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Climate Change and Migration: Insights from the Sahel.
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... After reviewing international migration theories as presented by Massey et al. (1993), it appears that those theories fail to fully grasp the multidimensional complexity of contemporary migration dynamics (Mago, 2018). For instance, it is well documented that modern-day African migration is also driven by factors such as political instability and conflicts, droughts and other environmental issues (Flahaux and De Haas, 2016;Vigil, 2017;Carbone, 2017) but the abovementioned theories do not pay attention, either to institutions or to climate change. ...
... The role of climate change Vigil (2017) argues that taking into consideration the pre-existing economic, social, and political problems as well as the geographical vulnerability to natural disasters and rapid demographic expansion, African populations are most affected by climate change and environmental issues. She adds that the causal relationship between climate change and migration is complex and polymorphs with climate change, altering or amplifying pre-existing migration dynamics rather than really causing them. ...
In recent years, irregular migration from sub-Saharan Africa has been under the spotlight. Western media and politicians often use doomsday scenarios to describe the supposedly millions of desperate people knocking at the gates of the European Eldorado
to escape poverty and warfare at home. Such a stereotypical conception of sub-Saharan
African migration is not only overlooking its root causes, but it is also far from its real
dynamics. Thus, inspired by the extensive literature on international migration and
based on data availability, 27 potential root causes of migration were selected to cover
30 sub-Saharan countries for the period between 2002 and 2016. The sensitivity and
robustness of each potential determinant of both net migration and refugee population
is tested using the two approaches of extreme bounds analysis proposed by Leamer
and Leonard, and Sala-I-Martin. The results reveal that gross domestic product per
capita, domestic credit, trade, foreign direct investment inflows, external debt, youth
unemployment, natural resources rents, international tourism, military expenditure,
health expenditure, undernourishment, food production, life expectancy, HIV prevalence, population growth, corruption, voice and accountability, rule of law, government
effectiveness, regulatory quality, and common law are the root causes of migration in
sub-Saharan Africa.
... Around 150,000 Nigerian refugees have managed to flee to neighboring countries such as Niger, Chad, and Cameroon. Unstable security in Northern Mali continues to be a source of instability for the lives of civilians, hampering the return of refugees (Vigil, 2017). Around 133,000 Malian refugees still live in Mauritania, Niger, and Burkina Faso, and more than 80,000 remain internally displaced. ...
Over the past two decades, migration in Africa has been rising continuously in all subregions. The range of migration flows include a rise in migrant workers, female migrants, an increase in irregular migration as well as a large number of refugees and internally displaced persons. It is no secret that current scholarship, especially the literature that concerned international organizations have adopted, has been unable to explicate the various dimensions of the phenomenon of migration and displacement in the context of Africa. Effective study of migration in Africa may require the "Africanization" of all related concepts to serve as a tool for analysis in accordance with a cultural pan-African perspective. This study seeks to explore the current transformations to the phenomenon of international migration in Africa, the most important factors driving it, and what policies and future challenges it faces. The paper uses a qualitative research design involving a literature review.
Keywords: Migration, Refugees, Displaced Persons, Feminization of Migration, Environmental Refugees
... B) Η πραγματοποίηση και εμπέδωση των οικονομικών και κοινωνικών αλλαγών στις χώρες αυτές γίνεται μέσα από καταστολή αντιδράσεων από αυξανόμενα αυταρχικές κυβερνήσεις (Hirt, 2017). Γ) Η κλιματική αλλαγή αποτελεί ένα τεράστιο πρόβλημα για τις χώρες που βρίσκονται στο συγκεκριμένο χώρο καθώς οι επιπτώσεις της βιώνονται πιο έντονα στους εκεί πληθυσμούς και λόγω και των δύο προαναφερθέντων παραγόντων (Vigil, 2017). τικών. ...
Πρόκειται για ένα βιβλίο για την μελέτη και γνώση του προσφυγικού ζητήματος στην Ελλάδα. Ο τόμος παρουσιάζει τα αποτελέσματα μιας επιτόπιας έρευνας που πραγματοποιήθηκε στο Κέντρο Υποδοχής και Ταυτοποίησης της Μόριας στη Λέσβο. Στόχος της είναι η ανάδειξη των
αδιεξόδων μιας αποτρεπτικής μεταναστευτικής πολιτικής και η επισήμανση των σοβαρότατων συνεπειών τους στους ίδιους τους πρόσφυγες. Μέσα από το λόγο των εγκλωβισμένων συνανθρώπων μας αναδεικνύονται οι μακρές διαδικασίες περιθωριοποίησης των προσφύγων.
El impacto del cambio climático en la degradación del suelo, las sequías y los recursos hídricos está provocando el desplazamiento de millones de personas en todo el mundo. Solo en 2019 más de 24,9 millones de personas tuvieron que abandonar sus hogares por los desastres naturales y el Banco Mundial estima que podrían llegar a los 143 millones en los próximos 30 años y más de la mitad de ellos estarían en las regiones de origen y tránsito de los principales flujos migratorios hacia Europa. Ante esta perspectiva ¿supone el cambio climático un riesgo para la gestión de las fronteras exteriores de la UE? Este documento aborda esta pregunta analizando el papel que juega el cambio climático en los movimientos de población y en la exacerbación de los conflictos; las tendencias y las rutas de los flujos migratorios hacia la UE y la visión que desde las instituciones comunitarias se tiene del mismo.
Curricular innovation in the 21st century in education requires significant transformation with regards to political, economic, socio-cultural and environmental concerns such as climate change and sustainability, amongst others. A critical pedagogy approach that includes the hegemonic knowledge debates of Western and Indigenous Knowledge Systems is also integral to this transformation. This study explored the diversity of knowledge of subsistence farmers with regard to their community farming practices and how their knowledge, skills and resilience can be harnessed for education. Seven Black South African subsistence farmers near a teaching university were purposively selected for this qualitative multi-case study. Interviews with them were video-recorded and transcribed. Their experiences and perceptions of politics, economics, environmental concerns and innovations on their local farms were documented and are presented as a case-narrative history of the farmers' backgrounds. The findings show that farmers have shown resilience with regard to issues such as water conservation, productive use of labour, pest management, local market supply and demands and indigenous knowledge in terms of ploughing, caring for, harvesting and storage of vegetables. It is recommended that local farmers' knowledge, practices and resilience can be a source of knowledge to be integrated into education curricula. The implication of the research affords insights for opportunities and partnerships with the farming community in developing a critical pedagogy education curriculum that can be of current value in managing climate change and sustainable concerns.
Africa is often seen as a continent of mass migration and displacement caused by poverty, violent conflict and environmental stress. Yet such perceptions are based on stereotypes rather than theoretically informed empirical research. Drawing on the migration and visa databases from the Determinants of International Migration (DEMIG project) and the Global Bilateral Migration Database (GBMD), this paper explores the evolution and drivers of migration within, towards and from Africa in the post-colonial period. Contradicting common ideas of Africa as a ‘continent on the move', the analysis shows that intra-African migration intensities have gone down. This may be related to state formation and the related imposition of barriers towards free movement in the wake of decolonisation as well as the concomitant rise of nationalism and inter-state tensions. While African migration remains overwhelmingly intra-continental, since the late 1980s there has been an acceleration and spatial diversification (beyond colonial patterns) of emigration out of Africa to Europe, North America, the Gulf and Asia. This diversification of African emigration seems partly driven by the introduction of visa and other immigration restrictions by European states. Contradicting conventional interpretations of African migration being essentially driven by poverty, violence and underdevelopment, increasing migration out of Africa seems rather to be driven by processes of development and social transformation which have increased Africans' capabilities and aspirations to migrate, a trend which is likely to continue in the future.
Nation-building in Africa was hobbled by the inheritance of centralised, authoritarian ‘states’ prior to the consolidation of nations within them. Armed liberation movements overcame this to some degree by constructing common identities out of the struggle to throw off foreign rule. Yet the degree and kind of control inherent in such a militarised project fuelled despotism in the post-war state. Eritrea seemed to break this mould, with its high level of popular participation in its war effort, its engagement in social transformation during the fighting, and the participatory constitution-building process that followed its victory. Yet less than a decade on, the liberation front shut down the press, jailed its critics, and turned the country into a political prison. This article will situate this reversal within the transition from colony to independent state, explore its specific characteristics, and consider the prospects for a more democratic outcome.
This reflective article sketches the specificity of migratory flows in sub-Saharan Africa, which is essentially intra-regional. While changing dynamically, the distinctive features include increasing female migration, diversification of migration destinations, transformation of labour flows into commercial migration, and emigration of skilled health and other professionals. These migrations take place largely within the context of sub-regional economic unions which are dominated by the economies of a single country, and movements of persons have been directed to a limited number of countries within these unions. Emigration pressure is fuelled by unstable politics, poverty and rapidly growing populations. In general, remittances have been rising steeply and are an important source of income for many poor countries and serve as lifeline to pay for basic services, health care, education of siblings and children and to enhance agricultural production. Yet, millennium development goals and other development agendas are being compromised by the emigration of scarce skilled manpower. A major challenge now facing the region is how to retain, attract back and effectively utilise the rare skills of nationals living abroad for national development. The paper concludes by stressing the need for rich countries to help poor African countries foster local development, reduce poverty and create domestic employment in the spirit of co-responsibility.
Emergent Eritrea. Challenges of Economic Development
- G H Tesfagiorgis
G.H. Tesfagiorgis (ed.), Emergent Eritrea. Challenges of Economic Development,
Trenton, New Jersey, 1994.
Forced Migration Review, Disasters and displacement in a changing climate
- S Vigil
S. Vigil, "Displacement as a consequence of climate change mitigation policies", Forced Migration Review, Disasters and displacement in a changing climate, no. 49, May 2015, pp. 43-45.
Without Rain or Land, Where Will Our People Go? Climate Change, Land Grabbing and Human Mobility. Insights from Senegal and Cambodia
- S Vigil
S. Vigil, "Without Rain or Land, Where Will Our People Go? Climate Change, Land
Grabbing and Human Mobility. Insights from Senegal and Cambodia", Presented at the
Global governance/politics, climate justice & agrarian/social justice: linkages and challenges,
International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), The Hague, The Netherlands, 2016.
Country Report: Côte d'Iviore. Regional meeting of experts on International Migration in Africa: Trends and Prospects for the 21st Century
- M Touré
M. Touré, "Country Report: Côte d'Iviore. Regional meeting of experts on
International Migration in Africa: Trends and Prospects for the 21st Century",
UNESCO Network on Migration Research in Africa, Gaborone 2-5 June 1998.
Changing configurations of migration in Africa, Migration Information Service
- A Adepoju
A. Adepoju, Changing configurations of migration in Africa, Migration Information
Service, Washington DC, 1 September 2004.
5,500 trafficked Nigerians to be deported from Mali, Libya -NAPTIP
- A Hanafi
A. Hanafi, "5,500 trafficked Nigerians to be deported from Mali,
Libya -NAPTIP", Punch Newspaper, 12 May 2017, http://punchng.
com/5500-trafficked-nigerians-to-be-deported-from-mali-libya-naptip
Migration within and from Africa: Shared policy challenges for Africa and Europe, Research Overview 2016:5, Delmi and The Migration Studies Delegation
- A Adepoju
A. Adepoju, Migration within and from Africa: Shared policy challenges for Africa and
Europe, Research Overview 2016:5, Delmi and The Migration Studies Delegation,
Swedish Government Inquiries, Stockholm, 2016.