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Title of the Thesis Systematics of semi-venomous and venomous snakes of central and southern Iraq and molecular phylogeny of the genus Echis in Iraq (Ophidia: Viperidae) Supervisor: By: Title of the Thesis Systematics of semi-venomous and venomous snakes of central and southern Iraq and molecular phylogeny of the genus Echis in Iraq (Ophidia: Viperidae)
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... In the samples of the Echis in this study, the pattern of head of Zabul (Fig. 4A) and Ghaen (Fig. 4B) were observed in a narrow cross shape without spots and head mark in Aghajari Echis was broad cross shape with spots (Fig. 4C). These markings vary from an arrow to a cross-shaped mark in Echis population from Iraq [16] . These markings in previous study Iranian Saw-scaled Viper vary from the arrow mark, the broad cross and narrow cross [16] . ...
... These markings vary from an arrow to a cross-shaped mark in Echis population from Iraq [16] . These markings in previous study Iranian Saw-scaled Viper vary from the arrow mark, the broad cross and narrow cross [16] . Lateral body color pattern in saw-scaled viper reported from Iraq [16] I): larger markings, dim, high intensityspots; (J): deeply pigmented, medium intensity large spots [16] . ...
... These markings in previous study Iranian Saw-scaled Viper vary from the arrow mark, the broad cross and narrow cross [16] . Lateral body color pattern in saw-scaled viper reported from Iraq [16] I): larger markings, dim, high intensityspots; (J): deeply pigmented, medium intensity large spots [16] . In Echis omanensis from Oman, Eastern Arabia, head dorsally usually uniform gray, rarely a dark X shaped marking or, in young specimens, marked by small spots; facial band covers from 36 to 44 temporal scales in males and 34-49 temporal scales in females, facial band often abruptly ends before the postmandibular blotch, not merging with it; usually barely visible dark bands below the eye and anterior to the nasal in adults ; mostly moderately dark infralabial blotches in adults; dark, sometimes faded mid-dorsal band 5-6 dorsal scale wide connecting the dorsal blotches [17] . ...
Presented data are on the morphological characters of medically important Echis viper (Merrem, 1820) from three populations collected from Sistan-Baluchistan (Zabol)-Southeast, South Khorasan (Ghaen)-East and Khuzestan (Aghajari)-Southwest of Iran. Using 6 morphological, 14 meristic and 4 morphometric characters for morphological comparison. Results show the three snake populations are differentiated on the bases of cluster analysis of morphological and morphometric characters (P≤0.05) and populations of Zabol and Ghaen are closely related as illustrated by dendrogram. The number of ventral scales, subcaudal scales, dorsal scales, and the oblique lateral scales in the three viper's population were also significantly different (P≤0.05). On the bases of this study identification key was codified for Echis of East, SouthEast and South West populations of Iran. Reviewing the Echis viper populations across their distribution ranges, may leads us to finds their differences and recommend the use of venoms of different populations to improves the antivenin's efficacy and helps the better treatment of envenomation.
... Several Iraqi scientists recorded snakes from different habitats like Yousif (1995), Ali (1996), Husain et al. (2002), Al-Barwari and Saeed (2007), Afrasiab et al. (2012), Afrasiab and Mohamad (2014), Mohamad and Afrasiab (2015), Rhadi et al. ( 2015a,b). Al-Barazengy et al. (2015), Habeeb and Rastegar-Pouyani (2016), Rhadi (2016), Anah (2018), and Salman (2019), prepared new checklists for the Iraqi herpetofauna. Several lethal bites of E. carinatus were recorded in the middle and southern parts of Iraq. ...
... The species characteristics shown in this study's results agree with that mentioned by Mallow et al. (2003). Morphometric accounts and meristic measurements showed a higher range than that mentioned by Rhadi (2016) due to the large numbers examined and higher range of specimen size. ...
... We found that the ratio of males to females (1:1.41) is tending to be more balanced than what Rhadi (2016) found (1:3.75) of 19 specimens. ...
Echis carinatus (Schneider 1801) specimens were surveyed in four localities representing different habitats. Specimens were collected monthly for the period of September 2018 to August 2019 by several methods. A total of (43) specimen were collected during nine months (February to October). The highest number of snakes were recorded during July, which amounted to nine samples. The species preferred semi-desert habitats, places of sandy soil with many irrigational channels covered by dense vegetation, and grains cultivation farms that use huge quantities of water. It avoids agricultural areas with dense human activity. Species morphometric and meristic characteristics were measured. The female ratio exceeds males.
... Since it rests just beyond high mountains of Hawraman where found Vipera lebetina obtusa Dwigubsky 1832 (Lahony et al, 2013). Moreover, according to Rhadi (2016) five adult female specimens have been collected from north eastern Iraq: of these two specimens were collected from Diyala province, Khanaqin district (34°1 8' 26.28" N, 45° 23' 27.54" E; alt. 216m.) and three of them have been collected from Al-Khalis district (33° 49' 1.63" N, 44° 32' 56.60" E; alt. ...
... The specimens are deposited in the collection of Laboratory of Zoology at Alshohada secondary school Al-Nasiriya Province. So classified by taxonomic keys according to (Leviton at el, 1992;Rhadi, 2016). ...
... The locality described in this study is marked with a red square. Indicates as black square known locations according to Boulenger (1920), Corkill (1932), Rhadi (2016). ...
The Levant viper, Macrovipera lebetina euphratica is recorded from ALTar subdistrict (western Hammar marsh) Al-Nasiriya Province south Iraq. Information on morphological features and the biology of this subspecies is given.
... The province is traditionally home to many Marsh Arabs and also contains part of the Marshlands in southern Iraq. Once the area was an important agricultural and industrial center (Hudson, 2000;Rhadi ,2016). Situated to the east of the River Tigris, marsh of Al-Hawizeh (Hawizeh) and its associated marshes cover an area of approximately 2,200 km 2 between Amara and Basrah. ...
During a herpetological study on the Central and Southern Iraq in spring 2016, we collected 10 (eight males and two females) specimens of Hyla savignyi from Maysan provaice Al-Kahla subdistrict marsh of Al-Hawizeh. Morphometric characters of the collected specimens were investigated.
Pseudocerastes persicus (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854), Persian Horned Viper, is a venomous species found in western Iran, Pakistan, and possibly Afghanistan, with isolated populations in the UAE and Oman. Despite reports from Iraq and Türkiye, no confirmed evidence from these countries existed until now. In August 2024, a local hunter captured a live specimen in the Zurbatia Foothills in eastern Iraq, on the border with Iran. Although the specimen was not preserved, video and photographic documentation confirm its identification. This record extends the geographic range of P. persicus into eastern Iraq and emphasizes the need for further field research on this species’ distribution and conservation in the country.
Five metric and 10 meristic characters were studied in 30 specimens of Eryx (Daudin, 1803) in Bahr Al-Najaf depression, Al-Najaf Province-Iraq. According to the results, and considering the principle of priority, we concluded that the populations of E. jaculus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the study area should be classified into E. jaculus jaculus (Linnaeus, 1758) and E. jaculus familiaris Eichwald, 1831. In addition, ten specimens belonging to a population of Eryx in the area were found to differ from all other E. jaculus. They have second upper labial scale being lower than the third one scale. These specimens, which are tentatively regarded as Eryx cf. miliaris (Pallas, 1773), need more comprehensive study to clarify their taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationship using more morphological traits, ecology, and molecular studies.
The occurrence and range extension of Cerastes gasperettii gasperettiii, Leviton and Anderson, 1967, is presented based on four specimens, two sub-adults and two adult females, collected during field work from May to September 2014 on the snake fauna of central and southern Iraq. The collected specimens were identified based on the mensural, merisic and qualitative characters.
ABSTRACT An intrinsic relationship between geological and biological diversity was found at Ga´ara Depression, in the Iraqi Western Desert, about 400 km west Baghdad. Diversity of geologic resources at the studied includes: rock beds, landforms, water resources and soil types that represented in creation of well-diverse landscape of different habitat types. Biodiversity comprises wide range of plants and animals including annual and perennial grasses and shrubs and fungi, mammals, birds, reptiles, arthropods, and mollusks. Present results showed sort of distribution patterns of biotic groups related to geologic features. This correlation was obvious in some species of vertebrate as well as invertebrates. Keywords: Geodiversity, Biodiversity, Ga'ara Depression, Plants, Vertebrates, Invertebrates. Received 12/12/2013 Accepted 02/02/2014 ©2014 Society of Education, India
The Colubrid snakes of the subfamily Psammophiinae have been the subject of several phylogenetic studies, including that of Broadley (2002), Kelly et. al. (2008), and most recently as part of a wider study by Pyron et. al. (2011).
All showed the genus Psammophis as recognized in 2011 to be paraphyletic at the genus level.
Relying on these results and obvious morphological differences between the relevant species, the genus as now known is split into four genera, including the available Psammophis Boie, 1825, Dromophis Peters, 1869 and Phayrea Theobold, 1868 as well as the newly erected genus Eipperus gen. nov., defined and named according to the Zoological Code to accommodate species that fit within none of the other genera.
Furthermore, divergent taxa are assigned to three newly named subgenera and one other for which a name is already available, including two within Psammophis, namely, Elliottus subgen. nov. and Slatteryus subgen. nov., one within Dromophis namely Amphiophis Bocage, 1872 and another within Phayrea namely, Rayhammondus subgen. nov.
Keywords: new genus; subgenus; taxonomy; nomenclature; systematics; Colubridae; Psammophis; Dromophis; Phayrea; Eipperus; Psammophiinae; Elliottus; Slatteryus; Phayrea; Rayhammondus.
The recently-developed statistical method known as the "bootstrap" can be used to place confidence intervals on phylogenies. It involves resampling points from one's own data, with replacement, to create a series of bootstrap samples of the same size as the original data. Each of these is analyzed, and the variation among the resulting estimates taken to indicate the size of the error involved in making estimates from the original data. In the case of phylogenies, it is argued that the proper method of resampling is to keep all of the original species while sampling characters with replacement, under the assumption that the characters have been independently drawn by the systematist and have evolved independently. Majority-rule consensus trees can be used to construct a phylogeny showing all of the inferred monophyletic groups that occurred in a majority of the bootstrap samples. If a group shows up 95% of the time or more, the evidence for it is taken to be statistically significant. Existing computer programs can be used to analyze different bootstrap samples by using weights on the characters, the weight of a character being how many times it was drawn in bootstrap sampling. When all characters are perfectly compatible, as envisioned by Hennig, bootstrap sampling becomes unnecessary; the bootstrap method would show significant evidence for a group if it is defined by three or more characters.