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The Restless Past: An Introduction to Digital Memory and Media

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Andrew Hoskins at University of Edinburgh
Andrew Hoskins
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Abstract

This introductory chapter maps the key concepts, issues and debates for a Digital Memory Studies. It places media and memory in a recent historical context of the two twentieth century ‘memory booms’ and sets out the character of today’s third boom in memory and the challenges for media and memory studies in responding to these transformations. I argue that a new holistic vision is needed of the hyperconnective relations in the present and between past and present to reveal the character and effects of remembering and forgetting through digital media, and to arrest our diminished consciousness of living through and in media, of these changes.
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... The materiality of an image influences how we experience it and what it means for us (Alexander, 2008). Different "sites of audiencing" influence how images are interpreted and by whom, some examples being: family albums (Rose, 2003;Rose, 2016), photo books (Bate, 2013), and online circulation (Hoskins, 2017). A photo can materialize a community and, like the totem of a tribe, create intense emotional experiences (Binder, 2012), such a photo has "iconic power" (Alexander & Bartmanski, 2012). ...
... One of the specific aspects of books, compared to the Internet, is that books have a concrete beginning and end that construct a definite sequence of words and images. Digital social media and face-to-face interaction are fluid and difficult to grasp in a concrete manner (Hoskins, 2017). A Facebook group has a beginning, but not necessarily an end; new members, photos and comments are added in a continuous flow. ...
Remembering Old School Graffiti - Subcultural...
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Sep 2024
This study investigates a memory project in which no-longer-young graffiti writers crowdsourced (jointly collected) photos of Swedish graffiti from the 1980s and 1990s by posting them in a Facebook group. The group functioned as a cumulatively expanding digital archive and discussion forum but also became a departure for producing a book filled with photos of the past and meeting face-to-face. The study identified three stages of this project during which the memories were materialized in digital, printed, and embodied forms. These forms influenced how the past was experienced and how writers interacted. This project of digital memory work (re)constructed boundaries between the subcultural world and its outside by representing and performing similarities between members and differences towards non-members. This study shows how online and offline media forms are codependent. They connect people in complementary ways and produce different kinds of experiences, values, and meanings.
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... Este ejemplo le sirve a Collins para fundamentar su tesis sobre la privatización de la memoria y como el gobierno apoya y se beneficia de tales iniciativas (Collins, 2011, pp.238-241). no solo ha cambiado las condiciones materiales de la memoria, sino que también la virtualización de la documentación, el archivo y la recuperación ha provocado una transformación en su propia conceptualización (Hoskins, 2017;Garde-Hansen et al., 2009;Reading, 2009;Olick y Robbins, 1998, p. 115). Sin duda, el avance de las TIC (Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación) ha reestructurado notablemente el recuerdo, "liberating it from the traditional bounds of spatial archive, the organization, the institution, and distributed it on a continuous basis via a connectivity between brains, bodies, and personal and public lives" (Hoskins 2017, p.1). Debido a las nuevas posibilidades de almacenamiento, visualización, localización y orden, pero también de uso indebido y pérdida del pasado, el recuerdo y el olvido humanos, por un lado, se han vuelto más libres, pero, por otro, también más limitados. ...
Cultura de memoria online en el Chile posdictatorial: Actores y tendencias
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2025
El presente artículo se propone investigar cómo se recuerda y presenta el régimen militar de Augusto Pinochet en los sitios web de diferentes proveedores. Busca averiguar hasta qué punto estas formas de presentación online muestran paralelismos con la cultura de memoria offline y si las ofertas web conmemorativas tienen una característica única al respecto. Con este fin, identificamos en primer lugar a grupos de proveedores de páginas web sobre la dictadura. Sobre esta base esbozamos en una segunda parte algunas tendencias de la cultura de la memoria en línea chilena, centrándonos en el lado de la oferta (y no en el de los usuarios). Por último, se analizarán dos sitios especialmente representativos a modo de ejemplo con la ayuda de un análisis de discurso multimodal.
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... Two primitive forms of digital media used for personal memory archives are photographs and videos. To facilitate efficient content creation [16,62,84], organization [67,80], and access [1,4] processes for personal memory archives, previous research has investigated novel digital designs by extending the original photographs and video forms [22,31,64,78,105]. For example, Rewind [88] proposed to associate one's daily excursion videos with a sequence of street-level images from self-tracked location data, aiming to organize video contents in a geographical for better visualization and access. ...
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... «Прошлое» утрачивает ретроспективную последовательность и определенность, что деформирует процесс коммуникативного понимания и социальной преемственности. Вместо конструктивного «диалога с прошлым» в коллективных представлениях, его символического пролонгирования в настоящее и будущее часто происходит «цифровой арест и захват» прошлого, ведущий к утрате естественной для человеческих сообществ «ностальгии по ушедшему» и поколенческой преемственности [32]. ...
Traditionalizing in political positioning contemporary elites: temporal dimensions
Article
  • Dec 2024
The article examines the role of traditionalizing as an ambivalent process of narrative ordering of collective ideas over time in the political positioning of contemporary political elites. The digitalization of plitical communications increases the variability of “ideas of time”. It requires new ways of thematizing the conflict between the traditional and the innovative in the political and cultural dynamics of contemporary elites. Political elites in different national communities are guided by varying criteria of “repetition” and “continuity” associated with the perception of the pace of political change and expectations of the “present” and “future”. In this regard, the study of the relationship between the “temporal regimes” of political memory and the processes of tradition, the ambivalent process of searching for and ensuring a regime of political continuity, with the binary coding of political communications as “conservative/progressive”, acquires particular significance. Temporal regimes of political communications form according to the homogenization of temporal ideas in communities, creating more stable conditions for a sustainable combination of ideas about the relationship between the past, present, and future. Traditionalizing plays an important role in institutionalizing and maintaining political solidarity, serving as an important cultural resource for the temporal structuring of the political sphere and the opposition to political inversion and arbitrariness in the activity of elites. The processes occurring in the national memory of contemporary communities influenced by the crisis of the temporal regime of the “new time” and articulated by contemporary neoliberal elites, significantly increase the risks of political asynchronization. As a result, political elites and other political actors are increasingly losing the ability to effectively control traditionalizing, replacing it with radical conservative traditionalization or progressivism. Drawing on cultural sociology and anthropology of politics as a methodological basis, I propose new theoretical approaches to the role of temporal dimensions in studying the reproduction of political traditions and the positioning of contemporary elites in the face of neoliberal digitalization strategies.
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... ). Today, the interfaces of platforms like Instagram and Facebook influence what memories have come to be and how they are shared, selected, and experienced(Hoskins 2018b;Pentzold et al. 2023;Turkle 2011). To sum up, ...
Still Writing: Subcultural Graffiti, Aging, and Digital Memory Work
Thesis
Full-text available
  • Jan 2025
The thesis, Still Writing: Subcultural Graffiti, Aging, and Digital Memory Work, examines how the meanings of the past are constructed during digital memory work and how memory work contributes to negotiations of identities and group boundaries. This is studied through an analysis of how graffiti writers use social media to remember collectively. The participants are graffiti writers who are no longer young. Using the Internet, they share and discuss stories and photographs from their youth, reflecting on how graffiti has shaped their lives. In this process, they intertwine individual memories into collective memories and formulate arguments according to which graffiti is a valuable cultural heritage. The thesis offers cultural sociological insights into how digital memory work can maintain group cohesion over time. Additionally, it offers an understanding of how digital memory work can (re)negotiate the meanings of aging.
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... That is to say, memory culture is no longer shaped mainly by traditional memory actors, such as official historians. Instead, individuals and groups are now active participants in the dynamic interactions that shape memory (Hoskins 2017). This article's focus on online commentary concerning the genocide occupies the intersection of communicative, connective, and cultural memory in Turkey. ...
Unraveling Perceptions of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Society: An Examination through Cohen's Denial Typologies
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2025
The international recognition of the Armenian genocide is the most prominent issue shaping Turkish-Armenian relations today. Nevertheless, the academic literature lacks empirical analyses of people's perceptions of the genocide in Turkey. To address the gap, the article provides an exploratory investigation into people's online comments regarding the genocide on the most popular Turkish forum website, Eksisozluk. Guided by Cohen's (2001) theoretical approach, the study explores online entries on the topic spanning from 2002 to 2018 (N = 2127). The findings reveal eleven attitudes that individuals adopt in the debate. The article examines the diversity in responses by utilizing Cohen's typology, which helps to define and categorize individuals' rationales for denial. Further, it shows that Cohen's approach could contribute to explaining non-denying responses to the recollection of past suffering. The study concludes that people do not uniformly follow the official line concerning the Armenian genocide in Turkey.
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Exploring Online Social Interactions in the Remaking of Memory
Chapter
  • Jan 2025
It has long been believed that individual human memory has been strengthened by the storage, representational, reproductive, and connective capacities of technologies and media. However, such views of how memory works are being challenged amid today’s digital maelstrom. In particular, the Internet and social media platforms have profoundly transformed the ways individuals receive, store, share, and lose information. Memory has become more externalized, networked, and transactive, yet at the same time unwieldy, opaque, and inaccessible. This volume assembles scholars from cognitive psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, and media and communication studies to synthesize emerging social and cognitive science research on the impact of the Internet and social media on remembering and forgetting. They probe whether human memory is being threatened or given new life through a shift from a healthy reliance to a dependency on digital media and technologies. The expert contributors showcase their original theoretical and empirical research to expose the effects of human entanglements with the Internet and social media for memory representation, expression, and socialization in individuals and the implications for the family, community, and society. Gathering the leading international scholars of memory studies together, this volume offers a new interdisciplinary agenda of inquiry into the digital remaking of individual, collective, and cultural memory.
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Fake History: Digital Memory and the Specter of National Socialism in the Capital Riot
Chapter
  • Jan 2025
It has long been believed that individual human memory has been strengthened by the storage, representational, reproductive, and connective capacities of technologies and media. However, such views of how memory works are being challenged amid today’s digital maelstrom. In particular, the Internet and social media platforms have profoundly transformed the ways individuals receive, store, share, and lose information. Memory has become more externalized, networked, and transactive, yet at the same time unwieldy, opaque, and inaccessible. This volume assembles scholars from cognitive psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, and media and communication studies to synthesize emerging social and cognitive science research on the impact of the Internet and social media on remembering and forgetting. They probe whether human memory is being threatened or given new life through a shift from a healthy reliance to a dependency on digital media and technologies. The expert contributors showcase their original theoretical and empirical research to expose the effects of human entanglements with the Internet and social media for memory representation, expression, and socialization in individuals and the implications for the family, community, and society. Gathering the leading international scholars of memory studies together, this volume offers a new interdisciplinary agenda of inquiry into the digital remaking of individual, collective, and cultural memory.
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The Internet Remaking of Memory: What Are the Important Questions?
Chapter
  • Jan 2025
It has long been believed that individual human memory has been strengthened by the storage, representational, reproductive, and connective capacities of technologies and media. However, such views of how memory works are being challenged amid today’s digital maelstrom. In particular, the Internet and social media platforms have profoundly transformed the ways individuals receive, store, share, and lose information. Memory has become more externalized, networked, and transactive, yet at the same time unwieldy, opaque, and inaccessible. This volume assembles scholars from cognitive psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, and media and communication studies to synthesize emerging social and cognitive science research on the impact of the Internet and social media on remembering and forgetting. They probe whether human memory is being threatened or given new life through a shift from a healthy reliance to a dependency on digital media and technologies. The expert contributors showcase their original theoretical and empirical research to expose the effects of human entanglements with the Internet and social media for memory representation, expression, and socialization in individuals and the implications for the family, community, and society. Gathering the leading international scholars of memory studies together, this volume offers a new interdisciplinary agenda of inquiry into the digital remaking of individual, collective, and cultural memory.
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Hybrid Methodologies for Studying Social and Cultural Memory in the Postdigital Age
Chapter
  • Jan 2025
It has long been believed that individual human memory has been strengthened by the storage, representational, reproductive, and connective capacities of technologies and media. However, such views of how memory works are being challenged amid today’s digital maelstrom. In particular, the Internet and social media platforms have profoundly transformed the ways individuals receive, store, share, and lose information. Memory has become more externalized, networked, and transactive, yet at the same time unwieldy, opaque, and inaccessible. This volume assembles scholars from cognitive psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, and media and communication studies to synthesize emerging social and cognitive science research on the impact of the Internet and social media on remembering and forgetting. They probe whether human memory is being threatened or given new life through a shift from a healthy reliance to a dependency on digital media and technologies. The expert contributors showcase their original theoretical and empirical research to expose the effects of human entanglements with the Internet and social media for memory representation, expression, and socialization in individuals and the implications for the family, community, and society. Gathering the leading international scholars of memory studies together, this volume offers a new interdisciplinary agenda of inquiry into the digital remaking of individual, collective, and cultural memory.
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Digital Memory Economies: Exploring Globital Memory Capital
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Jan 2018
As our ownership of digital media devices and our use of online services increase, so too our digital memories amass and our need for digital memory storage expands. This chapter asks: what do digital-global memory economies include, how do they work, who pays the cost of their expansion, and who benefits most? To understand the political economy of digital-global memory, we propose that we need a concept of memory capital, which incorporates the accumulation of the energetic labour of remembering and of forgetting in materialised form. In analysing memory capital, we focus on the unevenness of digital-global memory and on the environmental damage it causes.
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