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Study the production and characterization of Neem and Mahua based biodiesel and its blends with diesel fuel: an optimum blended fuel for Asia
Abstract
The aim of this work is to optimize the biodiesel production from Neem and Mahua oil through transesterification process by using 0.5 wt% KOH catalyst with the help of mechanical stirrer. The obtained biodiesel was characterized by the ASTM series. The performance of biodiesel is increased by the blends of Neem–Mahua–Diesel with their different proportions were studied.
... Biodiesel is the long chain fatty acid of monoalkyl ester. Biodiesel can be produced by different feedstocks like animal oil, Vegetable oil, edible or non-edible seeds with acid, alkali, enzymatic or heterogeneous catalyzed transesterification with methanol (Joshi and Negi 2017;Knothe 2006). The formation of biodiesel and cost is directly dependent on the percentage of oil content of the feedstock (Bozbas 2008;Joshi and Kumar 2016). ...
... Comparison of physicochemical properties of the Jatropha, Mahua, Karanja, Palm Neem, and Algae methyl ester with Citrus Maxima methyl ester. (Adebayo, Ameen, and Abass 2011;Arora et al. 2017;Becker and Francis 2002;Dwivedi and Sharma 2015;Ganapathy, Murugesan, and Gakkhar 2009;Ghadge and Raheman 2005;Hoekmana et al. 2012;Jain and Sharma 2010;Joshi and Negi 2017;Kulkarni Pratap, Sharanappa, and Ramesh 2013;Kumar et al. 2018;Mostafa and El-Gendy 2013;Muthu et al. 2010;Nandi 2013;Raheman and Phadatare 2004;Ramos et al. 2009;Sarin et al. 2007 Table 5. Comparison of physicochemical properties of the different percentage of blended biodiesel. ...
... Comparison of physicochemical properties of the different percentage of blended biodiesel. (Atmanl, Ileri, and Yüksel 2014;Dimitrios et al. 2014;Erol, Atmanli, and Yilmaz 2015;Joshi and Negi 2017;Keskin et al. 2013;Khan et al. 2016 ...
The aim of the study is to enhance the production and performance of biodiesel from non-food feedstock seeds of citrus maxima through base catalyzed transesterification process. The Performance of biodiesel was increased by the blends with butanol-diesel (Biodiesel + Butanol + Diesel) in different proportions. The obtained biodiesel and its blends were characterized by ASTM. In this study, Glycerol was obtained as a by-product of citrus maxima biodiesel. Crude glycerol was purified by the H3PO4, H2SO4, HCl, and HNO3. The characterization of glycerol included Flash Point, ash Content, alkalinity, FT-IR, etc..
... Biodiesel is an alkyl ester of fatty acids that may be produced by transesterification from any vegetable oil and is a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel [30]. The biodiesel from mahua oil has high free fatty acids through the transesterification process [25]. Using the transesterification process, Ref. [2,32] investigated the production of biodiesel from raw mahua oil and also studied the different properties. ...
... Through the transesterification process, blends of dual oils/biofuels improve the performance of biodiesel [48]. Ref. [25] used a mechanical stirrer to optimize biodiesel synthesis from neem and mahua oil through the transesterification process utilizing KOH (0.5 wt%) as a catalyst. Blends of neem-mahua-based diesel improve the performance of biodiesel. ...
... The present work uses a mixture of Pongamia and Mahua oils (mixed in an equal volume ratio) as a hybrid feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Pongamia is a non-edible oil with 28-34% oil content and found in countries such as India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Australia etc. Mahua seeds comprise up to 50% oil (Balat 2007;Chandra Joshi and Negi 2017). Blending high FFA content Mahua oil with low FFA content Pongamia oil decreased the number of acid pretreatment steps. ...
... Biodiesel is highly biodegradable fuel, without containing sulphur and aromatic compounds and be used without any modification in an engine [2]. The biodiesel can be produced by transterification process such as acid-alkali, enzymatic, homogenous catalyst, binary metal oxide and heterogeneous catalyst [3][4][5][6]. The production cost of biodiesel is generally 70-80% directly dependent on the percentage of oil content of the feedstock and this production cost shall be decreases by the using of heterogeneous catalyst [6,7]. ...
The aim of this study to produce the high yield of biodiesel (87%) by transesterfication of bio oil with methanol using pre-treated catalytic activity of MgO. In this study 0.1 g of MgO, 4 g Methanol and 20 ml bio oil are used at 60 °C for 10 h. 87% of biodiesel yield were obtained. Blend of bio oil biodiesel with ethanol and diesel fuel were done by inline blending method in different proportions in volume basis. The blending of SED2, MED2 and PED 2 has improved the property of fuel, higher load carrying capacity, low temperature (approx.-14 °C), oxidation stability (2 h), and fluidity (2.1, 4.8, and 3.5) resistance to corrosion of engine. The aim of the study is to enhance the physicochemical properties of blended biodiesel by using small amount of catalyst.
... Some of the potential nonedible oil producing plants are Jatropha curcas L. (jatropha), Thespesia populnea L. (milo), Pongamia pinnata (karanja or honge), Moringa oleifera (drumstick tree), Calophyllum inophyllum L. (undi), Croton megalocarpus (croton), Ricinus communis L. (castor), Azadirachta indica (neem), Cerbera odllam (sea mango), Triadica sebifera L. (Chinese tallow), Cascabela thevetia L. (yellow oleander), Madhuca indica and Madhuca longifolia (mahua), Ceiba pentandra (silk-cotton), Hevea brasiliensis (rubber), and Eruca Sativa (arugula). Thus, it is possible to speculate that biodiesel production from non-edible plants, like undi (Calophyllum inophyllum), jatropha (Jatropha curcas) (Kamel et al., 2018), neem (Azadirachta indica) (Joshi and Negi, 2017), karanja (Pongamia pinnata) (Patel and Sankhavara, 2017) etc., could be the future fuel sources. Even, biodiesel production from some of the above mentioned non-edible plants have been implemented at industrialized level (Ching et al., 2011), but issues of expense and productivity spur further research development in the area. ...
In recent times, the world has been confronted with an energy crisis due to the depletion of fossil resources and increased environmental problems. Such a situation has led to an increased research for alternative energy sources such as biofuels from sustainable biomass resources. Tree seed oils are considered as a source of renewable fuels for diesel engine usage, which are presently making its way to becoming a mainstream transportation fuel at the commercial level worldwide.
Currently, non-edible tree seed oil resources are gaining worldwide attention because they can be found easily in many parts of the world, especially in wastelands that are not appropriate for cultivating food crops. Important use of non-edible oil resources for biodiesel production alleviates the use of food crops, which leads to reduction of competition in the food market. This paper investigates the potential of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil, which is found available in plenty in different forest belts of the world, as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. The main advantages of this crop include its high survival potency in nature which is productive up to 50 years, does not compete with other food crops, it has a high heating value and produces more oil yield than widely used non-edible seed oil, Jatropha curcas. Additionally, C. inophyllum biodiesel so produced, has shown to have very good compatibility with petroleum fuels and has better lubricating capabilities than jatropha. Moreover, the biodiesel fuel produced from the C. inophyllum oil through a multi-step process has the properties in the range of ASTM and EN standards and when blended with diesel fuel gives better engine performance and emission characteristics as compared to diesel fuel.
Thus, the biodiesel produced from non-edible Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil could be used as a plausible alternative to diesel fuel in the commercial market
The present world faces the crisis of fossil fuels as it will no longer sustain in the future, gives a knowledge to look on waste resources, where waste rice and neem seed are utilizable for the production of biofuels by the process of fermentation and transesterification. In this paper, the physiochemical properties of the produced biofuels are examined. The 5% rice wine alcohol is used as an additive with neem methyl ester-diesel blend to lower the viscosity and flash point for the better performance in the single cylinder compression ignition engine. Different blends as D90B5RW5, D85B10RW5, D75B20RW5, and D65B30RW5 are prepared and examined experimentally by varying the engine loads (0–100%) at constant engine speed (1500 rpm). Experimental results showed the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke opacity, however oxide of nitrogen (NOx) is found higher. In the performance, D75B20RW5 shows 8% higher brake thermal efficiency and 3.33% lower brake specific fuel consumption compared to diesel. While in the combustion the peak cylinder pressure and net heat release rate are seen to be higher for biodiesel blends with additive.
Biodiesel is the most promising bio-based alternative to the large quantity of fossil diesel fuel used in the transportation sectors. However, its corrosive behavior when in contact with the diesel engine and fuel system components is of serious concern. The present work comprehensively reviews the impacts of biodiesel on the corrosion behavior of metal-based parts in diesel engines such as copper and copper-based alloys, aluminum and aluminum-based alloys, cast iron, carbon steel, and stainless steel. The corrosion mechanisms of the mentioned metals in biodiesel are also presented and discussed in detail. Methods applied to study the corrosion phenomenon and its level are also presented. The reasons leading to the higher corrosiveness of biodiesel vs. diesel fuel, including its higher hygroscopicity, higher electrical conductivity, higher polarity, higher solvency, the presence of water and oxygen in biodiesel promoting microbial growth, and finally, its auto-oxidation resulting in the generation of corrosive agents, i.e., monocarboxylic acids, are also detailed. Finally, the use of corrosion inhibitors in biodiesel to enhance metals/alloys resistance to corrosion is reviewed. Future research needs to further expand biodiesel utilization worldwide are also envisioned.
The performance and emissions of blends of karanja and castor biodiesel with conventional diesel in an unmodified single-cylinder DI diesel engine was studied. Different combination of biodiesel and diesel (castor 5% + karanja 5% + diesel 90%, castor 5% + karanja 10% + diesel 85%, castor 10% + karanja 5% + diesel 85%, castor 5% + karanja 15% + diesel 80%, castor 10% + karanja 10% + diesel 80% and castor 15% + karanja 5% + diesel 80%) were studied under varying load from 0 to 100%. The results revealed that BTE slightly decreased while BSFC increased with increasing biodiesel concentration in fuel blends. Unburned hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke reduced with increasing biodiesel content in fuel blends. An increasing concentration of castor biodiesel resulted in higher emissions. The blend containing castor 5% + karanja 10% + diesel 85% was found most suitable for a DI diesel engine in the context of performance and emission.
Biodiesel from Pongamia oil is one of the promising non edible sources in India. But the main problem of using Pongamia biodiesel as fuel is its poor stability characteristics. Poor stability leads to gum formation which further leads to a storage problem of these fuels for a longer period of time. This paper investigates the methodology of improving the stability characteristics of Pongamia biodiesel by blending with diesel and use of the antioxidant Pyrogallol. The experimental investigation shows that blending with diesel and using of antioxidant Pyrogallol improves the stability characteristics of Pongamia biodiesel significantly. Results of the study show that the optimum amount of antioxidant (PY) for pure PB20 is 300ppm to maintain the oxidation stability specification and blending of diesel with Pongamia shows that PB10 requires no additive to maintain its stability characteristics.
Biodiesel production provides an alternative non-fossil fuel without the need to redesign current direct injection engine technology. In this work biodiesel production from castor oil was analyzed studying all of the main variables of the process. Experimental design was used to evaluate the influence of catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time in the methyl ester content reached by castor oil transesterification. Results were analyzed by Response Surface Methodology and a quadratic polynomial model was achieved. The model fitted properly the data, as was shown by the validation experiments. The most influential variables were catalyst concentration and methanol:oil molar ratio and the optimum conditions were 0.064 mol L−1 of CH3OK, 18.8:1 as methanol:oil molar ratio, 45 °C and 10 min of reaction. In these conditions, 97 wt% methyl ester content biodiesel was achieved.
Biodiesel is a renewable transportation fuel consisting of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), generally produced by transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats. In this review, the fatty acid (FA) profiles of 12 common biodiesel feedstocks were summarized. Considerable compositional variability exists across the range of feedstocks. For example, coconut, palm and tallow contain high amounts of saturated FA; while corn, rapeseed, safflower, soy, and sunflower are dominated by unsaturated FA. Much less information is available regarding the FA profiles of algal lipids that could serve as biodiesel feedstocks. However, some algal species contain considerably higher levels of poly-unsaturated FA than is typically found in vegetable oils.Differences in chemical and physical properties among biodiesel fuels can be explained largely by the fuels’ FA profiles. Two features that are especially influential are the size distribution and the degree of unsaturation within the FA structures. For the 12 biodiesel types reviewed here, it was shown that several fuel properties – including viscosity, specific gravity, cetane number, iodine value, and low temperature performance metrics – are highly correlated with the average unsaturation of the FAME profiles. Due to opposing effects of certain FAME structural features, it is not possible to define a single composition that is optimum with respect to all important fuel properties. However, to ensure satisfactory in-use performance with respect to low temperature operability and oxidative stability, biodiesel should contain relatively low concentrations of both long-chain saturated FAME and poly-unsaturated FAME.
The production of biodiesel from the chemically extracted oil of Jatropha curcas has been carried out. The oil yield of Jatropha seed and the biodiesel output of the oil were studied in order to know the productivity of the oil. The physico-chemical properties of the biodiesel produced were evaluated and compared with that of fossil diesel. The physico-chemical properties assessed includes, specific gravity, density, flash point, kinematic viscosity (40 0C), sulfated ash, carbon residue, and iodine value. The results revealed significant differences between the phyico-chemical properties of biodiesel from that of fossil diesel.
Over consumption of fossil fuels turns the world's pivot in to finding of a new possible substitute fuels. In this category, biodiesel get major attention as an alternative fuels. Production of biodiesel are dependent on various feedstock sources like algae, vegetable oil, food waste, animal fat, fatty acids containing seeds and grease etc. In the present study soybean seed oil and its methyl ester have been taken to find out their possibility as petroleum-diesel fuels. Experimental analysis has been made to detect the physico-chemical properties of soybean seed oil. Biodiesel were produced through transesterification reaction from soybean seeds oil. In transesterification process about 90 % yield of biodiesel were produced. The obtained biodiesel was characterized as an alternative diesel fuel through series of ASTM and BIS. Higher specific gravity, flash point, fire point, iodine point, pour point and cloud point were obtained and comparison has been carried out to petroleum diesel. GC-MS analysis of the esters of fatty acids shows that the overall percentage of methyl ester is more than the ethyl ester.
The use of biodiesel as an alternative diesel engine fuel is increasing rapidly. However, due to technical deficiencies, they are rarely used purely or with high percentages in unmodified diesel engines. Therefore, in this study, we used ethanol as an additive to research the possible use of higher percentages of biodiesel in an unmodified diesel engine. Commercial diesel fuel, 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel, called here as B20, and 80% biodiesel and 20% ethanol, called here as BE20, were used in a single cylinder, four strokes direct injection diesel engine. The effect of test fuels on engine torque, power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, and CO, CO2, NOx and SO2 emissions was investigated. The experimental results showed that the performance of CI engine was improved with the use of the BE20 especially in comparison to B20. Besides, the exhaust emissions for BE20 were fairly reduced.
Biodiesel has the characteristic of absorbing more moisture than petroleum diesel. High moisture content in biodiesel can cause problems such as water accumulation and microbial growth in fuel handling, storage, and transportation equipment. Currently, there is a lack of information on moisture absorbance in biodiesel and biodiesel/diesel blends. Experiments were conducted to determine the water absorbance in biodiesel of different feedstocks (three vegetable oils and two primary alcohols) at three temperatures. The effects of temperature and blending levels were explored through a central composite experimental design. Dynamic moisture absorption was studied at three constant relative humidities. Petroleum diesel was used as a reference. It was found that there were no significant differences in moisture absorbence among the biodiesel samples of different origins at given temperatures. Saturation moisture in biodiesel ranged from 0.10 to 0.17%wt in the temperature range of 4C to 35C, which was 15 to 25 times higher than that of diesel. Results also showed that in biodiesel/diesel blends, both temperature and level of blending affected the moisture absorbence. Moisture content of the blends was not a simple addition of the two moisture contents of biodiesel and petro-diesel. Blending created a mixture that had a lower capacity for moisture absorption.
Biodiesel is an attractive biofuel because it can be used directly with the traditional petro diesel engines, either as a substitute or as a blending component. There are several alternatives that can be used to produce biodiesel. In this work, we developed a superstructure optimization model to synthesize the optimum biodiesel production plant, i.e., the one that gives the minimum net present sink. To reduce the computational cost of solving the resulting disjunctive programming, the surrogate models utilizing artificial neural networks (ANNs), have been developed to replace the unit operation, thermodynamics and mixing models. The optimum solution with the alkali-catalyzed reactor (obtained in five CPU seconds) has a total net present sink of about $41 million, which differs less than one percent from the result obtained by modeling the solution in a process simulator. However, this level of accuracy required a large amount of data to train the ANNs.
Biodiesel occupies a prominent position among the alternatives to conventional petrodiesel fuel owing to various technical
and economic factors. It is obtained by reacting the parent vegetable oil or fat with an alcohol )transesterification) in
the presence of a catalyst to give the corresponding monoalkyl esters, which are defined as biodiesel. Because of the nature
of the starting material, the production process, and subsequent handling, various factors can influence biodiesel fuel quality.
Fuel quality issues are commonly reflected in the contaminants or other minor components of biodiesel. This work categorizes
both the restricted species in biodiesel and the physical properties prescribed by the standards, and details the standard
reference methods to determine them as well as other procedures. Other aspects of biodiesel analysis, including production
monitoring and assessing biodiesel/petrodiesel blends, are also addressed. The types of analyses include chromatographic,
spectroscopic, physical properties-based, and wet chemical methods. The justifications for specifications in standards are
also addressed.
The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel engine combustion process and pollutant formation. Biodiesel is known as the mono-alkyl-esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feedstocks, such as, vegetable oils or animal fats, for use in compression ignition engines. Different parameters for the optimization of biodiesel production were investigated in the first phase of this study, while in the next phase of the study performance test of a diesel engine with neat diesel fuel and biodiesel mixtures were carried out. Biodiesel was made by the well known transesterification process. Cottonseed oil (CSO) was selected for biodiesel production. Cottonseed is non-edible oil, thus food versus fuel conflict will not arise if this is used for biodiesel production. The transesterification results showed that with the variation of catalyst, methanol or ethanol, variation of biodiesel production was realized. However, the optimum conditions for biodiesel production are suggested in this paper. A maximum of 77% biodiesel was produced with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5% sodium hydroxide. The engine experimental results showed that exhaust emissions including carbon monoxide (CO) particulate matter (PM) and smoke emissions were reduced for all biodiesel mixtures. However, a slight increase in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission was experienced for biodiesel mixtures.
In this study, the biodiesel produced from soybean crude oil was prepared by a method of alkaline-catalyzed transesterification. The important properties of biodiesel were compared with those of diesel. Diesel and biodiesel were used as fuels in the compression ignition engine, and its performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of the engine were analyzed. The results showed that biodiesel exhibited the similar combustion stages to that of diesel, however, biodiesel showed an earlier start of combustion. At lower engine loads, the peak cylinder pressure, the peak rate of pressure rise and the peak of heat release rate during premixed combustion phase were higher for biodiesel than for diesel. At higher engine loads, the peak cylinder pressure of biodiesel was almost similar to that of diesel, but the peak rate of pressure rise and the peak of heat release rate were lower for biodiesel. The power output of biodiesel was almost identical with that of diesel. The brake specific fuel consumption was higher for biodiesel due to its lower heating value. Biodiesel provided significant reduction in CO, HC, NOx and smoke under speed characteristic at full engine load. Based on this study, biodiesel can be used as a substitute for diesel in diesel engine.
A technique to produce biodiesel from mahua oil (Madhuca indica) having high free fatty acids (19% FFA) has been developed. The high FFA level of mahua oil was reduced to less than 1% by a two-step pretreatment process. Each step was carried out with 0.30–0.35 v/v methanol-to-oil ratio in the presence of 1% v/v H2SO4 as an acid catalyst in 1-hour reaction at 60°C. After the reaction, the mixture was allowed to settle for an hour and methanol–water mixture that separated at the top was removed. The second step product at the bottom was transesterified using 0.25 v/v methanol and 0.7% w/v KOH as alkaline catalyst to produce biodiesel. The fuel properties of mahua biodiesel were found to be comparable to those of diesel and conforming to both the American and European standards.
An experimental investigation has been carried out to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine fuelled with Karanja oil and its blends (10%, 20%, 50% and 75%) vis-a-vis mineral diesel. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of Karanja oil has also been investigated. Fuel preheating in the experiments – for reducing viscosity of Karanja oil and blends has been done by a specially designed heat exchanger, which utilizes waste heat from exhaust gases. A series of engine tests, with and without preheating/pre-conditioning have been conducted using each of the above fuel blends for comparative performance evaluation. The performance parameters evaluated include thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), and exhaust gas temperature whereas exhaust emissions include mass emissions of CO, HC, NO and smoke opacity. These parameters were evaluated in a single cylinder compression ignition engine typically used in agriculture sector of developing countries. The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline data of mineral diesel. Significant improvements have been observed in the performance parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions, when lower blends of Karanja oil were used with preheating and also without preheating. The gaseous emission of oxide of nitrogen from all blends with and with out preheating are lower than mineral diesel at all engine loads. Karanja oil blends with diesel (up to 50% v/v) without preheating as well as with preheating can replace diesel for operating the CI engines giving lower emissions and improved engine performance.
Biodiesel, an alternative renewable fuel made from transesterification of vegetable oil with alcohol, is becoming more readily available for use in blends with conventional diesel fuel for transportation applications. Soybean and Rapeseed are common feedstocks for Biodiesel production in USA and Europe, respectively. However, Asian countries are not self sufficient in edible oil and exploring non-edible seed oils, like Jatropha and Pongamia as biodiesel raw materials. However there is a gestation period of few years before these crops start yielding seeds and oil. On the other hand, South Eastern countries like Malaysia and Thailand have surplus Palm crops. But due to substantial amount of saturated fats in Palm, the Palm biodiesel has poor low temperature properties. In order to exploit the proximity of South Asian and South-East Asian countries, blends of Jatropha and Palm biodiesel have been examined to study their physico-chemical properties and to get an optimum mix of them to achieve better low temperature properties, with improved oxidation stability.
The purpose of this work is to investigate fuel characteristics of biodiesel and its production in European Union. Biodiesel fuel can be made from new or used vegetable oils and animal fats, which are non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable resources. The vegetable oil fuels were not acceptable because they were more expensive than petroleum fuels. Biodiesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits. With recent increases in petroleum prices and uncertainties concerning petroleum availability, there is renewed interest in vegetable oil fuels for diesel engines. In Europe the most important biofuel is biodiesel. In the European Union biodiesel is the by far biggest biofuel and represents 82% of the biofuel production. Biodiesel production for 2003 in EU-25 was 1,504,000 tons.