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4D Reconstruction and Visualisation of Krakow Fortress

  • October 2017
DOI:10.1109/BGC.Geomatics.2017.83
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Beata Hejmanowska at AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków
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Ewa Glowienka
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Michałowska Krystyna at Gdansk University of Technology
Michałowska Krystyna
Slawomir Mikrut at AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków
Slawomir Mikrut
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Abstract

The specific aim of the European project named "Cultural Heritage Through Time" (CHT2) and reported in this paper is to fully integrate the fourth dimension (4D) into Cultural Heritage studies for analysing structures and landscapes over time. Krakow-the Fortress City (Poland) is the one of four case studies of the CHT2, which are used for the time varying reconstruction, analysis, visualization, and preservation. The goal of the project is produce time-varying 3D products, from landscape to architectural scales, to envisage and analyse lost scenarios or visualize changes due to anthropogenic activities or intervention, pollution, wars, earthquakes, or other natural hazards. The results of the case studies will be the basis for web publication.
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4D Reconstruction and Visualisation of Krakow
Fortress
Ewa Głowienka
Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Geomatics and
Waste Management
Kielce University of Technology
Kielce, Poland
eglowienka@tu.kielce.pl
Beata Hejmanowska, Sławomir Mikrut, Piotr
Kramarczyk, Agnieszka Struś
Department of Geoinformation, Photogrammetry and
Environmental Remote Sensing
AGH University of Science and Technology
Krakow, Poland
{galia, smikrut}@agh.edu.pl, {gorgany100, astrus}@o2.pl
Krystyna Michałowska
Department of Land Surveying
University of Agriculture in Krakow
Krakow, Poland
k.michalowska@ur.krakow.pl
Piotr Opaliński
Historical Museum of the City of Krakow
Krakow, Poland
p.opalinski@mhk.pl
Abstract—The specific aim of the European project named
"Cultural Heritage Through Time" (CHT2) and reported in this
paper is to fully integrate the fourth dimension (4D) into Cultural
Heritage studies for analysing structures and landscapes over
time. Krakow – the Fortress City (Poland) is the one of four case
studies of the CHT2, which are used for the ti me varying
reconstruction, analysis, visualization, and preservation. The goal
of the project is produce time-varying 3D products, from
landscape to architectural scales, to envisage and analyse lost
scenarios or visualize changes due to anthropogenic activities or
intervention, pollution, w ars, earthquakes, or other natural
hazards. The results of the case studies will be the basis for web
publication.
Keywords—digital images; unmanned aerial vehicles – UAV;
visualization; cultural heritage; 3D/4D modelling; reconstruction,
laser scanning.
I. INTRODUCTION
Historical documentation, which enables reconstruction
ofobjects and correct visualization of them has a great
significance in preservation, restoration and management of
cultural heritage objects. Main materials of the kind include
plans, maps, drawings, pictures, photos, and descriptions, all
of which constitute a rich source of knowledge about features
of historic buildings. Contemporary technologies of cultural
heritage surveying, i.e. photogrammetry, laser scanning, and
UAV offer an excellent opportunity to obtain multi-temporal
databases on "life" of historic monuments [1 - 9]. On the other
GIS 4D makes it possible to fully integrate the above-
referenced data, and to perform multi-temporal analyses [10 -
16].
It is just this problem that the European project of
"Cultural Heritage Through Time" (CHT2) [17] is devoted to
within the framework of the "Joint Programming Initiative on
Cultural Heritage" [18], implemented by research teams from
four countries: Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, and Poland.
Each team works on selected, valuable historic sites, which
include the city centre of Milan, the medieval walls of Avila,
Hadrian’s Wall and its landscape, and the fortress city of
Krakow, respectively [17 - 19].
The CHT2 project relates to the issue of creating time-
varying 3D models of objects in different scales (from
regional to architectural levels). Time is being considered as a
fourth dimension (4D)that allows performing multi-temporal
analyses. The created 4D database is to be used both for
forecasting, and analysing changes in facilities under
consideration that have already occurred, and which have been
caused by man's activities (e.g. wars, destructions, air
pollution, acid rains) or changes which have emerged as a
result of natural disasters (e.g. earthquakes, floods, etc.). Main
goals of the project are the following:
x collect data and experts' knowledge in order to
produce 4D models for the selected cultural heritage
defence objects;
x fully integrate 3D data with the fourth dimension of
time (4D);
x obtain 3D/4D georeference, metric products as basis
for quantitative analyses concerning transformations
of selected defence areas, or analyses of architectural
changes in defence objects, visualization of goals,
rules of preservation, future planning, or possible
commercial uses;
x enhance social awareness in respect of research.
2017 Baltic Geodetic Congress
978-1-5090-6040-5/17 $31.00 © 2017 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/BGC.Geomatics.2017.83
1
This article describes the initial phase of the CHT2 project
focusing on the process of creating a 4D base for the Fortress
of Krakow.
II. STUDY AREA
The Krakow Fortress is a UNESCO-listed site built in 19th
century, during the Age of Partitions, by the Austro-Hungarian
Empire, which decided to transform Krakow into a fortress
city in order to defend it against another partitioner of the
Polish land - the Russian Empire. Nowadays, the majority of
the erected fortifications are forgotten and neglected, some of
them are destroyed and only few are restored and visible.
Some forts are open to the public, others are used for
commercial purposes (e.g. as hotels, seats of private
companies, etc.) and are not available to tourists.
Within the framework of the study, the objects of Fortress
were divided into three categories (Fig.1):
x fortifications, which are most interesting in terms of
their military significance and architectural form
(yellow),
x important fortifications (orange),
x other fortifications (green and red).
Selected objects belong to Defence Perimeters I and V. It
was the sector with the greatest strategic importance in
Krakow Fortress because of its proximity to the Russian
border.
Fig. 1. Location of forts that belong to Defence Perimeters I and V of the
Krakow Fortress
III. DATA
All available data, which might be interesting for 3/4 D
presentation were implemented. For the selected objects
archival data are collected, mainly historical plans, maps,
photographs, etc. The spatial data: topographic maps,
orthophotomaps (Fig.2), Digital Terrain Models (DTM) and
Digital Surface Model (DSM) were obtained from the Main
Office of Geodesy and Cartography in Poland [20]. New
records were obtained in years 2016 and 2017 using
Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS): Z+F IMAGER® 5010C, 3D
Laser scanner.
a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
g) h)
i) j)
Fig. 2. Examples of current and archival data used in the process of
modelling objects of the Krakow Fortress: a, b - archival maps (Fort
Batowice, Fort Łysa Góra), c,d,f - archival plans (Fort Bastion III, Fort
Kościuszko), f - archival aerial photo (Fort Kościuszko), g - archival drawing
(Fort Sudoł), h - current picture (Fort Sudoł), i - actual orthophotomap (Fort
Kościuszko), j - topographic map (Fort Kościuszko).
2
TABLE I. THE TYPE OF DATA SOURCE USED TO BUILD A 4/3D
DATABASE FOR SELECTED FORTS
Name of fort
Archival
data
TLS
ALS
UAV
Cartographic
data
Kościuszko
+
+
+
+
Batowice
+
+
+
+
+
Węgrzce
+
+
+
+
+
Marszowiec
+
-
+
-
+
Bastion III
+
+
+
-
+
Łysa Góra
+
-
+
-
+
Sudoł
+
-
+
-
+
Resolution range of the scanner is 0.1 mm, and the scans
were performed with the extremely high angle resolution of
100,000 pixels/360 H&V that takes 81 min (normal quality)
and 162 min (high quality). Additionally, Laser Scanners Faro
Focus 3D and Leica ScanStation C10 were used.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) measurements were
performed using a Phantom 3 Professional DJI quadrocopter
with a FC300X (FOV f/2.8 94° 20mm) camera. 4K video at
up to 30 frames per second, and capturing 12 megapixel
photos were accomplished.
IV. METHODS
Starting from archival plans and maps, historical 3D
models were prepared in CAD software (3Dmax studio) on the
basis of the scanned plans with the assistance of a specialist,
experienced in the Krakow Fortress history. All elements were
set on an appropriate spatial distribution of calibrated plans so
that the obtained models would constitute metric objects.
Processing of the cloudpoints obtained from the TLS was
performed using Z+F Laser Control V8.8.0 specialist
software, and Faro Scene.
UAV collected data were automatically processed with the
AgisoftPhotoscan software (Fig.3).
V. RESULTS
Based on the completed measurements (TLS, UAV) and
analysis of acquired cartographic data and archival materials,
3D/4D models of selected objects within Defence Perimeters I
and V of the Krakow Fortress were obtained (Table II).
TABLE II. 3/4D MODELS OBTAINED WITH DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR
SELECTED FORTS
Name of object
CAD
TLS
ALS
UAV
Kościuszko
+
+
+
+
Batowice
+
+
+
+
Węgrzce
+
+
+
+
Bastion III
+
+
+
-
Marszowiec
+
-
+
-
ŁysaGóra
+
-
+
-
Sudoł
+
-
+
-
In the case of three of the above-referenced objects, i.e..
Kościuszko, Batowice, and Węgrzce, all techniques of
constructing 3D models were utilized. As regards Fort Bastion
III, all data sets were utilized except for UAV data (scheduled
to be obtained in near future). In the case of Marszowiec, Łysa
Góra, and Sudoł forts, their 3D models were obtained from
aerial laser scanning data and text descriptions. The 3D
models that had been obtained constituted an accurate
reconstruction of the given object's condition as shown in on-
grade photos, plans and profiles (condition right before or
after the construction of the facility). Three-dimensional,
metric bodies created in CAD software have been covered
with textures. Textures were produced separately for particular
elements of forts. This, however, proved to be an impediment
due to problems with obtaining materials for texturing
(archival black and white photos are not fit to be used for
texture collection).
For the Fort Sudoł, the model presents the condition of the
structure as recorded on plans, and its present-day condition
without its spatial part, which has been destroyed (marked red
in the drawing) (Fig.4).
Fig. 3. Diagram of data processing, modelling, and integration [19]
3
a) b)
Fig. 4. Fort Sudoł: a) condition of the object as recorded on archival plans,
and b) present-day condition of the object without the destroyed spatial
structure (in red).
a)
b)
Fig. 5. Fort Kościuszko: a) the area covered with TLS measurement (green),
b) well preserved and restored parts of the fort (red).
In the case of the Fort Kościuszko, TLS measurement of
the west part of the fort was accomplished (highlighted in
green on the Fig. 5). To date, that part was inaccessible due to
dense thickets and bushes. Some fragments of walls and
caponieres have been buried in the ground. The measurement
results that have been obtained, and a 3D model prepared
based on them (a fragment of the bastion and caponieres)
make it possible to precisely determine how deep below the
ground the bottom parts of masonry slopes of bastions and
caponieres are set. (Fig. 5). The 3D model presents the current
condition of the facility and provides a very good
documentation in view of the contemplated excavation works
and the resulting, irreversible changes in the area. Moreover, a
3D model has been produced for Fort Kosciuszko on the basis
of images obtained using the UAV method (Fig.6).
a) b)
c)
Fig. 6. 3D model for Fort Kościuszko produced on the basis of: a) archival
data (CAD model), b) LIDAR, c) UAV.
VI. CONCLUSION
The 4D database was produced thanks to collected multi-
temporal data and experts' knowledge in order to produce 3D
models for the selected cultural heritage defence objects. The
data set can be used both for forecasting, and analysing
changes in facilities under consideration that have already
occurred, and which have been caused by man's activities or
changes which have emerged as a result of natural
phenomena. The 3D models that had been obtained constituted
an accurate reconstruction of the given object's condition as
shown in on-grade photos, plans and profiles (condition right
before or after the construction of the facility). The results
make it possible to presents the current condition of the
facility and provides a very good documentation.
The next stage of research is to prepare 4D data for
publication on websites and creating a geoportal, where
available 3D/4D data will be integrated and properly
visualized. Further research is planned to test different IT
solutions for the provision of 4D data over the Internet using
both commercial technology (ArcGIS, ArcGIS Server,
ArcGIS Web APIs, Hexangon Geospatial) and free solutions
(Postgres, PostGIS, geoserver). Integrated web maps and 4D
models are planned to be available in web browsers, mobile
devices, and desktop map viewers. Preliminary studies
indicate that the problem will arise when simplifying the
geometry of 3D models and texturing them.
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the
European Union Joint Programming Initiative on Cultural
Heritage (JPICH), through national research authorities: Polish
Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, Ministero
dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR, Italy),
Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC, UK),Ministry
of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MEC, Spain).The
4
authors also wish to thank Ph. D Krzysztof Wielgus (Faculty
of Architecture of the Cracow University of Technology) for
the significant support.
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Integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) with 3D laser scanning (LIDAR) technologies enhances the process of documenting heritage buildings. Many efforts were directed toward utilizing these technologies in the documentation and restoration of heritage buildings, adopting Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM). This paper presents a framework for HBIM application in EgyptianHeritage. The proposed framework is capable to utilize the processed point clouds to create different purpose BIM models at different levels of development to suit the different applications in heritage buildings. It is capable to analyze the different parameters that affect the thermal behavior of the heritage buildings to identify the most suitable energy-optimized strategies and techniques. Further, it stimulates the structural performances under different types of actions. The proposed framework provides a guideline for heritage building conservation. The guideline can be integrated through a holistic approach that would encounter both safety and comfort without the compromise of the loss of heritage identity. A case study of Omar Tosson palace is presented to illustrate the practical aspects of the proposed framework.
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... Such models are usually created to preserve the historical, architectural and artistic remembrance of these objects, as well as to promote the entire region and the development of tourism there [42]. These issues have already been addressed with the examples of sites located in Canada [43][44][45], Jordan [46], Germany [47], Italy [48][49][50][51][52], Spain [53,54], France [55][56][57], Cyprus [58,59], Ukraine [60], Slovakia [61], and Poland [62][63][64]. ...
Historical Underground Structures as 3D Cadastral Objects
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2020
The need for accurate registration of underground objects in the 3D cadastre is becoming increasingly common throughout the world. Research studies conducted in this area mostly focus on objects related to transportation or other public utilities and services. However, in settlements with a long history, apart from new objects, there are also various historical objects underground. Such places are not fully discovered, and sometimes they are not even fully inventoried with surveying methods. The aim of this work therefore is to try to describe the possibility of introducing historical undergrounds to the real estate cadastre created for three dimensions, in case of its creation, and to check ground laser scanning as a method of measuring such objects in order to introduce them to the 3D cadastre. Considerations on the inclusion of underground historical objects into the three-dimensional cadastre database began with conceptual considerations. Their result is the elaboration of UML schemas describing relationships among 3D cadastre objects including underground objects. According to the authors, such underground objects should constitute a completely new class called ‘EGB_BuildingBlockUnderground3D’ and be part of the legal space of the entire building represented by the class ‘EGB_BuildingLegalSpace3D’ (the prefix EGB is an acronym of Polish cadastre name ‘Ewidencja Gruntów i Budynków’; in English, it stands for ‘Land and Building Cadastre’). In order to verify in practice the possibility of introducing historical underground objects into the 3D cadastre database, the inventory of the Underground Tourist Route in Rzeszów (Poland) was used. This route consists of a network of underground passageways and cellars built between the 14th and 18th centuries. The measurement was carried out with the application of the Faro Focus 3D terrestrial laser scanner. The underground inventory showed that at the time the current cadastre of land and buildings in Rzeszów was being founded, the boundaries of the cadastral parcels were established without knowing the location of the underground passageways under the Main Market Square. This resulted in a situation in which the objects located underground became parts of more than one cadastral parcel. If a 3D cadastre is created, such a situation must of course be recorded accordingly. The article proposes solutions for such situations.
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... Presence of salts and moisture were deduced from the deformation layers within the analysis results that revealed the direct relation between the visual diagnosis and that of the point cloud. Głowienka and Michałowska (2017) worked on a project named "Cultural Heritage through time" as a basis for web-based published material to provide 4D data that include time interventions of architectural and structural alterations. The UNESCO-listed historical site of Krakow was examined to forecast and analyze the facility modifications over time. ...
Using 3D laser scanning to analyze heritage structures: the case study of Egyptian Palace
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2020
Preservation of heritage buildings should be carried out to get a better understanding of the behavior of their structures and keep them in a good condition. As such, corrective diagnosis of heritage buildings health conditions would help to identify potential risks and take remedy actions. This paper presents a framework for heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) application in Egyptian Heritage buildings. The framework is capable of utilizing processed point clouds using 3D laser scanning to create different purpose BIM models at the different levels of development to simulate the structural performances under different types of actions. The paper illustrates an extensive structural analysis for Tosson palace in Cairo – Egypt to assess its health state to assure its sustainability for future use.
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... A large part of the Wall is still visible on the coast, and also within rural and developed areas [18]. For the needs of this paper, objects forming part of the 1st and 5th Defence Perimeters of the Krakow Fortress were selected [20][21][22]. This was a sector of the greatest strategic significance because of the close vicinity of the Russian border. ...
The Comparison of the Web GIS Applications Relevant for 4D Models Sharing
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2019
The paper presents results of the project: Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT 2, http://cht2-project.eu) realized accomplished within the framework of the “Joint Programming Initiative in Cultural Heritage” JPI-CH (http://www.jpi-culturalheritage.eu) by an international consortium: Politecnico di Milano (IT), Newcastle University (UK), Salamanca University (ES), and Stanislaw Staszic Scientific Association SSSA (a non-profit organization), (PL). The aim of the project was the integration of 3D models of buildings, cities and landscapes for monitoring and preservation of the cultural heritage. The research was conducted on three levels of detail according to the CityGML standard: LoD0 – regional, landscape scale, LoD1/LoD2 – urban scale, LoD3 – architectural scale, level of detail - building outside. Basing of this assumption, four test sites were selected: i. the city centre of Milan (IT) – urban scale, ii. the medieval walls and the historic centre of Avila (ES) - urban/architecture scale, iii. Hadrian’s Wall and its landscape (UK) – landscape scale, iv. the Fortress Cracow Krakow (PL) - architectural scale. Final 4D models were published on the Internet. The paper presents state-of-the art of the technology of 4D models sharing on the internet. 4D models were understood as 3D models solid one and point clouds changing through the time. Results of the practical initial tests of different software (commercial: Hexagon and CityEngine from ESRI and open-source: 3DHOP and Potree) are also shown. Web site: https://cht2.eu was created where the 4D models are placed for all the project partners.
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... The temporal simulations have the advantage of being non-invasive methodologies for analysing and monitoring historical sites and artefacts as they let visualizing the development and transformations suffered over time by the historical heritage (Rodríguez-Gonzálvez et al. 2017), analyse the risks to which they may be subjected (earthquakes, erosion, etc.) and verify the adequacy of future recovery interventions. Additionally, the reconstruction of threedimensional diachronic models allows virtual access to urban spaces or partially destroyed historical artefacts (Hejmanowska and Mikrut 2017;Rodríguez-gonzálvez, Guerra Campo, and Muñoz-nieto 2019) which can be implemented with Virtual Reality (Kersten et al. 2017) for an immersive use of the model generated by technicians and users (Lee et al. 2019). Therefore, specific methods and tools are needed for the integration of the knowledge about the environment with the aim of accessibility, management and global visualization. ...
The Role of 4D Historic Building Information Modelling and Management in the Analysis of Constructive Evolution and Decay Condition within the Refurbishment Process
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2019
Recently, the scientific community is working on Historic Building Information Modelling and Management (HBIMM) in order to improve the interoperability among information/data in different types and formats. This circumstance has traditionally led to difficulties and errors in knowledge, diagnosis and refurbishment. The proposal of the operative method has been tested for managing the historical buildings’ knowledge system by using relational databases and time parameter creating a 4D-HBIMM simulation for diagnosis of decay and settlements toward data computing. The information, as BIM parameters, refers to historical and constructive evolution, previous interventions, crack patterns and degradation condition of an Augustinian Monastery (southern Italy), as a sample of an agglomeration of buildings, interested by previous refurbishment interventions, decay and kinematic movements. The advantage is the rapid data consultation and the possibility of comparison between geometric-typological and pre-diagnostic information in order to understand the actual causes of the decay and kinematic settlements.
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... The distance depends on the type of scanning system, its technical data, and measurement parameters, including surface sampling. In the case of terrestrial laser scanners, it is possible to achieve an average distance between the points at a level of 1-2 mm; however, in practice, the values of 0.5-3 cm (static scanners) and 1-8 cm (mobile scanners) are used [36][37][38][39][40]. ...
An Improvement in the Identification of the Centres of Checkerboard Targets in Point Clouds Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning
Article
Full-text available
Measurement using terrestrial laser scanning is performed at several stations to measure an entire object. In order to obtain a complete and uniform point cloud, it is necessary to register each and every scan in one local or global coordinate system. One registration method is based on reference points—in this case, checkerboard targets. The aim of this research was to analyse the accuracy of checkerboard target identification and propose an algorithm to improve the accuracy of target centre identification, particularly for low-resolution and low-quality point clouds. The proposed solution is based on the geometric determination of the target centre. This work presents an outline of a new approach, designed by the author, to discuss the influence of the point cloud parameters on the process of checkerboard centre identification and to propose an improvement in target centre identification. The validation of the proposed solutions reveals that the difference between the typical automatic target identification and the proposed method amounts to a maximum of 6 mm for scans of different qualities. The proposed method may serve as an alternative to, or supplement for, checkerboard identification, particularly when the quality of these scans is not sufficient for automatic algorithms.
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... For the needs of this paper, objects forming part of the 1st and 5th Defence Perimeters of the Krakow Fortress were selected [19]. This was a sector of the greatest strategic significance because of the close vicinity of the Russian border. ...
The comparison of the Web GIS applications relevant for 4d models sharing
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Nov 2018
The paper presents results of the project: Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT 2, http://cht2-project.eu/) realized accomplished within the framework of the "Joint Programming Initiative in Cultural Heritage" JPI-CH (http://www.jpi-culturalheritage.eu) by an international consortium: Politecnico di Milano (IT), Newcastle University (UK), Salamanca University (ES), and Stanislaw Staszic Scientific Association SSSA (a non- profit organization), (PL). The aAim of the project was integration of 3D models of buildings, cities and landscapes for monitoring and preservation of cultural heritage. Research were was conducted on three levels of detail according standard to the CityGML standard: LoD0 – regional, landscape scale, LoD1/LoD2 – urban scale, LoD3 – architectural scale, level of detail - building outside. Basing of this assumption, four test sites were selected: i. the city centre of Milan (IT) – urban scale, ii. the mMedieval walls and historic centre of Avila (ES) - urban/architecture scale, iii. Hadrian’s Wall and its landscape (UK) – landscape scale, iv. the Fortress Cracow Krakow (PL) - architecturale scale. Final 4D models were published oin the Internet. The paper presents In the paper state-of-the art of the technology of 4D models sharing in on the Internet is presented. 4D models were understood as 3D models solid one and point clouds changing through the time. Results of the practical initial tests of different software (commercial: Hexagon and CityEngine from ESRI and open-source: 3DHOP and Potree) are also shown. Web site: https://cht2.eu/ was created where 4D models are placed for all project partners
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4D RECONSTRUCTION AND VISUALIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE: ANALYZING OUR LEGACY THROUGH TIME
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2017
Temporal analyses and multi-temporal 3D reconstruction are fundamental for the preservation and maintenance of all forms of Cultural Heritage (CH) and are the basis for decisions related to interventions and promotion. Introducing the fourth dimension of time into three-dimensional geometric modelling of real data allows the creation of a multi-temporal representation of a site. In this way, scholars from various disciplines (surveyors, geologists, archaeologists, architects, philologists, etc.) are provided with a new set of tools and working methods to support the study of the evolution of heritage sites, both to develop hypotheses about the past and to model likely future developments. The capacity to “see” the dynamic evolution of CH assets across different spatial scales (e.g. building, site, city or territory) compressed in diachronic model, affords the possibility to better understand the present status of CH according to its history. However, there are numerous challenges in order to carry out 4D modelling and the requisite multi-data source integration. It is necessary to identify the specifications, needs and requirements of the CH community to understand the required levels of 4D model information. In this way, it is possible to determine the optimum material and technologies to be utilised at different CH scales, as well as the data management and visualization requirements. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive approach for CH time-varying representations, analysis and visualization across different working scales and environments: rural landscape, urban landscape and architectural scales. Within this aim, the different available metric data sources are systemized and evaluated in terms of their suitability.
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CULTURAL HERITAGE THROUGH TIME: A CASE STUDY AT HADRIAN’S WALL, UNITED KINGDOM
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2017
Diachronic studies are central to cultural heritage research for the investigation of change, from landscape to architectural scales. Temporal analyses and multi-temporal 3D reconstruction are fundamental for maintaining and safeguarding all forms of cultural heritage. Such studies form the basis for any kind of decision regarding intervention on cultural heritage, helping assess the risks and issues involved. This article introduces a European-wide project, entitled "Cultural Heritage Through Time", and the case study research carried out as a component of the project in the UK. The paper outlines the initial stages of the case study of landscape change at three locations on Hadrian’s Wall, namely Beckfoot Roman Fort, Birdoswald Roman Fort and Corbridge Roman Station, all once part of the Roman Empire’s north-west frontier. The main aim of the case study is to integrate heterogeneous information derived from a range of sources to help inform understanding of temporal aspects of landscape change. In particular, the study sites are at risk from natural hazards, notably erosion and flooding. The paper focuses on data collection and collation aspects, including an extensive archive search and field survey, as well as the methodology and preliminary data processing.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY DATA FUSION FOR DIACHRONIC 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORIC SITES
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2017
In recent decades, 3D reconstruction has progressively become a tool to show archaeological and architectural monuments in their current state, presumed past aspect and to predict their future evolution. The 3D representations trough time can be useful in order to study and preserve the memory of Cultural Heritage and to plan maintenance and promotion of the historical sites. This paper represent a case study, at architectonic and urbanistic scale, based on methodological approach for CH time-varying representations proposed by JPI-CH European Project called Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT2). The work is focused on the area of Milan Roman circus, relatively to which was conducted both a thorough philological research based on several sources and a 3D survey campaign of still accessible remains, aiming at obtaining the monumental representation of the area in 3 different ages.
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INTEGRATION OF GEODATA IN DOCUMENTING CASTLE RUINS
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2016
Textured three dimensional models are currently the one of the standard methods of representing the results of photogrammetric works. A realistic 3D model combines the geometrical relations between the structure’s elements with realistic textures of each of its elements. Data used to create 3D models of structures can be derived from many different sources. The most commonly used tool for documentation purposes, is a digital camera and nowadays terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Integration of data acquired from different sources allows modelling and visualization of 3D models historical structures. Additional aspect of data integration is possibility of complementing of missing points for example in point clouds. The paper shows the possibility of integrating data from terrestrial laser scanning with digital imagery and an analysis of the accuracy of the presented methods. The paper describes results obtained from raw data consisting of a point cloud measured using terrestrial laser scanning acquired from a Leica ScanStation2 and digital imagery taken using a Kodak DCS Pro 14N camera. The studied structure is the ruins of the Ilza castle in Poland.
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Impact of the method of registering Terrestrial Laser Scanning data on the quality of documenting cultural heritage structures
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2015
When documenting historical structures and objects, especially delicate artefacts such as pieces of sacred art, only techniques that allow remote, non-contact methods that enable the most precise measurements should be used to obtain data. TLS can be considered as such a technique however in order to obtain complete information for the entire structure, there is usually a need to acquire data from more than one measuring station. In this case, the most important and essential step of processing TLS data is the registration of scans. The paper contains a description of research and analyses concerning the registration of point clouds using three methods: manual, automatic and a combination of the two. The research was carried on measurement data from a historical synagogue. The structure was divided into three parts – three scans. The accuracy with which these scans were registered was assessed and a 3D model of the interior was created.
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3D model of al zubarah fortress in qatar-Terrestrial laser scanning vs. dense image matching
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Feb 2015
In September 2011 the fortress Al Zubarah, built in 1938 as a typical Arabic fortress and restored in 1987 as a museum, was recorded by the HafenCity University Hamburg using terrestrial laser scanning with the IMAGER 5006h and digital photogrammetry for the Qatar Museum Authority within the framework of the Qatar Islamic Archaeology and Heritage Project. One goal of the object recording was to provide detailed 2D/3D documentation of the fortress. This was used to complete specific detailed restoration work in the recent years. From the registered laser scanning point clouds several cuttings and 2D plans were generated as well as a 3D surface model by triangle meshing. Additionally, point clouds and surface models were automatically generated from digital imagery from a Nikon D70 using the open-source software Bundler/PMVS2, free software VisualSFM, Autodesk Web Service 123D Catch beta, and low-cost software Agisoft PhotoScan. These outputs were compared with the results from terrestrial laser scanning. The point clouds and surface models derived from imagery could not achieve the same quality of geometrical accuracy as laser scanning (i.e. 1–2 cm).
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4D reconstruction of the past: The image retrieval and 3D model construction pipeline
Conference Paper
Full-text available
One of the main characteristics of the Internet era we are living in, is the free and online availability of a huge amount of data. This data is of varied reliability and accuracy and exists in various forms and formats. Often, it is cross-referenced and linked to other data, forming a nexus of text, images, animation and audio enabled by hypertext and, recently, by the Web3.0 standard. Our main goal is to enable historians, architects, archaeolo- gists, urban planners and affiliated professionals to reconstruct views of historical monuments from thousands of images floating around the web. This paper aims to provide an update of our progress in designing and imple- menting a pipeline for searching, filtering and retrieving photographs from Open Access Image Repositories and social media sites and using these images to build accurate 3D models of archaeological monuments as well as enriching multimedia of cultural / archaeological interest with metadata and harvesting the end products to EU- ROPEANA. We provide details of how our implemented software searches and retrieves images of archaeological sites from Flickr and Picasa repositories as well as strategies on how to filter the results, on two levels; a) based on their built-in metadata including geo-location information and b) based on image processing and clustering techniques. We also describe our implementation of a Structure from Motion pipeline designed for producing 3D models using the large collection of 2D input images (>1000) retrieved from Internet Repositories.
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Architectural Historical 4D Documentation of the Old-Segeberg Town House by Photogrammetry, Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Historical Analysis
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Nov 2014
Education for the own present and future can be made by the examination of history. The architectural historical documentation of the Old-Segeberg town house shows one approx. 500 years civil housing tradition in a replica of an approx. 475 years old house, both being essentials parts of the 800-year history of the city Segeberg. This historic town house is one of the oldest secular buildings in Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) and has substantial value for the city's own history. In 2011 the building was geometrically recorded in detail, internally and externally, with modern 3D data acquisition methods such as digital architectural photogrammetry, panorama photography and terrestrial laser scanning. From the recorded geo-data a 3D CAD model was generated, which shows both the interior and the external area of the town house. On the basis of historical analysis six construction phases of the building have been historically proven and in CAD modelled. These epochs document the different additions and renovations in the CAD model, which were carried out over the centuries. Now these different construction phases of the building can be viewed and analysed in 4D using a specific free viewer. Additionally, a virtual tour was generated from the panorama photographs, which permits a simple and detailed visualisation of the building from the inside and outside for all interested users on the Internet. The 3D model of the current building was photo-realistically textured, including the neighbouring houses and the environment using CINEMA 4D, with the result that video sequences and an interactive visualisation have been generated. The multimedia representation of the building offers both interested visitors and expert professionals an exciting time-historical view of the town house both in the museum and over the Internet.
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INTEGRATION OF GEODATA IN DOCUMENTING CASTLE RUINS
Article
  • Jun 2016
Textured three dimensional models are currently the one of the standard methods of representing the results of photogrammetric works. A realistic 3D model combines the geometrical relations between the structure’s elements with realistic textures of each of its elements. Data used to create 3D models of structures can be derived from many different sources. The most commonly used tool for documentation purposes, is a digital camera and nowadays terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Integration of data acquired from different sources allows modelling and visualization of 3D models historical structures. Additional aspect of data integration is possibility of complementing of missing points for example in point clouds. The paper shows the possibility of integrating data from terrestrial laser scanning with digital imagery and an analysis of the accuracy of the presented methods. The paper describes results obtained from raw data consisting of a point cloud measured using terrestrial laser scanning acquired from a Leica ScanStation2 and digital imagery taken using a Kodak DCS Pro 14N camera. The studied structure is the ruins of the Ilza castle in Poland.
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