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Energy Aware Opportunistic Routing Optimization in Farmland Wireless Sensor Network

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The nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are usually powered by battery. It is extremely important to let the nodes deliver data to the destination in an energy-efficient manner such that the WSNs have longer runtime. In this paper, the Energy-efficient Reliable Opportunistic Routing (EROR) is presented. The EROR uses the forwarding cost, which takes into account node's residual energy and the total energy consumption expended by the nodes over a wireless link; chooses the forwarding set consisting of forwarding nodes (FNs), the main FN, and the assistant FNs; and allows a node to change its transmission power to transmit the encoded packets, which are generated by randomly linear network coding, to the forwarding set such that the data are delivered to the destination in a multi-hop, reliable, and energy-efficient way. Simulation results indicate that the EROR outperforms the existing CodePower routing in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption.
Article
Aiming at the problems in farmland wireless sensor networks such as uneven nodes distribution, strict energy constraint, etc., a topology based routing algorithm TBCS-EA was proposed. Cluster heads were selected by considering the residual node energy and the node topology parameters, such as node position and density. This strategy made the nodes in an intensive area or close to the sink has a higher possibility to become a cluster-head, which could improve the network power efficiency. Existing clustering algorithms elect cluster head frequently, which will bring extra power consumption. An energy approximation scheme was also included in the algorithm. A node kept as cluster head until its residual energy reached the energy approximation target, then another node was selected as the new cluster head by using the topology based scheme. By doing this, the protocol cost could be significantly reduced. The simulation and experiment results showed that the network life span of TBCS-EA was more than 2200 rounds, which was about 1.5 times of CHCS and 2.2 times of LEACH. According to the node energy curve, the node energy balance of TBCS-EA was much better than that of LEACH, and it was almost like CHCS. The overall performance of TBCS-EA was better than that of the existing methods of LEACH and CHCS. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All right reserved.
Article
In recent times, there have been many advances in the field of information theory and wireless ad hoc network technologies. Regarding information theory progression and its connection with wireless ad hoc networks, this study presents fundamental concepts related to the application of the state-of-the-art Network Coding (NC) within wireless ad hoc networks in the context of routing. To begin with, this paper briefly describes opportunistic routing and identifies differentiation between NC-aware and NC-based routing mechanisms in wireless ad hoc networks. However, our main focus is to provide a survey of available NC-aware routing protocols that make forwarding decisions based on the information of available coding opportunities across several routes within wireless ad hoc networks. The taxonomy and characteristics of various representative NC-aware routing protocols will also be discussed. In summary, we provide a comparison of available NC-aware routing schemes and conclude that NC-aware routing techniques have several advantages over traditional routing in terms of high throughput, high reliability, and lower delay in a wireless scenario. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first that provides comprehensive discussion about NC-aware routing protocols.
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