli, Vinay Deep Punetha, Kundan Prasad, Ganga Bisht, K.S. Khetwal and H.K. Pandey, 2016. Phytochemical and Ethnomedicinal Uses of Family Gentianaceae. Current Research in Chemistry, 8: 1-9.
Adams, R. P. 2007. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry, 4th Edition. Allured Publ., Carol Stream, IL
Is out of print, but you can obtain a free pdf of it at
www.juniperus.org
The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the rhizomes of Acorus calamus (sweet flag) collected in the Grondines region, Province of Quebec, was determined by GC/FID and GC/MS analyses. Several components were isolated by liquid chromatography and were identified by various NMR experiments such as: H-NMR, C-NMR, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY. The major compounds were identified as preisocalamenediol, acorenone, shyobunone, and cryptoacorone. The complete stereochemical structure of cryptoacorone was elucidated
The aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of Acorus calamus rhizomes, its insecticidal activity against the booklouse, (Liposcelis bostrychophila) and to isolate any insecticidal constituents from the essential oil. The essential oil of A. calamus rhizomes was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of 32 components of the essential oil of A. calamus rhizomes was identified and the principal compounds in the essential oil were determined to be α-asarone (50.09%), (E)-methylisoeugenol (14.01%), and methyleugenol (8.59%), followed by β-asarone (3.51%), α-cedrene (3.09%) and camphor (2.42%). Based on bioactivity-guided fractionation, the three active constituents were isolated from the essential oil and identified as methyleugenol, (E)-methylisoeugenol and α-asarone. The essential oil exhibited contact toxicity against L. bostrychophila with an LD50 value of 100.21 µg/cm² while three constituent compounds, α-asarone, methyleugenol, and (E)-methylisoeugenol had LD50 values of 125.73 µg/cm², 103.22 µg/cm² and 55.32 µg/cm², respectively. Methyleugenol and (E)-methylisoeugenol possessed fumigant toxicity against L. bostrychophila adults with LC50 values of 92.21 μg/L air and 143.43 μg/L air, respectively, while the crude essential oil showed an LC50 value of 392.13 μg/L air. The results indicate that the essential oil of A. calamus rhizomes and its constituent compounds have potential for development into natural fumigants/insecticides for control of the booklice.
The aim of the present study was to assess the wound-healing activity of ethanolic extracts of Acorus calamus leaves. A wound was induced by an excision- and incision-based wound model in rats of either sex. The mature green leaves of A. calamus were collected and authenticated. Extractions of dried leaves were carried out with 80% ethanol in a soxhlet apparatus. For wound-healing activity, the extracts were applied topically once daily in conc. of 40% w/w and 20% w/w in the form of ointment and compared with a standard drug (povidion-iodine). The healing of the wound was assessed by the rate of wound closure, period of epithelialisation, tensile strength and weight of the granulation tissue, hydroxyproline content and histopathology of the granulation tissue. The ethanolic extract of A. calamus promoted wound-healing activity significantly in both the wound models studied. The histological study of the granulation tissue with 20% A. calamus extract ointment-treated animals showed a larger number of inflammatory cells and lesser collagen when compared with the 40% A. calamus extract ointment-treated animals. However, this was better than the control group of animals. Enhanced wound contraction, decreased epithelialisation time, increased hydroxyproline content and histological characteristics suggest that A. calamus extract may have therapeutic benefits in wound healing.
The essential oil composition of Acorus calamus (sweet flag) leaves collected in Lithuania at different growing phases was examined by GC and GC/MS. Rhizome oils of A. calamus, having been more thoroughly investigated, were used for comparison purposes. The content of the oil in dried sweet flag rhizomes was 1.20± 0.12% and in the leaves, depending on the vegetation phase, was from 0.56–1.01%. Ninety-one constituents were positively or tentatively identified in the oils—66 in the leaves and 55 in the rhizomes. Possible formation of calacorene hydrates is suggested for the first time on the basis of mass spectral data. δ-Asarone [(Z)-asarone] was the major constituent in the leaves (27.4–45.5%), whereas acorenone was dominant in the rhizomes (20.86%) followed by isocalamendiol (12.75%). A higher content of some aliphatic and oxygenated monoterpenes was found in oils of the leaves at their earliest growth phase (May), while the β-asarone content was at its lowest level.
The essential oil of Acorus calamus L. roots obtained from Konya (Beysehir) was analyzed by GC/MS. Forty-three components representing 71.16% of the oil were identified. Preisocalamendiol (17.3%), isoshyobunone (13.0%), 1,4-(trans)-1,7(trans)-acorenone (10.5%), camphor (5.9%), 2,6-diepishyobunone (2.6 %) and β-gurjunene (2.5%) were the major constituents.
Acorus calamus. Linn. (Araceae), commonly known as “sweet flag” or “calamus”, is a semiaquatic, perennial, aromatic herb with creeping rhizomes. The plant is found in the northern temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, North America, and Europe. The plant exhibits polyploidy. Many ethnomedicinal and ethnobotanical uses have been ascribed to the rhizomes of the plant. A. calamus. Linn. (AC) has been used as traditional Chinese and Indian prescriptions for its beneficial effects on memory disorder, learning performance, lipid peroxide content, and anti-aging and anticholinergic activity. Moreover, pharmacological studies have revealed that Acorus. rhizome and its constituents, particularly α.- and β.-asarone, possess a wide range of pharmacological activities such as sedative, CNS depressant, behavior modifying, anticonvulsant, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, memory enhancing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antispasmodic, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, immunosuppressive, cytoprotective, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, insecticidal, adulticidal, diuretic, antioxidant, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. This review is an effort to explore the different phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities of Acorus calamus..
The rhizomes and leaf oils of Acorus calamus L. were analysed by GC and GC–MS; 29 and 30 constituents were identified from the rhizome and leaf oils, respectively, comprising 99.7% of each of the oils β-Asarone (83.2%) and α-asarone (9.7%) were the major constituents in the rhizome oil, while β-asarone (85.6%) and linalool (4.7%) were the major constituents in the leaf oil. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sweet flag,Acorus calamus, one of the few extratropical members of the Araceae, is a semi-aquatic component of aquatic habitats throughout the temperate
to sub-temperate regions of Eurasia and the Americas. The plant has a rich ethnobotanical history dating back possibly to
the time of Moses in the Old Testament of the Bible and in early Greek and Roman medicine. Sweet flag, thought to be indigenous
to India and spread along trade routes, has been valued for its rhizome and fragrant oils which have been used medicinally,
in alcoholic beverages, as a fragrant essence in perfumes and oils, and for insecticidal properties. Current research investigates
sweet flag’s value as an insecticidal, antibacterial and antifungal agent. This paper is a comprehensive survey of the past,
present and future uses of sweet flag.
l’une des rares espèces non tropicales de la famille des Araceae, est une semi-aquatique composante des milieux aquatiques
des régions tempérées et sub-tempérées d’Euraore et des Amériques. Cette plante bénéficie d’une riche histoire ethnobotanique
datant de l’époque de Moise de l’ancien testament de la Bible et des medecines Romaine et Grecque. Calamus est probablement
originaire de la péninsule Indienne etfut distribuée par les commercants pour qui le rhizome riche en huiles aromatiques,
sont utilisés en pharmacopée, dans les boissons alcoolisées, la parfumerie et pour ses proprietes insecticides. Actuellement,
des recherches sont entreprises pour evaluer les proprietes insecticiden, bactericide et fongicide de cette espece. La presente
etude fait une synthese des usages et des potentialites de cette espèce (calamus).
Three new sesquiterpenes, 1 beta,7 alpha(H)-cadinane-4 alpha,6 alpha,10 alpha-triol (1), 1 alpha,5 beta-guaiane-10 alpha-O-ethyl-4 beta,6 beta-diol (2), and 6 beta,7 beta(H)-cadinane-1 alpha,4 alpha, 10 alpha-triol ( 3), together with 25 known ones, were isolated from the rhizome of Acorus calamus L. Their chemical structures were established on the basis of interpretation of spectroscopic data and comparison with those of the related known compounds.
Volatile concentrates from the oleo-gum resin of Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and from the rhizomes of Acorus calamus were isolated by supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide. The volatile oil of myrrh was obtained at 9.0 MPa and 50 degrees C and at a CO2 flow of 1.5 kg/h. Acorus calamus was extracted at 9.0 MPa and 45 degrees C and at a CO2 flow of 1.6 kg/h. In both cases, an oil devoid of cuticular waxes was obtained with a single depressurization stage. The SFE myrrh oil had a yield, Y, of 3.2%. Its main components, identified and quantified by GC/MS, were furanoeudesma-1,3-diene, 34.9%; lindestrene, 12.9%; curzerene, 8.5%; and germacrone, 5.8%. The essential oils from the same starting material by hydrodistillation, HD, (Y = 2.8%) and by steam distillation, SD, (Y = 0.4%) were quite similar to the SFE extract. The main components of the SFE oil of A. calamus (Y = 3.5%) were acorenone, 13.4%; iso-acorone, 11.6%; (Z)-sesquilavandulol, 11.0%; dehydroxy isocalamendiol, 7.7%; and beta-asarone, 5.5%. The comparison with hydrodistilled (Y = 1.8%) and steam distilled (Y = 1.0%) oils revealed large differences in the content of iso-acorone and crypto-acorone.
- M C Bertea
- Mmc Azzolin
- S Bossi
- G Doglea
- M E Maffei
Bertea MC, Azzolin MMC, Bossi S, Doglea G and Maffei ME. Phytochemistry 2005; 66:
507-514.
- G Divya
- S Gajalakshmi
- S Mythili
- A Sathiavelu
Divya G, Gajalakshmi S, Mythili S & Sathiavelu A, 2011 Pharmacological Activities of
Acorus calamus: A Review, Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research
Issue, 4 Vol.
Characterization of organic compounds by gas chromatography. Part 1. Retention. indices of aliphatic halides, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones
- E Kovats
Kovats E., 1958. Characterization of organic compounds by gas chromatography. Part 1.
Retention. indices of aliphatic halides, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones. Helv. Chim.
Acta, 41: 1915-32.
The Encylopendia of waken-Yuku (Traditional Sino Japanese Medicine with colour Pictures)
- T Namba
Namba, T., (1993). The Encylopendia of waken-Yuku (Traditional Sino Japanese
Medicine with colour Pictures). Hoikusha Osaka Japan. 1: 606.
E J Progress in essential oil research
- F P Van Lier
- L M Van Der Linde
- Aja Vander Weerdt
Van Lier FP, van der Linde LM and vander Weerdt AJA. (1986). E J Progress in essential
oil research. 215-225.
- H Z Wang
- Y Z Chang
- C S Fan
Wang H. Z., Y. Z. Chang and C. S. Fan, 1998. Review of studies on Chemical
Constituents and Pharmacological of Genus: Acorus Acta Bota Yannanica. 5; 96: 100.