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Preliminary cognitive model of a semi-mechanized picking operation
Abstract
The current paper develops a pioneering approach to the human factors of picking operations, which are addressed from a cognitive perspective. The model is established through a qualitative methodology, which based on several theories, is articulated and applied to the real situation of a dry foods company. The results combine the cognitive architecture of the operation and its relations with logistic factors to decrease the amount of human error and thus increase the service level. This model provided evidence for three logistic factors, namely, the picking zone type, the order difficulty level and the experience level; furthermore, from the cognitive perspective, attention and memory.
... The combination of the cognitive architecture of the operation can decrease the amount of human error and increase the service level. The model by (Caro, Quintana and Castillo, 2017) provided evidence for three logistic factors, namely, the picking zone type, the order difficulty level, and the experience level; furthermore, from the cognitive perspective, attention and memory. In complex manual assembly, cognitive and chronobiology aspects of work can contribute to fatigue and degrade worker performance. ...
The 1st Jordanian Conference on Logistics in the Mashreq Region was organized within the framework of the research project “JOINOLOG”, funded by the German Ministry of Education and Science.
The project’s conclusion and introduction to an audience of peers was the 1st Jordanian Conference on Logistics in the Mashreq Region (JCLM1), conducted on November 14th and 15th, 2023. These are the proceedings of this final event. They consolidate the shared efforts of all participants and speakers in JCLM1. The collection of these scientific results aims to promote logistical sciences and its transfer into application, which is reflected by their multidimensional presentation in this document.
ISBN: 978-3-9826123-0-0
Link: https://fuldok.hs-fulda.de/opus4/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1029
... Broad irrigation [72][73][74] Modern irrigation Water-saving irrigation; Perforated water pipe spray, underground irrigation, water hose irrigation, automatic sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation; Sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation; Fertilization irrigation and chemical fertilization irrigation; Precision irrigation Picking Traditional picking Manual picking [75][76][77][78][79] Modern picking Mechanized picking; Intelligent picking Primary processing Acceptance of raw materials Traditional method Manual recording [80][81][82][83] Traceability technology Bar code technology; RFID technology; Anti-counterfeiting technology Primary processing Traditional method Manual cleaning; Manual cutting; Manual packaging [84][85][86][87] Mechanical technology Automatic cleaning; High temperature baking; Vacuum packaging StorageArtificial insulation control Temperature measurement; Humidity measurement; Ice cooling [88][89][90][91] Intelligent refrigeration preservation Information collection technology; Intelligent decision-making technology; Low temperature treatment technology Transportation ...
The continual development of internet technology and its extensive applications in the business domain have enabled the development of e-commerce in relation to agricultural products. However, this development is facing some “pain points.” While middle-class consumers are displaying ever-increasing demand for high-quality agricultural products via the e-commerce environment, the quality and safety of agricultural products under this environment cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, to strengthen the evaluation of the technical level of agricultural products quality, health and safety supervision via e-commerce, understand the problems in the regulatory techniques of e-commerce of agricultural products in China, increase the agricultural product quality, health and safety supervision via e-commerce are of great importance to satisfy the growing consumer demand for e-commerce in agricultural products. Based on the comparative analysis of the evaluation methods and the establishment methods of evaluation index system, this research innovatively established quality, health and safety index system for agricultural products sold via e-commerce, which included 6 first-level and 13 second-level indices. The establishment of the index system provides a method for quality, health and safety regulation for agricultural products via e-commerce. In addition, based on the theory of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), this paper combed the key links and control points of quality and safety for agricultural products via e-commerce and provided an evaluation basis for the quality and safety management system of agricultural products under the e-commerce environment. Finally, in view of the shortcomings of the current quality and safety for agricultural products via e-commerce, and the development trend of the future electronic commerce of agricultural products, the paper put forward the countermeasures and suggestions. © 2018, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All rights reserved.
shows how one can go beyond spartan laboratory paradigms and study complex problem-solving behaviors without abandoning all methodological rigor / describes how to carry out process tracing or protocol analysis methods as a "field experiment" (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Order picking (OP) activities, essential to logistics operations, are laborious and time-intensive. Humans are central actors in the OP process and determine both OP effectiveness and efficiency. Many researchers have developed models for planning OP activities and increasing the efficiencies of such systems by suggesting different warehouse layouts, OP routes or storage assignments. These studies have, however, ignored workers’ characteristics, or human factors, suggesting that they cannot be substantiated, which led to only partially realistic results. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for integrating human factors into planning models of OP activities and hypothesises that doing so improves the performance of an OP system and workers’ welfare. The framework is based on a systematic literature review that synthesises findings documented in the OP and human factors literature. The results of the paper may assist researchers and practitioners in designing OP systems by developing planning models that help in enhancing performance and reducing long-term costs caused by work-related inefficiencies.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the prevalence of human learning in the order picking process in an experimental study. Further, it aims to compare alternative learning curves from the literature and to assess which learning curves are most suitable to describe learning in order picking.
Design/methodology/approach
An experimental study was conducted at a manufacturer of household products. Empirical data was collected in the order picking process, and six learning curves were fitted to the data in a regression analysis.
Findings
It is shown that learning occurs in order picking, and that the learning curves of Wright, De Jong and Dar‐El et al. and the three‐parameter hyperbolic model are suitable to approximate the learning effect. The Stanford B model and the time constant model led to unrealistic results.
Practical implications
The results imply that human learning should be considered in planning the order picking process, for example in designing the layout of the warehouse or in setting up work schedules.
Originality/value
The paper is the first to study learning effects in order picking systems, and one of the few papers that use empirical data from an industrial application to study learning effects.
In cognitive work there is a mutual adaptation of agents' strategies, affordances of artefacts, and demands of the work setting. Regularities in cognitive work concern dynamic interactions across of these sets of factors. Since cognitive work systems are not decomposable into independent basic elements, different empirical tactics are necessary, though core values of observation, discovery, and establishing warrant remain fundamental guides. Functional analysis is a mode of research that can cope with the unique difficulties of studying and designing cognitive work in context. Functional analysis is a process that coordinates multiple techniques in order to unpack complex wholes to find the structure and function of the parts within the whole. Central to the empirical techniques orchestrated is observation. Three families of techniques emerge which vary in how they shape the conditions of observation: natural history or in situ observation, staged world or observation of performance in simulated situations as models of what is important in situ, and spartan labs settings where observation occurs in experimenter created artificial tasks. The chapter discusses how to coordinate these techniques in a discovery process that reveals the mutual adaptation of strategies, affordances, and demands and predicts how these dynamic processes will play out in response to change.
Order picking process is the most laborious activity in warehouse. The target of this paper is to identify the opportunities how to reduce order picker's travel distance in Very Narrow Aisle (VNA) shelf area warehouse. In pursuance of the targets of this paper, various different aspects are taken into account herein as follows: size of warehouse, storage, layout, routing. For optimisation of order picking process, the paper suggests some new approaches: volume‐based storage method 'across‐floors'; usage of correlation between order picking efficiency and stock accuracy. Research provided herein defines combinations of best individually applied strategies resulting in minimising travel distance.
Supply chain management (SCM) has been increasingly adopted by companies world- wide so as to utilize better their supply chain activities for competitive advantages. This paper reviews the relationships between total quality management (TQM) and SCM and concludes that existing SCM models have inadequacies which can be enriched by TQM principles and concepts. The authors selected Kanji's Business Excellence model, which uses TQM principles and concepts to help companies achieve business excellence, to ful® l the inadequacies of the existing SCM models and to create a new structured model for SCM. The model was tested with the data using the supply chain activities of 139 companies in Hong Kong. The results support that the structured model provides a good ® t for the supply chain activities. Business excellence indices, which can be obtained for companies' SCM, can be further developed based on this new model.
Many studies have addressed the issue of coordination in a supply chain. Coordinating mechanisms such as joint lot sizing models, quantity discounts and delay in payments have been used to achieve coordination in a supply chain. An important omission in this literature is the role of human factors, in particular inspection errors and learning, as a tool to improve coordination in a supply chain. In this paper, two coordination mechanisms found in the literature are integrated into a model for a two-level supply chain in which the incoming quality level of raw materials provided to a vendor by a set of suppliers is not perfect. The model addresses supply chain coordination by specifically investigating the role of different human factors on the total cost of the supply chain. These factors are: (a) type I and type II inspection errors; (b) learning in the production process; and (c) learning in quality at the suppliers' end. Numerical examples are used to compare the costs of the three extensions with the base model (with no defectives).
Order picking has long been identified as the most labour-intensive and costly activity for almost every warehouse; the cost of order picking is estimated to be as much as 55% of the total warehouse operating expense. Any underperformance in order picking can lead to unsatisfactory service and high operational cost for the warehouse, and consequently for the whole supply chain. In order to operate efficiently, the order-picking process needs to be robustly designed and optimally controlled. This paper gives a literature overview on typical decision problems in design and control of manual order-picking processes. We focus on optimal (internal) layout design, storage assignment methods, routing methods, order batching and zoning. The research in this area has grown rapidly recently. Still, combinations of the above areas have hardly been explored. Order-picking system developments in practice lead to promising new research directions.
Evaluations of task guidance systems often focus on evaluations of new technologies rather than comparing the nuances of interaction across the various systems. One common domain for task guidance systems is warehouse order picking. We present a method involving an easily reproducible ecologically motivated order picking environment for quantitative user studies designed to reveal differences in interactions. Using this environment, we perform a 12 participant within-subjects experiment demonstrating the advantages of a head-mounted display based picking chart over a traditional text-based pick list, a paper-based graphical pick chart, and a mobile pick-by-voice system. The test environment proved sufficiently sensitive, showing statistically significant results along several metrics with the head-mounted display system performing the best. We also provide a detailed analysis of the strategies adopted by our participants.
Theories of visual attention deal with the limit on our ability to see (and later report) several things at once. These theories fall into three broad classes. Object-based theories propose a limit on the number of separate objects that can be perceived simultaneously. Discrimination-based theories propose a limit on the number of separate discriminations that can be made. Space-based theories propose a limit on the spatial area from which information can be taken up. To distinguish these views, the present experiments used small (less than 1 degree), brief, foveal displays, each consisting of two overlapping objects (a box with a line struck through it). It was found that two judgments that concern the same object can be made simultaneously without loss of accuracy, whereas two judgments that concern different objects cannot. Neither the similarity nor the difficulty of required discriminations, nor the spatial distribution of information, could account for the results. The experiments support a view in which parallel, preattentive processes serve to segment the field into separate objects, followed by a process of focal attention that deals with only one object at a time. This view is also able to account for results taken to support both discrimination-based and space-based theories.
This paper discusses the results from a number of case studies carried out within a research project concerned with the design and performance of materials kitting systems. The paper focuses on the design of the kitting systems in terms of location of the order picking activity, work organisation, picking method, information system and equipment. These design considerations are related to performance measurements, such as picking efficiency and picking accuracy, and are discussed in relation to the preconditions of the kitting system. In kitting systems, results show that picking efficiency and accuracy can be improved by making better use of the product structure when designing the picking information and when deciding the storage assignment policy. Also, batching of picking orders is cost efficient when extensive sorting and administration can be avoided. In general, combining the work roles of assembly and picking results in less administration.
Theories of visual attention deal with the limit on our ability to see (and later report) several things at once. These theories fall into three broad classes. Object-based theories propose a limit on the number of separate objects that can be perceived simultaneously. Discrimination-based theories propose a limit on the number of separate discriminations that can be made. Space-based theories propose a limit on the spatial area from which information can be taken up. To distinguish these views, the present experiments used small (less than 1 degree), brief, foveal displays, each consisting of two overlapping objects (a box with a line struck through it). It was found that two judgments that concern the same object can be made simultaneously without loss of accuracy, whereas two judgments that concern different objects cannot. Neither the similarity nor the difficulty of required discriminations, nor the spatial distribution of information, could account for the results. The experiments support a view in which parallel, preattentive processes serve to segment the field into separate objects, followed by a process of focal attention that deals with only one object at a time. This view is also able to account for results taken to support both discrimination-based and space-based theories.
This article is mainly devoted to the presentation of a particular technique of individual protocol coding, within a general framework of cognitive activity analysis in dynamic situations, as discussed in a related article (Amalberti & Hoc, 1998). This presentation should enable the reader to use the technique. This article evokes the main features of the general framework, and then fully describes a particular coding scheme. The second section presents the type of situation referred to (partly controlled by the human operator), the cognitive architecture related to it, and some examples that will be used as illustrations in the third section which presents the coding scheme. This scheme makes use of the predicate-arguments formalism. Predicates code elementary cognitive activities. Arguments express mental representations and more specific features of activities. Three classes of individual activities are considered: information elaboration (before the interpretative processes), diagnosis (mainly interpretation and inference), and decision-making (including decision assessment). A third class is added to describe cooperative activities, and some metastrategic activities are considered. This third section is illustrated by several examples showing the Type of results which were obtained from the application of the coding scheme. The fourth section of the article is devoted to important questions raised during the successive steps of the analysis: protocol encoding (compromise between the general value of the results and the domain specificity; compromise between the ease of encoding and the needs of the data analysis; the link between the grain of the analysis, the aims and the means of the study; the encoding focus and reproducibility), the data analysis (elicitation of some properties of a cognitive model), and the conclusions (description, explanation, interpretation, theoretical and practical benefits).
The introduced methodical approach connects Value Stream Mapping (VSM) and Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) and offers new distinct advantages to reduce lead time and increase productivity based on lean principles and standardised processes. The mutually aligned design and improvement of assembly and (production) logistic processes takes either the workplaces, their surroundings and the supply areas as well as the overall value chain into account. The identification and exploitation of productivity potentials is realised by the joint application of VSM and MTM focussing the (work) methods, the performance and the utilisation of the processes (the dimensions of productivity).Principles, benefits and the procedure of application are described in the paper. A practical example highlights the redesign of assembly workplaces and the redesign of (production) logistic processes to reduce inventory/lead time using logistical and ergonomic aspects specially applying MTM logistic process elements.
The study aimed to improve ergonomics, i.e. to increase productivity, quality, and work satisfaction of operators working in a harsh environment (i.e. freezer storage facilities) through the use of an audio feedback system. The operators’ job was to select ice-cream products from a distribution warehouse to fulfill customer orders. A field experiment was carried out to compare the conventional method (the use of paper pick list) and the new method (the use of an audio pick list system). The audio system included audio feedback which enabled the operator to verify the correct storage location before selecting product from its location. Results showed that the use of the audio system was more effective as productivity of picking task increased by 43%, quality improved through reduction of more than two-thirds picking errors, and work satisfaction increased as hand motions used in the paper pick list system with gloved hands were eliminated. The impact of this study suggests that harsh environments with similar work flows can be aided with an audio feedback system, weighing the costs and benefits of the system from the perspective of ergonomics, quality, and productivity.
This paper describes the definition and the characteristics of human errors. Different types of human behavior are classified, and their relation to different error mechanisms are analyzed. The effect of conditioning factors related to affective, motivating aspects of the work situation as well as physiological factors are also taken into consideration. The taxonomy for event analysis, including human malfunction, is presented. Possibilities for the prediction of human error are discussed. The need for careful studies in actual work situations is expressed. Such studies could provide a better understanding of the complexity of human error situations as well as the data needed to characterize these situations.
Global value chains are evolving into dynamic process networks in which companies connect in novel combinations based on the context and requirements of individual projects. Network orchestrators create a framework for project interactions and manage them for short term and long term goals. This dynamic environment requires effective communication, team management, and constant lifecycle innovation. Human factors insights in these areas are critical for the effective development of global process networks. This paper presents an overview of the structure of global process networks and the human factors dimensions that affect their success.
In this paper a mathematical model is developed for determining the optimal number of inspections for multicharacteristic components where failure can be catastrophic. The model optimizes the expected total cost per accepted component resulting from (1) type I errors, (2) type II errors, (3) cost of added inspection, and (4) ordering of quality characteristics for inspection. The model considers components with several characteristics to be inspected. Failure to meet the quality requirements of any one characteristic results in the rejection of the component. Taking into consideration all three costs referred to above, a mathematical expression for expected total cost per accepted component is obtained. Also, an expression is developed for finding the optimal sequence of characteristic inspection. Finally, a computational procedure is outlined to determine the optimal sequence of characteristic inspection and the optimal number of inspections using the two expressions stated above.
Although numerous behavioral variables (e.g., personality traits, incentives, nature of supervision) have documented relationships with quantity and quality of output, i.e., performance, in production systems, existing production and operations management models are dominated by technological variables. The article addresses three questions: 1. Which technological and behavioral variables influence productive system performance? 2. How do behavioral and technological variables interact? 3. Which variables are most important under different circumstances in determining performance?
An expectancy‐equity model, patterned on research by Lawler [22], presents proposed relationships among variables in production systems, which are classified along a continuum from high to low process predictability. Predominant determinants of performance in various types of systems (e.g., continuous process, job shop, R&D project) are considered in light of the model. Implications for designers and analysts of productive systems and for future research are discussed.
IntroductionMMH Capacity DesignTools and Databases for Task DesignPrevention and Reduction of Lower Back DisordersMMH Research NeedsMMH Training and StandardsConclusions
References
For industrial organizations, as well as others, the general pursuit of optimized performance is nothing new. Changed frame
conditions, for example globalization, increased transparency caused by information technology and the world wide web as well
as increasing customer demands result in a performance pressure – not only for companies but also for the shop floor level.
But other developments like the discussion about corporate social responsibility (ZINK 2003) – or more general about sustainability
in its triple bottom line understanding e.g. in the context of global supply chains – are new demands for companies as well.
Purpose
This paper aims to illustrate the use of data envelopment analysis (DEA) in measuring internal supply chain performance.
Design/methodology/approach
Two DEA models were developed – the technical efficiency model and the cost efficiency model. The models are further enhanced with scenario analysis to derive more meaningful business insights for managers in making resources planning decisions.
Findings
The information obtained from the DEA models helps managers to identify the inefficient operations and take the right remedial actions for continuous improvement. More importantly, the opportunity cost (forgone profit) calculated serves as a good reference to managers to make efficient decisions on resource allocations.
Research limitations/implications
Results are based on the deterministic data set. Future enhancement of the study would be to look into the possibility of modeling DEA in a stochastic supply chain environment (non‐deterministic) due to the fact that supply chain operates in a dynamic environment.
Practical implications
The proposed DEA‐based approach provides useful managerial implications in the measurement of supply chain efficiency. The study proves the usefulness of DEA as a decision‐making tool in supply chain.
Originality/value
This paper provides useful insights into the use of DEA as a modeling tool to aid managerial decision making in measuring supply chain efficiency.
Order picking is one of the most crucial factors for efficient warehouse management. Most of previous research in order picking in a warehouse considered only the picker-to-part or part-to-picker system; however, the pick-and-pass system plays an increasingly important role because of the growth of e-commerce and time-based competition. This paper develops an analytical model for the pick-and-pass system by describing the operation of a picker as a Markov Chain for the estimation of the expected distance traveled of the picker in a picking line. Based on the proposed analytical model, this study derives properties of storage assignment and proposes three algorithms that optimally allocate items to storages for the cases of a single picking zone, a picking line with unequal-sized zones, and a picking line with equal-sized zones in a pick-and-pass system.
This paper is intended to provide a critical literature review on supply chain performance measurement. The study aims at revealing the basic research methodologies/approaches followed, problem areas and requirements for the performance management of the new supply chain era. The review study covers articles coming from major journals related with the topic, including a taxonomy study and detailed investigation as to the methodologies, approaches and findings of these works. The methodology followed during the conduct of this research includes starting with a broad base of articles lying at the intersection of supply chain, information technology (IT), performance measurement and business process management topics and then screening the list to have a focus on supply chain performance measurement. Findings reveal that performance measurement in the new supply era is still an open area of research. Further need of research is identified regarding framework development, empirical cross-
This paper presents a detailed survey of the research on warehouse design, performance evaluation, practical case studies, and computational support tools. This and an earlier survey on warehouse operation provide a comprehensive review of existing academic research results in the framework of a systematic classification. Each research area within this framework is discussed, including the identification of the limits of previous research and of potential future research directions.
There is a growing need to study factors that affect user comprehension of Business Process Management (BPM) information portrayed by graphical process models (GPMs). For example, deployment of BPM Systems, unique types of enterprise-level information systems, has dramatically increased in recent years. This increase is primarily because BPM Systems give a variety of managers across an enterprise the ability to directly design, configure, enact, monitor, diagnose, and control business processes that other types of enterprise systems do not. This is possible because BPM Systems uniquely rely on GPMs derived from formal graph theory. Besides controlling the business processes, these GPMs, such as metagraphs and Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams, portray business process information (BPI) and prompt BPM managers to apply their training and expertise to deal with BPM situations. As a result, GPMs are the primary information artifacts for decision-making and communication among different, often geographically dispersed stakeholders. Therefore, user comprehension of these unique GPMs is critical to the efficient and effective development, deployment, and utilization of BPM Systems. User comprehension outcomes are jointly affected by the (1) BPM cognitive resources available to each manager (including the type of GPM, BPI, and user educational training and experience), and (2) cognitive differences between individual BPM managers (such as their mental workload, cognitive styles and cognitive abilities). Although research has studied GPMs in various contexts, there is apparently no empirical research investigating GPM user comprehension in the context of BPM Systems. This research makes an important contribution by addressing this gap in the literature. Statement of the Objective The purpose of this research is to empirically study how BPM cognitive resources and cognitive differences between individuals affect outcomes of GPM user comprehension. This research centered on the following objectives: A. Investigate whether more positive user comprehension outcomes are produced by novice users if a single GPM technique is used to portray different types of BPI (e.g., as with metagraphs) or if different GPM techniques are used to portray different types of BPI (e.g., as with UML diagrams). B. Investigate whether one type of BPI is more easily comprehended and interpreted by novice users irrespective of the type of GPM or the type of educational training of the user. C. Investigate whether users with a specific type of user educational training can more easily comprehend and interpret BPM information irrespective of the type of GPM or the type of BPI. D. System requirements: PC, World Wide Web browser, and PDF reader. Available electronically via the Internet. Title from electronic submission form. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2007. Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
This is the second part of a study on a mail order picking task. In the first part of the study, recognition time was addressed by varying colour, position and highlighting cues in a computer-simulated version of the picking task. This study addresses the product acquisition time. Shelf coding and continuous presentation of the address information were varied in a factorial experiment in which 14 subjects (seven experts and seven novices) had participated. Experts were slower but more accurate than the novices. Continuous display of address information appears to be a good training aid for implementing new shelf coding systems, and for new operators. Shelf coding effect appears to disappear with practice. A summary of the recommendations is given.
Filling mail order request forms requires the picker to determine if the items ordered on the form are in his/her bay, reading the bin address and picking the item. An order form was investigated to determine if ergonomics improvements would result in improved productivity and accuracy. Colour, position and highlighting cues were systematically varied in a computer-simulated version of the picking task. It was concluded that colour and position significantly influence the processing time, while highlighting had no effect on processing time. Expert pickers were slower, but more accurate than the novice pickers. Recommendations for improving the order forms were made and implemented, with very encouraging results.
Neurexins are polymorphic synaptic membrane proteins generated by alternative splicing of transcripts from six promoters in three genes (two promoters in each gene) at five canonical sites. Neurexins and factors regulating their alternative splicing may orchestrate coordinated presynaptic and postsynaptic development. Bioinformatic analysis revealed several sequence elements that could be involved in the regulation of alternative splicing at splice site 4 (SS#4); among them elements suspected as intronic binding sites of polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB), and its neuron specific analog nPTB. The role of nPTB in neurexin-2alpha and beta SS#4 splicing were studied using small interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence nPTB expression. Transformed rat retinal ganglion (RGC-5) cells expressed nPTB, PTB and neurexin-2alpha (mostly exon 20 excluded form) but not neurexin-2beta. Mouse spinal-cord glioma hybrid (NSC-34) cells expressed nPTB, PTB and both neurexin-2alpha and beta (mostly exon 20 included form). nPTB-siRNA inhibited nPTB but not PTB expression and significantly enhanced neurexin-2alpha SS# 4 exon-excluded transcript in both cell types. Neurexin-2beta SS#4 splicing was not affected by nPTB-siRNA. These results show a role for nPTB in neurexin-2alpha alternative splicing. The differential enhancement of SS# 4 exon exclusion in neurexin-2alpha suggests that the effects of nPTB are mediated via additional site(s) present in neurexin-2alpha but not in the shorter, beta form.
Order picking is one of the most crucial tasks in a distribution center. Picking accuracy critically depends on the use of appropriate order picking strategy. The purpose of this paper is thus to propose a computer-based procedure that can determine such order picking strategies. The mechanism of this procedure is two-phase. An analytic method is first employed to classify all orders into five categories. Computer simulation then follows to generate the appropriate picking strategies that correspond to each type of the orders classified. An example demonstrating the implementation of the procedure was provided. This paper also included analysis of variance that examined the significant effect of different order picking strategies.
Human error before and after the implementation of mechanized sorting system in a distribution center
- M Caro
- T Segura
- L Quintana
Analyse des activités cognitives en situation dynamique: D’un cadre théorique à une méthode
- Hoc
The discipline of ergonomics and human factors. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics
- W Karwowski