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ILMU KELAUTAN Desember 2014 Vol 19(4):195-201 ISSN 0853-7291
*) Corresponding author
© Ilmu Kelautan, UNDIP
ijms.undip.ac.id
Diterima/Received : 22-10-2014
Disetujui/Accepted : 18-11-2014
h
Revealing Hidden Diversity in Menjangan Besar Island, Karimunjawa:
Reef-Associated Decapods as a Proxy of Biodiversity Estimation
Ni Putu Dian Pertiwi1,6*, Eka Maya Kurniasih1, Sukron Alfi Rintiantoto2, I Gede Wahyu Dani
Dharmawan3, Teuku Rizza Mustari4, Fitriani Basuki5, and Ni Kadek Dita Cahyani1
1Indonesian Biodiversity Research Center,
Jl. Raya SesetanGg. Markisa No. 6. Denpasar, Bali, 80223 Indonesia.
2Marine Science Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University,
Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, S.H., Tembalang, Semarang, 50275 Indonesia
3Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural Institute,
Jl. Rasamala, Bogor, West Java, 16680 Indonesia
4Marine Science Department, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Syiah Kuala University,
Jl. Tgk Syech Abdul Rauf, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111 Indonesia
5Marine Science Department, Faculty of Husbandry, Fisheries, and Marine Science,
University State of Papua, Manokwari, Papua, Jl. Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari, Papua, 98314 Indonesia
6Magister of Biology, Udayana University.
Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, 80232 Indonesia
Email: putudianpertiwi@ibrc-bali.org; putudianpertiwi@hotmail.com
Abstrak
Mengungkap Keanekaragaman Tersembunyi di Pulau Menjangan Besar, Karimunjawa: Estimasi
Biodiversitas Menggunakan Dekapoda yang Berasosiasi dengan Terumbu Karang
Kepulauan Indonesiamemiliki sejumlahArea Perlindungan Laut dan Taman Nasional yang merupakan tempat
tinggal bagi organisme laut dengan tingkat keanekaragaman yang tinggi. Karimunjawa sebagai salah satu Taman
Nasional, dikenal mempunyai keanekaragaman terumbu karang yang tinggi dan merupakan salah satu kawasan
yang digunakan sebagai area studi keanekaragaman laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi
keanekaragaman organisme pada habitat terumbu karang yang terdapat di kawasan pesisir Karimunjawa.
Metode sampling semi-kuantitatif digunakan untuk mengestimasi keanekaragaman terumbu karang, dengan
menggunakan anggota kelompok dekapoda sebagai perwakilan. Enam belas terumbu k arang mati (dead coral
head) dari anggota Pocillopora, di koleksi dengan ukuran yang sama pada kedalaman 10 meter di kawasan
Pulau Menjangan Besar, Karimunjawa. Seluruh dekapoda yang dikumpulkan, diidentifikasi sampai tingkat famili
dan menunjukkan terdapat 11 famili dari total 203 individu. Nilai statistik dari kekayaan spesies (Chao1 and ACE)
menunjukkan hanya 11 famili dekapoda yang dapat ditemukan di kawasan tersebut. Hasil kurva rarefaksi
menunjukkan nilai yang mencapai titik kesetimbangan setelah karang mati ke-empat belas, yang
mengindikasikan bahwa penambahan koleksi sampel tidak akan mengubah estimasi keanekaragaman yang
ditemukan. Index keanekaragaman Shanon-Wiener juga menunjukkan nilai keanekaragaman yang rendah
dengan nilai 1.9. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai dasar pemahaman bagi keseluruhan
keanekaragaman terumbu karang yang terdapat pada suatu kawasan dan sebagai dasar pengetahuan untuk
tujuan pengamatan ekosistem terumbu karang bagi perlindungan dan konservasi.
Kata kunci: keanekaragaman, terumbu karang, dekapoda, Indonesia, Karimunjawa.
Abstract
The Indonesian archipelago, with its higher number of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) and National Parks, is a
home to a high diversity of marine organisms. Karimunjawa is an Indonesian National Park that is well known for
its diverse coral reefs and therefore is an important place to study marine biodiversity. In the present study, the
biodiversity of reef organisms was estimated in the coastal marine habitat of Karimunjawa. A semi-quantitative
sampling method was used to estimate reef biodiversity using decapod group as a representative. Sixteen similar
sized dead coral heads of Pocillopora were sampled from 10 m depth at Menjangan Besar Island, Karimunjawa.
All decapods were sorted and identified to the family level, yielding 11 families from total 203-collected
individuals. Species richness statistics (Chao1 and ACE) suggest that only 11 families of decapods can be found
ILMU KELAUTAN Desember 2014 Vol 19(4):195-201
196 Biodiversity Estimation in Menjangan Besar Island, Karimunjawa (N.P.D. Pertiwi et al.)
in this area. Rarefaction curves approached an asymptote after sampling fourteen heads, indicated that sample
addition will not alter the estimate diversity found in this location with Shanon-Wiener diversity index of 1.9
indicated low diversity. Our findings may provide a basic understanding of the overall biodiversity of a reef area
and a basic knowledge in monitoring coral reefs ecosystems for protection and conservation.
Keywords: biodiversity, coral reefs, decapod, Indonesia, Karimunjawa.
Introduction
The Indonesia Archipelago is known as an
area with a high number of marine biodiversity in its
coral reefs (Myers et al., 2000; Veron, 2000; Roberts
et al., 2002; Briggs, 2005). Located in Coral Triangle
Area, Indonesia has the total of 2122 species of reef
fishes. Previous studies confirmed its position as the
country with the richest number of reef fishes (Allen
and Adrim, 2003; Allen, 2008). In addition to this,
studies on other taxa also supported Indonesia as
the area with the center of origin of world marine
biodiversity (Hoeksema, 2007; Barber et al., 2006;
Malay and Paulay, 2010).
Biodiversity as a variety and abundance of
species in a defined unit of study, including diversity
within species, between species and of ecosystem
(Maguran, 2009), is an important factor to represent
the wealth of coral reefs. Traditionally, coral and fish
were used as surrogates in biodiversity assessments
because they are taxonomically well known and easy
to identify. However, these two groups only represent
a small fraction of reef-associated diversity and may
not capture the diversity of all organisms. The highly
complex structure of coral reefs may also be a
problematic factor when aiming to find and estimate
the hidden diversity of reef organisms (Plaisance et
al., 2009), especially organisms that live within
cracks and crevices of coral reefs.
To overcome this issue, studies to find a
standardized method to estimate diversity has been
conducted in few reefs located in Indo-Pacific
regions (Plaisance et al., 2009; Knowlton et al.,
2010; Plaisance et al., 2011). In those studies,
crustacean fauna was used as a proxy to estimates
overall reef biodiversity because it’s the second
most diverse group of marine metazoans.
Crustacean is also a good representative of marine
reef biodiversity because most of the reefs diversity
is made up of small, cryptic species and species
from poorly known groups. This semi-quantitative
sampling methods proposed by Plaisance et al.
(2009) using decapods and dead coral heads is an
implemented methods for estimating biodiversity in
Indonesia’s reefs.
Karimunjawa as one of Indonesia’s National
Parks is also known as tourism destination.
Encompasses of 27 islands with ecosystems of coral
reefs, sea grass and seaweed beds, mangroves and
beach forest (BTNJ, 2010; http://tnkarimunjawa.
dephut.go.id), Karimunjawa is a good habitat of
diverse marine organisms. However, the purpose of
increasing economy through tourism may impact the
diversity of local marine habitat (Purwanti et al.,
2008). In order to overcome this issue, the
biodiversity in those areas needs to be recorded and
protected. Although the diversity studies on fish
(Sugianti and Mujiyanto, 2013) and corals (Suryanti
et al., 2011) had beed conducted in Karimunjawa
which indicated a certain level of diversity, this result
still not covered the biodiversity at cryptic level.
Aim of this study is to answer the question
regarding hidden diversity of cryptic species in the
reefs of Karimunjawa. This research used decapods
fauna, which were collected on Pocilopora dead
heads as a proxy to estimate biodiversity. As a pilot
study, only Menjangan Island was choosenas a
sampling location due to the characteristic of this
location as a tourism and conservation areas, and
also the high percentage of dead coral heads found
in this location compare to others. This data may use
as a basic knowledge in monitoring coral reefs for
protection and conservation in Karimunjawa’s area.
Materials and Methods
Sixteen dead coral heads with similar-size, a
size of a 20 l bucket, were collected from the reef of
Menjangan Besar Island, Karimunjawa (Figure 1)
and collected from the depth of 5–10 m. Dead coral
head were selected from family Pocilloporidae and
chosen from the heads that colonized by encrusting
flora and fauna but still attached to the reef at the
base. The heads were bagged and gently broken
from the bottom with a hammer and a chisel and
quickly placed in a 20-liter bucket underwater. This
sampling collection and processing following the
method described in Plaisance et al. (2011).
The size of each dead head photographed
and length, width, and height were measured; the
volume was measured based on water
displacement. Each branch of coral head was
detached carefully with a hammer and a chisel and
examined closely for motile invertebrates.
ILMU KELAUTAN Desember 2014 Vol 19(4):195-201
Biodiversity Estimation in Menjangan Besar Island, Karimunjawa (N.P.D. Pertiwi et al.) 197
Figure 1. Sampling site in Menjangan Besar Island, Karimunjawa
The remaining rubbles were placed in the
bucket of seawater. After all the branches and the
base has been broken apart and examined, the
fragments were broken into smaller pieces and
examined a second times for the remaining
creatures. The seawater, in which the dead heads
and coral fragments had been kept, was then
filtered through a 2 mm sieve. The remaining
organisms captured in the sieve were collected for
identification.
Each decapod specimen was identified to the
family level, and abundance of each was also
recorded. Decapods collected from each dead heads
were identified and photographed. Richness and
abundance data were used to measure the diversity
using EstimateS v.9.1.0 (Colwell, 2013). The
computation of Shanon-Wiener index, Chao1 and
ACE estimates was done for each of one through
sixteen heads sampled, with a randomized order of
samples without replacement for 100 runs.
Rarefaction curve was also computed using sample
data.
Result and Discussion
Dead coral head was a semi-quantitative
sampling method proposed by Plaisance et al.
(2009). This method allowed us to estimate the
diversity of all crustaceans found on a reef, reside
the fact that it is challenging to get the standardized
quantitative sampling of a reef. Diversity estimation
on a reef was hard because of the heterogeneous,
rigid, and complex structure of a reef (Markmann
and Tautz, 2005). Previous study using this
methodhad been conducted in some of the Pacific
and Indian Ocean’s Islands and discovered a large
number of species within a small total area
(Plaisance et al., 2009; 2011). Compared to those
previous researches, from 16 dead coral heads
collected, 203 individuals of decapod from 11
different families were found. Among all of the
families, 36.4 % were from shrimp groups and 63.6
% were crab. Four families of shrimp found were
Axiidae, Palaemonidae, Alpheidae, and Hippolytidae;
while seven families from crab group (including
anomuran and brachyuran) were Diogenidae,
Pilumnidae, Porcellanidae, Xanthidae, Trapeziidae,
Galatheidae, and Majidae.This data indicated a low
richness of decapods fauna found in the location of
study, with only five families of brachyuran crab were
found among 93 families listed (Ng et al., 2008).This
was also true for other groups of decapods we had
collected; such as caridean and anomuran crabs,
which also showed a low richness.
Abundance data were also indicated a low
value, which showed in Figure 2a. Palaemonidae
showed as the most abundance family found among
all of the dead head (36% of the abundance of other
families). While Xanthidae, Galatheidae, Alpheidae
and Hippolytidae showed moderate number of
abundance with the percentage of 15%, 11%, 10%,
ILMU KELAUTAN Desember 2014 Vol 19(4):195-201
198 Biodiversity Estimation in Menjangan Besar Island, Karimunjawa (N.P.D. Pertiwi et al.)
and 7% respectively. The least number of individuals
found were from Diogenidae (2%). Comparison of
the abundance and richness data (Figure 2b.)
showed maximum number of family found in one
dead head were 7 and the minimum was 0. From 16
dead head collected, we didn’t find any decapod
fauna in dead head number 16, which indicated that
the distribution of decapods family did not disperse
evenly across reefs.
Shanon-Wiener and rarefaction curves were
analyzed in order to see the diversity index and
estimate the completeness of sampling effort and
also the reliability of diversity estimates (Figure 3.).
Shanon-Wiener diversity index (S-W) showed
minimum value of 1.9, which compared to other
dead heads data collected in Pemuteran, Bali on
2012 (unpublished data), this value showed a lower
diversity. S-W diversity index in Pemuteran, Bali was
2.35 with the indication of high number of richness
and abundance. This may conclude that the diversity
of reefs crustacean found in Karimunjawa was less
diverse than Bali. The difference level of diversity in
those two locations can be caused by geographic
topography, coral traits (including coral diversity,
percentage cover of live coral, and topographic
complexity created by coral skeleton) and the
diversity of other marine organisms (Idjadi and
Edmunds, 2006; Stella et al., 2010).
ACE and Chao1 value on rarefaction curves
start to plateau after fourteen dead heads, which
indicated that sample addition would not alter the
estimate diversity found in this location. This Chao1
(Chao, 1984) and ACE (Chao and Lee, 1992)
diversity estimates are designed to provide
estimates of diversity when many species remain to
be sampled (Collwell and Coddington, 1994). This
result was also supported by other estimation
analysis such as singleton and doubleton value that
indicated a very low number (Figure 4,). Based on
these analyses, it was estimated that there were
only 11 families of decapods will be found among all
of the reefs around Menjangan Besar island.
Although this data only indicated the diversity of
decapod fauna in family level, the richness and
abundance data of morphospecies also did not
showed any significant diversity. However, the
diversity of organisms in dead coral head will tend to
be higher than organisms found in living coral, due
to the fact that some organisms may act as an
obligatory symbiont to specific types of corals
(Plaisance et al., 2009; 2011), which may affect the
different estimation diversity between dead and
living coral.
In our study, MenjanganBesar Island was
chose as a pilot sampling location and used as a
representation of Karimunjawa Islands reefs
condition, because of its characteristic both as
tourism and conservation zone. Human activities as
in tourism and fisheries can make a negative impact
on the sustainability of reefs ecosystems due to the
lack of awareness on marine life. To prevent the
damaging impact of those human activities,
revealing the conditions of the marine ecosystem
was one of the approaches that can be applied.
Healthy communities of coral reefs with its diverse
organism will increase the abundance of fish
presence and thus affect the income and economic
strength within the region.
By protecting the diversity of corals reefs, it
will also help to sustain the fisheries management
(Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2009). Disregarding the
activities issue, suitable dead coral heads was
hardly found on our sampling locations that matched
the sampling standard. Some of the dead heads
collected were still covered with ~25% of living coral,
which indicated a good percentage cover of live coral
(a)
(b)
Figure 2. (a) Abundance of all families. (b) Richness and abundance from each dead head.Abundance
showed as the proportion of each family on each dead head (DH).
ILMU KELAUTAN Desember 2014 Vol 19(4):195-201
Biodiversity Estimation in Menjangan Besar Island, Karimunjawa (N.P.D. Pertiwi et al.) 199
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. Rarefaction curve (line) and the value of diversity estimators ACE (a) and Chao 1(b) as a function of the number of
heads entered into analysis.
Figure 4. Rarefaction curve using other estimations analysis
Note. : singletons, : doubletons, : ACE, : Chao 1, : Chao 2, : ACE, dan : ICE
in the area of study. However, despite the good
cover of live coral observed, the richness and
abundance data on our result did not signal high
diversity of decapods organism.
Using only one location and one group of
organism, the result of this study may still
underestimate the diversity of coral heads sampled
and may only indicated a small fraction of a whole
coral reefs habitat. This was also stated in Plaisance
et al. (2011), which confirm that the estimation of
regional and global diversity based on extrapolations
of small samples has huge uncertainties as the
samples collected using this method only focused on
specific types of organism. However, the use of this
method perceived the basic understanding of hidden
diversity lies on Karimunjawa’s coral reefs, which
never been examined using conventional survey
methods. In addition to this, because of our samples
were taken only from one island, we cannot
concluded that all of the islands in this area will also
have the same diversity, which may differ according
to natural conditions and disturbance perceived by
each reef on each islands.
This data may use as a preliminary data of
hidden diversity in Karimunjawa and could
completed with further studies conducted on the
other islands, especially the island with different
zone’s function as in primary zone, conservation
zone and beneficial zone. The use of morphospecies
and molecular techniques had been improved the
identification and finding of cryptic samples
(Knowlton et al., 2010), which were lack in our
sampling methods and need to be done in order to
compare the diversity between different taxon level
and need to be added for complete biodiversity
study of cryptic organisms.
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Number of Dead Head
Number of Dead Head
Number of Family
Number of Family
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Number of Dead Head
Number of Taxa
0
ILMU KELAUTAN Desember 2014 Vol 19(4):195-201
200 Biodiversity Estimation in Menjangan Besar Island, Karimunjawa (N.P.D. Pertiwi et al.)
Conclusion
In conclusion, estimation of biodiversity of
coral reefs in Menjangan Besar Island, Karimunjawa
using decapods as a proxy indicated a low diversity.
Low value of diversity was also supported by
richness and abundance data, with only 11 families
of decapods were found among all of sampling sites.
This data provide a basic understanding of the
overall biodiversity of a reef area and a basic
knowledge in monitoring coral reefs ecosystems for
protection and conservation in Karimunjawa.
Acknowledgments
This study was part of IBRC Biodiversity
Inventory and Molecular Ecology Course funded by
the USAID. We would like to thank Prof. Ambariyanto,
Prof. I.G.N.K.Mahardika, A.W. Anggoro, A. Sembiring,
A. Mahardini, Masriana, R. Wulandari, Y.F. Syamsuni,
V. Fahmi and all participants of IBRC course for their
support and help on this study.
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