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Analisis Kritis terhadap Paradigma dan Kerangka Dasar Kebijakan Ketahanan Pangan Nasional
Abstract
English
An effective and efficient national food security strategy and policy can only be formulated using an appropriate paradigm. Food security paradigm evolves as food security context changes and in line with development of scientific understanding of the issue. This paper discusses evaluation of the food security paradigm and their application in designing strategy and framework of food security policy in Indonesia. It is shown that the national food sufficiency-oriented policy belongs to the food availability approach which has been empirically proven can not assure household or individual food security. The more appropriate paradigm is the food entitlement approach. Based on this paradigm, national food security strategy and policy should be designed comprehensively that includes food availability, access and utilization dimensions, and risk mitigation related to the three dimensions in an integrated macro-micro scale.
Indonesian
Strategi kebijakan ketahanan pangan nasional yang efektif dan efisien hanya dapat dirumuskan bila didasarkan pada paradigma yang tepat. Paradigma ketahanan pangan terus berkembang seiring dengan perubahan konteks permasalahan dan perkembangan pemahaman ilmiah. Tulisan ini menguraikan evolusi perkembangan paradigma ketahanan pangan dan penerapannya dalam perumusan strategi dan kerangka kerja kebijakan ketahanan pangan di Indonesia. Diungkapkan bahwa kebijakan yang berorientasi pada swasembada pangan termasuk ketegori paradigma pendekatan pengadaan pangan (food availability approach) yang secara empiris terbukti tidak menjamin ketahanan pangan keluarga atau individu. Paradigma yang lebih sesuai ialah pendekatan perolehan pangan (food entitlement approach). Untuk itu perlu disusun kebijakan komprehensif yang mencakup dimensi pengadaan, akses dan penggunaan pangan serta mitigasi atas risiko ketiga dimensi tersebut dalam skala makro-mikro terpadu.
... Undang-Undang No. 18 tahun 2012 tentang pangan pada pasal satu memberikan definisi tentang ketahanan pangan sebagai "kondisi terpenuhinya pangan bagi negara sampai dengan perseorangan, yang tercermin dari tersedianya pangan yang cukup baik jumlah maupun mutunya, aman, beragam, bergizi, merata dan terjangkau serta tidak bertentangan dengan agama, keyakinan dan budaya masyarakat, untuk dapat hidup sehat, aktif dan produktif secara berkelanjutan". Sedangkan Badan Pangan Dunia (FAO) memberikan definisi ketahanan pangan sebagai kondisi di mana tersedianya pangan yang memenuhi kebutuhan setiap orang baik dari segi mutu pangan dan jumlah pangan pada setiap saat untuk hidup sehat aktif dan produktif (Simatupang 2007). Berdasarkan definisi-definisi tersebut, terdapat tiga dimensi utama dari ketahanan pangan yaitu: (i) ketersediaan (availability); (ii) akses (accessability); dan (iii) keterjangkauan (affordability) (Syaukat 2011). ...
... Syaukat (2011) menyatakan ketahanan pangan nasional terjadi ketika terjadi keseimbangan antara penawaran dan permintaan (supply and demand) akan kebutuhan pangan nasional pada tingkat harga dan jumlah ketersediaan di pasar yang dapat diakses oleh masyarakat. Dari pernyataan ini dapat diketahui, ketahanan pangan sangat dipengaruhi oleh aksesabilitas harga dan kesediaan pangan di masyarakat Kebijakan ketahanan pangan Indonesia semenjak orde baru tidak banyak berubah hingga saat ini yaitu dengan pendekatan penyediaan pangan (Food Avaibility Approach) atau FAA (Simatupang, 2007). Paradigma FAA menyatakan bahwa ketahanan pangan suatu negara ditentukan oleh kemampuan negara untuk menyediakan makanan pokok yang cukup untuk seluruh warga negara dan kurang memperhatikan aspek distribusi dan akses terhadap pangan. ...
... Pendekatan FAA dalam mewujudkan ketahan pangan menyebabkan perumusan kebijakan pemerintah dalam pangan selama ini berfokus pada keterjangkauan harga dan swasembada pangan. Hal ini mengakibatkan pemerintah Indonesia selalu fokus pada strategi jangka pendek dan menengah berupa stabilisasi harga komoditas beras selaku komoditi pangan utama di Indonesia dan strategi jangka panjang berupa pewujudan swasembada beras (Simatupang, 2007). Dalam upaya menuju swasembada pangan, selama bertahun-tahun pemerintah Indonesia mengeluarkan kebijakan intensifikasi pertanian seperti pemberian subsidi pupuk, subdisi benih, pembangunan infrastruktur pertanian, peningkatan kualitas sdm petani, pemberian kredit pertanian dan lain-lain yang berfokus pada peningkatan produksi pangan nasional dan berusaha menjaga harga pangan di masyarakat dengan membiayai cadangan pangan, membuat sistem jaringan cadangan pangan melalui Bulog selaku lumbung pangan nasional dan mengeluarkan Harga Eceran Tertinggi (HET) pada komoditas beras (Purwaningsih, 2008). ...
Indonesia dikenal sebagai Negara Agraris dengan sumber daya alam yang berlimpah, namun kondisi ini tidak serta merta menjadikan masyarakat Indonesia dapat mengakses pangan dengan mudah dan murah. Indonesia saat ini ini justru dikenal sebagai negara pengimpor pangan. Ketahanan pangan menjadi sangat penting karena diperkirakan jumlah penduduk yang Indonesia yang saat ini sebesar 267 juta jiwa diproyeksikan akan terus meningkat menjadi 319 juta jiwa di tahun 2045 mendatang. Pemerintah Indonesia harus dapat merumuskan kebijakan pangan nasional yang dapat meningkatkan ketahanan pangan. Kebijakan pangan tersebut meliputi ketersedian pasokan pangan dalam kuantitas dan kualitas yang baik serta keterjangkauan harga pangan oleh masyarakat dan aman untuk dikonsumsi. Pemerintah harus mulai melihat bahwa ketahanan pangan akan terwujud apabila tiga dimensi utama dari ketahanan pangan yaitu: (i) ketersediaan (availability); (ii) akses (accessability); dan (iii) keterjangkauan (affordability) oleh seseorang (keluarga) dapat terpenuhi. Pemerintah juga harus mampu mengintegrasikan kebijakan ketahanan pangan dan stabilitas harga pangan dengan kebijakan pembangunan nasional lainnya semacam kebijakan ekonomi makro melalui pertumbuhan dan pemerataan ekonomi dan pengentasan kemiskinan.
... Ketahanan Pangan adalah kondisi terpenuhinya pangan bagi rumah tangga yang tercermin dari tersedianya pangan yang cukup, baik jumlah maupun mutunya, aman dan terjangkau. Ketahanan pangan merupakan salah satu isu strategis dalam pembangunan suatu negara, lebih-lebih negara yang sedang berkembang, karena memiliki peran ganda yaitu sebagai salah satu sasaran utama pembangunan dan salah satu instrumen utama pembangunan ekonomi (36). ...
... Akses terhadap pangan yang "cukup" merupakan hak azasi manusia yang harus selalu dijamin oleh negara bersama masyarakat (36). Hal ini sudah diakui oleh Indonesia sebagaimana dituangkan dalam Undang-Undang Ketahanan Pangan No.7 tahun 1996 (37). ...
Menghadapi pandemi COVID-19 diperlukan kekompakan semua aspek kehidupan baik bernegara maupun unit terkecil yaitu keluarga. Keluarga merupakan pondasi kuat dalam menghadapi keterpaparan virus COVID-19. Keluarga disabilitas adalah keluarga yang memiliki anggota keluarga penyandang disabilitas atau kepala keluarganya sebagai penyandang disabilitas. Keluarga disabilitas adalah keluarga yang rentan dalam situasi dan kondisi pandemi COVID-19. Respon yang tidak tepat dalam menghadapi situasi pandemi ini, akan memperburuk kondisi kerentanan yang sudah ada. Misalnya penyandang disabilitas yang memerlukan terapi untuk mengurangi derajat kecacatannya, terpaksa harus berhenti sementara karena akses ke Rumah Sakit lebih mengutamakan penanganan pasien COVID-19, kemudian terjadinya pemutusan hubungan kerja besar-besaran yang dapat mengakibatkan kondisi ekonomi keluarga terganggu sehingga pengobatan penyandang disabilitas tertunda karena keluarga lebih mengutamakan kebutuhan pangan untuk keberlanjutan kehidupan keluarganya tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif analitik pendekatan cross sectional. Penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen. Ketahanan Keluarga dengan penyebaran kuesioner melalui Google Form yang disebarkan kepada keluarga yang memiliki anggota keluarga penyandang disabilitas sebanyak 94. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui potret ketahanan keluarga disabilitas. Keluarga disabilitas memiliki tekanan ekonomi yang cukup besar di masa pandemi COVID-19 dengan pendapatan lebih kecil dibandingkan pengeluaran yang mereka butuhkan. Adanya gejala stress dirasakan keluarga disabilitas menjadi hal yang harus segera ditangani. Keluarga disabilitas dengan segala masalah tetapi masih memberikan pertolongan terhadap sesama dengan memberikan sumbangan. Dalam ketahanan pangan, mereka mengatur dengan baik walaupun beberapa kecemasan melanda berkaitan dengan diri dan anggota keluarga di masa pandemic COVID-19. Pemerintah diharapkan memberikan ruang perlindungan sosial dan kemudahan akses keluarga dalam menjaga keberlangsungan hidup anggota keluarganya.
... Namun pada kenyataannya sumber daya alam tidak sepenuhnya dimanfaatkan. Perlu diketahui bahwa dua per tiga penduduk Indonesia tinggal di daerah pedesaan dan sebagian besar di antaranya masih menggantungkan hidupnya pada sektor pertanian (Ruauw, 2010) Menurut Simatupang (2007) hasil tukar komoditas pertanian cenderung menurun setiap tahun. Artinya, kemerosotan dalam nilai tukar hasil pertanian, atau penurunan tingkat harga pertanian relatif terhadap harga barang dan jasa lain mengakibatkan penurunan pendapatan riil petani (Simatupang, 2007). ...
... Perlu diketahui bahwa dua per tiga penduduk Indonesia tinggal di daerah pedesaan dan sebagian besar di antaranya masih menggantungkan hidupnya pada sektor pertanian (Ruauw, 2010) Menurut Simatupang (2007) hasil tukar komoditas pertanian cenderung menurun setiap tahun. Artinya, kemerosotan dalam nilai tukar hasil pertanian, atau penurunan tingkat harga pertanian relatif terhadap harga barang dan jasa lain mengakibatkan penurunan pendapatan riil petani (Simatupang, 2007). Fungsi dari indeks harga yang diterima dan indeks harga yang dibayar oleh petani (Hedayana, 2001) Rachmad (2000) menjelaskan bahwa daerah dengan pangsa komoditas padi tinggi menghasilkan NTP relatif konstan. ...
Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsumsi dan tingkat subsistensi rumah tangga petani. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kampung Sungai Berbari Kecamatan Pusako Kecamatan Siak Provinsi Riau. Sampel diambil sebanyak 55 rumah tangga petani. Sampel dikelompokkan kepada petani berlahan besar (> 2 hektar), berlahan sempit (< 2 hektar) dan penggarap (sebagian besar lahan yang dikelola milik orang lain). Nilai tukar pendapatan petani dihitung dengan konsep nilai tukar subsisten (NTS). Regresi liner berganda digunakan untuk mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat subsistensi petani. Hasil kajian mendapati konsumsi rumah tangga petani berbanding lurus dengan luas lahan yang dimiliki. Konsumsi pangan petani penggarap termasuk kategori rentan atau rawan pangan dan petani penggarap belum sejahtera karena persentase pengeluaran untuk pangan lebih besar dibandingkan persentase pengeluaran non-pangan. Man land ratio dan dependency ratio berpengaruh positip dan signifikan terhadap subsistensi rumah tangga petani. Petani pemilik lahan sendiri memiliki tingkat subsistensi yang lebih rendah dibanding petani yang menggarap lahan pihak lain.
This article aims to analyze the consumption and subsistence level of farm households. This research was conducted in Sungai Berbari Village, Pusako District, Siak District Province of Riau. Samples were taken as many as 55 farm households. Samples were grouped with large-scale farmers (> 2 hectares), narrow land (
... Pencapaian ketahanan pangan merupakan salah satu pilar penopang keberlanjutan pemerintahan negara dan bangsa Indonesia (Suryana 2008) dan merupakan landasan pembangunan nasional yang sudah semestinya dijadikan prioritas oleh pemerintah. Dewasa ini secara umum Indonesia sudah mampu menyediakan sebagian besar kebutuhan pangannya dari produksi domestik (Simatupang 2007), namun kemandirian beberapa komoditas strategis lainnya mutlak harus dicapai dan dipertahankan. ...
Arable land availability for agricultural extensification is a determining factor to achieve Indonesia's food self-sufficiency and to become the world food supplier in 2045. This study aimed to evaluate land reserves for future agricultural development. Spatial analysis was conducted using land cover map, peatland distribution map, indicative map of suspension of new permits, forest status map, licensing map, and agricultural land use recommendation map. The land assumed to be potentially available should be (i) idle land covered by shrub as well as bare land, (ii) agronomically suitable for agriculture, (iii) within the designated area of non-forest uses (APL), conversion production forest (HPK), or production forest (HP), (iv) outside the moratorium area, and (v) outside the licensed area. Analysis results show that out of 29.8 million hectares of idle land, only about 7.9 million hectares are potentially available for future agricultural extensification. The available potential land area is much less than that required to meet the self-sufficiency target and to become the world food storage by 2045, i.e. of 5.3 million hectares for rice crop, shallot and sugar cane, and about 10.3 million hectares for upland rice, maize, soybean, peanut, mungbean, sugar cane, shallot, cassava, and sweet potato. Therefore, the main strategies to take are intensification of existing agricultural land and a strict control of agricultural land conversion. Abstrak Ketersediaan lahan untuk ekstensifikasi lahan pertanian menjadi salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan untuk mempertahankan swasembada pangan dan untuk menjadikan Indonesia sebagai lumbung pangan dunia menjelang tahun 2045. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi cadangan lahan yang tersedia untuk pengembangan areal pertanian ke depan. Analisis spasial dilakukan menggunakan peta tutupan lahan, peta sebaran lahan gambut, peta indikatif penundaan pembukaan izin baru, peta status kawasan hutan, peta perizinan, dan peta arahan tata ruang pertanian. Lahan yang diasumsikan potensial tersedia adalah lahan yang (i) lahan telantar yang ditutupi semak belukar dan lahan terbuka, (ii) secara agronomis sesuai untuk pertanian, (iii) berada pada peruntukan kawasan areal penggunaan lain (APL), hutan produksi konversi (HPK), hutan produski (HP), (iv) berada di luar areal moratorium, dan (v) berada di luar areal yang sudah memiliki perizinan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dari sekitar 29,8 juta ha lahan telantar, hanya sekitar 7,9 juta ha yang berpotensi tersedia untuk ekstensifikasi pertanian masa depan. Luas lahan potensial tersedia ini jauh lebih rendah dari kebutuhan lahan untuk memenuhi target swasembada dan mewujudkan Indonesia sebagai lumbung pangan dunia menjelang 2045 yaitu 5,3 juta ha untuk padi sawah, bawang dan tebu dan sekitar 10,3 juta ha untuk padi gogo, jagung, kedelai, kacang hijau, kacang tanah, tebu, bawang merah, ubi jalar, ubi kayu. Oleh karena itu, strategi utama yang harus ditempuh adalah intensifikasi lahan pertanian eksisting dan pengendalian konversi lahan pertanian secara ketat.
... Dalam hal ini, inovasi teknologi merupakan pilar penting untuk pencapaian peningkatan produktivitas pada tanaman pangan dan harus memberi kontribusi yang nyata terhadap peningkatan produksi dan ketahanan pangan berkelanjutan (Puslitbangtan, 2011). Oleh karena itu, Simatupang (2007) dan Syahyuti (2011) berpendapat bahwa kemandirian pangan menjadi salah satu indikator pengukuran ketahanan pangan, sehingga dalam perumusannya perlu mempertimbangkan prinsip dasar dari kedaulatan pangan. ...
Padi merupakan komoditas utama tanaman pangan yang memiliki peranan strategis dalam pembangunan pertanian. Peningkatan produksi padi nasional dalam rangka mencukupi kebutuhan pangan dan kemandirian pangan dilakukan dengan penerapan teknologi budidaya padi unggulan di tingkat petani. Selama kurun waktu 10 tahun terakhir (2004-2013), produksi padi meningkat dari 54,09 juta ton gabah kering giling (GKG) pada tahun 2004 menjadi 71,29 juta ton GKG pada tahun 2013 atau mengalami laju pertumbuhan 3,41 persen per tahun. Pertumbuhan luas panen sebesar 1,89 persen per tahun dan pertumbuhan produktivitas 1,54 persen per tahun. Keberhasilan tersebut karena penerapan inovasi teknologi di tingkat petani. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja penggalangan petani dan untuk mengetahui partisipasi petani dalam mendukung program peningkatan produksi padi. Strategi penggalangan petani menjadi faktor kunci untuk meningkatkan partisipasi petani dalam penerapan inovasi teknologi budidaya padi.
... Fulfilling food needs at the individual level is the key to achieving national food security. Each individual's food access must be guaranteed in order to meet the food needs of the community, households, and individuals in a sustainable manner (Meo et al., 2023;Simatupang, 2007). Each individual's food access is highly dependent on food availability and the ability to access and reach food fulfillment (Atasa & Nugroho, 2021). ...
The purpose of this study is to analyze the food security strategy implemented by the North Sumatra Provincial Government in anticipation of the food crisis. This study will use a descriptive qualitative approach method through literature studies and interviews with the Food Security and Horticulture Service of North Sumatra Province. The sampling technique was carried out using Purposive Sampling. Data that has been collected from key informants and related institutions, then processed and analyzed through three steps, namely external factor evaluation, internal factor evaluation, and QSPM matrix. The results of the study show: Analysis of internal and external factors in the SWOT matrix, is positioned in Quadrant I by implementing the S-O strategy where strengths are used to take advantage of opportunities. The strategy is in the form of counseling to farmers so that they can improve their abilities and skills by collaborating between the agricultural service and the extension agency and collaborating with farmers to sell their harvest to Buloq Sub Drive North Sumatra with the aim of not importing food needs from outside so that the opportunity to become an independent region can be realized. Based on the SWOT analysis, eight alternative strategies were formulated to improve food security, with the main priority being to reduce the intensity of agricultural land conversion, increase collaboration between government agencies, and manage agricultural resources optimally. Other strategies include increasing access to agricultural product marketing, providing assistance for facilities and infrastructure by the government, and intensive assistance to farmers through counseling in each village.
... Gambar 1. Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia, 2020-2050 Selain GPM, terdapat juga program lain seperti Pasar Murah yang merupakan upaya stabilisasi harga pangan yang diperkenalkan pemerintah pada tahun 2017 (Kusdiana, 2024). Program-program seperti ini menjadi penting dalam menjaga ketahanan pangan dan ketersediaan pangan yang cukup bagi masyarakat (Simatupang, 2016). ...
Gerakan Pangan Murah (GPM) adalah inisiatif yang diprakarsai oleh Badan Pangan Nasional (Bapanas RI) untuk menjaga stabilitas harga dan pasokan pangan di Indonesia, serta membantu mengendalikan inflasi melalui penyediaan pangan berkualitas dengan harga terjangkau. Artikel ini menganalisis pelaksanaan GPM dalam acara GLP EXPO 2024 di kampus STIE Ganesha, yang melibatkan kolaborasi antara Bapanas RI, akademisi, dan mahasiswa. Melalui pendekatan kolaboratif, mahasiswa berperan aktif dalam manajemen logistik, promosi, dan edukasi masyarakat terkait pentingnya ketahanan pangan. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa keterlibatan mahasiswa dapat memperluas jangkauan GPM, meningkatkan kesadaran publik, dan memperkuat ketahanan pangan nasional. Namun, program ini juga menghadapi tantangan, termasuk potensi dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan dan kesehatan, serta ketidakmerataan distribusi pangan. Artikel ini menyarankan peningkatan koordinasi, evaluasi berkala, dan program edukasi untuk mengatasi tantangan tersebut. Dengan demikian, GPM diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat yang lebih optimal dan berkelanjutan bagi masyarakat Indonesia.
... Food availability is necessary but not enough to guarantee access to sufficient food. Food availability refers to the physical availability of food in the environment where people live in sufficient quantities and which can be reached by all residents 5 . Food access refers to the ability to obtain readily available foodstuffs either through exchange media (markets) or through transfers (institutional) 6 . ...
Background: Food security is a key issue in fulfilling community welfare because it will determine a country's economic , social, and political stability. Food security is a condition where food is met down to the individual level, reflected in the availability of sufficient quantity and quality and safe, diverse, and affordable food. This research analyzed the status and situation of food security of farming households and examined the determinants of food security of farming households in Central Lombok Regency.
... In its implementation in Indonesia, a food security system was developed, which includes: (1) availability of food in sufficient quantity and type for the entire population, (2) smooth and even distribution of food, (3) food consumption of everyone that meets the adequacy of a balanced nutrition, which has an impact on nutritional status of the community us, the food and nutrition security system not only concerns the production, distribution, and provision of food at the macro (National and Regional) level but also concerns the micro aspects, namely access to food at the household and individual levels as well as the nutritional status of household members, especially children and pregnant women from poor households. Simatupang (2007) explains that developing countries such as Indonesia make a strategic security policy for the issue. Food security is an essential instrument in measuring the welfare of people in rural areas. ...
This study aims to analyze the history of institutional changes in food security in the form of savings institutions at the micro-level of rural Indonesia. This research uses the history method using primary sources from documents and oral interviews. The traditional food security institutions in the form of Village Barns could run well because of the support and independence of rural communities. It happened during the colonial period until the beginning of Indonesian independence. After the emergence of modern logistics institutions in the form of the Logistics Affairs Agency (Bulog) and KUD, which were the result of the policies of the New Order government, rural communities became independent. They depended on the government for fertilizers, medicines, seeds, and others. With the presence of these modern logistics institutions, community-based resilience institutions are increasingly marginalized. Its findings indicate a difference in effectiveness between traditional food security institutions and current resilience institutions in ensuring the availability of rice in rural areas. The government needs to re-strengthen community participation-based savings institutions through village granaries.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sejarah perubahan kelembagaan ketahanan pangan berupa lembaga tabungan pada tingkat mikro di pedesaan Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah dengan menggunakan sumber primer berupa dokumen dan wawancara lisan. Kelembagaan ketahanan pangan tradisional berupa Lumbung Desa dapat berjalan dengan baik karena adanya dukungan dan kemandirian masyarakat pedesaan. Hal itu terjadi pada masa penjajahan hingga awal kemerdekaan Indonesia. Setelah munculnya lembaga logistik modern berupa Badan Urusan Logistik (Bulog) dan KUD yang merupakan hasil kebijakan pemerintah Orde Baru, masyarakat pedesaan menjadi mandiri. Mereka bergantung pada pemerintah untuk pupuk, obat-obatan, benih, dan lain-lain. Dengan hadirnya lembaga logistik modern tersebut, lembaga ketahanan berbasis masyarakat semakin terpinggirkan. Temuan-temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan efektivitas antara lembaga ketahanan pangan tradisional dan lembaga ketahanan pangan saat ini dalam menjamin ketersediaan beras di daerah pedesaan. Pemerintah perlu kembali memperkuat lembaga tabungan berbasis partisipasi masyarakat melalui lumbung desa.
... Food security is popular through the World Food Conference organized by the United Nations (UN) and FAO in 1974. This conference was inspired by the global crop failure incident that occurred in 1972 and became a global food crisis in 1974, which caused widespread famine in South Asia and Africa (Purwaningsih, 2010;Simatupang, 2016). Concerning the diversification of food security, the aim is not only to reduce dependence on rice but to increase nutrition improvement for the quality of human resources (Darma, 2014). ...
Limited land in urban areas shifts agricultural land to land belonging to institutions, which are increasingly narrow and uneven, resulting in the use of vacant land in several corners of urban areas. Meanwhile, some farmers use hired labor to harvest their crops. Both of these are considered to affect the food security of farmer households. This study used an explanatory method in which the collection of 165 farmer households was carried out using the snowball method. The data is then analyzed using a logit model. Based on the analysis results, household income, wife's education, land area, and land ownership institutions will increase household food security. Conversely, the number of family members and labor institutions will increase the chances of farmer households experiencing food insecurity. Therefore, policies are needed to protect agricultural land, especially those with ownership status.
... Ketahanan pangan telah menjadi isu sentral dalam kerangka pembangunan pertanian dan pembangunan nasional (Buana, 2020). Peningkatan ketahanan pangan merupakan prioritas utama dalam pembangunan karena pangan merupakan kebutuhan yang paling dasar bagi manusia sehingga pangan sangat berperan dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional terlebih dimasa pandemi seperti saat ini (Simatupang, 2016). ...
The very rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has had an impact on the world economy, including in the food and agriculture sectors. A 1% decline in China's economic growth in 2020 could have an impact of around 0.3% on the existing economy in Indonesia, including in Aceh. Therefore, the creative economic stimulus is one of the most appropriate alternatives in overcoming the economic problems of the community, by utilizing local commodities through the innovation of tempeh powder broth as family food security in Purwodadi Village, Nagan Raya Regency. The purpose of this activity is to provide creative economy education to coastal communities, especially poor families towards family food security during the COVID 19 pandemic. The method of activities used is through 5 approaches, namely coaching, formation, implementation, monitoring, assistance and evaluation. The result of this service is the formation of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in coastal communities, especially in poor families, so that it can be one of the efforts towards family food security during the COVID 19 pandemi.
... Artikel ini membahas penggunaan berbagai variasi jarak dengan algoritma SKM pada variabel trilogi ketahanan pangan. Trilogi ketahanan pangan yang terdiri atas ketersediaan bahan pangan, akses ke bahan pangan, dan pemanfaatan bahan pangan (Simatupang, 2007). Ketiga variabel ini digunakan untuk mengukur ketahanan pangan di Jawa Tengah (Pujiati et al. 2020) dan bahkan kabupatenkabupaten di Indonesia (Mun'im, 2012;FSC & WFP, 2015). ...
Lebak and Pandeglang Regions in Banten Province have a high stunting prevalence of children under 5 years old and have the lowest value of food security index among regions in Banten Province. Cluster analysis to group districts in Lebak and Padeglang Regions is indispensable to characterize the district members in those two regions. The variables applied to calculate distance between districts in a simple k-medoid clustering were trilogy of food security namely the availability, access, and utility of the food from Bureau of Statistics of Lebak and Pandeglang Regions 2019 data. The distances were varied among Euclidean, squared Euclidean, and Manhattan distances. The clustering result was then validated via consensus clustering and internal validation. The suitable number of clusters was four defined as the available and access cluster (cluster 1), the access cluster (cluster 2), the vulnerable cluster (cluster 3), and the available cluster (cluster 4). The cluster 3 as the vulnerable cluster should be focused on because it consists of 38% from overall districts in Lebak and Banten Regions.
... Ketahanan pangan telah menjadi isu sentral dalam kerangka pembangunan pertanian dan pembangunan nasional [14]. Peningkatan ketahanan pangan merupakan prioritas utama dalam pembangunan karena pangan merupakan kebutuhan yang paling dasar bagi manusia sehingga pangan sangat berperan dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional terlebih dimasa pandemi seperti saat ini [15]. ...
Penyebaran wabah pandemi COVID-19 yang sangat cepat memberi dampak pada perekonomian dunia, termasuk di sektor pangan dan pertanian. Penurunan 1% pertumbuhan ekonomi Tiongkok di tahun 2020 bisa berdampak sekitar 0,3% terhadap perekonomian yang ada di Indonesia, tidak terkecuali di Aceh. Oleh karena itu stimulus ekonomi kreatif menjadi salah satu alternatif yang sangat tepat dalam mengatasi masalah perekonomian masyarakat, dengan pemanfaatan komoditi lokal melalui inovasi kaldu bubuk tempe sebagai ketahanan pangan keluarga di Desa Purwodadi Kabupaten Nagan Raya. Tujuan kegiatan ini untuk memberikan pentingnya edukasi ekonomi kreatif pada masyarakat pesisir terutama pada keluarga miskin menuju ketahanan pangan keluarga dimasa pandemi COVID 19. Metode kegiatan yang digunakan melalui pendekatan yaitu edukasi, diskusi, pelaksanaan (pelatihan atau praktek) dan evaluasi. Hasil pengabdian ini menumbuhkan jiwa kemandirian untuk membentuk Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM) pada masyarakat pesisir, khususnya pada keluarga miskin, sehingga dapat menjadi salah satu upaya dalam menuju ketahanan pangan keluarga di masa pandemi COVID 19. Kata kunci: Covid 19, ekonom kreatif, UMKM ABSTRACT The very rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has had an impact on the world economy, including in the food and agriculture sectors. A 1% decline in China's economic growth in 2020 could have an impact of around 0.3% on the existing economy in Indonesia, including in Aceh. Therefore, the creative economic stimulus is one of the most appropriate alternatives in overcoming the economic problems of the community, by utilizing local commodities through the innovation of tempeh powder broth as family food security in Purwodadi Village, Nagan Raya Regency. The purpose of this activity is to provide creative economy education to coastal communities, especially poor families towards family food security during the COVID 19 pandemic. The method of activities used is through 5 approaches, namely coaching, formation, implementation, monitoring, assistance and evaluation. The result of this service is the formation of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in coastal communities, especially in poor families, so that it can be one of the efforts towards family food security during the COVID 19 pandemi. Keywords: Covid 19, creative economist, UMKM
... The paradigm on food security, especially in Indonesia, is also inseparable from the debate in realizing it. One of them as described by (Simatupang 2016), states that the policies carried out by the government related to food security are not appropriate. According to him, the concept of food security, which currently emphasizes food availability, is proven not to guarantee food access for all families or individuals. ...
Compared with the average poverty rate in the West Java Area, the poverty rate in the East Priangan Zone is very high. One measure of food insecurity is the high hunger rate in the country. The problem of food security has always been the biggest worry, as food is a fundamental human need, so economic growth is quite influential. The author is interested in researching the extent of food protection in the East Priangan Area on the basis of the significance and validity of the issues, as well as attempts to achieve food security. The study discusses different facets of food protection linked to farmers' households in the East Priangan Area. The report was undertaken in the East Priangan Area through a library study of numerous research findings and secondary evidence supporting food protection concerns. The issues explored are (1) the principle of food protection, (2) the efficiency of food security, and (3) the plan for realizing food security. The findings of the study showed that (1) the definition of food protection includes three foundations of food security, consisting of aspects of supply, access to food and utilization of food, (2) the degree of food security of districts and cities in eastern Priangan belongs to the very food safety group of food security, and (3) the techniques that can be applied to address the problems of food security.
... Selama ini kebijakan pangan kita berorientasi pada pendekatan produksi atau pengadaan (Food availability approach) (Simatupang and Rusastra 2004). Kebijakan ini merupakan pendekatan yang berorientasi pada swasembada (Simatupang 2016). Walaupun swasembada tidak menjamin ketersediaan pangan di tingkat individu namun swasembada merupakan landasan suatu negara dalam memproduksi pangannya sendiri dalam upaya mencapai kedaulatan pangan. ...
Ketahanan pangan merupakan kondisi terpenuhinya pangan dari aspek ketersediaan, keterjangkaun, kualitas dan keamanan serta keberlanjutan. Penulisan artikel ini dilakukan dengan melaukan studi literatur. Pangan lokal merupakan solusi terhadap permasalahan pangan karena (a) dari sisi produksi, bahan pangan lokal tumbuh tersebar dan cukup melimpah di seluruh wilayah Indonesia sehingga dapat menjamin ketersediaannya, (b) sistem pangan lokal memiliki keterjangkauan yang lebih mudah karena sistem distribusi yang pendek, (3) dari sisi kualitas terbukti bahwa bahan-bahan pangan lokal memiliki kandungan gizi tidak kalah dengan beras atau gandum, (d) pangan lokal tumbuh sesuai dengan agro ekologi setempat sehingga lebih menjamin keberlanjutan. Beberapa pangan lokal yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan antara lain sagu, jagu dan singkong. Food security is a condition of fulfilling food in terms of availability, affordability, quality and safety and sustainability. The method research was Literature Review study. Local food is solution for food security problem because (a) in terms of production, local food ingredients grow scattered and quite abundant throughout Indonesia so as to ensure their availability, (b) the local food system has easier affordability due to a better distribution system. short, (3) in terms of quality it is proven that local food ingredients have nutritional content not inferior to rice or wheat, (d) local food grows in accordance with local agro-ecology so as to ensure sustainability. Some local foods that have the potential to be developed include sago, jagu and cassava.
... Ketahanan pangan menjadi isu strategi pemerintah dalam meningkatkan pembangunan masyarakat (Simatupang, 2016). Sebagai upaya mewujudkan ketahanan pangan bagi masyarakat, dalam hal ini kaitannya terhadap sektor pertanian akan menjadi komoditi utama bagi masyarkat dalam penyedia pangan (Yetrie Ludang, 2021). ...
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis inovasi kebijakan pemerintah daerah Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dalam meningkatkan ketahanan pangan masyarakat di era pandemi saat ini. Provinsi DIY merupakan salah satu daerah yang terkena dampak besar dari penyebaran virus Corona. Walaupun tidak termasuk daerah dengan jumlah terkonfirmasi penderita Covid-19 yang tinggi, dampak besar dialami Provinsi DIY dikarenakan sebagian besar sumber pendapatan daerah dan masyarakatnya adalah dari industri pariwisata. Hal ini mempengaruhi ketahanan ekonomi dan ketahanan pangan masyarakat di mana perekonomian masyarakat menurun yang menyebabkan ketahanan pangan terganggu. Pergeseran paradigma administrasi publik ke arah agile government mengharuskan pemerintah untuk dengan cepat dan hati-hati menyusun inovasi kebijakan publik untuk menyelamatkan masyarakat dari dampak pandemi yang masih berlanjut. Peneliti menggunakan metode wawancara dan metode Analisis Data Sekunder, yaitu pendataan melalui penelitian dari berbagai jenis dokumen seperti berita, jurnal, buku, makalah dan sebagainya. Data berupa hasil wawancara dan berbagai jurnal, berita serta artikel terkait tersebut akan diolah dengan software Nvivo agar penyajian data lebih efektif dan efisien. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sub sistem ketahanan pangan yang paling terdampak di Provinsi DIY adalah bidang konsumsi. Aktor penting terselenggaranya inovasi kebijakan ketahanan Provinsi DIY adalah pemerintah daerah melalui DPKP Provinsi DIY yang telah melakukan inovasi masing-masing di bidang produksi, konsumsi, dan distribusi bahan pangan.
... Food security is one of the strategic issues in developing a country (Simatupang, 1998). In order to achieve food security, the agricultural sector is vital because this sector is the leading food provider (Sumastuti, 2010), especially in developing countries. ...
Abstrac The Indonesian government developed the Food Estate program as one of the spearheads in a food security strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Food Estate concept is a food development on a wide scale carried out in an integrated manner, including agriculture, plantations, and livestock in an area. This study uses descriptive and qualitative approaches to explain and analyze research problems. Data collection was obtained from the literature study regarding previous research and expert opinion. Overall, food estate development can increase per capita income and reduce the percentage of income for daily food needs, which is essentially very important if the government is to have more policy options in the event of a global food crisis due to COVID-19. However, there should be an improvement in the smooth distribution so that there is no longer a shortage of food, which impacts hoarding for consumer groups, causing shortages for other groups. The COVID-19 pandemic, of course, has taught the relationship between the health of the environmental system and the food system. Therefore, the synergy between food, ecological systems, and economic systems is an obligation.
... Varietas Pertiwi-5 merupakan varietas jagung hibrida yang mudah beradaptasi pada lingkungannya. Simatupang (2007) menyatakan bahwa tingginya produksi suatu varietas disebabkan oleh varietas tersebut mampu beradaptasi dengan lingkungan. Meskipun secara genetik varietas lain mempunyai potensi produksi yang baik, tetapi karena masih dalam tahap adaptasi, sehingga produksinya lebih rendah dari pada yang seharusnya. ...
This research aims to determine the effect of varieties and fertilization combinations between liquid organic fertilizer and manure and the interaction of both that provide the best growth and production. This research was carried out in the Religion Agro Tourism garden in Padanglampe Village, Ma'rang District, Pangkajene Regency and the Islands of South Sulawesi Province, from January to May 2020. The experimental design used was a split plot design with two factors, namely variety and a combination of liquid organic fertilizer with manure, variety as the main factor consisted of three levels, namely BISI-18 variety, NASA29 variety and Pertiwi-5 variety. The combination of liquid organic fertilizer with manure as a plot consists of four levels, namely Control, a combination of liquid organic fertilizer with chicken manure, a combination of liquid organic fertilizer with cow manure, a combination of liquid organic fertilizer with manure and cow manure . Data were analyzed by variance using the F Test. The difference in the mean value of the treatment would be tested with Tukey's HSD (honestly significant difference) test at the 0.05% level.The results showed that (1) The treatment of three varieties did not significantly affect all observed parameters. But the Pertiwi-5 variety tends to be the best compared to other varieties. (2) The treatment of fertilizer combination between liquid organic fertilizer and manure significantly influences all of the monitoring parameters. The combination of liquid organic fertilizer 5cc / l. Water with Chicken manure 15 tons / ha and Cow manure 15 tons / ha tend to have a pretty good effect, by showing the dry shell weight per hectare of 8.75 tons / ha. (3) The interaction between varieties with a combination of liquid organic fertilizer and manure does not significantly affect all observation parameters. But the interaction between Pertiwi-5 varieties with a combination of liquid organic fertilizer 5cc / l. Water with Chicken manure 15 tons / ha and Cow manure 15 tons / ha tend to be the best compared to other interactions
... Ningsih, 2014;Lantarsih, Widodo, Darwanto, Lestari, & Paramita, 2011). Oleh karena itu, Simatupang (2016) menjelaskan bahwa setiap kebijakan yang berkaitan dengan ketahanan pangan harus sejalan dengan kebijakan ekonomi makro karena hal tersebut menjadi bagian integral dari kebijakan pembangunan nasional. ...
Upland rice has been cultivated by intercropping patterns on the logged area of the teak forest in Java Island for a long time. However, the activities of upland rice farming are still subsistence and not profit-oriented. This study aims to determine the feasibility of upland rice farming on the logged area of teak forests based on farming productivity. Data was collected using a survey and interview to 30 farmers who cultivated upland rice on the logged area of Perhutani teak forest. To find out the productivity of upland rice farming, an analysis on land productivity, labor productivity, and capital productivity was carried out. The results showed that the upland rice farming on the logged area of teak forest feasible to do with land productivity of IDR 579,028 per 0.24 ha, labor productivity of IDR 55,200 per day and capital productivity of 17.13%.
... Ketahanan pangan merupakan salah satu isu strategis dalam pembangunan suatu Negara (Simatupang 2007). Dalam rangka mewujudkan ketahanan pangan, sektor pertanian merupakan sektor yang sangat penting karena sektor ini menjadi penyedia pangan utama, lebih-lebih negara yang sedang berkembang, karena memiliki peran ganda yaitu sebagai salah satu sasaran utama pembangunan dan salah satu instrumen utama pembangunan ekonomi. ...
... Perolehan pangan melimpah harus dialokasikan dan diolah dengan baik agar asupan pangan aktual mencukupi (Simatupang, 2016). Sebagaimana Charlton (2016) ...
p> The objectives of this study are to analyze the food security condition, to analyze the external and internal factors that affect food security and to formulate strategies for improving food security to facing COVID-19’s pandemic in Bukittinggi. The primary data was collected by conducting a focus group discussion, indepht interview and questionnaire filling with purposive sampling technique. The results of descriptive analysis of secondary data indicate that the existing condition of food security in the Bukittinggi shows that the situation of food affordability is the best. The formulation of strategies for improving food security uses the analysis of Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) and External Factor Evaluation (EFE). Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analyzes are used to develop alternatives and priorities strategic. The most important internal factors are the adequacy of energy availability and Local Government Food Storage. The most important external factor is the market opportunity for the food sector in Bukittinggi. The total score IFE matrix of 2.64 is average and EFE matrix of 2.61. The SWOT analysis shows that Bukittinggi,s Government needs to implement a strategy of increasing cooperation with vertical agencies, the central government, between local governments, private sectors, and the mass media.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis situasi ketahanan pangan, menganalisis faktor eksternal dan internal yang mempengaruhi ketahanan pangan dan merumuskan strategi untuk meningkatkan ketahanan pangan dalam menghadapi pandemi COVID-19 di Kota Bukittinggi. Data primer diperoleh berdasarkan hasil focus group discussion, indepth interview dan pengisian kuesioner oleh responden terpilih. Hasil analisis deskriptif data sekunder menunjukkan bahwa situasi objektif (existing condition) ketahanan pangan di Kota Bukittinggi dinilai dari ketiga pilarnya menunjukkan situasi keterjangkauan pangan adalah yang terbaik dan diikuti pilar pemanfaatan pangan dan terakhir pilar ketersediaan. Perumusan strategi peningkatan ketahanan pangan menggunakan analisis Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) dan External Factor Evaluation (EFE). Analisis Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) digunakan untuk menyusun alternatif dan prioritas strategi. Faktor internal yang paling penting adalah kecukupan ketersediaan energi dan Cadangan Pangan Pemerintah Daerah (CPPD). Faktor eksternal yang paling penting adalah peluang pasar untuk sektor pangan di Kota Bukittinggi. Total skor matriks IFE sebesar 2,64 dan matriks EFE sebesar 2,61. Analisis SWOT menunjukkan Pemerintah Kota Bukittinggi perlu melakukan strategi peningkatan kerjasama dengan instansi vertikal, dengan pemerintah pusat, antar pemerintah daerah, sektor swasta serta media massa.</p
... Selain itu, modal sosial masyarakat dapat berperan sebagai perekat sosial (social cohession) yang mengikat semua orang yang terlibat dalam kerja sama dan memperkuat hubungan antarindividu, kelompok, dan lembaga (Syahyuti 2008). Simatupang (2007) mengungkapkan bahwa kebijakan yang berorientasi pada swasembada pangan, termasuk paradigma pendekatan pengadaan pangan (food availability approach), tidak menjamin ketahanan pangan keluarga atau individu. Paradigma yang lebih sesuai ialah pendekatan perolehan pangan (food entitlement approach). ...
... Food security is one of the important issues for the Indonesian nation today. Simatupang (2007) stated that food security has multiple roles, that is: (1) as one of the main targets of development and (2) one of the main instruments (intermediate destinations) for economic development. Today, the food has been one of the basic needs, vital and strategic for the people of Indonesia, apart from energy. ...
Due to the large number of total population and its high population growth, food needs become the most important issue in Indonesia. This study aims to (1) map the agro-ecosystem zones based on the analysis of remote sensing images; (2) estimate the food production (rice and cassava); and (3) analyze the food security in the study area based on the mapping of the agro-ecosystem zones. Gunung Kidul Regency was selected as the study area because it is one of areas with food insecurity in D.I. Yogyakarta. This research used Landsat 8 OLI recorded on 14 April 2014 and 27 June 2013 and assisted by other spatial data such as the RBI map, soil map and slope map using Geographic Information System (GIS). The data of population statistics was also used to calculate the amount of food needs in the study area. Field survey was conducted to determine the productivity of the land in each agroecosystem zone, and to test the accuracy of the results of remote sensing images processing. The results of this study are: (1) Gunung Kidul Regency can be divided into seven agroecosystem zones, each of which has a different productivity for rice and cassava; (2) Gunung Kidul Regency is included in areas experiencing food insecurity when only taking into account the production of rice, with a shortage of 13,134.05 t; and (3) If the production of rice and cassava are taken into account, Gunung Kidul Regency is not categorized as foodinsecure areas because it has a food surplus of 435,192.20 t.
... (2004) di lokasi yang berbeda juga menunjukkan walaupun dari sisi ketersediaan di tingkat wilayah memiliki status tahan pangan, namun tidak cukup menjamin tercapainya ketahanan pangan di tingkat rumah tangga, karena ternyata masih banyak ditemui rumah tangga yang masih mengalami rawan pangan. Penelitian lain yang dilakukan oleh Simatupang (2007) menyebutkan bahwa strategi swasembada pangan yang didasarkan pada paradigma ketersediaan pangan (food availability) terbukti tidak dapat menjamin akses bagi semua keluarga atau individu yang merupakan inti dari ketahanan pangan. ...
Madura island is still facing challenges in development, including development related to food security. Food security has a strong linkage with poverty. Unavailability of food in suffi cient quantity and quality is a major cause of household food security problems. The objective of this study was to determine the level of household food security and coping strategy in isolated island. This study was an observational research with descriptive and cross-sectional design, using a mixed method approach which combines qualitative and quantitative approach. The study was taken in Gili Labak island of Sumenep, M adura. The sample was all households live in Gili Labak island as much as 36 household. Household food security data was assessed using United States Household Food Security Modul (USHFSSM) instrument, while c oping strategy data was assessed using Reduced Coping Strategy Index (RCSI) instrument. The results of this study showed that most households were food insecure and make several efforts of coping strategy for survival. The most common c oping strategy done by the household is borrowing food from neighbors. The study recommends there should be centers of seeds alternative crops other than rice as well as the intervention of the food aid before the arrival of the wave season, provision of water reservoir and food storage barns.
... Pencapaian ketahanan pangan merupakan salah satu pilar penopang keberlanjutan pemerintahan negara dan bangsa Indonesia (Suryana 2008) dan merupakan landasan pembangunan nasional yang sudah semestinya dijadikan prioritas oleh pemerintah. Dewasa ini secara umum Indonesia sudah mampu menyediakan sebagian besar kebutuhan pangannya dari produksi domestik (Simatupang 2007), namun kemandirian beberapa komoditas strategis lainnya mutlak harus dicapai dan dipertahankan. ...
p>Arable land availability for agricultural extensification is a determining factor to achieve Indonesia’s food self-sufficiency and to become the world food supplier in 2045. This study aimed to evaluate land reserves for future agricultural development. Spatial analysis was conducted using land cover map, peatland distribution map, indicative map of suspension of new permits, forest status map, licensing map, and agricultural land use recommendation map. The land assumed to be potentially available should be (i) idle land covered by shrub as well as bare land, (ii) agronomically suitable for agriculture, (iii) within the designated area of non-forest uses (APL), conversion production forest (HPK), or production forest (HP), (iv) outside the moratorium area, and (v) outside the licensed area. Analysis results show that out of 29.8 million hectares of idle land, only about 7.9 million hectares are potentially available for future agricultural extensification. The available potential land area is much less than that required to meet the self-sufficiency target and to become the world food storage by 2045, i.e. of 5.3 million hectares for rice crop, shallot and sugar cane, and about 10.3 million hectares for upland rice, maize, soybean, peanut, mungbean, sugar cane, shallot, cassava, and sweet potato. Therefore, the main strategies to take are intensification of existing agricultural land and a strict control of agricultural land conversion.
Abstrak
Ketersediaan lahan untuk ekstensifikasi lahan pertanian menjadi salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan untuk mempertahankan swasembada pangan dan untuk menjadikan Indonesia sebagai lumbung pangan dunia menjelang tahun 2045. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi cadangan lahan yang tersedia untuk pengembangan areal pertanian ke depan. Analisis spasial dilakukan menggunakan peta tutupan lahan, peta sebaran lahan gambut, peta indikatif penundaan pembukaan izin baru, peta status kawasan hutan, peta perizinan, dan peta arahan tata ruang pertanian. Lahan yang diasumsikan potensial tersedia adalah lahan yang (i) lahan telantar yang ditutupi semak belukar dan lahan terbuka, (ii) secara agronomis sesuai untuk pertanian, (iii) berada pada peruntukan kawasan areal penggunaan lain (APL), hutan produksi konversi (HPK), hutan produski (HP), (iv) berada di luar areal moratorium, dan (v) berada di luar areal yang sudah memiliki perizinan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dari sekitar 29,8 juta ha lahan telantar, hanya sekitar 7,9 juta ha yang berpotensi tersedia untuk ekstensifikasi pertanian masa depan. Luas lahan potensial tersedia ini jauh lebih rendah dari kebutuhan lahan untuk memenuhi target swasembada dan mewujudkan Indonesia sebagai lumbung pangan dunia menjelang 2045 yaitu 5,3 juta ha untuk padi sawah, bawang dan tebu dan sekitar 10,3 juta ha untuk padi gogo, jagung, kedelai, kacang hijau, kacang tanah, tebu, bawang merah, ubi jalar, ubi kayu. Oleh karena itu, strategi utama yang harus ditempuh adalah intensifikasi lahan pertanian eksisting dan pengendalian konversi lahan pertanian secara ketat.</p
... Dalam hal ini, inovasi teknologi merupakan pilar penting untuk pencapaian peningkatan produktivitas pada tanaman pangan dan harus memberi kontribusi yang nyata terhadap peningkatan produksi dan ketahanan pangan berkelanjutan (Puslitbangtan, 2011). Oleh karena itu, Simatupang (2007) dan Syahyuti (2011) berpendapat bahwa kemandirian pangan menjadi salah satu indikator pengukuran ketahanan pangan, sehingga dalam perumusannya perlu mempertimbangkan prinsip dasar dari kedaulatan pangan. ...
... Dengan demikian NTP merupakan salah satu indikator relatif tingkat kesejahteraan petani, semakin tinggi NTP relatif semakin sejahtera tingkat kehidupan petani (Silitonga,1995;Sumodiningrat, 1997Sumodiningrat, , 2001Tambunan, 2003;BPS, 2006, Masyhuri, 2007. Selanjutnya Simatupang et al. (2007) mengemukakan bahwa penanda kesejahteraan yang unik bagi rumah tangga tani praktis tidak ada, sehingga NTP menjadi pilihan satu-satunya bagi pengamat pembangunan pertanian dalam menilai tingkat kesejahteraan petani. ...
... Menurut Soekartawi, apapun pengaruh global tidak boleh menabrak salah satu dari empat komponen tersebut. Simatupang (2007) berpendapat bahwa kemandirian pangan menjadi salah satu indikator pengukuran ketahanan pangan. ...
strong>ABSTRAK
Mencukupi kebutuhan pangan masih merupakan masalah yang kompleks, sehingga tidak bisa dipecahkan secara parsial. Penetapan luas lahan optimum usahatani padi sawah adalah langkah strategis untuk mencapai kemandirian pangan secara berkelanjutan. Penelitian bertujuan menetapkan luas lahan optimum usahatani padi sawah mendukung kemandirian pangan berkelanjutan di NTB. Analisis yang digunakan meliputi analisis indeks dan status keberlanjutan dengan metode Multi-dimensional Scaling, analisis prospektif, analisis kebutuhan hidup layak petani, dan formulasi struktur model dinamik menggunakan Powersim 2.5d yang divalidasi uji MAPE. Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai indeks sistem produksi padi sawah di NTB 54,53 persen dengan status cukup berkelanjutan. Faktor yang paling berpengaruh adalah konversi lahan sawah, pertumbuhan penduduk, luas baku sawah, harga gabah, kebijakan pemerintah, luas panen, jaringan irigasi, modal, dan pendapatan petani. Luas lahan minimal untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup layak petani 0,73 ha KK-1 sedangkan luas lahan garapan rata-rata 0,48 ha KK-1. Kontribusi pendapatan usahatani padi sawah terhadap kebutuhan hidup layak sebesar 55,73 persen. Hasil simulasi kinerja skenario menunjukkan bahwa provinsi NTB akan mengalami defisit produksi padi tahun 2017 apabila menjalankan skenario pesimis. Berdasarkan potensi, kendala, dan peluang keberhasilan setiap skenario, dapat disimpulkan bahwa skenario intervensi yang paling rasional adalah skenario moderat dengan luas lahan sawah yang harus dipertahankan untuk mencapai kemandirian pangan tahun 2023 minimal seluas 196.330 ha dari 239.127 ha tahun 2010, pada tingkat kepercayaan 95 persen.
... Three main problems of production activity are as follows: 1) what and how many will be produced, 2) how to produce goods and services, and 3) for whom are the goods and services?Figure 1. The Interrelation of the Food Security Trilogy, Consisting of the Components: Food Availability, Food Access and Food Utilization (Simatupang, 2008) Food availability Food access Food utilization Food security ...
The research aims to map and analyze food scarcity or surplus based on the food availability at migrant area in Wonogiri, Central Java. The rapid rural assessment and focus group discussion were used for detecting and exploring any food plant that is good and appropriate to the characteristics of migrant area. The condition of food availability in the Wonogiri regency could be stated to be surplus. The highest surplus was located in Giriwono sub-district and the lowest surplus in Bulukerto sub-district. Most of the sub-districts in Wonogiri subdistricts reached an IFI score < 0.5 (index of composite food security) in whichit could represent a secure condition.
Awal tahun 2020 ini umat manusia di seluruh dunia digoncang dengan pandemiVirus Corona (Covid-19) yang membuat kepanikan dimana-mana. Ratusan ribumanusia terinfeksi dan ribuan lainnya meninggal dunia. WHO semenjak Januari2020 telah menyatakan dunia masuk ke dalam darurat global terkait virus ini.Kondisi ini memicu juga terjadinya kerawanana pangan. Kita juga harusmemperhatikan ketahanan pangan keluarga di masa pandemi COVID 19 ini,karena ketahanan pangan keluarga dapat memengaruhi terhadap kesanggupandalam membeli bahan pangan yang bergizi seimbang sehingga berpengaruh bagiketahanan imun tubuh. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi ketahananpangan keluarga saat pandemi Covid-19 di lingkungan rumah tahun 2020. Jumlahresponden dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 95 KK. Pengambilan sampelmenggunakan metode purposif, dengan menggunakan metode wawancaradengan instrument kuesioner dan google form yang dilaksanakan pada tanggal 10Juli 2020
Pangan merupakan kebutuhan dasar bagi manusia yang harus dipenuhi setiap saat dan mempunyai peran yang vital bagi kehidupan suatu bangsa. UndangUndang Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan (UU Pangan) menegaskan bahwa pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar itu merupakan bagian dari hak asasi manusia yang dijamin di dalam Undang Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 sebagai komponen dasar untuk mewujudkan manusia yang berkualitas, (Dewan Ketahanan Pangan Nasional, 2015). UU Pangan selanjutnya mengamanatkan bahwa pemenuhan pangan sebagai kebutuhan dasar manusia diselenggarakan berdasarkan kedaulatan pangan, kemandirian pangan dan ketahanan pangan. Karena itu, UU Pangan bukan hanya berbicara tentang pemenuhan pangan seluruh rakyat Indonesia sampai tingkat perseorangan dengan harga yang wajar (food security), namun juga memperjelas cara pencapaiannya, yaitu dengan memanfaatkan secara optimal potensi sumber daya alam, manusia, sosial, ekonomi, dan kearifan lokal secara bermartabat, serta menentukan kebijakan pangan secara mandiri dan berdaulat. Konsep kedaulatan pangan, kemandirian pangan, dan ketahanan pangan merupakan satu kesatuan yang terintegratif dalam penyelenggaraan pangan. Ketahanan pangan lebih menitikberatkan pada upaya stabilisasi pasokan dan harga pangan sepanjang waktu pada tingkat bagi harga yang terjangkau seluruh rakyat; kemandirian pangan memfokuskan pada pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan rakyat yang harus dihasilkan dari optimasi pemanfaatan sumber daya domestic secara optimal; sedangkan kedaulatan pangan lebih mencirikan pada kemandirian dalam proses pengambilan keputusan kebijakan pangan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan rakyat secara keseluruhan, sekaligus memberikan perlindungan serta pemberdayaan kepada petani sebagai produsen utama pangan, dan mengupayakan kelestarian ekosistem local, (Hanani, 2012; Mulyana, 2012). Dengan demikian, ketahanan pangan, kemandirian pangan dan kedaulatan pangan sejatinya adalah tiga konsep yang tidak dapat dipertukarkan (non-interchangeable). Konsep kedaulatan pangan, kemandirian pangan, dan ketahanan pangan merupakan satu kesatuan yang terintegratif dalam penyelenggaraan pangan. Ketahanan pangan lebih menitikberatkan pada upaya stabilisasi pasokan dan harga pangan sepanjang waktu pada tingkat bagi harga yang terjangkau seluruh rakyat; kemandirian pangan memfokuskan pada pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan rakyat yang harus dihasilkan dari optimasi pemanfaatan sumber daya domestic secara optimal; sedangkan kedaulatan pangan lebih mencirikan pada kemandirian dalam proses pengambilan keputusan kebijakan pangan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan rakyat secara keseluruhan, sekaligus memberikan perlindungan serta pemberdayaan kepada petani sebagai produsen utama pangan, dan mengupayakan kelestarian ekosistem loka, (Rachmat, 2015; Akhmad at al.2016). Dengan demikian, ketahanan pangan, kemandirian pangan dan kedaulatan pangan sejatinya adalah tiga konsep yang tidak dapat dipertukarkan
The city of Surabaya has a complex problem, namely the poverty rate and the narrowing of productive land, so to deal with it, the City of Surabaya implements an Urban Farming policy program. This research aims to analyze the factors that influence the successful implementation of the urban farming program in Lakarsantri Village by using theory from George C. Edward III. Some of the factors examined were factors of communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. This study used a descriptive qualitative research method. Data collection was carried out by interviewing, documenting, and observing. The data analysis process used interactive analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the success of the urban farming program in Lakarsantri was due to communication factors that went well, clearly, and consistently; qualified resources such as farmer groups, land procurement, seedlings, training budgets and agricultural equipment, open disposition of executor and successful build trust among all parties, as well as directed bureaucratic structures.In general, turban farming programs apart from expanding productive land in the Surabaya area also help the economy of some communities and increase beneficial productive activities. good for the community, government, and also the environment. This condition is expected to serve as an example for other areas that have similar obstacles in running an agricultural sector in urban areas.
Kondisi 96% pasokan pangan kota Bandung berasal dari luar daerah menjadi fokus pemerintah daerah dalam pengembangan konsep urban farming. Melalui program Buruan Sae diharapkan dapat membangun ketahanan pangan daerah. Tujuan pengabdian untuk meningkatkan pemanfaatan bahan pangan hasil Buruan Sae sehingga menjadi peluang bisnis untuk dikembangkan. Komoditi hasil Buruan Sae belum dapat diberdayakan secara optimal oleh kelompok tersebut. Hasil tersebut sebatas dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan harian dan dikonsumsi segar. Pengolahan dapat memperpanjang daya simpan dan meningkatkan value komoditi. Untuk menjawab permasalahan kemitraan diperlukan solusi. Solusi yang ditawarkan kemitraan masyarakat ini: pemberian pengetahuan karakteristik komoditi berbasis pangan lokal dan menggali potensi produk sekitar, pelatihan mengolah produk hasil Buruan Sae, dan edukasi di bidang pemasaran. Pelatihan disampaikan oleh pemateri yang handal di bidangnya sehingga permasalahan yang ada di mitra menemukan solusi. Materi meliputi pengolahan pangan lokal menjadi produk yang potensial. Mitra juga didampingi dalam praktek pengolahan. Hasil yang diharapkan, mitra dapat mengaplikasikannya di kelompoknya.
Pertumbuhan penduduk yang mengakibatkan peningkatan kebutuhan
pangan juga meningkatkan kebutuhan akan lahan. Kebutuhan akan lahan
menyebabkan terjadinya fenomena konversi lahan pertanian menjadi fungsi
lain. Fungsi lain yang dimaksud, untuk kawasan Bandung adalah fungsi kawasan
industri dan permukiman. Dalam hal ini telah terjadi ekspansi perkotaan
seper yang dijelaskan oleh Go diener & Kephart (1991) dalam Viantari,
D. (2013). Ekspansi perkotaan yang disebut urban deconcentra on adalah
pengembangan di kawasan pinggiran yang dapat mendorong terciptanya pusat-
pusat ak vitas baru di kawasan pinggiran. Penulisan ini dilakukan untuk
menjawab pertanyaan, bagaimana ekspansi perkotaan dapat memengaruhi
ketahanan pangan? Dengan mengambil studi kasus fenomena perkembangan
perkotaan di Bandung Raya.
Partners in the Community Partnership Program activities are Pande Besi PRASOJO located in Nangsri Kidul RT 2 / IV Nangsri Kebakkramat Karanganyar and Pande Besi MANDIRI located at Dondong RT 2/IX Klumprit Mojolaban Sukoharjo. The two partners are traditional blacksmiths. The problems faced by the two partners are relatively the same, namely: 1) traditional / conventional production processes; 2) do not apply the principles of Occupational Health & Safety. Solutions that will be carried out from this activity are: 1) production of blower and grinding tools; 2) the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). The method that will be carried out to realize the objectives of the PKM implementation program is through: 1) Procurement of electric blowers and grinders for both partners; 2) Increased knowledge and training in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). In this method both partner SMEs are involved in each activity starting from problem identification, action analysis, action planning and implementation of activities. Through this method, the identified problems and actions to be taken are bottom up proposals. So that every action that will be carried out is right on target and is able to realize the objectives to be achieved maximally. The results of the Community Partnership Program activities were Pande Besi PRASOJO and Pande Besi MANDIRI succeeded in increasing the quantity and quality of products through the procurement of blower and grinding tools. Both partners have also implemented occupational health and safety principles through increased knowledge and use of PPE.
Since its inception in 1967, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has been based upon the common interests of its member states and the principle of solidarity. These two cornerstones have played an important role in the efforts for development of this regional organization. Under the principle of solidarity, ASEAN configures a distinct intergovernmentalism subjected to collective decision-making which emphasizes common understanding, including on how it approaches security concerns. This article aims to discuss and analyze the prospect of the collective food security in ASEAN by taking into account the legal frameworks of food security in the ASEAN community and Indonesia. Specifically, this article reflects the development of ASEAN and the member states' common problem of providing food for national consumption. ASEAN's development shows that it has committed to food security. For instance, ASEAN signed the Agreement on the ASEAN Food Security Reserve. However, this institution has not paid enough significant attention to food security and the ASEAN integration pillars are often justified to exempt food security amongst its priorities. Therefore, this article clarifies that food security is an essential part of the pillars. By the inclusion of food security to such pillars and taking account of Indonesia's experiences, there is an importance for ASEAN to reconsider food security. This consideration is not only to achieve part of its ultimate objectives to bring prosperity but also to ensure regional stability.
Artikel ini mendiskusikan kebijakan pangan di Indonesia pascareformasi yang memperhadapkan liberalisasi dan peran negara dalam memastikan terwujudnya kesejahteraan sosial sebagai amanat dari Prinsip kelima Pancasila. Bagian pertama mendiskusikan keberhasilan Soeharto berikut kegagalannya dalam menata kebijakan pangan menjelang era reformasi. Artikel ini juga menyikapi beberapa langkah liberalisasi sektor pertanian melalui Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) dalam kerangka World Trade Organization (WTO). Reformasi Bulog sebagai akibat dari krisis ekonomi 1997 akan menjadi fokus tantangan kebijakan pangan Indonesia pascareformasi. Pada bagian akhir, artikel ini menyediakan urgensi revitalisasi parastatal di bidang pangan di tengah arus liberalisasi ekonomi, dengan fokus pada peran negara dalam bidang ekonomi guna mewujudkan kesejahteraan sosial.
The rehabilitation of irrigation canal on the rural area is very important to rice farmers because the use of water is becoming more eficient and rice production and farmer’s income is increasing. Increasing the rice productivity would be considered as an indication of farmer’s participation on the adoption of technology. The present study was aimed to evaluate the technology adoption on rice farming in relation with the irrigation canal rehabilitation. The study was carried out in Majalengka district of West Java, during 2012 using survey method. The data were collected through the interview techniques to 44 farmer respondents using structured questionnaires. The data were cross tabulated and to measure the advantage of adopting the technology, Gross R/C ratio was calculated along with the break even point/BEP. Result of the analyses showed that after rehabilitation of the rural irrigation infrastructure the water supply was becoming more available and farmers were motivated to adopt the rice farming technology and the management of rice cultivation. The degree of technology adoption was considered as optimum and economically was feasible, as indicated by the value of R/C between 1.98 and 2.15, with the profitability of 49.6 percent to 53.5 percent. The partial budgetting analysis showed the B/C marginal of 2.59 and growing Ciherang rice variety is considered to be profitable.
p>ABSTRACT
This study aims to analyze the broad influence corn field to the household income of corn farmers in Grobogan district, analyze the effect of educational level the head of family to the household income of corn farmers in Grobogan district, analyze the effect of the number of family members to the household income of corn farmers in Grobogan district, analyze the effect the food and non food expenditure to the household income of corn farmers in Grobogan district. Locations were taken intentionally, in Grobogan district, because Grobogan district has the widest corn harvested area in the province of Central Java. Total population that taken in this study is 150 household of corn farmers who scattered in several regions in Grobogan. The sample is a fraction of the number and characteristics which is owned by the population. Samples were corn farmers, the number of samples taken is 60 corn farmers in Grobogan. The results showed that land area of corn gave positive effect on household income of corn farmers in Grobogan, the educational level of husband’s household insignificant, the number of household members has a positive influence on the level of household income, food expenditure had a negative but not significant to household income and non-food expenditures have a significant negative effect on the level of household income. The result of the calculation of the proportion of food consumption and the proportion of non-food consumption showed that the average total expenditure for average food expenditure per farmer per month amounted Rp. 1.023.611,00 while the non-food expenditure amounted Rp. 2.619.552,00.</p
Penelitian bertujuan membangun sistem ketahanan pangan daerah dengan analisa wilayah lumbung pangan berbasis teknologi sistem informasi geografis. Secara khusus penelitian bertujuan: (1) membangun database wilayah lumbung pangan; (2) membangun sistem informasi ketersediaan pangan daerah; (3) memberikan informasi pelaksanaan identifikasi, inventarisasi pemantauan permasalahan ketahanan pangan sehingga akan membantu menyusun kebijakan dalam rangka pembinaan, pengelolaan, distribusi, ketersediaan dan cadangan pangan, (4) pelatihan pemanfaatan sistem ketahanan pangan daerah guna menujang kinerja lembaga pemerintah.Instansi mitra dalam penelitian ini adalah Badan Ketahanan Pangan dan Pelaksana Penyuluhan di bawah naungan Pemerintah Kabupaten Malang.
Langkah-langkah penelitian diawali kajian literatur, perencanaan dan penyusunan model sistem, verifikasi model, ujicoba lapangan, evaluasi dan pengembangan serta hasil implementasi. Target luaran yang akan dihasilkan: (1) diperoleh data dasar potensi pangan di wilayah lumbung pangan; (2) diperoleh data pendukung kondisi Kab. Malang; (3) dibangun sistem ketahanan pangan daerah dengan analisa lumbung pangan berbasis teknologi informasi geografis; (4) dapat diujicoba dan dievaluasi aplikasi yang dibangun; (5) disusun modul sistem ketahanan pangan daerah dengan analisa wilayah lumbung pangan berbasis teknologi informasi geografis yang dapat digunakan bagi pelaksanaan lapangan yang membutuhkan pelatihan dan pendampingan.
Abstrak Penelitian bertujuan membangun sistem ketahanan pangan daerah dengan analisa wilayah lumbung pangan berbasis teknologi sistem informasi geografis. Secara khusus penelitian bertujuan: (1) membangun database wilayah lumbung pangan; (2) membangun sistem informasi ketersediaan pangan daerah; (3) memberikan informasi pelaksanaan identifikasi, inventarisasi pemantauan permasalahan ketahanan pangan sehingga akan membantu menyusun kebijakan dalam rangka pembinaan, pengelolaan, distribusi, ketersediaan dan cadangan pangan, (4) pelatihan pemanfaatan sistem ketahanan pangan daerah guna menujang kinerja lembaga pemerintah.Instansi mitra dalam penelitian ini adalah Badan Ketahanan Pangan dan Pelaksana Penyuluhan di bawah naungan Pemerintah Kabupaten Malang. Langkah-langkah penelitian diawali kajian literatur, perencanaan dan penyusunan model sistem, verifikasi model, ujicoba lapangan, evaluasi dan pengembangan serta hasil implementasi. Target luaran yang akan dihasilkan: (1) diperoleh data dasar potensi pangan di wilayah lumbung pangan; (2) diperoleh data pendukung kondisi Kab. Malang; (3) dibangun sistem ketahanan pangan daerah dengan analisa lumbung pangan berbasis teknologi informasi geografis; (4) dapat diujicoba dan dievaluasi aplikasi yang dibangun; (5) disusun modul sistem ketahanan pangan daerah dengan analisa wilayah lumbung pangan berbasis teknologi informasi geografis yang dapat digunakan bagi pelaksanaan lapangan yang membutuhkan pelatihan dan pendampingan. Kata kunci: Sistem Ketahanan Pangan Daerah dengan analisa Wilayah Lumbung Pangan berbasis Teknologi Informasi Geografis
The intuition of economists is likely to be a poor guide to the social value of food price stabilisation, because of problems in modelling the impact of stabilisation on consumer behaviour, producer behaviour, and the macro economy, including the impact on economic growth. The potential for stable food prices to contribute to economic growth is especially relevant to the poor countries of Asia, where rice is important in macroeconomic terms. Indonesia's experience since 1959 presents an opportunity to test hypotheses about the design, implementation, and impact on social welfare of food price stabilisation. The model presented here explains Bulog's activities, and confirms that its interventions stabilise rice prices. Should Bulog try to stabilise rice prices? The answer is a clear yes in the 1970s and 1980s, but is less clear in the 1990s as Bulog's costs have risen and the share of rice in the economy has fallen.
The study objective was to assess the food security situation in Tonga and the problems faced, to identify effective strategies and to help formulate appropriate policy options for solving respective problems. Food security at the national, regional and household levels is most vulnerable to natural disasters of tropical cyclones, droughts, pest outbreaks, or a combination of these threats. The study also found that unless key players in many of the research areas and information needs are identified, the chance to implement many of the desired activities is very slim. It was also evident that there might be a possibility for regional cooperation on strategies for food security or on aspects like coping systems or involvement of youths in food production.
Traditional approaches to project appraisal fail in practice to address two fundamental questions: whether a project belongs
in the public or the private sector; and what effect any external assistance associated with the project has on the country's
development. The first issue is of general interest to both national policymakers and international donors. If the government
provides a good or service that would otherwise have been provided by the private sector, the net contribution of the public
project could be low. The second issue is of particular concern to donors. If financial resources are fungible, the project
being appraised might well have been undertaken with out external financing. In this case, donor funds are actually financing
some other, unappraised project. Both cases argue for a shift in the emphasis of project evaluation away from a concern with
precise rate-of-return calculations and toward broader sectoral analyses and public expenditure reviews. In this context,
three areas critical for proper project appraisal include a consideration of the rationale for public intervention, the fiscal
impact of the project, and the fungibility of external assistance.
Most developing countries are characterised by both high population growth and pervasive poverty. There is extensive prevalence of nutritional anaemia among pregnant women, resulting in low birth weight children which leads to several health problems in the child's later life as well as adverse effect on brain development. The paper discusses at length how we can foster a 'children for happiness' movement. Gender justice and social and economic equity are vital for success in achieving a balance between human numbers and the supporting capacity of our life support systems. Introduction of National Programme for ensuring food and health security to every individual has been emphasized. There is need for implemention of integrated Monsoon Management Strategy developed during 1979-80. Micro level management which promotes the use of precision-farming techniques involving plant-scale agronomy rather than just area based approaches has been advocated. Sustainable food production can be achieved only by conserving genetic variability and using it for the purpose of enhancing the productivity, profitability and stability of major cropping systems. We have to view food security from the view point of physical, social, economic and environmental access.
Integrating the three components of the strategy for food security—rapid growth in the macro economy, poverty reduction through rural economic growth, and stability of the food system—is greatly complicated by the changing relationship between the rural and urban economies during the process of industrialisation. In all successful economies, incomes earned from farming tend to lag behind those earned in other occupations. Rural labour productivity can increase in two ways: directly in agricultural activities, through the application of new technologies, and indirectly, as workers shift from agriculture to manufacturing or the modern service sector. Both processes are part of the structural transformation, but the productivity of urban workers tends to run ahead of rural productivity, causing a pronounced structural lag (Anderson and Hayami 1986; Timmer 1988a, 2001, 2002). In most of Asia, from China to Indonesia to India, there has been a growing spread between the wages earned by unskilled agricultural workers and new entrants into labour-intensive manufacturing sectors, such as garments and electronics. At the same time, rice growing has been kept profitable through subsidies, virtually free irrigation water, price support and stabilisation programs, and a well-developed rural infrastructure that ensured low marketing margins for rice. Investments in rural education and health helped build human capital, but accumulation of other assets by farmers has been limited.
Analyzes schemes for targeting food subsidies to nutritionally needy groups. Draws lessons from this analysis for setting up and/or reforming current food policy systems. Evaluates ration shops (India, Brazil), self-targeting using an inferior-goods approach (Pakistan, Bangladesh), food-coupon systems (Sri Lanka, Colombia, Indonesia), special intervention programmes, and school feeding programmes. Provides a critical evaluation of the food subsidy systems that follow a typology reported in the paper. -from World Bank
The main purpose of this article is to test the food availability decline (FAD) and entitlement hypotheses with respect to famines. Sudanese data will be used to illustrate that a low or declining aggregate food supply does not necessarily imply famine and, conversely, that high or rising food supplies do not indicate the absence of a famine. It will be argued that famine affects different groups in the same region differently and that it is essential to focus on the changes in entitlements of different groups and to design remedies appropriate for each group. -from Authors
This report describes and analyzes food security conditions and policies in Vanuatu. The national food security systems are dualistic in nature, and the rural and urban food security systems are weakly related. Household food security in rural areas is primarily determined by access to arable land and fishery resources, whereas in urban areas household food security is primarily determined by access to employment. Household food security has been a concern in both rural and urban areas. Both under nutrition and over nutrition are highly relevant indicators that nutritional food security is an important issue in the country.
This working paper is a summary of the results of the research project "Food Security Strategies for Selected South Pacific Island Countries" which are published separately in four country study reports and a workshop proceedings. The "SouthPIC" project was formulated based on observation that, although historically there is little evidence of chronic food shortage in the South Pacific island countries, some new emerging trends may have gradually eroded the adaptive strength of the national food security systems in the region. The general objectives of this project are to analyze food security conditions in selected South Pacific island countries and to formulate appropriate policy options for their food security strategies.
Despite widespread concern about hunger in America, efforts to monitor and assess the extent of hunger have been hampered by lack of consensus on an appropriate meaning for the term hunger and by the lack of valid indicators to assess it. The first phase of the research used qualitative methods to derive a socially-appropriate definition of hunger. Thirty-two women in Upstate New York were interviewed regarding their experience with food problems and hunger. The interviews were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Results indicated that women had a narrow and a broad concept of hunger. The narrow concept focused on going without food for a specified period of time and the physical sensation of hunger. The broad one included two dimensions: household and individual hunger. Each had quantitative, qualitative, psychological, and social components. The second phase of the research used survey methodology to examine the validity and reliability of items designed to measure the conceptual definition of hunger. The survey was administered to 189 women in Upstate New York who participated in programs designed for low-income households or households in need of food. The second phase confirmed the conceptualization of hunger developed in the first phase. A subset of valid and reliable items that represented each of the major dimensions and components of hunger was identified as being useful for monitoring and assessing hunger.
Hunger and food insecurity have been identified as core indicators of an individual's nutritional state that should be assessed in nutrition surveillance activities. Such an assessment requires a valid measure of these phenomena. This paper describes further work on the construction of measures of hunger and food insecurity based on the Radimer/Cornell items and provides an assessment of their validity. A random sample survey of 193 households with women and children living at home was conducted in 1993 in a rural county in New York State. A questionnaire containing the Radimer/Cornell hunger and food insecurity items, information about demographic characteristics, frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption, and household food supplies was administered to subjects. Measures were constructed that identified households experiencing household- and individual-level food insecurity and households with hungry children. The construct and criterion-related validity of the measures was assessed. In relation to criterion-related validity, as food insecurity worsened, there was a significant and progressive increase in the percentage of subjects participating in food programs and having low income, education and employment and a significant decline in average household food availability and fruit and vegetable consumption. These results support the validity of the Radimer/Cornell measures and illustrate their ability to differentiate among groups of households experiencing increasingly severe food insecurity and hunger.
This paper applies to the health sector a method of project analysis advocated recently by Devarajan, Squire, and Suthiwart-Narueput.
A health project evaluation should establish a firm justification for public involvement; establish the counterfactual—what
would happen with and without the project; and determine the fiscal effect of the project and the appropriate levels of fees
in conjunction with project evaluation. The evaluation should also acknowledge the fungibility of project resources and examine
the incentives both for high-level public servants to shift government resources away from project-funded activities to those
that have not been evaluated and for lower-level contractors and civil servants to provide good or bad service. Market failures
in health services and insurance markets should serve as a starting point for economic analysis, not as a reason to ignore
economics in health projects. Project outputs should be predicted after taking into account the reaction of consumers and
providers in the private sector as well as market structures of supply, demand, and equilibrium for health services.
Abstract: Out of 120 districts of Pakistan (for rural areas) only 40 are food secure while 80 (67 percent) are food insecure. Within these food insecure districts, 38 (46 percent) are extremely food insecure. The matter of food security in rural areas is of immense nature and needs to be probed. A number of factors are responsible for the situation. The current paper examines the determinants of three aspects of food security in rural areas of Pakistan, i.e. food availability, accessibility and absorption. For the purpose a series of models is applied on district level data of rural areas of Pakistan. The production of wheat, rice, maize, pulses, oilseeds, poultry meat and fish at the district level is found to affect food availability positively. All the district except of Sindh are more probable to be food insecure in availability. In the food accessibility electrification and adult literacy emerged as the factors having negative effect. Child immunization, safe drinking water and number of hospitals have shown positive effect on food absorption.
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