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Combined Anti-diabetic Effects of Extracts of Artemisia annua var. chiknensis (CBGE/CHNA/09/LTNGS/G) and Each of Three Other Plants (Momordica charantia Linn. Vernonia amygdalina Del. and Aegle marmelos Correa) Traditionally Used in Nigeria for the Treatment of Diabetes

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... It is widely used as a dietary spice, herbal tea and medicinal plant in the mild climates of Asia, such as China and Korea (Das, 2012;Li et al., 2015;Kim et al., 2016;de Magalhães et al., 2012). Many studies reported that different species of Artemisia, which have been used in traditional medicine in East Asia, possess several bioactive functions such as antidiabetic (Nofal et al., 2009;Ghazanfar et al., 2014;Jung et al., 2007;Ogbonna et al., 2017;Kang et al., 2008), antihyperglycemic (Ribnicky et al., 2006;Issa and Hussen Bule, 2015) antihyperlipidemic (Vandanmagsar et al., 2014;Sah et al., 2016), and anti-insulin resistance activities (Vandanmagsar et al., 2014;Kheterpal et al., 2014;Richard et al., 2014). In addition, some studies have investigated the effect of AA extracts in diabetic animal models. ...
... Artemether, as one of the semi-synthetic artemisinin derivatives, improved insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic db/db mice (Guo et al., 2018). Also, AA combined with the other plants' extracts reduced hyperglycemia in alloxaninduced diabetic rats (Ogbonna et al., 2017). ...
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Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease that influences many people worldwide. Management of insulin resistance in T2DM without side effects of chemical drugs, is the ultimate goal of the medical community. Artemisia annua L. is used for the treatment of diabetes in folkloric medicine. The present study investigated the effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of A. annua (AA) on insulin resistance in high-fat diet/STZ-induced diabetic mice. Material and methods: Mice were divided into groups including control with a normal diet, un-treated high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, and diabetic mice treated by oral administration of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight of water (hot and cold) and alcoholic extracts of AA. After four weeks of treatment with AA, blood sampling was carried out to measure factors involved in insulin resistance such as low-density lipoprotein/ High-density lipoprotein (LDL/HDL) ratio, free fatty acids, Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) as an index of insulin resistance. Results: The results showed that all AA extracts (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) and metformin (250 mg/kg) significantly reduced the serum levels of free fatty acids, TNF-alpha, IL-6, LDL/HDL ratio, and HOMA-IR in diabetic mice compared to untreated diabetic mice (p<0.0001). Notably, the 400 mg/kg dose of cold-water extract was more effective than metformin in reduction of TNF-alpha and IL-6 (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). Conclusion: These data illustrated that AA extracts attenuated insulin resistance by reducing the lipid profile and adipocytokines.
... Artemisia annua L. (AA), commonly known as sweet wormwood, sweet Annie, sweet sagewort, and annual wormwood (Chinese: qngho), is widely used as a medicinal plant for treatment of many diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, in the East Asia and Korea. AA possesses several biological activities, especially antidiabetic effects (Jung et al. 2007;Kang et al. 2008;Nofal et al. 2009;Ghazanfar et al. 2014;Ogbonna et al. 2017). AA antioxidant property has been proven in several studies. ...
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Objective. The aim of this study was the investigation of a treatment role of Artemisia annua L. (AA) on liver dysfunction and oxidative stress in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic (HFD/STZ) mice. Methods. Sixty mice were divided into 12 groups including control, untreated diabetic, and treated diabetic ones with metformin (250 mg/kg), and doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of water (hot and cold) and alcoholic (methanol) extracts of AA. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in mice by high-fat diet for 8 weeks and STZ injection in experimental animals. After treatment with doses of 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg of AA extracts in HFD/STZ diabetic mice for 4 weeks, oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and free radicals (ROS) were determined in the liver tissue in all groups. Results. Diabetic mice treated with metformin and AA extracts showed a significant decrease in ROS and MDA concentrations and a notable increase in GSH level in the liver. Effectiveness of higher doses of AA extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg), especially in hot-water and alcoholic ones, were similar to and/or even more effective than metformin. Conclusion. Therapeutic effects of AA on liver dysfunction showed that antioxidant activity of hot-water and alcoholic AA extracts were similar or higher than of metformin.
... of Vernonia amygdalina plant parts.Gyang., et al.[46] observed that chloroform extract of the plant, V. amygdalina has anti-diabetic effect in both normoglycemic and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. Other researchers have reported on the use of herbal plants for hypoglycemic activity[40,42,[47][48][49][50][51]53,54]. Diabetes mellitus especially that of Type 2 is characterized by decreased physical activity as well as increased sedentary habits, resulting to elevated systemic inflammation[55].Aqueous leaf, stem and root extracts of Securidaca longipedunculata effectively lowered blood glucose levels in wister albino rats induced with diabetes mellitus. ...
... A. santonicum is used as an antidiabetic remedy in Turkish folk medicine [9]. A. annua, also known as sweet sagewort, sweet annie, sweet wormwood, and annual wormwood (Chinese Qinghao), is used as a medicinal plant in East Asia (China and Korea) [10][11][12][13]. Studies have reported the antidiabetic effects of A. annua extracts on T1D and T2D animal models [14][15][16]. However, the physiological effects of many Artemisia spp., such as A. annua L. (AA), for T2D treatment have not been thoroughly assessed. ...
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Objectives: Insulin resistance (IR) is major cause of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and adipokines (e.g., adiponectin, leptin, and resistin) play an important role in insulin sensitivity. Medicinal plants are frequently used for T2D treatment. This study investigates the effect of Artemisia annua L. (AA) extracts on adipokines in mice with high-fat-diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2D. Methods: We divided 60 mice into 12 groups (n = 5 per group) control, untreated T2D, treated T2D, and 9 other groups. T2D was induced in all groups, except controls, by 8 weeks of HFD and STZ injection. The treated T2D group was administered 250 mg/kg of metformin (MTF), while the nine other groups were treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of hot-water extract (HWE), cold-water extract (CWE), and alcoholic extract (ALE) of AA (daily oral gavage) along with 250 mg/kg of MTF for 4 weeks. The intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed, and the homeostasis model assessment of adiponectin (HOMA-AD) index and blood glucose and serum insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and resistin levels were measured. Results: Similar to MTF, all three types of AA extracts (HWEs, CWEs, and ALEs) significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased the area under the curve (AUC) of glucose during the IPGTT, the HOMA-AD index, blood glucose levels, and serum insulin, leptin, and resistin levels and increased serum adiponectin levels in the MTF group compared to the T2D group (p < 0.0001). The HWEs affected adipokine release, while the CWEs and ALEs decreased leptin and resistin production. Conclusion: Water and alcoholic AA extracts have an antihyperglycemic and antihyperinsulinemic effect on HFD/STZ diabetic mice. In addition, they decrease IR by reducing leptin and resistin production and increasing adiponectin secretion from adipocytes.
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Artemisia absinthium leaves were utilized as a reducing agent for green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (particle size 17 nm). Synthesized green-ZnO (g-ZnO) were characterized by SEM/EDX, FTIR, XRD, UV, and BET analyses and then further used as an adsorbent to remove Cr(VI) ions from simulated wastewater. Optimal pH, temperature and adsorbent dosage were determined through batch mode studies. High removal efficiency and adsorption capacity were observed at pH 4, 0.25 g L−1 dosage, and 25 mg L−1 concentration of Cr(VI). Experimental data were modelled with different adsorption kinetics (Elovich model, PFO, PSO, IDP model) and isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin), and it was found the adsorption process was well fitted to Langmuir with an R2 value greater than>0.99. Computational calculation showed that the g-ZnO nanoparticles became ∼14 times more dynamic with delocalized surface states making them a relevant platform to adsorb Cr with greater work function compatibility supporting the experimental findings. The Qmax adsorption capacity of g-ZnO was 315.46 mg g−1 from Langmuir calculations. Thermodynamic calculations reveal that the Cr (VI) adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, with a positive ΔS value representing the disorder at the solid-solution interface during the adsorption. In addition, the present study has demonstrated that these g-ZnO nanoparticles show strong antibacterial activities against P. aeruginosa (MTCC 1688) and E. coli (MTCC 1687). Also, the novel g-ZnO adsorbent capacity to remove Cr(VI) from simulated water revealed that it could be reused at least six times with higher removal rates during regeneration experiments. The results obtained from adsorption and antimicrobial activities suggest that g-ZnO nanoparticles could be used effectively in real-time wastewater and agricultural safety applications.
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Artemisia annua is a reputable medicinal plant with long history of use as antimalarial and has characteris tic pleasant aroma. The aim of this study is to investigate the volatile oils from the aerial part of Artemisia annua fro m pre-flowering stage through to post-flowering growth stage using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The colorless essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation with yield ranging from 0.2% to 0.4% w/w. The maj or bioactive chemical compounds identified in the volatile oils at the various developmental stages were campho
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Although the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors that predispose to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, is increasing globally, there is no broad-spectrum agent for its holistic treatment. Natural plant-derived products with a wide spectrum of biological activities are currently being explored as alternatives in the management of diseases. Artemisia species are a heterozygous group of plants of the Compositae family that possess several health benefits. Here we highlight their antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidaemic, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective properties among others. These activities have been linked to the presence of phytochemicals that act on several molecular targets to exert their effects and the species of Artemisia are considered to be relatively safe. Artemisia species offer significant anti-MetS activity and thus are strong therapeutic candidates for the effective management of MetS.
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The growing disease burden of diabetes mellitus is an important public health concern, affecting over 400 million people globally. This epidemic, if not controlled in time, leads to life threatening complications, compromise in quality of life, and eventually mortality. Over time, many attempts have been made for the effective treatment of diabetes but true success has never been achieved. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for the treatment of hyperglycaemia have been ever-evolving due to limitations of current therapies. Non pharmacological management which includes diet management and exercise, has been the primary focus for self-management of diabetes. The pharmacological management includes oral antihyperglycaemics, phytoconstituents, and combination products. Advancements such as nanocarrier delivery systems have been made in drug delivery to overcome the challenges such as poor bioavailability associated with conventional dosage forms currently employed in diabetes treatment. In recent years, much emphasis has been given to synbiotics that act on gut microbiota, as an emerging therapy for diabetes. The current review discusses different treatment strategies for diabetes management starting from insulin therapy to synbiotics. The combination of herbal phytoconstituents with synthetic drugs, synthetic drug combinations, novel drug delivery systems for insulin are highlighted. Moreover, the role of gut dysbiosis in diabetes and its treatment by administration of synbiotics in various clinical as well as non clinical studies has been discussed in detail.
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Numerous members of the Anthemideae tribe are important as cut flowers and ornamental crops, as well as being medicinal and aromatic plants, many of which produce essential oils used in folk and modern medicine and in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. Essential oils generally have a broad spectrum of bioactivity, owing to the presence of several active ingredients that work through various modes of action. Due to their mode of extraction, mostly by distillation from aromatic plants, they contain a variety of volatile molecules such as terpenes, phenol-derived aromatic and aliphatic components. The large genus Artemisia L., from the tribe Anthemideae, comprises important medicinal plants which are currently the subject of phytochemical attention due to their biological and chemical diversity. Artemisia species, widespread throughout the world, are one of the most popular plants in Chinese traditional preparations and are frequently used for the treatment of diseases such as malaria, hepatitis, cancer, inflammation and infections by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Extensive studies of the chemical components of Artemisia have led to the identification of many compounds as well as essentials oils. This review summarizes some of the main reports on the chemistry and anti-infective activities of Artemisia. Li. essential oils from the data in the recent literature (2000-2011).
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To estimate the global number of excess deaths due to diabetes in the year 2000. We used a computerized generic formal disease model (DisMod II), used by the World Health Organization to assess disease burden through modeling the relationships between incidence, prevalence, and disease-specific mortality. Baseline input data included population structure, age- and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence, and available published estimates of relative risk of death for people with diabetes compared with people without diabetes. The results were validated with population-based observations and independent estimates of relative risk of death. The excess global mortality attributable to diabetes in the year 2000 was estimated to be 2.9 million deaths, equivalent to 5.2% of all deaths. Excess mortality attributable to diabetes accounted for 2-3% of deaths in poorest countries and over 8% in the U.S., Canada, and the Middle East. In people 35-64 years old, 6-27% of deaths were attributable to diabetes. These are the first global estimates of mortality attributable to diabetes. Globally, diabetes is likely to be the fifth leading cause of death.
Chapter
Many citrus volatiles have been determined by both direct and indirect headspace analysis. The more concentrated components methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde and limonene have been determined quantitatively by direct sampling methods. The more dilute volatiles require a preliminary concentration step. Compounds which contribute to flavor or off-flavor include acetaldehyde, ethyl vinyl ketone, ethyl butyrate, n-octanal, citral, α-terpineol, and 4-vinyl guaiacol. Limonene, furfural and diacetyl have been indirectly related to flavor quality and quantitative methods have been developed for these three. Limonene levels have been related to peel oil content and diacetyl determination has been used to indicate microbial contamination. Furfural concentrations have been correlated with storage abuse of orange and grapefruit juices. Concentrations of several other volatiles from citrus products have been related to cultivar, maturity, and product storage history. Several improved extraction and trapping methods were developed. These techniques could form the basis for more rapid and convenient quality control procedures.
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The DuPont 916 Thermal Evolution Analyzer (TEA) was modified for studying the concentration of volatile organic compounds (aromas) under dynamic as well as equilibrium conditions. The modified instrument is capable of measuring aromas in the gaseous phase, in aqueous and non-aqueous fluids, and in solid substrates continuously as a function of time and/or temperature. In this new technique, the nitrogen flow system of the TEA is diverted prior to entry into the flame ionization detector and allowed to pass through the appropriate sample cell. This allows the following measurements to be carried out: (a) the partition coefficients of various single aroma components between air/water and air/oil. The calculated coefficients are in good agreement with published data obtained by gas chromatography.
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There is limited information on how postharvest drying of Artemisia annua affects artemisinin (ART) biosynthesis and A. annua antioxidant capacity. Antioxidants may boost the bioactivity of ART and the crop commercial value. We evaluated the effect of freeze, oven, shade, and sun drying, time of drying, and light intensity on the leaf concentration of ART, dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA), artemisinic acid (AA), and on the leaf antioxidant capacity. Freeze-dried samples had the lowest ART concentrations as compared to the other drying methods. However, the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay showed that freeze- and oven-dried samples had similarly high antioxidant activities, which declined significantly after plants were shade- and sun-dried. Shade drying for 1, 2, and 3 weeks, under ambient or low light, did not change the ART content but significantly decreased the leaf antioxidant activity, mainly if sun-dried. A significant decrease (82% average) in DHAA was observed for all drying procedures as compared to freeze drying, with a simultaneous, significant increase in ART (33% average). The average bioconversion of DHAA to ART was 43% for oven- and shade-dried plants and 94% for sun-dried plants, reiterating the hypothesis that DHAA, not AA, is the main biosynthetic precursor of ART and suggesting that sun drying improves the bioconversion from DHAA to ART. Data also indicate that oven drying for 24 h at 45 degrees C can provide good levels of both ART and antioxidants in leaves. These findings are valuable for the commercial production of ART and of bioactive antioxidants that might synergize with the antimalarial and anticancer effects of ART when combined in traditional preparations to improve human and animal health.
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A survey was carried out on the distribution of ringworm infections among school children in four primary schools in Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria. Out of a total population of 6 987,237 (3.4%) were found to be infected by this disease. There was a high incidence of both scalp and foot ringworms among the infected children. Fourteen species of dermatophytes were isolated from the ringworm cases. The scalp ringworm had the highest number of fungal isolates. Trichophyton mentagrophyte and T. rubrum had the highest frequencies of occurrence. Some of the infected children were found to have nomadic parents who moved about with cattle.
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Artemisinin ( QINGHAOSU), a sesquiterpene lactone containing a peroxide bridge, is the known antimalarial constituent of the herb ARTEMISIA ANNUA L. An electrochemical HPLC detection procedure has been developed that provides a sensitive, selective, and rapid assay for artemisinin in crude plant extracts.
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