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Bat hibernacula inventory and microclimate monitoring study, Grand Canyon‐Parashant National Monument (Final Report)

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Jut Wynne at Northern Arizona University
Jut Wynne
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Abstract and Figures

Addressing a knowledge gap concerning the winter ecology of bats on Grand Canyon-‐Parashant National Monument in preparation for the western advance of white-‐nose syndrome (WNS), this paper provides a summary of a three‐year study to estimate population trends of two known cave-roosting bat hibernacula (PARA-0901 and PARA-1401 Caves). Beginning in 2011, we sampled all caves (total 11) likely to support hibernating bats on both Parashant and adjacent BLM lands. Through this effort, colleagues and I identified two hibernacula and three torpor roosts. All but one torpor roost was located on Parashant. The two hibernacula caves became the focus of work in subsequent years (2012 and 2013). Total numbers of hibernating bats ranged from 44 to 51 in PARA­‐0901 Cave, and four to 17 in PARA-­1401 Cave. Most of the bats detected were Corynorhinus townsendii with Myotis sp. infrequently detected in both caves. No visible signs of white­‐nose syndrome (WNS) were observed during the three-year period on either hibernating bats visually examined or in post-­field examination of photographs. Analysis of six sediment samples (with 1 control on surface) from PARA-­0901 Cave tested negative for Pseudogymnoascus destructans (the fungus that causes WNS). In PARA-0901 Cave, the largest hibernaculum, we deployed 41 data loggers and in PARA-­1001 Cave, a non-­hibernaculum cave, we deployed 42 to collect rock surface temperature, ambient temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure data for two years. For both PARA-0901 and PARA-­1001, we collected 3D cartography data, 3D geospatial data of all microclimatic instrument locations, and 3D geospatial data of all observed hibernating bats. These data will be used to develop models to characterize how microhabitats are selected for hibernation. I will use these models to (a) parameterize habitat requirements of bat hibernacula for at least one cave and (b) simulate climate change effects on this cave to predict whether this roost will become unsuitable for bats at some point in the future. PARA-­1401 Cave was gated in 2009; as a result, the roost is now protected. Presently, PARA-­0901 Cave lacks any safeguards. This cave is the largest known hibernacula on the monument (and in northern Arizona, in general) and is located within one mile of a frequently used cattle tank and corral and is within 300 feet of a single-­track road. To best protect this roost, we recommend this cave be closed to recreational use and the lower chamber ultimately gated. Recommendations are also provided for the establishment of a Western states comprehensive sampling and monitoring strategy of hibernacula for early detection of WNS.
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FINAL!REPORT:!
Bat!Hibernacula!Inventory!and!Microclimate!Monitoring!Study,!
Grand!CanyonDParashant!National!Monument,!AZ!
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Submitted!to:!
Grand&Canyon*Parashant&National&Monument&
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Submitted!by:!
J.&Judson&Wynne,&Ph.D.&
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08!MAY!2015(
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Table!of!Contents!
Abstract!..........................................................................................................................................................................................!1!
Introduction!.................................................................................................................................................................................!1!
!Winter!Movements!of!Arizona!Bats!.................................................................................................................................!2!
!Arousal!during!Hibernation!................................................................................................................................................!2!
!Spread!of!White;nose!Syndrome!.......................................................................................................................................!3!
!Bat;to;Bat!Transmission!of!WNS!......................................................................................................................................!3!
Objectives!......................................................................................................................................................................................!4!
Methods!..........................................................................................................................................................................................!4!
!Study!Area!.................................................................................................................................................................................!4!
!Site!Selection!.............................................................................................................................................................................!4!
!Census!Protocols!......................................................................................................................................................................!5!
!Temperature!Data!..................................................................................................................................................................!5!
!Visual!Examination!and!Photography!............................................................................................................................!5!
!WNS!Decontamination!Protocols!.....................................................................................................................................!5!
!3D!Mapping!of!Caves!.............................................................................................................................................................!5!
!3D!Mapping!of!Bats!................................................................................................................................................................!5!
!Sediment!Sampling!of!Cave!Microbes!.............................................................................................................................!6!
!LiDAR!Mapping!........................................................................................................................................................................!6!
!Withholding!Cave!Names!.....................................................................................................................................................!6!
Results!............................................................................................................................................................................................!6!
!Hibernacula!Surveys!..............................................................................................................................................................!6!
!Roost!and!Bat!Temperature!Data!....................................................................................................................................!7!
!Visual!Examination!and!Photography!............................................................................................................................!7!
!3D!Mapping!and!3D!Location!Data!of!Bats!and!Data!Loggers!.............................................................................!8!
!Sediment!Sampling!of!Cave!Microbes!.............................................................................................................................!8!
Discussion!.....................................................................................................................................................................................!9!
Recommendations!..................................................................................................................................................................!10!
Conclusions!................................................................................................................................................................................!11!
Acknowledgements!................................................................................................................................................................!11!
Literature!Cited!........................................................................................................................................................................!12!
Appendix!I!(Sediment!Sampling!Protocol)!....................................................................................................................!15!
Appendix!II!(Plotted!Locations!of!Bats!within!Caves)!..............................................................................................!17!
Appendix!III!(Data!Logger!Locations!within!Two!Caves)!.......................................................................................!26!
Appendix!IV!(Sediment!Sampling!Locations!within!PARA;0901)!........................................................................!28!
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Entrance Configuration
Cave
Agency
Use
Width
Height
Slope
Aspect
Elevation (m)
[=g=1DIDE
5[6
P
EC@Z
C@Z
e
fS
E8VfU
[=g=1EZDE
5[6
P
D@U
E@Z
R
D
E8SEI
[=g=1FVDE
5[6
Y
C@EV
C@SI
P
EFD
E8ECE
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S
[=g=1CSDC
5[6
Y
D@VF
D@V
R
D
fZE
A"::";&+&
JBA
Y
F@EU
E@ZS
R
EDI
E8FVI
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0/* [=g=1DIDE L),& )-+ 1D@DE #/ C@VVm L 0/* [=g=1EZDE L),& 0/* #$& #$*&& 2&)* ()3;:"-9 ;&*"/+@
A&#$/+( '&*& &?;)-+&+ #/ "-.:>+& </+2 #&3;&*)#>*& "- CDEC@ N/* CDEC )-+ CDEF8 ),&*)9& </+2
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[=g=1EZDE L),&(@ g&0&* #/ Table 3@
Table 2@Y/#): ->3<&* /0 <)#( <2 (;&."&( )-+ #/#): /<(&*,&+ 0/* [=g=1DIDE )-+ [=g=1EZDE L),&( +>*"-9
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COTO
MYSP
Total
CDEE
[=g=1DIDE
ZF
E
ZZ
[=g=1EZDE
EV
C
Ef
CDEC
[=g=1DIDE
Zf
F
VD
[=g=1EZDE
Z
D
Z
CDEF
[=g=1DIDE
VE
D
VE
[=g=1EZDE
Z
E
V
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Cave and
Year
TA (avg)
TA (max)
TA (min)
TR (avg)
TR (max)
TR (min)
TB (avg)
TB (max)
TB (min)
PARA%0901
CDEE 45 X ZZ7
U@Vf
I@Z
S@C
F@IU
U@Z
C@f
11
11
11
CDEC 45 X VD7
U@UE
EE@F
S
Z@UZ
I@F
F@F
Z@IS
I@F
F@F
CDEF 45 X VE7
1C@UC
E@IZ
1I@SE
F@f
f@f
E@Z
F@SZ
f@Z
E@I
PARA%1401
CDEE 45 X Ef7
F@f
V@S
D@F
E@CC
F@Z
1D@I
11
11
11
CDEC 45 X Z7
f@FF
f@I
S@V
C@VV
F
C
C@SV
C@I
C@S
CDEF 45 X V7
1S@fZ
C@SE
1S@fZ
1D@DE
C@VS
1E@I
D@ZF
C@VS
1D@f
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Conclusions
[=g=1DIDE L),& ($/>:+ <& 9)#&+ #/ ;*/#&.# #$& :)*9&(# H-/'- $"<&*-).>:) /- #$& [)*)($)-#@
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()3;:& ./::&.#"/- #&.$-"O>&( "- $"<&*-).>:)M 4C7 "+&-#"0".)#"/- /0 3/-"#/*"-9 ("#&( '"#$"- &).$
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$"<&*-).>:)@
Acknowledgements
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e)-"&::& 5&:(/- 0/* #$&"* )+3"-"(#*)#",& (>;;/*# )-+ :/9"(#". )(("(#)-.&@ Y$)-H( #/ 5[6 B)H& A&)+
L/33>-".)#"/-( L&-#&* 0/* #$&"* (>;;/*# )-+ '&)#$&* >;+)#&( '$":& "- #$& 0"&:+@ 6)- J&*-)*+"-/
L/>-#2 6&)*.$ )-+ g&(.>&8 h2:& R/2:&( )-+ k/- k)(;&*8 *&3)"-&+ /- &3&*9&-.2 (#)-+1<2 +>*"-9
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DIDE L),&@[&#& h&:(&2 )-+ A".$)&: [&#&*( ;*/,"+&+ #$& "3)9&( 0/* 0"9>*&( F )-+ Z8 *&(;&.#",&:2@
e):& [)#& ;*/,"+&+ "-("9$#0>: ./33&-#( :&)+"-9 #/ #$& "3;*/,&3&-# /0 #$"( *&;/*#@ A/(# /0 #$&(&
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6;*&)+ /0 !$"#&15/(& 62-+*/3& "- 5/*#$ =3&*".)- J)#( )-+ ) B//H #/ #$& N>#>*&@ J*1 D$%$*#02 :$-% VCc
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A/->3&-#(8 5)#"/-): [)*H 6&*,".&8 Ef ;;(@
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-/#&( /- &./:/92 )-+ 3)-)9&3&-#@ @$%1$#' :,#12 !=$#&0*' :*1<#*.&%1 fZc ETEf@
Appendix I.
Cave Soil/Sediment Sampling Protocol
Materials
• !"#$% #'()"%*(' *+((,*- ./0.1.02$%%3 4(.%5)'$,,"0 $/0 $2#(+%$1"0
• 6#"'.%" 78 9: *+'")5+$, +(/.+$% #2;"*
• <$'$4.%9
• =0>"*.1" %$;"%*
• <%$*#.+ *$9,%" #2;" *#('$?" ;(@ ).#> *"+2'$;%" %.0 $/0 /( 0'$./$?" >(%"*
• A(2*">(%0 ;%"$+>
• 6,'$3 ;(##%"
• <$,"' #()"%*
• 7 ?$% B.,%(+ ;$?*
• C.#'.%" (' %$#"@ ?%(1"*
Notes
• =# *$9,%./? %(+$#.(/- 0"*.?/$#" *",$'$#" ,$'D./?- 0"+(/#$9./$#.(/- $/0 *$9,%./? *.#"*E
• F"$' ?%(1"* )>"/ >$/0%./? ;%"$+> $/0 *$9,%./?E
• G"0.+$#" *",$'$#" B.,%(+ ;$?* #( *#('" 2*"0 *+((,*- *$9,%" #2;"*- $/0 #'$*> $# "$+>
*.#"E
• HE6E FC6 0"+(/#$9./$#.(/ ?2.0"%./"* $'" $1$.%$;%" $#
>##,IJJ)))E)>.#"/(*"*3/0'(9"E('?J#(,.+*J0"+(/#$9./$#.(/
Methods
7E :$;"% *$9,%" #2;"* ).#> $ 2/.K2" LG M 2*./? %$*"'5,'./#"0 %$;"%*E
NE <'",$'" 7OP ;%"$+> ./ *,'$3 ;(##%"E Q>.* 0.*./4"+#$/# '"9$./* "44"+#.1" 4(' NR >(2'*E
SE =# *$9,%./? *.#"- +%"$' 0";'.* $/0 ('?$/.+ 9$#"'.$% 4'(9 #>" *(.%J*"0.9"/# *2'4$+"E
RE H*./? $ *#"'.%" *+((,- +(%%"+# $,,'(@.9$#"%3 TE8 ? *(.%J*"0.9"/# UV8 9:W 4'(9 *2'4$+"
$/0 ,2# ./#( *$9,%" #2;"E !$D" *2'" #2;" +$, .* *+'")"0 (/ #.?>#%3E
8E 6"$% 2*"0 *+((,* ./ #>".' ()/ B.,%(+ ;$?E
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TE <2# #2;"* ./ ,%$*#.+ *#('$?" ;(@ %$;"%"0 ).#> /$9"- 0$#"- $/0 *$9,%./? %(+$#.(/E 6"$%
#>.* ;(@ ./ $ B.,%(+ ;$?E
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0"+(/#$9./$#.(/ *.#"E !$D" *2'" $* 92+> $.' $* ,(**.;%" >$* ;""/ *K2""\"0 (2# (4 #>"
*$9,%" #2;" ;$? $* ,(**.;%"E G( /(# (,"/ B.,%(+ ;$?* $?$./E
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;$?* ).#> 7OP ;%"$+>E 6,'$3 ?%(1"* $?$./ $/0 ).," (2#*.0" (4 *,'$3 ;(##%" ).#> >$/0*E
6,'$3 ?%(1"* (/" %$*# #.9" $/0 0(44 #>"9E :"# 0"+(/#$9./$#"0 ;$?* *.# ./ +(/#$+# ).#>
;%"$+> 7O 9./- #>"/ 0'3 (44 ).#> ,$,"' #()"%*E G.*,(*" (4 #>" %$*# ,$.' (4 ?%(1"* $/0
,$,"' #()"%* ./ '"?2%$' #'$*>E
77E F$*> >$/0* ).#> *($, $/0 )$#"' U,'"4"'$;%3W (' $%+(>(% >$/0 *$/.#.\"' ;"#)""/
*$9,%./? %(+$#.(/*E
7NE ]$+D $# #>" %$;- 0.*,(*" (4 #'$*> $* ;.(>$\$'0 )$*#"E 6+((,* 9$3 ;" 0"+(/#$9./$#"0 ./
7OP ;%"$+> ;$#> ;"4('" 42'#>"' 2*"E
7SE <$+D *$9,%"* 2,'.?># ./ $ 6#3'(4($9 +(/#$./"' ).#> +$'0;($'0 (1"',$+DE H*" *244.+."/#
,$+D./? 9$#"'.$% #( D"", #2;" *#('$?" ;(@"* 4'(9 9(1./?E L+" (' +(%0 ;%(+D* $'" /(#
/"+"**$'3E Q$," #>" 6#3'(4($9 %.0 *>2# ).#> ,$+D./? #$,"E
^(' 9('" ./4('9$#.(/I
_"1./ G'""*
_"1./EG'""*`2/>E"02
H/.1"'*.#3 (4 C") A$9,*>.'"
G",$'#9"/# (4 !(%"+2%$'- Z"%%2%$'- $/0 ].(9"0.+$% 6+."/+"*
N[S a209$/ A$%%
RX Z(%%"?" a($0
G2'>$9- CA OSYNR5NX7Y
Slope......
Rocks..............
Pit/Sink....
Underlying
Passage.......
Mano......
PARA-0901
Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument
Mojave County, AZ
Surveyed By:
Kyle Voyles
Jon Jasper
Justin Epps
2-20-06
Kyle Voyles
Ty Spatta
4-24-06
Length: 375 Ft
Depth:-77 Ft
20 FT
N
Corynorhinus townsendii
4
43-44
2-3
26-35
37-42
1
6-25, 36
5
(Wall 1)
(Wall 2)
Majority of bats found on ceiling of a
room charaacterized by angular corbelled arch
like ceiling. Wall 1 and 2 denote either side
of corbel arch. Lineaer pattern of each wall was
how bats were positioned on the ceiling.
Myotis sp.
02/2011
Appendix II.
Sketch of Lower Passage,
Not to Scale.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9-16 (2 individuals
not plotted)
PARA-1401
Grand Canyon Parashant National Monument
Mohave Co., AZ
17 - not plotted correctly.
map does not
include side passage.
Corynorhinus townsendii
Myotis sp.
02/2011
Survreyed Length: 193 Ft
Surveyed Depth: 39 Ft
Suerveyed By:
Kyle Voyles
Jason Ballensky
3-1-08
Tape and Compass
Cartography By Kyle Voyles
Rocks
Ceiling Height
A
A’
A’
A
T T
Ent.
3
10
8
8
6
4
8
8
5
Rock Cairn
Cordage
1
N
20 Ft
1
Corynorhinus townsendii
02/2011
PARA-3501
Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument
Mohave County, Arizona
PARA-2602
Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument
Mohave County, Arizona
Plan
Profile
Ent.
Surveyed BY:
Kyle Voyles
Jut Wynne
9-23-05
Cartography By Kyle Voyles
Surveyed Length: 219.1 Ft
Surveyed Depth: -78 Ft
Ent.
20 FT
N
Slope
Rock
Dirt
Pit/Sink
Corynorhinus townsendii
1
02/2011
Slope......
Rocks..............
Pit/Sink....
Underlying
Passage.......
Mano......
PARA-0901
Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument
Mojave County, AZ
Surveyed By:
Kyle Voyles
Jon Jasper
Justin Epps
2-20-06
Kyle Voyles
Ty Spatta
4-24-06
Length: 375 Ft
Depth:-77 Ft
20 FT
N
Corynorhinus townsendii
Myotis sp.
1-3
4
5
6
7
8-18
19
20-21
22
23-28
29-30
31
32-33 50
34
35
36
37-39
40
42-45
41
47
46
48
49
02/2012
Sketch of Lower Passage,
Not to Scale.
1
2
3
4
One bat (bat #5; unknown bat species) was
Corynorhinus townsendii
PARA-1401
Grand Canyon Parashant National Monument
Mohave Co., AZ
02/2012
Slope......
Rocks..............
Pit/Sink....
Underlying
Passage.......
Mano......
PARA-0901
Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument
Mojave County, AZ
Surveyed By:
Kyle Voyles
Jon Jasper
Justin Epps
2-20-06
Kyle Voyles
Ty Spatta
4-24-06
Length: 375 Ft
Depth:-77 Ft
20 FT
N
Corynorhinus townsendii
5
24
26
1
35-36
34
12-14
37-38
39-40
6-10
29-30
3-4
28
22 23
21
19-20
33
15
27 25
2
11
31-32
Note: Clusters of bats were observed at several locations -
11 (4 bats), 16 (2 bats), 26 (2 bats), 27 (2 bats), and 33 (6 bats).
02/2013
Sketch of Lower Passage,
Not to Scale.
13
4
One bat (bat #6; unknown bat species) was
Corynorhinus townsendii
Myotis sp.
2
5
PARA-1401
Grand Canyon Parashant National Monument
Mohave Co., AZ
02/2013
Slope
Rocks
Pit/Sink
Underlying
Passage
PARA-0901
Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument
Mojave County, AZ
Surveyed By:
Kyle Voyles
Jon Jasper
Justin Epps
2-20-06
Kyle Voyles
Ty Spatta
4-24-06
Length: 375 Ft
Depth: -77 Ft
20 FT
N
Appendix III.
9853333
Legend
Hobo-Pro
data logger
9866852
9866855
9866845
9853352
9853350
9866848
9866860
9853348
9866854
9866847
9866849
9853349
9853347
9866961
9866860
2227680
9853340
9853342
9866862 9866844
9866856
9866842
9853336
9853346
2227723
9866843
9866859
9866857
9866858
9866850
9853333
9853335
9866850
9853351/
9855378
9866846
9853341
2277701
9853339
9853337
9853334
Notes:
“ & ” = co-located instruments
“ / ” = damaged instrument to left
of / replaced by instrument to right of /
Instruments outside cave
collected surface data
Instrument numbers:
222**** = Temp/Baro Microstations
985**** = Temp/RH U23-004
986**** = Temp U23-001
PARA-1001
Middle Level
Lower Level
TT
TT
Ent.
Surveyed By:
Kyle Voyles
Ben Solvensky
8-18-05
Cartography by Kyle Voyles
Surveyed Length: 250 ft
Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument
Mojave County, AZ
Slope
Paleo Ladder/Wood
Dirt
Rock
Pit/Sink
Fl/Cl Ledge
Hobo Pro
Data Logger
Legend
10 FT
N
9853360
9853361
9853362
9866865
9853356
9868402
9853357
9866877
9853355
9853354
9853363
9868385
9866884
9853368
9853369
9868387
9866867
9868386
9853371 &
9868392
9853372
9853373
9868391
9868389
9866868
9868388
9866876
9853359
9866866
9853358
9866878
9866869
9866871
9853367
9853370&
9868390
9866864&
9853365/
9853375
9853366
2227688
2227718
9853364 placed at top of pit
on limestone rim directly
above entrance
Notes:
Instruments outside cave
collected surface data
Instrument numbers:
222**** = Temp/Baro Microstations
985**** = Temp/RH U23-004
986**** = Temp U23-001
“ & ” = co-located instruments
“ / ” = damaged instrument to left
of / replaced by instrument to right of /
PARA-0901
Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument
Mojave County, AZ
Surveyed By:
Kyle Voyles
Jon Jasper
Justin Epps
2-20-06
Kyle Voyles
Ty Spatta
4-24-06
02/2011
Appendix IV.
Slope
Rocks
Pit/Sink
Underlying
Passage
Length: 375 Ft
Depth: -77 Ft
20 FT
N
Legend
Sediment
Sample
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
Notes:
C = control sediment sample collected from surface.
C
Sediment samples 1 - 4 collected from level 1,
samples 5 & 6 collected from level 2.
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Article
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Bat population study Fort Stanton Cave
Article
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Determined the size, stability and trends of the winter bat population. By far the most populous bat was Plecotus townsendii pallescens (western big-eared bat). The only other species with any significant population is Myotis subulatus (small-footed myotis). -from Author
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Article
  • Jan 1994
Limited information is available on the use of summer roosts by Virginia big-eared bats (Plecotus townsendii virginianus) or on the timing of the summer reproductive cycle for this subspecies. We measured internal temperatures and structural characteristics of roosts, and used emergence counts with night vision equipment and mist netting to monitor P t. virginianus at three maternity roosts and one bachelor roost in Kentucky, during 1990, 1991 and 1992. Structural characteristics of roosts varied. All colonies selected limestone caves except one that used a sandstone rock shelter. There were no differences in internal temperatures between the rock shelter roost and a cave roost in summer 1991. Timing of establishment of maternity colonies varied among roosts. Roost abandonment (switching) occurred with maternity colonies in caves. Females at the rock shelter roost were pregnant on 10 May and lactating on 17 June 1991; young were volant on 5 August. Bimodal activity patterns were observed at maternity roosts, except during lactation when activity of bats at roost openings persisted throughout the night. Population patterns at the bachelor roost were consistent across years. Low numbers in the bachelor roost in mid-August coincided with the descent of testes and the onset of mating activity
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Roost Fidelity of Bats: A Review
Article
  • May 1995
Like dispersal and migration, short-term movement between roosts or dens is potentially costly. If such behavior is adaptive, these costs should be balanced by benefits associated with moving. The Chiroptera is an excellent group in which to investigate the costs and benefits of such movements because roost fidelity is variable among species of bats. Reviewing the fidelity of 43 species of bats, I found that 25 frequently change roosts, 14 rarely change, and 4 show intraspecific variability in fidelity. A comparative analysis that controlled for phylogeny demonstrated that fidelity is related to the type of roost occupied: high fidelity is directly related to roost permanency and inversely related to roost availability. Lability may result from trade-offs between the benefits of fidelity (e.g., greater site familiarity, maintenance of social relationships, and retention of roosts particularly suited for raising offspring) versus those of lability (e.g., decreased commuting costs to foraging areas, familiarity with several roosts that differ in microclimate, lower probability of predator detection, and lower ectoparasite levels).
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Hibernal Ecology of the Pipistrelle Bat: Energy Expenditure, Water Requirements and Mass Loss, Implications for Survival and the Function of Winter Emergence Flights
Article
  • Oct 1989
(1) Body mass changes, energy expenditure and water requirements of captive colonies of twelve hibernating female pipistrelle bats were measured over 8-day periods between December and March in two winters. Mass change was independent of the mass at the start of each period. Mass losses greater than 1 g in bats with an initial mass less than 5.5 g were fatal. A critical mass of 4.0 g was identified at, or below, which female bats had to increase mass to survive. (2) Food intake was inversely related to mean mass change. By extrapolation, the daily energy requirement when relying exclusively on body reserves, amounted to 0.93 kJ day-1. When all the energy was obtained from food, the requirement was 5.5 kJ day-1. Direct estimates of the energy demand of bats in torpor at 4 degrees C amounted to 0.45 kJ day-1. The difference in these estimates reflects differing times spent in torpor. By inference, bats relying exclusively on their own reserves spent only 5-20 min of each day out of torpor compared with over 2 h for bats relying on ingested food. (3) Free-water requirements averaged 0.19 ml day-1. Intake of free water was independent of food intake even though the food consisted of 59% water. (4) Combining data on sustainable mass losses, mass change when relying on body reserves alone, water requirements and the body water pool size, survival times in the absence of food and water were calculated. Survival would be longer at greater body mass. Female bats weighing more than 4.2 g would die of dehydration sooner than of starvation whilst the converse is true at lower masses. For the whole of hibernation, in the wild, female pipistrelle bats exceed this mass. We suggest, therefore, that the primary function of winter emergence in this species is to drink. This hypothesis conflicts with previous studies which suggest hibernating bats emerge to feed. A review of the available evidence supports our interpretation better than an `energy maximization' hypothesis.
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Nursery Roosts and Community Diversity of Nearctic Bats
Article
  • May 1975
The hypothesis is presented that, because roosts are of survival value and bats have various adaptations for coloniality, the distribution and abundance of colonial Nearctic bats is determined largely by the availability of suitable roosts. Nearctic bat faunal size is correlated with the presence or absence of structures used for roosting. Both faunal size and community diversity vary in a geographically patchy rather than clinal fashion, implying little correlation with length of the growing season or diversity of insect communities. High bat diversity characterizes areas where all types of roost structures occur, whereas some kinds of roosts are missing in places of low bat diversity. A species' “contribution to diversity” (H′n) shows in which parts of its range it is an important contributor to its community. Each species uses particular sorts of roosts, and in summer a roost typically contains only one species. High survival rates, strong site attachment, and low natality rates are striking demographic adaptations of the more colonial species. Probably the key benefits of roosts are physiological advantages ensuring optimal growth of embryos and young and successful overwintering. Possible physiological and behavioral adaptations that may enable bats to take full advantage of roosts are suggested. I anticipate that the interaction of physiological requirements with the opportunities provided by summer and winter roosts will dominate future explanations of the distribution and relative abundances of temperate zone bats. The importance of roosts indicates that roosts should be managed as a key feature of the habitat of bats whose populations are in need of protection.
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Ecology of Spotted Bat (Euderma maculatum) Roosting and Foraging Behavior
Article
  • Aug 1989
Etude concernant les populations de E. maculatum. Par comparaison des resultats obtenus avec ceux obtenus par radiopistage d'individus d'autres populations, la possibilite de determiner l'effectif d'une population d'un site perchoir grâce au nombre d'individus qui en sortent, est examinee
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