Introduction to meta-analysis
... Statistical heterogeneity of the outcome measures was evaluated using Tau 2 , the Q-statistic, I 2 and prediction intervals (Borenstein, 2009(Borenstein, , 2019. Tau 2 equates to the betweenstudy variance, and the Q-statistic is synonymous to the sum of squared deviations. ...
... Funnel plots were used to assess for publication bias. If the funnel plots indicated asymmetry, then Duval and Tweedie's Trim and Fill procedure was used to compute an unbiased estimate of the effect size (as cited in Borenstein, 2009). Funnel plots and Trim and Fill analyses for each of the accuracy and reaction analyses can be found in Appendix B of the supplementary materials. ...
... Importantly, a posteriori power analysis may help explain why our results did not reach statistical significance. Statistical power in a random-effects analysis is influenced by the number of participants in each study, within-study variance, the number of studies included in the analysis, and between-study variance (Borenstein, 2009;Borentstein, 2019). This may be the case due to the small number of studies included in the analysis. ...
Background
Impaired processing of emotional expression recognition (EER) has been theorized to be a maintaining factor of social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, the evidence suggesting a decreased ability to recognize emotional facial expressions in this population is mixed.
Methods
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the relationship between SAD and EER. We included English peer-reviewed full-text articles with (1) a primary diagnosis of SAD, (2) an EER task using a validated face database, and (3) accuracy and/or reaction time as outcome measures. Risk of Bias was assessed using the RoBANS, and results were synthesized using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. The literature search took place between April 17, 2020 and January 26, 2022. Sixteen articles (N = 788) were selected from a search of six databases. EER was assessed through accuracy and reaction time, with stimulus duration and comorbidity considered as moderators.ResultsOur results indicate that individuals with SAD may have difficulty recognizing emotional expressions overall, and when presenting with a comorbidity demonstrate poorer performance at recognizing happy facial expressions. Individuals with SAD also take a greater amount of time to recognize happy facial expressions.Conclusion
Our results suggest that individuals with SAD demonstrate poorer performance in accurately recognizing various expressions, such as happy facial expressions. Given the narrow aim of this study, some results are underpowered.
... The instrument in this study used a coding data sheet which had been validated by two metaanalyst experts to obtain the final schematic on the coding sheet. Bernard et al. (2014); Borenstein (2009);Cooper (2017) indicated in their research that the There were several steps to the meta-analysis investigation, as seen in the flowchart in Figure 1. As a result, these steps were employed in this investigation. ...
... Because the class capacitys in the intervention group (RME) in this meta-analysis were relatively modest, effect sizes were computed using Hedge's g equation (Borenstein, 2009;Harwell, 2020). The collected effect sizes were interpreted using Thalheimer & Cook (2002) classification. ...
... Meta-analysis research included two impact models: fixed effect models and random effect models (Borenstein, 2009;Cheung, 2015). This study uses a random effect estimation model, this is due to variations in the effect size and moderator variables to be analyzed (Haidich, 2010;Paloloang et al., 2020). ...
Article History: Many researchers have carried out meta-analysis studies related to realistic mathematics education (RME) to enhance mathematical ability. However, their research does not focus on mathematical reasoning ability (MRA). This study aims to estimate and examine the effect of RME implementation in enhancing the MRA of Indonesian students, as well as to explore the moderating factors that influence students' heterogeneous MRA. The meta-analysis examined twenty-five relevant primary research published in national and international journals and sessions between 2010 and 2022. The steps of this research are formulate the problem, inclusion criteria, literature search strategy, study selection, data extraction, statistics analysis, interpretation and reporting. To calculate the effect size, the analytical tool employed the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) program using the Hedge formula. Based on the random effect model, the total RME implementation had a very high effect (g = 1,064; p<0,05), significantly enhancing the MRA of Indonesian students. Furthermore, class capacity, educational level, and technological assistance did not influence students' heterogeneous MRA in the RME. These findings imply that Indonesian math educators should consider RME as one of the best ways to implement mathematics learning in the classroom to enhance students' MRA.
... This index was calculated as the pretest-posttest mean and this difference was divided by the pretest standard deviation: d ¼ cðmÞðy pre À y post Þ =S pre , with c(m) being a correction factor for small sample sizes. 29 Negative d values indicated an improvement in the group from the pretest to the posttest. For standardisation, absolute values of d of around 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 can be interpreted as small, moderate, and large magnitudes, respectively. ...
... For example, conversion equations from significance tests (e.g., ttest and Wilcoxon test) and sample size were used. 29 When results were reported by means of sample size, median, range, and/or interquartile range, the means and standard deviations were estimated by different approximation methods. 31 Finally, effect sizes were calculated separately for each construct evaluated: knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, global nontechnical skills, teamwork, communication, leadership, and situational awareness. ...
... Effects were observed on participants' knowledge, teamwork, global nontechnical skills, leadership, attitude, self-efficacy, and communication, assessed in the short 5 3 3 3 1,5 15 Anderson et al. 2 1,5 2 3 2 3 1,5 13 Armstrong et al. 3 1, 5 2 3 3 3 1,5 14 Batchelder et al. 4 1,5 2 3 1 3 1,5 12 Brewster et al. 5 1,5 2 1 0 3 1,5 9 Burton et al. 6 1, 5 2 3 3 3 2 14,5 Chamberland et al. 7 3 2,5 3 2 3 1,5 15 Couloures et al. 8 1,5 1 3 2 3 1,5 12 Crimlisk et al. 9 1,5 2 1 1 3 1,5 10 Delaney et al. 10 1,5 3 1 3 3 1,5 13 George et al. 11 1,5 2 1 2 3 1,5 11 Ghazali et al. 12 3 3 3 3 3 1,5 16,5 Ginsburg et al. 13 2 2 1 3 3 1,5 12,5 Haerkens et al. 14 1,5 1,5 3 3 3 3 15 Hicks et al. 15 1,5 2,5 3 3 3 1,5 14,5 Houz e-Cerfon et al. 16 3 2,5 3 3 3 1,5 16 Karageorge et al. 17 1,5 2 1 1 3 1,5 10 Khobrani et al. 18 1,5 2 3 3 3 1,5 14 Maenhout et al. 19 1,5 2 3 3 3 1,5 14 Mah et al. 20 1,5 2 3 0 3 1,5 11 Mahramus et al. 21 1,5 2 3 3 3 1,5 14 Matzke et al. 22 1,5 2 1 2 3 1 10,5 Meurling et al. 23 1,5 1,5 3 2 3 3 14 a Morey et al. 24 2 3 3 2 3 3 1 6 Munroe et al. 25 1,5 3 3 2 3 1,5 14 Obenrader et al. 26 1,5 2 1 3 3 1 11,5 Parsons et al. 27 1,5 2 3 3 3 1,5 14 Pascual et al. 28 1,5 2,5 3 1 3 1,5 12,5 Patterson et al. 29 1,5 1,5 3 2 3 1,5 12,5 Pennington et al. 30 1,5 3 3 3 3 1,5 15 Peters et al. 31 1, 5 2 3 3 3 3 15,5 Pietsch et al. 32 1,5 2 1 0 3 1 8,5 Rice et al. 33 1,5 2 3 3 3 1,5 14 Ryan et al. 34 1,5 2 1 0 3 1 8,5 Sauter et al. 35 1,5 2 3 0 3 3 12,5 Shapiro et al. 36 3 2 3 2 3 1,5 14,5 Turkelson et al. 37 1,5 2 1 2 3 1,5 11 Winkelmann et al. 38 1,5 Note: All bibliographic references are in Appendix 2. a The article by Morey et al. 24 was not included in the meta-analytic analysis. ...
Introduction:
In recent years, the importance of training healthcare professionals in nontechnical skills using effective methodologies has been increasingly recognised as a means of preventing clinical errors in the practice of health care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of educational interventions on nontechnical skills in the emergency medical services and/or critical care unit settings.
Methods:
A systematic search was carried out in the PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases according to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. After the initial search, 7952 records were selected after duplicates removed. Finally, a selection of 38 studies was included for quantitative analysis. Separate meta-analyses of standardised mean changes were carried out for each outcome measure assuming a random-effects model. Cochran's Q-statistic and I2 index were applied to verify study heterogeneity. Weighted analyses of variance and meta-regressions were conducted to test the influence of potential moderators and funnel plots using Duval and Tweedie's trim-and-fill method, and Egger's regression test were used to examine publication bias.
Results:
All the variables analysed had a significant effect size, with the exception of situational awareness (d+ = -0.448; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.034, 0.139). The highest mean effect size was found for knowledge (d+ = -0.925; 95% CI = -1.177, -0.673), followed by the mean effect sizes for global nontechnical skills (d+ = -0.642; 95% CI = -0.849, -0.434), team nontechnical skills (d+ = -0.606; 95% CI = -0.949, -0.262), and leadership nontechnical skills (d+ = -0.571; 95% CI = -0.877, -0.264). Similar mean effect sizes were found for attitude (d+ = -0.406; 95% CI = -0.769, -0.044), self-efficacy (d+ = -0.469; 95% CI = -0.874, -0.064), and communication nontechnical skills (d+ = -0.458; 95% CI = -0.818, -0.099). Large heterogeneity among the standardised mean changes was found in the meta-analyses (I2 > 75% and p < .001), except for self-efficacy where I2 = 58.17%, and there was a nonstatistical result for Cochran's Q. This great variability is also reflected in the forest plots.
Discussion:
The use of simulation interventions to train emergency and critical care healthcare professionals in nontechnical skills significantly improves levels of knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and nontechnical skills performance.
... A lot of relevant studies reporting about the inconsistency of the use of computer technology in enhancing students' CT skills and heterogeneous students' CT skills have to be summarized and synthesized so the process can provide precise and clear information and investigation. Meta-analysis, a series of quantitative methods that can summarize and synthesize several relevant studies related to the strength among two variables or more (Borenstein et al., 2009;Cumming, 2012), can be carried out as an alternative solution of these problems. A few of meta-analysis studies regarding CT skills have been widely carried out by a number of researchers. ...
... Method employed to conduct this study was meta-analysis (Borenstein et al., 2009;Cumming, 2012). Random effect model was selected as the estimation model applied in this meta-analysis because the primary studies involved had the heterogeneous characteristics such as educational level, group size of intervention, geographical location, instrument, learning tool, and subject (Fuadi et al., 2021;Jaya & Suparman, International Journal of Instruction, April 2023• Vol.16, No.2 2021Juandi, Kusumah, Tamur, Perbowo, & Tanu, 2021;Juandi, Kusumah, Tamur, Perbowo, Siagian, et al., 2021;Suparman, Juandi, & Tamur, 2021a. ...
... The Hedge's equation was employed to calculate effect size because it could accommodate the studies which had relatively small sample size (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001). Borenstein et al. (2009) formulated the equation as follows: ...
The aim of this research is to summarize and observe how interventions affect students' computational thinking (CT) skills through computer technology. Some common factors predicted to cause students' heterogeneous CT skills would also be examined. A meta-analysis was chosen to conduct this study. Finding and selecting the relevant literature resulted in 43 documents published in the period of 2011-2021 which involved 5.088 samples. The formula of Hedges' g was used to measure the effect size. The Z test and the Q Cochrane test were also used to analyze the data. The results of this study revealed that the interventions involving computer technology on students' CT skills had modest positive effect in which computer technology interventions significantly enhanced students' CT skills. It indicates that the learning process utilizing computer technology is effective to enhance students' CT skills. Furthermore, educational level, geographical location, group size of intervention, learning tool, and subject did not moderate students' heterogeneous CT skills. It means that the level of students' CT skills intervened by using computer technology is not affected by the factors. To improve students' CT skills, this study suggests teachers to utilize computer technology into their mathematics teaching-learning process. Specifically, this study suggests teachers to utilize computer technology in implementing mathematics learning process.
... This meta-analysis is a quantitative study (Borenstien et al., 2021). It is meta-analysis research using correlation meta-analysis. ...
... According to the statistical sense, measuring the strength of the relationship between variables is determined by the size of the effect (Borenstien et al., 2021;Camnalbur et al., 2013;Harpe et al., 2015;Hussein & Zayed, 2021;Nugraha & Suparman, 2021). In this study, the effect size refers to the relationship between the effectiveness of HOTS learning and the improvement of students' HOT abilities. ...
... 2 Ft = or tF = and r is searched for by Equation (1) (Borenstien et al., 2021) as follows: ...
Higher order thinking skills (HOTS) are expected to be skills needed now and in the future. Many learning strategies are applied to increase HOTS. Nonetheless, how effective is this in improving students’ HOT abilities? This study will examine how effective learning is to improve HOT skills. We used meta-analysis research techniques to analyse the research quantitatively. We selected 21 out of 60 articles from Google Scholar that used models, media and science learning assessments to improve HOT. Heterogeneity analysis (trim-fill, funnel plot approach and Z-value calculation) was used to prove the absence of publication bias. Forest plot analysis showed an average increase in learning effectiveness (0.32), with a moderate effect. It shows that the effectiveness of learning is supported by strategies of using media, methods and assessment. These factors are proven to increase the effectiveness of students’ HOT abilities. Keywords: HOTS, learning, meta-analysis.
... Mixed-effects meta-analyses were conducted: the random effects correspond to the effects of each study; the fixed effects correspond to the effects of the various moderators. This choice was made due to the great heterogeneity between the studies (Borenstein et al., 2009). A three-level analysis was also tested to account for dependencies between effects from the same studies, but the need to use effects calculated from the same individuals led to overestimating the importance of some studies. ...
... For example, the men and women sub-groups, teachers and preservice teachers subgroups, ordinary and special education teacher subgroups, or sub-groups corresponding to different countries. Borenstein et al. (2009) states that in the case of independent groups that contribute information independently from each other, it is possible to treat them as independent studies. ...
... The effect size can be measured thanks to Cohen's d for a sample. It is obtained by calculating the difference between the mean of the observed attitude M and the median point of the scale m0, divided by the standard deviation of the attitude SD: d = (M-m0)/SD (Borenstein et al., 2009). For example, on a Likert scale with five modalities, the median point of the scale is 3 and d is worth (M-3)/SD. ...
This article presents a meta-analysis of the studies related to teachers ’ attitudes towards inclusive education for
students with disabilities. It covers a total sample of 40512 in-service or pre-service teachers from 55 different
countries. Globally, the teachers ’ attitude is positive. A meta-regression analysis shows that the attitude has
notably progressed from 2000 to 2020. In addition, teachers ’ attitude is more favourable when the country ’ s
Human Development Index (HDI) is higher and special education teachers are more favourable to inclusive
education than ordinary ones.
... Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were obtained for included studies to investigate the effect size of the relationship between overparenting and depression, anxiety, and internalizing symptoms. Fisher's r-to-z transformation was used later to transform correlational effect size to a Z score so that the sampling distribution becomes normally distributed, and the Z score was transformed back to Pearson's r as the result for interpretation purposes (Borenstien et al., 2009). ...
... Notably, standardized regression coefficients (β) were also used as effect sizes, as it has been suggested that β and r are extremely highly correlated and β can be substituted directly for r, regardless of the covariates in the regression equation (Borenstien et al., 2009;Peterson & Brown, 2005). Nevertheless, to explore how β might influence the results, sensitivity analyses excluding studies that used β to estimate effect sizes were performed. ...
Overparenting has been considered to contribute to offspring internalizing mental disorders from theoretical perspectives, which some empirical evidence has supported. However, existing findings are inconsistent. To facilitate the understanding of the association between overparenting and depression, anxiety, and internalizing symptoms, an examination of effect sizes is required. By employing the PRISMA method, a meta-analysis was conducted. Fifty-two articles were identified, with 38 studies examining depression, 30 studies examining anxiety, and 21 studies examining internalizing symptoms. The results show that overparenting is associated with offspring depression (mean age 19.94 years) (k = 133, r = .15, p < .001), anxiety (mean age 19.57 years) (k = 101, r = .14, p < .001), and internalizing symptoms (mean age 19.76 years) (k = 58, r = .19, p < .001). Moderator analyses show that the effect sizes are largely equal across SES groups, cultures, the age of offspring, child gender, and study design but may vary depending on the parental gender and report informants. Implications for interventions and future directions are discussed.
... Meta-analyses weigh the individual effect sizes by the inverse of the effect size variance, thereby penalizing studies with high variance and low sample size (Borenstein et al., 2011). A random-effects model was used to calculate the overall mean effect for each response variable, thereby computing a weighed mean effect that accounts for sample size, within and betweenstudy variance. ...
... This applied largely to older studies but also to recent publications. Absolute osmolyte concentrations and statistical parameters such as sample size, mean, and variance, or appropriate terms for other data types (such as risk ratios, risk difference, or odds ratio and sample size for binary data, or correlation coefficient and sample size for correlations) should be reported (see Borenstein et al., 2011 for a comprehensive introduction to different data types). A complete record of the statistical analysis is necessary. ...
Salinity is a major environmental factor shaping the distribution and abundance of marine organisms. Climate change is predicted to alter salinity in many coastal regions due to sea level rise, evaporation, and changes in freshwater input. This exerts significant physiological stress on coastal invertebrates whose body fluid osmolality follows that of seawater (‘osmoconformers’). In this study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of osmolytes (both organic and inorganic) utilized by osmoconforming marine invertebrates during a >14-day acclimation to reduced salinity. Of the 2,389 studies screened, a total of 56 fulfilled the search criteria. Thirty-eight studies reported tissue osmolyte. Following acclimation to reduced salinity, tissue concentrations of six organic compounds and sodium were consistently reduced across phyla. This suggests that intracellular inorganic ions are not only utilized as a rapid response system during acute exposure to low salinity stress but also, in concert with reductions in organic osmolyte concentrations, during longer-term acclimation. Our systematic review demonstrates that only a few studies (n = 13) have quantified salinity-induced long-term changes in intracellular ion concentrations. In addition, no study has compiled a complete intracellular osmolyte budget. Alanine, betaine, glycine, and taurine are the major organic osmolytes that are universally employed across five phyla. The characterization of organic osmolytes was heavily weighted towards free amino acids (FAAs) and derivatives—neglecting methylamines and methylsulfonium compounds, which can be as important as FAAs in modulating intracellular osmolality. As a consequence, we suggest best-practice guidelines to streamline experimental designs and protocols in osmoregulation research in order to better understand the conserved mechanisms that define the limits of salinity acclimation in marine invertebrates. To our best knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis on osmolyte concentrations in osmoconformers acclimated to low salinity. It creates a valuable baseline for future research and reveals large research gaps. Our meta-analysis suggests that there are common osmolyte actors employed across phyla but no uniform concept since osmolyte pool composition and proportions were taxon-specific. In light of future salinity changes and their potential consequences, it becomes more important to understand salinity tolerance capacities and limits.
... REML estimations were utilized as they do not underestimate the variance (Garcia-Argibay et al., 2019b; Thompson & Sharp, 1999). Further, we conducted a moderator analysis to evaluate whether the entrainment effect differs between attention and memory studies (Polanin, 2021). We installed the metafor, dplyr, robumeta, and clubSandwch packages. ...
... The findings of the moderator analysis assisted in providing information regarding the moderator's statistical significance. Meta-regression was also conducted to examine the relationship between the multiple variables in the selected studies and their effect sizes, using the REML estimator (Polanin, 2021). ...
Binaural beats (BB) entrainment is an auditory perceptual occurrence that exists when two tones of separate frequencies are simultaneously presented to each ear. Research on BB entrainment has gained attention due to its ability to treat various conditions like anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD), etc. Even though research on BB entrainment suggests its efficiency in improving cognition among individuals, existing literature indicates mixed results in the cognitive domains of attention and memory. Thus, we conducted meta-analysis to examine the effect of BB intervention on memory and attention, respectively, in the current paper. We further performed a systematic review on the selected studies to report their variables, demographic characteristics of the participants, and outcomes to comprehensively position the research on BB intervention exclusively in the areas of memory and attention. Fifteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Based on 31 effect sizes, the results indicated an overall medium and significant effect size (g = 0.40). Findings from systematic review reveal conflicting results, especially concerning theta and beta's efficacy on memory (recall and recognition tasks) and attention-related tasks. The findings of the current paper add to the growing evidence that BB intervention improves attention and memory in humans. Since the findings suggest a near-moderate effect of BB interventions and mixed results in the systematic review, more research with robust study designs must explore its guiding principle and the expanding role of brainwaves in improving memory and attention in individuals. Such an intervention has important implications in both clinical and non-clinical settings.
... [37] Importantly, numerous meta-analysis studies have applied Review Manager (RevMan) software in publications. [38] The major drawback of RevMan does not consider using Hedges' g adjustment in SMD comparison on the log(risk ratio) [39] : It turns out that Cohen effect(d) has a slight bias, tending to overestimate the absolute value in small samples. This bias can be removed by a simple correction that yields an unbiased estimate (ie, called Hedges' g) using a conversion formula of Jcorrect(J), interpreted Task 2(iv) in Methods of the present study (or referred to page 27 in the book of Introduction to Meta-Analysis). ...
... This bias can be removed by a simple correction that yields an unbiased estimate (ie, called Hedges' g) using a conversion formula of Jcorrect(J), interpreted Task 2(iv) in Methods of the present study (or referred to page 27 in the book of Introduction to Meta-Analysis). [39] ...
Background
Little systematic information has been collected about the nature and types of articles published in 2 journals by identifying the latent topics and analyzing the extracted research themes and sentiments using text mining and machine learning within the 2020 time frame. The goals of this study were to conduct a content analysis of articles published in 2 journals, describe the research type, identify possible gaps, and propose future agendas for readers.
Methods
We downloaded 5610 abstracts in the journals of Medicine (Baltimore) and the Journal of the Formosan Medical Association (JFMA) from the PubMed library in 2020. Sentiment analysis (ie, opinion mining using a natural language processing technique) was performed to determine whether the article abstract was positive or negative toward sentiment to help readers capture article characteristics from journals. Cluster analysis was used to identify article topics based on medical subject headings (MeSH terms) using social network analysis (SNA). Forest plots were applied to distinguish the similarities and differences in article mood and MeSH terms between these 2 journals. The Q statistic and I ² index were used to evaluate the difference in proportions of MeSH terms in journals.
Results
The comparison of research topics between the 2 journals using the 737 cited articles was made and found that most authors are from mainland China and Taiwan in Medicine and JFMA, respectively, similarity is supported by observing the abstract mood ( Q = 8.3, I ² = 0, P = .68; Z = 0.46, P = .65), 2 journals are in a common cluster (named latent topic of patient and treatment) using SNA, and difference in overall effect was found by the odds ratios of MeSH terms ( Q = 185.5 I ² = 89.8, P < .001; Z = 5.93, P < .001) and a greater proportion of COVID-19 articles in JFMA.
Conclusions
SNA and forest plots were provided to readers with deep insight into the relationships between journals in research topics using MeSH terms. The results of this research provide readers with a concept diagram for future submissions to a given journal.
Highlights
The main approaches frequently used in Meta-analysis for drawing forest plots contributed to the following:
... Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated using the v 2 test and I 2 statistic. I 2 values B 25% indicated no heterogeneity, B 50% indicated minimal heterogeneity, B 75% indicated moderate heterogeneity, and [ 75% indicated significant heterogeneity [12]. Statistical methods for meta-analysis included the fixed effect model and the random effect model. ...
Background
Melasma is a common hyperpigmentary disorder, it has variety of treatment options, but it usually has a poor curative effect and high recurrence rate. Microneedles have shown certain prospects in the treatment of melasma as an assisted therapy, but there is no consensus on its efficacy and safety. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of microneedles as an adjuvant treatment for melasma.
Methods
Statistical tools were used to adjust the improvement of MASI scores in all studies to obtain standardized mean differences (SMD), and then, meta-analysis were performed. Risk ratio (RR) was utilized to assess adverse reactions, clinical effectiveness, and patient satisfaction.
Results
The effects of microneedle-assisted treatment for melasma begin to manifest at the 4th week, with optimal results observed at the 24th week, and with a high patient satisfaction. Compared with oral medication alone, microneedle-assisted therapy began to be more effective at week 12 and continued by 24 weeks. Compared with laser therapy alone, microneedle-assisted therapy also showed stronger efficacy, at the 8th week, microneedle-assisted treatment was significantly more effective, reaching its peak at the 12th week. Finally, in the comparison of microneedle and microinjection therapy, microneedle has always been more significant than micro-injection.
Conclusions
Microneedle is a valuable adjunctive therapy for melasma treatment. It enhances long-term clinical outcomes compared to monotherapy and is associated with high patient satisfaction.
Level of Evidence IV
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
... All data analyses were conducted with R 4.2.0 software (R Core Team, 2020) and the metafor package (Viechtbauer, 2010). Following Hedges et al. (2009), we converted raw correlations to Fisher's z values for meta-analysis. Synthesised Fisher's z values were transformed back for presentation and interpretation purposes. ...
Body dissatisfaction is a global public health concern. Self-injurious thoughts and behaviours (SITB), including suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), have been documented as potentially significant correlates of body dissatisfaction. However, prior findings regarding associations between body dissatisfaction and SITB have been somewhat inconsistent. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to determine the nature and strength of such associations in both clinical and non-clinical samples. A literature search identified 83 relevant articles and extracted 234 effect sizes. Using a three-level random-effects model, mean effect sizes (r values) for relationships between body dissatisfaction and suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and NSSI in clinical samples were 0.29 (95% CI, 0.22-0.37), 0.16 (95% CI, 0.13-0.20) and 0.26 (95% CI, 0.19-0.34), respectively. In non-clinical samples, these values were 0.22 (95% CI, 0.16-0.28), 0.24 (95% CI, 0.17-0.30) and 0.22 (95% CI, 0.15-0.29), respectively. Several study features (e.g., participant age, geographic region and instrument validity) emerged as significant moderators. This meta-analysis provides robust support for body dissatisfaction as a significant correlate of SITB across clinical and non-clinical samples in addition to identifying study characteristics that contribute to effect size variability. Implications are discussed for SITB research, prevention and intervention.
... This data synthesis method looks only at the direction of the association between the factors and hearing aid outcomes in the included studies (Campbell et al. 2020). As such, it has certain limitations, as it fails to consider the statistical magnitude of the association for each factor and its impact on hearing aid outcomes (Borenstien et al. 2009). Furthermore, this method does not adequately account for the statistical power of studies based on their sample size and timing of outcome assessment. ...
Objective:
This systematic review examined the audiological and non-audiological factors that influence hearing aid use, benefit and satisfaction in adults based on studies published during the last decade (2010 and 2023).
Design:
Studies were identified by using PRISMA guidelines for systematic searches on five platforms (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, EBSCOhost including CINAHL and Academic Search Complete). The National Institute of Health Quality assessment tool and the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine tool were used for quality assessment and grading of level of evidence.
Results:
Forty-six articles were included in the review. A total of 101 significant factors influencing hearing aid use (n = 47), benefit (n = 17) and satisfaction (n = 37) were identified. Clear determinants of hearing aid use, benefit and satisfaction included hearing sensitivity, self-reported hearing difficulty, speech perception, attitude and beliefs. 34 cross-sectional studies in this review were graded level 4, 9 cohort studies rated level 3, and 3 randomised control trials rated level 2.
Conclusion:
Factors associated with hearing aid outcomes identified in the past decade support previous evidence. New factors like social networks and service-delivery models, have also been identified. These factors require further investigations through high quality studies to further strengthen existing evidence.
... Although it has been suggested that researchers must include unpublished literature in meta-analyses and systematic reviews, the inclusion of data from unpublished studies can itself introduce bias [17]. Thus, data from unpublished studies and non-peer-reviewed literature (eg, reports) will be excluded. ...
Background
There is a tendency nowadays to restore large defects in primary dentition with pediatric crowns instead of conventional restorations. Thus, understanding the factors contributing to the survival or failure of dental crowns in pediatric dentistry is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes.
Objective
The primary objective of this protocol is to outline the methodological approach for analyzing data from observational studies and randomized controlled trials to investigate reasons for the failure of dental crowns in primary teeth and to compute their survival and failure rates.
Methods
A comprehensive literature review will be performed in electronic databases, including PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science. As per predefined inclusion criteria, we will include observational studies (prospective clinical studies) and randomized clinical trials that have an English abstract and involve children aged 1-10 years undergoing crown restorations. Two independent reviewers will independently screen all retrieved records and full-text articles and extract data. The study’s methodological quality will be appraised using suitable tools. Assessments of publication bias will be performed using funnel plots. The findings will be described qualitatively for the systematic review. If possible, a meta-analysis will be performed to estimate failure rates by dividing the number of failures by the total exposure time. A Poisson regression model, assuming constant event rates, will be used to compute 3-year and 5-year survival proportions. The Pearson goodness-of-fit statistics will be used to assess the heterogeneity of the model. A P value <.05 will be considered significant. All analyses will be performed using R Statistical software (version 4.1.2; R Core Team).
Results
This systematic review and synthesis aim to assess the survival and failure rates of dental crowns in pediatric dentistry. By following this rigorous methodology, we seek to provide valuable insights into the factors contributing to the success or failure of these restorations. The results of our full review will have implications for pediatric dentists, researchers, and policy makers, helping to improve dental care for children.
Conclusions
This systematic review protocol helps in establishing a thorough approach for reviewing failures in pediatric crowns. By following this methodology, standardization and transparency of the process as well as accountability for the stated methods and outcomes will be ensured. The findings of this review and analysis will provide useful data on the survival of crowns to pediatric dentists and researchers.
Trial Registration
PROSPERO CRD42023442266; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=442266
International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
PRR1-10.2196/51505
... Dicho modelo asume que cada tamaño del efecto se pondera sobre la base del inverso de su varianza, que es la suma de las varianzas intraestudio e interestudio. La varianza intraestudio se calculó utilizando el método de momentos de DerSimonian y Laird 16 . Se construyó un gráfico de bosque, calculándose el tamaño del efecto medio con su intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC del 95%). ...
... Meta-analysis was run separately for different parasitic, bacterial, and viral diseases paired with each animal species. A p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant, except for the test of heterogeneity which served only to estimate the magnitude of the true dispersion of the studies effect size [76]. The meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (Biostat, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA) Version 3.0 for Windows. ...
To prevent and/or control infectious diseases in animal and human health, an appropriate surveillance system based on suitable up-to-date epidemiological data is required. The systematic review protocol was designed according to the PRISMA statement to look at the available data on infectious diseases of livestock in Cameroon from 2000–2020. Data were searched through online databases. Grey literature was comprised of dissertations and theses from veterinary higher education institutions in Cameroon. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled prevalence using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software. Based on disease prevalence, major infectious diseases of livestock in Cameroon were gastrointestinal parasitosis (57.4% in cattle, 67.2% in poultry, 88% in pigs), hemoparasites (21.6% in small ruminants, 19.7% in cattle), bovine pasteurellosis (55.5%), fowl salmonellosis (48.2%), small ruminant plague (39.7%), foot-and-mouth disease (34.5% in cattle), and African swine fever (18.9%). Furthermore, other important endemic zoonoses in the country included: Rift Valley fever (10.9% in cattle, 3.7% in small ruminants), brucellosis (7% in cattle, 8% in pigs), bovine tuberculosis (4.7% in cattle), hepatitis E virus (8.4% in pigs) and bovine leptospirosis (2.5%). Most of the retrieved research were carried out in the Adamawa, Northwest, and West regions of Cameroon. The evaluation of existing data as evidence, albeit publication-specific, is an important step towards the process of prioritizing animal diseases, including zoonoses.
... In order to conduct the meta-analysis, Stata (StataCorp, College Station, TX, United States) version 14 was used. We calculated the overall estimates based on the means and SDs reported for the intervention and control groups (36). Each variable's effect size was listed as a weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (37). ...
Inconsistent data are available about the effect of royal jelly supplementation on anthropometric indices in humans. This systematic review and meta-analysis was done to summarize data from available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of royal jelly supplementation on anthropometric indices such as body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), and fat mass (FM) in adults. We systematically searched Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to March 2023. All RCTs assessing the effect of royal jelly on anthropometric indices were included. Data were pooled using the random-effects method and were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also performed. Out of 1,492 records, 10 studies that enrolled 512 participants were included. There was no significant effect on BW (WMD: −0.29 kg, 95% CI: −1.24, 0.65, p = 0.543), BMI (WMD: 0.11 kg/m², 95% CI: −0.29, 0.52, p = 0.583), and FM (WMD: 0.02%, 95% CI: −0.41, 0.46, p = 0.84). However, we observed a reduction in BW and BMI following royal jelly intake in subgroup of royal jelly dosage <3,000 mg/day. Although the royal jelly supplementation significantly reduced BW and BMI at the dosages <3,000 mg/day, until additional trials have been conducted to assess the effects on obesity measures, it is best to prescribe royal jelly with caution.
... The second challenge we faced was whether we could combine datasets from some or all assays in order to obtain results with more power. For this, multivariate metaregression analysis was recruited to control for potential effect modifiers or any association between group differences and various assays [77,78]. The assay results were significantly dependent on the MDA assay (as expected), and on the GPx method as well. ...
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is an aromatic plant known for its high sweetening power ascribed to its glycosides. Stevia also contains several bioactive compounds showing antioxidant, antiproliferative, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Since inflammation and oxidative stress play critical roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases, stevia emerges as a promising natural product that could support human health. In this study we set out to investigate the way stevia affects oxidative stress markers (e.g., SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, MDA) in diseased rats administered stevia leaf extracts or glycosides. To this end, we performed an inclusive literature search, following PRISMA guidelines, and recruited multivariate meta-analysis and meta-regression to synthesize all available data on experimental animal models encountering (a) healthy, (b) diseased, and (c) stevia-treated diseased rats. From the 184 articles initially retrieved, 24 satisfied the eligibility criteria, containing 104 studies. Our results demonstrate that regardless of the assay employed, stevia leaf extracts restored all oxidative stress markers to a higher extent compared to pure glycosides. Meta-regression analysis revealed that results from SOD, CAT, GSH, and TAC assays are not statistically significantly different (p = 0.184) and can be combined in meta-analysis. Organic extracts from stevia leaves showed more robust antioxidant properties compared to aqueous or hydroalcoholic ones. The restoration of oxidative markers ranged from 65% to 85% and was exhibited in all tested tissues. Rats with diabetes mellitus were found to have the highest restorative response to stevia leaf extract administration. Our results suggest that stevia leaf extract can act protectively against various diseases through its antioxidant properties. However, which of each of the multitude of stevia compounds contribute to this effect, and to what extent, awaits further investigation.
... To standardize the mean difference between the pre-and postmeasures of coaching outcomes, the effect sizes of the original studies were transformed to a variation of Cohen's d, the Hedges' g effect size. This conservative approach allows for statistical correction of biases due to small sample sizes, measurement error, and range restriction to avoid overestimates (Hedges, 1981;Hedges et al., 2009). It provides a conservative estimate of the confidence interval used for calculating the statistical significance of effect sizes (Johnson et al., 1995). ...
Background
A growing number of studies emphasize executive coaching as an effective developmental tool that managers can use to increase their performance in organizational settings. However, the coaching research suggests a large variety of processes and outcomes, lacking clarity on the primary psychological dimensions most impacted.
Method
Reviewing 20 studies with a rigorous methodological design that used control trials and pre-post tests, we evaluated and compared the relative effects of coaching on different types and sub-types of outcomes by means of a classification of coaching outcomes based on previously used taxonomies.
Results
The results indicate that the impact of coaching on behavioral outcomes was higher compared to attitudes and person characteristics outcomes, suggesting that behavioral coaching outcomes, especially cognitive behavioral activities, are the most impacted by executive coaching. Moreover, we found significant positive effects for some specific outcomes, such as self-efficacy, psychological capital, and resilience, indicating that executive coaching is effective in producing change even on dimensions considered relatively stable over time. The results show no moderation effects of the number of sessions. The length of the coaching program was a significant moderator only for the attitudes outcomes.
Discussion
These findings provide evidence that executive coaching is a powerful instrument for organizations to support positive change and personal development.
... The coding includes information about the articles (journal name, year of publication, author, and subject background), research directions, and application scenarios. The literature coding for this study was extracted independently and simultaneously by two coders [12]. The two coders, both master's students in educational technology with strong literature reading and statistical analysis skills, regularly discussed whether the first 100 papers met the inclusion criteria to reach a consensus. ...
The development and innovation of data mining, learning analysis, and artificial intelligence have brought new opportunities to promote the study of learning mechanism in the fields of neuroscience, learning engineering, and precision education. Although learning science has been studied for nearly 40 years, it has not been deeply integrated with artificial intelligence technology at present. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the application research of artificial intelligence (AI)-based learning science. Taking the literature of empirical research of learning science from 2017 to 2022 as a sample, the descriptive results show that foreign researchers focus on using artificial intelligence technology to explore and analyze brain, psychology and biological data, and support the construction of learning environment and the development of personalized learning path. Finally, according to the research results, the article shows the future development trend of AI-based learning science, to provide reference for the construction and development of the research field of AI-based learning science.
... Effect sizes were regressed on the number of BCTs used in each study to examine the relationship between the quantity of BCT use and effect size. Where a BCT had been used in three or more studies, methods used previously (Ma & Martin Ginis, 2018;Olander et al., 2013) were used to calculate the effect size of interventions that did and did not utilise the BCT, and significant difference between these effect sizes was calculated using the Q statistic (Borstein et al., 2009). ...
Objectives:
This review investigated the effectiveness of behaviour-change interventions to improve physical activity (PA) participation in individuals with a spinal cord injury. Additionally, the review sought to analyse the change in PA behaviour that might be expected by utilising behaviour change in PA interventions and what specific intervention characteristics, application of behaviour change theories, and behaviour change techniques are most efficacious.
Methods:
The protocol was prospectively registered on PROSPERO: CRD42021252744, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines were followed in this review. Eight databases were comprehensively searched using a well-defined strategy developed in collaboration with an academic liaison librarian. Randomised, non-randomised controlled, and non-controlled studies were included in this review; however, controlled and non-controlled studies were analysed separately. Studies were included if participants were older than 16 years and had an SCI of any cause, level or severity, regardless of the time since injury. The behaviour change technique taxonomy version 1 was used to code the intervention characteristics for behaviour modification. The combined effects across studies were pooled in a meta-analysis, and the risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool.
Results:
The search retrieved 10,155 titles and abstracts. After duplicate removal and screening against the eligibility criteria, 23 studies were included. The overall effect estimate of the change in PA participation in the controlled trials post-intervention was medium (d = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.31-0.70) in favour of behaviour-targeted interventions. The mean difference in PA volume between pre- and post-intervention was an increase of 22 minutes per week (95% CI = 5.96-38.90). Interventions that provided practical support (d = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.46-1.16), which were individualised (d = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.34-0.90) and that utilised monitoring (d = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.34-0.83) had a greater effect on change to PA than those that were group-based and did not utilise those specific techniques.
Conclusions:
Interventions that target behaviour change to increase PA in people with SCI appear effective. Utilising behaviour change frameworks and specific behaviour change techniques augments PA uptake and levels, and interventions aimed at improving PA in people with SCI should incorporate a behaviour modification component. More research is needed on the isolated effect of intervention structure parameters and specific behaviour change techniques.
... According to the statistical sense, measuring the strength of the relationship between variables is determined by the size of the effect (Camnalbur et al., 2013;Harpe et al., 2015;Hussein & Zayed, 2021;M. Borenstien, L. Hedges, J.P. Higgins, 2021;Nugraha & Suparman, 2021). In this study, the effect size refers to the relationship between the effectiveness of HOTs learning and the improvement of students' HOTs abilities. Effect sizes are related to observations from different studies, which are then measured. ...
Higher-order thinking skills (HOT) are expected to be skills needed now and in the future. Many learning strategies are applied to increase HOT. However, how effective is this in improving students' HOT abilities? This study will examine how effective learning is to improve HOT thinking skills. We use meta-analysis research techniques to analyze the research quantitatively. We have selected 21 articles from 60 Google Scholars that use models, media, and science learning assessments to improve HOT. Heterogeneity analysis (trim-fill, funnel plot approach, and Z value calculation) was used to prove the absence of publication bias. Forest plot analysis showed an average increase in learning effectiveness of 0.32 on the moderate effect. It shows that the effectiveness of learning is supported by strategies for using media, methods, and strategies for assessment. These factors are proven to increase the effectiveness of students' HOT abilities. Keywords: HOTs, learning, meta-analysis;
... Changes in the latency and amplitude of the P3b evoked potentials in the TD group and HCs were compared. Multiple repeated outcomes (i.e., results from different reaction methods) were combined into one independent outcome according to the formula described in Introduction to Meta-Analysis [40] to balance each study's weight in the overall effect size calculation. To measure the effect of the mean difference between the groups and as a statistical analysis method, a random effects model was used. ...
Unlabelled:
P3b is an event-related potential (ERP) that may be abnormal in patients with tic disorders (TD), but evidence has been inconsistent. Given the possible association between P3b and TD and the need for biomarkers for TD, the primary objective of this meta-analysis was to characterize P3b in patients with TD in comparison to healthy controls (HCs).
Methods:
By searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Medline, and Google Scholar, we identified studies that compared P3b between TD patients and HCs. The amplitude and latency of P3b were then analyzed. Subgroup analyses were conducted to investigate the influence of different experimental factors on P3b indices.
Result:
Overall, 19 articles involving 388 cases and 414 controls were evaluated. There were no significant abnormalities in P3b amplitude and latency in TD patients. The P3b amplitude of the TD patients was significantly decreased during the oddball task, and the P3b amplitude of the adult TD patients was also significantly decreased.
Conclusion:
TD patients may have an abnormal P3b compared to HCs under specified conditions.
... Data and code sharing allows innovative reanalysis with new, improved methods or synthesis with other datasets, potentially leading to new insights [6][7][8]. Datasets collected for the purpose of answering one particular question can also be valuable assets to future researchers with entirely different questions and goals [9]. As computer programming becomes more necessary and accessible for reproducible data cleaning, processing, model building and statistical analyses, the value of code (e.g. ...
The biological sciences community is increasingly recognizing the value of open, reproducible and transparent research practices for science and society at large. Despite this recognition, many researchers fail to share their data and code publicly. This pattern may arise from knowledge barriers about how to archive data and code, concerns about its reuse, and misaligned career incentives. Here, we define, categorize and discuss barriers to data and code sharing that are relevant to many research fields. We explore how real and perceived barriers might be overcome or reframed in the light of the benefits relative to costs. By elucidating these barriers and the contexts in which they arise, we can take steps to mitigate them and align our actions with the goals of open science, both as individual scientists and as a scientific community.
... In those cases where the correlation coefficient was not available, we first contacted the authors for the primary data. When the available data was not provided, the effect sizes were estimated from other available statistics, such as: t-value and sample size for correlation; or odds ratios with confidence intervals, as recommended by Borenstein et al. (2010). ...
The development of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is associated with different factors including parental practices. However, there is no clear evidence estimating the extent to which parent behaviours are associated with IGD. The present meta-analysis aims to quantify the magnitude of such association in youths under 18 years old. The 38 studies included (N = 47,362) are the result of a computer database search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Proquest, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane. In the analyses, we investigated the parental factors for IGD symptomatology that parents can potentially change. We tested age, gender, study quality, year of publication, and country level of technological development as moderators. The results show that there are both protective parental behaviours (i.e. those that give autonomy to young people, provide a positive environment, and age-appropriate monitoring) and harmful (i.e. aversiveness, overinvolvement, and withdrawal) parental behaviours associated with IGD symptoms with the stronger links accounted for withdrawal r of 0.280 [95%CI 0.168, 0.384] and overinvolvement, r of 0.186 [95% CI 0.086, 0.283]. In addition, age, gender, and technological country level do not moderate the association between warmth and IGD symptoms. The heterogeneity was high, with no significant changes in sensitivity and moderator analyses. There was no evidence of the risk of bias and small-study effects. Findings suggest that parental factors are related to IGD, which brings evidence in favor of including parents in clinical interventions.
... While conducting a meta-analysis, there may be publication bias; that is, articles with significant research results are more likely to be published. As a result of publication bias, the published literature cannot represent the entire state of finished research on the subject in a systematic and comprehensive manner [42]. Publication bias can significantly reduce the reliability of meta-analysis results. ...
Interest in sustainable food consumption has gradually increased over the previous third decades. Despite substantial studies addressing various topics connected to sustainable food consumption, little research systematically evaluates which factors influence consumers’ purchase of sustainable food. We aim to integrate preliminary findings, compare four original and extended models of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in the context of sustainable food consumption, and identify measurement and situational moderators using a meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach. The results show that attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) were most strongly positively correlated with a purchase intention (PI) of sustainable food. Furthermore, the analysis of the moderating effects revealed significant differences in the relationship between PBC and purchase behavior (PB) and between SN and PI in developing and developed countries. In addition, by comparing four original and extended TPB models, this study proposes a theoretical framework to affect customers’ PI of sustainable food. The findings of this study can be used as a foundation for company marketing and government environmental protection promotion.
... Heterogeneity among studies was estimated by the Cochran Q test and quantified by the I 2 statistic. 46 The Doi plot and the LFK index were used as graphical Evening light exposure and sleep 3 and quantitative method for detecting bias in meta-analysis according to Furuya-Kanamori et al. 47 . The graphical outputs and the statistics were performed by MetaXL 5.3 (Epigear International), which is an add-in for meta-analysis in Microsoft Excel. ...
Evening exposure to electric light can acutely suppress melatonin levels and adversely affect subsequent sleep. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis investigating the influence of evening illuminance levels on polysomnographically (PSG)-assessed sleep. We also explored how melanopsin (expressed in melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (EDI) affects human sleep features. We included polysomnographic laboratory sleep studies with healthy humans for effects of illuminance and exposure duration, for pre-sleep exposures between 6:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m. From 440 identified articles, 114 met eligibility criteria for screening, and 21 also reported type of light source/spectral characteristics, with 12 identified as eligible for review. Meta-analysis showed evening light affects sleep latency, sleep efficiency and slow wave sleep, with overall effect sizes (95% confidence interval) of 0.69 (−0.50; 1.88), 0.34 (−0.13; 0.82) and −0.61 (−1.85; 0.62), respectively. Estimated melanopic EDI in the range of 100–1000 lx yielded clear dose–response relationships for sleep latency and sleep efficiency, but not for slow wave sleep. Whilst illuminance and duration indicated no apparent effects for a single evening light exposure on PSG-assessed sleep latency, sleep efficiency and slow wave sleep, we observed evidence for a relationship between light exposure and sleep effects based on melanopic EDI. Hence, melanopic EDI may provide a robust predictor of non-visual responses on human sleep.
... The iterative Paule-Mandel method was used to estimate between-study variance [21]. Heterogeneity between studies was explored using Cochran's Q statistic, Higgin's and Thompson's percentage of variability I 2 statistic to estimate the percentage of total variation across Nutrients 2022, 14, 3066 4 of 16 studies arising from heterogeneity rather than chance [22]. Heterogeneity was rated low, moderate, or substantial when the value of I 2 was less than 25%, 50%, or greater than or equal to 75%, respectively. ...
Aim:
The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to assess to what extent probiotics/synbiotics reduce infectious complications after colorectal surgery and whether probiotics or synbiotics should be considered as perioperative measures preventing or reducing infectious complications after CRS and should be included in enhanced recovery programmes (ERP). Secondary aims were to answer practical questions precisely on the best formulation and the type and timing of probiotics or synbiotics in CRS.
Method:
This systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Inclusion criteria were randomised trials comparing perioperative probiotics/synbiotics with a placebo or standard care in elective colorectal surgery. Exclusion criteria were non-randomised trials. Overall infectious complications and surgical site infections (SSIs including both deep abdominal infections and wound (skin or under the skin) infections) were the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were pulmonary and urinary infections, wound infections, and anastomotic leaks. The databases consulted were Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, and Clinical Trials Register. Risk of bias was assessed according to the GRADE approach. The analysis calculated the random effects estimates risk ratio (RR) for each outcome.
Results:
21 trials were included; 15 evaluated probiotics, and 6 evaluated synbiotics. There were significantly fewer infectious complications (risk ratio (RR) 0.59 [0.47-0.75], I2 = 15%) and fewer SSI (RR 0.70 [0.52-0.95], I2 = 0%) in the probiotic or synbiotic group. There were also significantly fewer pulmonary infections (RR 0.35 [0.20-0.63]) and urinary infections RR 0.41 [0.19-0.87]) as opposed to anastomotic leaks (RR 0.83 [0.47-1.48]) and wound infections (RR 0.74 [0.53-1.03]). Sensitivity analyses showed no significant difference between probiotics and synbiotics in reducing postoperative infections (RR 0.55 [0.42-0.73] versus RR 0.69 [0.42-1.13], p = 0.46).
Conclusions:
Based on the finding of this study, probiotics/synbiotics reduce infectious complications after colorectal surgery. The effect size was more pronounced for pulmonary and urinary infections. From a practical aspect, some of the questions related to formulations and duration of probiotics or synbiotics need to be answered before including them definitively in enhanced recovery after colorectal surgery programmes.
... ey concluded that the usage of HGWWD has a significant effect on improving diabetic neurological symptoms and nerve conduction velocity. In the process of meta-analysis, weights are assigned to the prescriptions according to the curative effect of the prescriptions used in each randomized controlled trial [13]. e corresponding sample sizes of the treatment and control groups in the randomized controlled trial are set to N 1 and N 2 , respectively. ...
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), drug dosage is an important part of the prescription. Different doses of the same drug can have varying curative effects. Doctors must determine the drug combination and dosage in clinical practice based on the patient’s symptoms and treatment efficacy. Existing studies on the prescription pattern of TCM on the treatment of osteoporosis only analyze the frequency that a certain drug combination is used, without considering the treatment efficacy or drug dosage. As a result, we searched for and recorded existing literature on randomized controlled trials of TCM treatment of osteoporosis, calculated weights based on the treatment efficacy of the prescriptions used in the randomized controlled trials, and created the TCM weighted transaction database. Then, a new multilevel Top-K weighted association rule algorithm is proposed to obtain effective prescription patterns that include drug dosages, which can assist doctors in clinical practice in choosing a combination of drugs to form a prescription with good curative effects.
... However, these findings might be due to low power since meta-regression analyses depend on the number and size of studies, magnitude of the relationship between the covariate and effect size, along with its precision and heterogeneity. 25 To the best of our knowledge, our study was the first to add IPD in an NMA of cognitive enhancers for patients with AD to produce treatment recommendations by patient characteristics. We followed the methods guidelines in the Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews, 26 the reporting guidelines in the PRISMA-NMA and PRIS-MA-IPD statements 7 8 and evaluated credibility of findings using CINeMA. ...
Objective:
To examine the comparative efficacy and safety of cognitive enhancers by patient characteristics for managing Alzheimer's dementia (AD).
Design:
Systematic review and individual patient data (IPD) network meta-analysis (NMA) based on our previously published systematic review and aggregate data NMA.
Data sources:
MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Methodology Register, CINAHL, AgeLine and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to March 2016.
Participants:
80 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) including 21 138 adults with AD, and 12 RCTs with IPD including 6906 patients.
Interventions:
Cognitive enhancers (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine and memantine) alone or in any combination against other cognitive enhancers or placebo.
Data extraction and synthesis:
We requested IPD from authors, sponsors and data sharing platforms. When IPD were not available, we used aggregate data. We appraised study quality with the Cochrane risk-of-bias. We conducted a two-stage random-effects IPD-NMA, and assessed their findings using CINeMA (Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis).
Primary and secondary outcomes:
We included trials assessing cognition with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and adverse events.
Results:
Our IPD-NMA compared nine treatments (including placebo). Donepezil (mean difference (MD)=1.41, 95% CI: 0.51 to 2.32) and donepezil +memantine (MD=2.57, 95% CI: 0.07 to 5.07) improved MMSE score (56 RCTs, 11 619 participants; CINeMA score: moderate) compared with placebo. According to P-score, oral rivastigmine (OR=1.26, 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.94, P-score=16%) and donepezil (OR=1.08, 95% CI: 0.87 to 1.35, P-score=30%) had the least favourable safety profile, but none of the estimated treatment effects were sufficiently precise when compared with placebo (45 RCTs, 15 649 patients; CINeMA score: moderate to high). For moderate-to-severe impairment, donepezil, memantine and their combination performed best, but for mild-to-moderate impairment donepezil and transdermal rivastigmine ranked best. Adjusting for MMSE baseline differences, oral rivastigmine and galantamine improved MMSE score, whereas when adjusting for comorbidities only oral rivastigmine was effective.
Conclusions:
The choice among the different cognitive enhancers may depend on patient's characteristics. The MDs of all cognitive enhancer regimens except for single-agent oral rivastigmine, galantamine and memantine, against placebo were clinically important for cognition (MD larger than 1.40 MMSE points), but results were quite imprecise. However, two-thirds of the published RCTs were associated with high risk of bias for incomplete outcome data, and IPD were only available for 15% of the included RCTs.
Prospero registration number:
CRD42015023507.
... This finding was supported by findings from different parts of the world suggesting that the provision of training positively influences the food handling practices of food handlers. [36][37][38] Likewise, the pooled estimate also indicated that food handlers having favourable attitudes were 3.62 times more likely to have good food handling practice compared with those who had unfavourable attitudes. Evidence also suggested that attitude was playing a significant role in promoting good food handling practice. ...
Objectives
Food handlers are individuals who are involved in food preparation, storage or service of food in a food facility. Unless they keep their personal hygiene, they are highly responsible for contaminating food or transmitting microbes to consumers. Thus, the main aim of this review was to pool the level of good food handling practice among food handlers working in public food establishments in Ethiopia.
Design
A systematic review and meta-analysis using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tool.
Data sources
PubMed, Google Scholar and Advanced Google were searched up to the end of February 2021.
Eligibility criteria for selecting studies
Publication status, publication language, type of study participants and the type of article were used to screen the article.
Data extraction and study quality assessment
All reviewers collected data independently and merged them together. A tool called the JBI Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument was used to assess the quality of each research article. The assessment was performed by two reviewers.
Result
A total of 16 research articles were included in the review. The pooled level of good food handling practice was 50.72% with 95% CI (43.84% to 57.6%). Training (adjusted OR (AOR)=3.4, 95% CI (2.33 to 4.95)), attitude (AOR=3.62, 95% CI (2.23 to 5.85)) and medical check-up (AOR=5.12, 95% CI (2.93 to 8.95)) were identified as factors affecting good food handling practice with 95% CI at p<0.05.
Conclusion
The level of good food handling practice among food handlers working in public food establishments of Ethiopia was very low compared with literature, and variables such as food handler training, attitude towards good food handling practice and the existence of regular medical check-ups were factors affecting good food handling practice. Provision of training that could change the attitude and regular medical check-ups for food handlers has to be in place.
Foreigners and "estrangeirados", an expression meaning "people going to a foreign country ["estrangeiro"] getting there further education", had a leading role in the development of Mathematical Statistics in Portugal. In what concerns Statistics, "estrangeirados" in the nineteenth century were mainly liberal intellectuals exiled for political reasons. From 1930 onwards, the research funding authority sent university professors abroad, and hired foreign researchers to stay in Portuguese institutions, and some of them were instrumental in the importation of new concepts and methods of inferential statistics. After 1970, there was a huge program of sending young researchers abroad for doctoral studies. At the same time, many new universities and polytechnic institutes have been created in Portugal. After that, aside from foreigners who choose to have a research career in those institutions and the "estrangeirados" who had returned and created programs of doctoral studies, others, who hadn't the opportunity of studying abroad, began to play a decisive role in the development of Statistics in Portugal. The publication of handbooks on Probability and Statistics, thesis and core papers in Portuguese scientific journals, and also of works for the layman, reveals how Statistics progressed from descriptive to a mathematical discipline used for inference in all fields of knowledge, from natural sciences to methodology of scientific research.
Objective
Despite the general safety and efficacy of epilepsy surgery, there is evidence that epilepsy surgery remains underutilized. Although there are an increasing number of studies reporting epilepsy surgery in older adults, there is no consensus on whether epilepsy surgery is efficacious or safe for this population. Our objective was to systematically assess the efficacy as well as safety of resective surgery in people aged 50 years or older with drug‐resistant epilepsy.
Methods
We considered studies that examine the efficacy and safety of epilepsy surgery in adults aged 50 years and older. Study eligibility was limited to studies carried out after 1990, with a minimum of 10 participants and 6 months of follow‐up. We searched the following databases for published studies: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsychInfo, and Web of Science Conference Proceedings Citation Index ‐ Science. The risk of bias of each included study was independently assessed by two reviewers using the MINORS (Methodological Index for Non‐Randomized Studies) instrument.
Results
Eleven case series and 14 cohort studies met the criteria for inclusion, for a total of 1111 older adults who underwent epilepsy surgery along with 4111 adults younger than 50 years as control groups. The pooled cumulative incidence of older adults achieving seizure freedom after resective surgery was 70.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 65.3–74.7). There was no evident difference in the incidence of seizure freedom among older adults as compared to younger adults (risk ratio [RR] = 1.05, 95% CI = .97–1.14) in cohort studies. The pooled cumulative incidence of perioperative complications in older adults was 26.2% (95% CI = 21.3–31.7). Among them, 7.5% (95% CI = 5.8–9.5) experienced major complications. Older adults were significantly more at risk of experiencing any complication than younger adults (RR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.5–5.4).
Significance
Despite important considerations, epilepsy surgery may be considered appropriate among carefully selected individuals older than 50 years.
This meta-analysis aims at investigating the effect of the flipped class model on learning performance. This research synthesized all relevant meta-analyses related to the flipped classroom model's impact on students' learning performance. The search yielded 32 meta-analyses that were published between 2012 and 2021. The current study analyzed 10 meta-analyses (2018–2021), and these studies comprised 249 (15 outliers were removed) studies and 451 effect sizes. Three moderator variables were examined, including years of publication, publication type, and subject discipline. The results showed that the flipped classroom model had a “medium” impact on learning performance in general (g = 0.636, 95% CI [0.521, 0.751]). Moderators (years of publication, publication type, subject discipline) significantly moderated the impact of the flipped classroom on learning performance.
To evaluate the long term outcome of Presurgical Infant Orthopaedics (PSIO) in patients with Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP).
A systematic literature search was performed according to PRISMA guidelines of articles from Jan 2011 till Feb 2021, using PubMed, Cochrane database and manual searching in the institutional library. Fifteen articles which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were ranked according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence based Medicine – Levels of Evidence. The quality assessment of selected systematic reviews was done with ROBIS tool. Studies included for meta-analysis were analyzed with Q statistic methods, I index, fixed-effects, DerSimonian-Laird Random effects and Begg-Mazumdar bias indicator.
Selected fifteen articles were qualitatively assessed for various parameters on long term outcome of PSIO (minimum of 5 years), showed a positive outcome in nasolabial and pharyngeal airway parameters. Due to heterogeneity in the studies, meta-analysis was carried out for five studies in which nasolabial aesthetics parameters showed a significant improvement in PSIO group compared to control group (Q Statistic : 569.52523, P-value<0.001).
The PSIO in patients with CLP shows significant positive changes in nasolabial aesthetics and pharyngeal airway on a long term. These results should be considered with caution as the heterogeneity of included studies cannot be denied. Hence, more controlled and well conducted studies should be performed, focussing on the individual parameters for long term outcome of PSIO.
Around 42% of individuals with cancer experience distress. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) can reduce distress, but effects are small, and mechanisms unclear. This review aimed to identify associations between ACT processes and distress in cancer. Search terms included cancer, ACT processes, self-compassion, and distress. Six online databases and grey literature were searched until March 2022. Of 6555 papers screened, 108 studies were included with 17,195 participants. Five meta-analyses of 77 studies were conducted. Random effects meta-analyses of correlations revealed higher scores on flexible processes (acceptance, present moment awareness, self-compassion) were associated with lower distress (rpooled = -0.24, -0.39, -0.48, respectively); whilst higher scores on inflexible processes (experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion) were associated with higher distress (rpooled = 0.58, 0.57, respectively). Meta-analyses displayed moderate-to-high heterogeneity with most studies assessed as low risk of bias. Meta-regressions revealed no significant moderators (stage, time since diagnosis, gender and age). This review provides a theoretically aligned evidence base for associations between ACT processes and distress in cancer, supporting elements of ACT theory and providing targeted directions for intervention development. Due to limited evidence, future research should focus on self-as-context, values and committed action and conduct mediation analysis in controlled trials of ACT processes on distress in cancer.
Introduction
Modern comprehensive instrumentations provide an unprecedented coverage of complex matrices in the form of high-dimensional, information rich data sets.
Objectives
In addition to the usual biomarker research that focuses on the detection of the studied condition, we aimed to define a proper strategy to conduct a correlation analysis on an untargeted colorectal cancer case study with a data set of 102 variables corresponding to metabolites obtained from serum samples analyzed with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-HRTOF-MS). Indeed, the strength of association existing between the metabolites contains potentially valuable information about the molecular mechanisms involved and the underlying metabolic network associated to a global perturbation, at no additional analytical effort.
Methods
Following Anscombe’s quartet, we took particular attention to four main aspects. First, the presence of non-linear relationships through the comparison of parametric and non-parametric correlation coefficients: Pearson’s r, Spearman’s rho, Kendall’s tau and Goodman–Kruskal’s gamma. Second, the visual control of the detected associations through scatterplots and their associated regressions and angles. Third, the effect and handling of atypical samples and values. Fourth, the role of the precision of the data on the attribution of the ranks through the presence of ties.
Results
Kendall’s tau was found the method of choice for the data set at hand. Its application highlighted 17 correlations significantly altered in the active state of colorectal cancer (CRC) in comparison to matched healthy controls (HC), from which 10 were specific to this state in comparison to the remission one (R-CRC) investigated on distinct patients. 15 metabolites involved in the correlations of interest, on the 25 unique ones obtained, were annotated (Metabolomics Standards Initiative level 2).
Conclusions
The metabolites highlighted could be used to better understand the pathology. The systematic investigation of the methodological aspects that we expose allows to implement correlation analysis to various fields and many specific cases.
Shellfish is widely consumed globally, one of the main reasons is because it contains good nutrition for health. The increased consumption also leads to adverse health problems such as food allergy. Food allergy is hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system caused by consumption or exposure to food. Various food processing methods has been proven to alter shellfish allergenicity with different effectiveness. This study aims to determine the most effective processing method to reduce shellfish allergenicity through meta-analysis. In total of 19 articles were obtained using PRISMA diagram, with publication year range 2006-2020. Data were analyzed to determine Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval. Moist heating, high hydrostatic pressure, irradiation, and ultrasound processing have significant effect (p < 0,05) in reducing shellfish allergenicity. Meanwhile, boiling and roasting processing did not have a significant effect. Based on the results of the meta-analysis, high hydrostatic pressure is the most effective method in reducing shellfish allergenicity because it has the highest effect size value with -7,25 (95% CI: -9,11 s.d. -5,4; p < 0,00001). Keywords: allergenicity, food processing, meta-analysis, shellfish
Apesar de os medidores inteligentes residenciais desempenharem uma importante função na rede inteligente de energia elétrica e na utilização racional das fontes de energia limpas, resultados recentes mostram problemas na implementação de medidores inteligentes devido à falta de aceitação por parte dos consumidores. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma meta-análise dos estudos de aceitação de medidores inteligentes, a fim de apresentar estatisticamente fatores que influenciam positivamente e negativamente a aceitação. Após uma seleção de estudos (n = 5.637), foi aplicado o método Hunter-Schmidt de meta-análise. Os resultados mostram que todas as relações estimadas são significativas e que os fatores que possuem maior influência na aceitação de medidores inteligentes são Motivação Hedonista, Expectativa de Performance e Expectativa de Esforço.
Background
In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors were demonstrated to lower cardiovascular mortality (CV death) and hospitalization for heart failure (HHF); however, the advantages of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure with mildly reduced (HFmrEF) or preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are less clear. SGLT2 inhibitors were reported to enhance quality of life (QoL) in HFmrEF or HFpEF patients; however, the findings among studies are inconsistent.
Objective
To conduct an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of recent data to assess the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes and QoL in patients with HFmrEF or HFpEF.
Method
Three databases were searched for studies that evaluated SGLT2 inhibitors and their effect on cardiovascular outcomes, including CV death, HHF, all-cause death, and the composite outcome of CV death, HHF, and urgent visit for heart failure (HF), and patient QoL (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire [KCCQ] score compared to baseline, and increase in KCCQ score ≥ 5 points) that were published during January 2000–August 2022. The meta-analysis was performed using the inverse variance method and random-effects model. INPLASY registration: INPLASY202290023.
Results
Sixteen studies (9 recent RCTs) were included, and a total of 16,710 HFmrEF or HFpEF patients were enrolled. SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced composite cardiovascular outcome (CV death/HHF/urgent visit for HF; pooled hazard ratio [HR]: 0.80, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.74–0.86) and HHF alone (HR: 0.74, 95%CI: 0.67–0.82), but there was no significant reduction in CV death alone (HR: 0.93, 95%CI: 0.82–1.05). Benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors for decreasing CV death/HHF was observed across all subgroups, including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) range, diabetes status, New York Heart Association functional class, and baseline renal function. For total HHF, SGLT2 inhibitors conferred benefit in both LVEF 50–60% (HR: 0.64, 95%CI: 0.54–0.76), and LVEF >60% (HR: 0.84, 95%CI: 0.71–0.98). Significant change was observed in the KCCQ-clinical summary score compared to baseline (mean difference: 1.33, 95%CI: 1.31–1.35), and meaningful improvement in QoL was shown across all 3 types of increase in KCCQ score ≥ 5 points.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors for improving cardiovascular outcomes and QoL in HFmrEF or HFpEF patients.
Purpose
Even though five to 11% of child-to-parent abuse (CPA) perpetrators are emerging adults (age 18–23 years), relevant risk factors underlying CPA in this group are understudied.
Method
A multilevel meta-analysis was performed on nine studies (450 effect sizes, N = 1,043), comprising eight static (e.g., age and gender of perpetrator) and dynamic (e.g., substance abuse, financial problems) risk factors.
Results
Emerging adults who fell victim of domestic violence, or had antisocial cognitions, authority problems, or empathy problems displayed CPA more often. Moderator analyses revealed that the relation between gender of perpetrator and CPA was moderated by gender of victim (p = .033) and CPA type (p = .021). Gender of victim (p < .001) also moderated the relationship between single-parent household and CPA. Finally, the relation between witness to DV and CPA was moderated by age (p = .007).
Conclusions
This was the first multilevel meta-analysis focusing exclusively on CPA displayed by emerging adults. The results can be used as a basis for further research into relevant risk factors for CPA in this group and hopefully contribute to the development of health care interventions to reduce chances of CPA occurring.
Objective
To identify factors and assess to what extent they impact the magnitude of the treatment effect of acupuncture therapies across therapeutic areas.
Data source
Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, VIP Database, and China Biology Medicine disc, between 2015 and 2019.
Study selection
The inclusion criteria were trials with a total number of randomised patients larger than 100, at least one patient-important outcome and one of two sets of comparisons.
Data analysis
The potential independent variables were identified by reviewing relevant literature and consulting with experts. We conducted meta-regression analyses with standardised mean difference (SMD) as effect estimate for the dependent variable. The analyses included univariable meta-regression and multivariable meta-regression using a three-level robust mixed model.
Results
1304 effect estimates from 584 acupuncture randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were analysed. The multivariable analyses contained 15 independent variables . In the multivariable analysis, the following produced larger treatment effects of large magnitude (>0.4): quality of life (difference of adjusted SMDs 0.51, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.77), or pain (0.48, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.69), or function (0.41, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.61) vs major events. The following produced larger treatment effects of moderate magnitude (0.2–0.4): single-centred vs multicentred RCTs (0.38, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.66); penetration acupuncture vs non-penetration types of acupuncture (0.34, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.53); non-pain symptoms vs major events (0.32, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.52). The following produced larger treatment effects of small magnitude (<0.2): high vs low frequency treatment sessions (0.19, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.35); pain vs non-pain symptoms (0.16, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.27); unreported vs reported funding (0.12, 95% CI 0 to 0.25).
Conclusion
Patients, clinicians and policy-makers should consider penetrating over non-penetrating acupuncture and more frequent treatment sessions when feasible and acceptable. When designing future acupuncture RCTs, trialists should consider factors that impact acupuncture treatment effects.
Yoga is an Indian philosophy systematized in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali approximately 2000 years ago as a global life style approach consisting of eight interrelated components. The first component consists of ethical behavior prescriptions toward others (e.g. non-harming) and the second consists of rules of conduct toward the self (e.g. discipline). The third is the practice of physical poses or asana. The fourth is a controlled breathing practice. The fifth consists of controlling sensory input. The following three components are increasingly more advanced levels of meditative practice. Specifically, the sixth component consists of practicing sustained concentration or focused attention on one object. The seventh is a state of absorption in which the entire perceptual flow is directed toward the object. The eighth and final component is a state of integration in which the object is seen as indivisible from the self . The goal of regularly practicing these eight components is to calm the restlessness of the mind so that mental activity can be directed into productive channels and mental pain can be alleviated (Iyengar 1966). Contemporary yoga practices primarily focus on asana, controlled breathing and meditation, with various degrees of emphasis on each of these components (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health 2016). Yoga incorporating asana, or asana-based yoga, includes traditional practices such as Hatha, Iyengar, Sivananda and Ashtanga.
The biological sciences community is increasingly recognizing the value of open, reproducible, and transparent research practices for science and society at large. Despite this recognition, many researchers remain reluctant to share their data and code publicly. This hesitation may arise from knowledge barriers about how to archive data and code, concerns about its re-use, and misaligned career incentives. Here, we define, categorise, and discuss barriers to data and code sharing that are relevant to many research fields. We explore how real and perceived barriers might be overcome or reframed in light of the benefits relative to costs. By elucidating these barriers and the contexts in which they arise, we can take steps to mitigate them and align our actions with the goals of open science, both as individual scientists and as a scientific community.
Science is justly admired as a cumulative process (“standing on the shoulders of giants”), yet scientific knowledge is typically built on a patchwork of research contributions without much coordination. This lack of efficiency has specifically been addressed in clinical research by recommendations for living systematic reviews and against research waste. We propose to further those recommendations with ALL-IN meta-analysis: Anytime Live and Leading INterim meta-analysis. ALL-IN provides statistical methodology for a meta-analysis that can be updated at any time—reanalyzing after each new observation while retaining type-I error guarantees, live—no need to prespecify the looks, and leading—in the decisions on whether individual studies should be initiated, stopped or expanded, the meta-analysis can be the leading source of information. We illustrate the method for time-to-event data, showing how synthesizing data at interim stages of studies can increase efficiency when studies are slow in themselves to provide the necessary number of events for completion. The meta-analysis can be performed on interim data, but does not have to. The analysis design requires no information about the number of patients in trials or the number of trials eventually included. So it can breathe life into living systematic reviews, through better and simpler statistics, efficiency, collaboration and communication
Some people report encountering fewer obstacles during goal pursuit than others, but why is this the case? Seven pre-registered studies examine the role of goal motivation (want-to and have-to) and trait self-control in how individuals set up and perceive obstacles to goal pursuit in their environment. Findings show that want-to motivation and trait self-control were associated with reduced experiences of obstacles; have-to motivation was associated with a preference for greater proximity to obstacles. Have-to motivation was also related to stronger perceptions of obstacles as problematic, and trait self-control was related to the perception of obstacles as less problematic. Discussion centers on nuances regarding these relations and their existence in different contexts, and on implications for self-regulation and motivation.
Zu den Aufgaben von Schule gehört, Kindern und Jugendlichen Lerngelegenheiten zu eröffnen, die der Alltag ihnen nicht bietet. Auch im Bereich der Umweltbildung scheint die Schule gefordert, eine solche (kompensatorische) Funktion zu übernehmen. Konzepte und Befunde zur Umweltbildung werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit vor dem Hintergrund von Modellen der Schulqualitätsforschung, mit Blick auf allgemeindidaktische Ansätze sowie in Bezug auf schulische Reformen seit Ende der 1990er Jahre diskutiert. Ausgehend hiervon wird untersucht, in welchem Umfang und in welcher Form neue bzw. erweiterte Gestaltungsfreiräume, die sich z.B. im Kontext der Schulprogrammarbeit ergeben, von Schulen für den Ausbau und die didaktische Weiterentwicklung von Umweltbildungsangeboten (etwa im Sinne einer stärker adaptiven Gestaltung) genutzt werden (könnten). Hierfür stehen Daten aus einer Dokumentenanalyse sowie schriftlichen Befragungen von Schulleitungen, Lehrkräften, Schülerinnen und Schülern zur Verfügung.
Das Buch steht in einer elektronischen Version zur Verfügung:
https://doi.org/10.17879/84049444480
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