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A Distributed ICN-based IoT Network Architecture: An Ambient Assisted Living Application Case Study
Abstract
The distributed Information-Centric Networking architecture has shown enormous potential to replace the host centric Internet architecture. A number of solutions such as Named Data Networking have become available. Building application services and integrating other technological design on top of ICNs is a challenging task, and has many open issues, hence an efficient distributed architecture needs to be developed. In this paper, we address the case of using IoT architecture targeted for ambient assisted living applications, on top of named data networking. We have proposed a complete architecture and implementation details for device & service networking, communication model, management, and naming. Within each model we have proposed mechanisms which support node mobility, hand-off, packet design, and push & pull data services without changing NDN data exchange model. This architecture is flexible, scalable, and can be adapted to other application specific IoT networks. We also have implemented the proposal on NDN simulator, and evaluated different services. The communication overhead and mobility implications have been studied to show effectiveness of new services with negligible cost to the network.
... Moreover, the sophisticated nature of IoT puts vast constraints on content dissemination and scalability of the underlying architecture. Therefore, ICN has emerged as an ideal candidate to fulfilling the needs of IoT infrastructure [52]. The primary characteristics of ICN include in-network caching, naming, security, mobility, and scalable information delivery that are highly suitable for IoT services [8]. ...
... Limited mobility. Nour et al. [52] NDN for traffic engineering. ...
... However, it does not consider the secure mobility of patients for seamless publish/subscribe content dissemination. Nour et al. [52] propose an NDN for healthcare services for different traffic models supporting service management. This approach supports producer and cache mobility using mapping-based and hand-off mechanisms. ...
IoT connects a large number of physical objects with the Internet that capture and exchange real-time information for service provisioning. Traditional network management schemes face challenges to manage vast amounts of network traffic generated by IoT services. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Information-Centric Networking (ICN) are two complementary technologies that could be integrated to solve the challenges of different aspects of IoT service provisioning. ICN offers a clean-slate design to accommodate continuously increasing network traffic by considering content as a network primitive. It provides a novel solution for information propagation and delivery for large-scale IoT services. On the other hand, SDN allocates overall network management responsibilities to a central controller , where network elements act merely as traffic forwarding components. An SDN-enabled network supports ICN without deploying ICN-capable hardware. Therefore, the integration of SDN and ICN provides benefits for large-scale IoT services. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on Software-Defined Information-Centric Internet of Things (SDIC-IoT) for IoT service provisioning. We present critical enabling technologies of SDIC-IoT, discuss its architecture, and describe its benefits for IoT service provisioning. We elaborate on key IoT service provisioning requirements and discuss how SDIC-IoT supports different aspects of IoT services. We define different taxonomies of SDIC-IoT literature based on various performance parameters. Furthermore, we extensively discuss different use cases, synergies, and advances to realize the SDIC-IoT concept. Finally, we present current challenges and future research directions of IoT service provisioning using SDIC-IoT.
... In contrast with IP-networks, where an update of the address information is needed each time a mobile node changes the network as happens in Mobile IP, the native mobility ICN support consists just in reissuing the content request for those lost contents. However, such solution is not always sufficient, especially in the IoT context, but more complex schemes are required such as rendezvous-based schemes [33], or synchronisation of the subscription table during consumers' movements [34]. On the contrary, providers' mobility is more challenging because it is necessary to maintain track of the providers' locations in order to guarantee the session maintenance. ...
... If p receives a second Interest packet for the same content i of which the corresponding Data message is still missing, it adds the incoming "face" to the corresponding PIT entry (line 6). If the number of received Interests for the same content exceeds a certain retransmission threshold (i.e., ReTX threshold at line 7), p retransmits the first received Interest towards the node with the highest utility for that content (line [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. It is important to observe that if the selected forwarder is not currently in proximity of node p (i.e., the forwarder is not a neighbour of node p), the retransmission is delayed till the next contact. ...
... As before, if multiple Interest packets for the same content arrive at one node, the node forwards only the first Interest to the node with the highest utility it knows (line [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], storing all the other "faces" in the corresponding PIT entry (line 6). However, if a retransmission event is triggered (line 7), the node retransmits the first Interest packet it has received to the second best forwarder, i.e., to the node with the second highest utility it knows (line [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. In this way, a second path is explored, hopefully increasing the probability of finding the content. ...
In an IoT environment, which is characterized by a multitude of interconnected smart devices with sensing and computational capabilities, many applications are (i) content-based, that is, they are only interested in finding a given type of content rather than the location of data, and (ii) contextualized, that is, the content is generated and consumed in the proximity of the user. In this context, the Information-Centric Networking (ICN) paradigm is an appealing model for efficiently retrieving application data, and the service decentralization towards the network edge helps to reduce the core network load being the data produced by IoT devices mainly confined in the area where they are generated. MobCCN is an ICN-based data delivery protocol that we designed for operating efficiently in such context [1][2], where static and mobile IoT devices are enriched with ICN functions. Specifically, MobCCN leverages an efficient routing and forwarding protocol, exploiting opportunistic contacts among IoT mobile devices, to fill the Forwarding Interest Base (FIB) tables so as to correctly forward Interest packets towards the intended data producers. In this paper, we aim to enhance the reliability of MobCCN by exploring different retransmissions mechanisms, such as retransmissions based on number of duplicate Interests that are received for the same requested content, periodic retransmissions, single path versus disjoint multi-path forwarding, hysteresis mechanism and combinations of them. Extensive simulation results show that, among the analysed MobCCN variants, the one that implements both periodic retransmissions and a hysteresis-based retransmission process ensures the highest delivery rates (up to 95\%) and the shortest network path, with a very limited traffic overhead due to retransmissions.
... In contrast with IP-networks, where an update of the address information is needed each time a mobile node changes the network as happens in Mobile IP, the native mobility ICN support consists just in reissuing the content request for those lost contents. However, such solution is not always sufficient, especially in the IoT context, but more complex schemes are required such as rendezvous-based schemes [33], or synchronisation of the subscription table during consumers' movements [34]. On the contrary, providers' mobility is more challenging because it is necessary to maintain track of the providers' locations in order to guarantee the session maintenance. ...
... If p receives a second Interest packet for the same content i of which the corresponding Data message is still missing, it adds the incoming "face" to the corresponding PIT entry (line 6). If the number of received Interests for the same content exceeds a certain retransmission threshold (i.e., ReTX threshold at line 7), p retransmits the first received Interest towards the node with the highest utility for that content (line [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. It is important to observe that if the selected forwarder is not currently in proximity of node p (i.e., the forwarder is not a neighbour of node p), the retransmission is delayed till the next contact. ...
... As before, if multiple Interest packets for the same content arrive at one node, the node forwards only the first Interest to the node with the highest utility it knows (line [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], storing all the other "faces" in the corresponding PIT entry (line 6). However, if a retransmission event is triggered (line 7), the node retransmits the first Interest packet it has received to the second best forwarder, i.e., to the node with the second highest utility it knows (line [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. In this way, a second path is explored, hopefully increasing the probability of finding the content. ...
In an IoT environment, which is characterized by a multitude of interconnected smart devices with sensing and computational capabilities, many applications are (i) content-based, that is, they are only interested in finding a given type of content rather than the location of data, and (ii) contextualized, that is, the content is generated and consumed in the proximity of the user. In this context, the Information-Centric Networking (ICN) paradigm is an appealing model for efficiently retrieving application data, and the service decentralization towards the network edge helps to reduce the core network load being the data produced by IoT devices mainly confined in the area where they are generated. MobCCN is an ICN-based data delivery protocol that we designed for operating efficiently in such context (Borgia et al., 2016, 2018), where static and mobile IoT devices are enriched with ICN functions. Specifically, MobCCN leverages an efficient routing and forwarding protocol, exploiting opportunistic contacts among IoT mobile devices, to fill the Forwarding Interest Base (FIB) tables so as to correctly forward Interest packets towards the intended data producers. In this paper, we aim to enhance the reliability of MobCCN by exploring different retransmissions mechanisms, such as retransmissions based on number of duplicate Interests that are received for the same requested content, periodic retransmissions, single path versus disjoint multi-path forwarding, hysteresis mechanism and combinations of them. Extensive simulation results show that, among the analysed MobCCN variants, the one that implements both periodic retransmissions and a hysteresis-based retransmission process ensures the highest delivery rates (up to 95%) and the shortest network path, with a very limited traffic overhead due to retransmissions.
... Moreover, the sophisticated nature of IoT puts vast constraints on content dissemination and scalability of the underlying architecture. Therefore, ICN has emerged as an ideal candidate to fulfilling the needs of IoT infrastructure [57]. The primary characteristics of ICN include in-network caching, naming, security, mobility, and scalable information delivery that are highly suitable for IoT services [8]. ...
... Nour et al. [57] NDN architecture for traffic models. ...
... However, it doesn't consider the secure mobility of patients for seamless publish/subscribe content dissemination. Nour et al. [57] propose NDN for healthcare services for different traffic models supporting service management. This approach supports producer and cache mobility using mapping-based and hand-off mechanisms. ...
There is not data involved in this research paper.
... Moreover, the sophisticated nature of IoT puts vast constraints on content dissemination and scalability of the underlying architecture. Therefore, ICN has emerged as an ideal candidate to fulfilling the needs of IoT infrastructure [57]. The primary characteristics of ICN include in-network caching, naming, security, mobility, and scalable information delivery that are highly suitable for IoT services [8]. ...
... Nour et al. [57] NDN architecture for traffic models. ...
... However, it doesn't consider the secure mobility of patients for seamless publish/subscribe content dissemination. Nour et al. [57] propose NDN for healthcare services for different traffic models supporting service management. This approach supports producer and cache mobility using mapping-based and hand-off mechanisms. ...
There is not data involved in this research paper.
... Besides, paper [56] presents an ICN-based Smart Collaborative Caching scheme for IoT, where Publish-Subscribe communication model is adopted within clustered IoT nodes at the level of fog computing; and finally, authors in [64] address the case of ICN-based IoT architecture for ambient assisted living application, in which the Publish-Subscribe communication model has been used to enable pushbased services, through a subscription for different topics offered by the edge nodes in the network. Table 11 summarizes the main references and characteristics related to this dimension. ...
... Underlay/IP [87], [83], [91], [86], [60], [82], [64], [108] [87] Smart monitoring and control platform for smart Home application, exploiting fog computing concept and ICN as an underlay of the IP-based cloud. ...
... Pull [87], [76], [63], [67], [92], [65], [93], [53], [94], [85], [54], [57], [95], [51], [96], [97], [98], [83], [91], [78], [99], [100], [66], [61], [88], [50], [44], [101], [102], [103], [60], [82], [58], [49], [89], [47], [48], [64], [84], [90], [104], [105], [106], [107], [108] [98] [63] Smart Healthcare. Ambient Assisted Living. ...
Due to the similarity between the data-driven nature of sensor and actuator networks enabling the Internet of Things (IoT) and the data-oriented model of Information-Centric Networks (ICN), recent research began investigating ICN-based IoT systems. This paper provides a thorough systematic mapping review of such research with the aim to identify their strengths, weaknesses, and open-research issues. Thus, after introducing the IoT ecosystem, its main requirements, existing IP-based solutions, and their limitations, the survey investigates the ICN-IoT associations that have been proposed in the recent literature. To do so, a new taxonomy that captures the fundamental aspects of ICN-based IoT solutions is introduced along with a multidimensional framework that provides a comprehensive multi-criteria analysis of the reviewed research. This paper also summarizes the main observations learned from the analysis and draws recommendations about open research issues that require the attention of the community. Such issues include the lack of standardization efforts, hybrid ICN/IP deployments, push-based communications, efficient caching schemes, and QoS solutions.
... Nour et al. 13 @ @ @ Araujo et al. 14 @ @ January/February 2020 adaptive forwarding-based link recovery scheme for producer mobility support. The idea consists of tracing different information regarding the interfaces and number of hops, flood packets, and then update both FIB and PIT tables. ...
... Hand-Off Management Technique: Work by Nour et al. 13 proposes a distributed IoT architecture based on NDN targeting ambient assisted living applications. The authors propose a namebased mobility mechanism to support all of subscriber, gateway, and publisher mobility in normal content retrieval and publish-subscriber scenarios. ...
... The request can be fulfilled by any replica-node or forwarded to the content provider. Work by Nour et al. 13 can handle the consumer mobility, by synchronizing the subscription table during the mobility, mobile consumers are not required to reissue requests, and they can receive the content from the first request. ...
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a content-oriented network that uses content instead of traditional IP addresses, it facilitates the content retrieval and calculates downstream paths without the need of an optimal topology. ICN inherits mobility support features in its baseline design. Since the Internet of Things (IoT) faces major problems in supporting mobility management over IP, we believe that ICN would represent a major element in scalable IoT networks. This paper discusses the use of ICN as a communication model in IoT environments, focusing on solving the mobility issue. Thus, we survey the relevant work that studies the merger between ICN and IoT, and describe the emergence, evolution, and state-of-the-art mobility approach. This article also presents discussions on major scalability challenges when using ICN as a communication enabler for mobile IoT and highlights key designs and guidelines.
... However, the work is mostly an abstraction and does not address various AAL scenarios, has a highly expressive naming scheme, and does not address patient mobility or secure publish-subscribe communication. Similarly, Nour et al. [82] presented a distributed NDN architecture for AAL applications, that supports different IoT traffic models with a service management process. The authors also proposed a persistent interest with Subscription Table to support publish-subscribe communications. ...
... As NDN packets exchange follows pull-based model, pushing the data from the consumer without an interest is not possible, and the data packets will be considered unsolicited and dropped immediately. Persistent interest [82,136] has been proposed to keep interest for a longer time in PIT table, and establish a long-lived path. Hence, data packets can flow from producer without continuous interest requests. ...
... NDN 2014 [82] Use of persistent interest and Subscriber Table to support push-based model and track active subscription sessions. NDN 2017 [159] Use of subscribe/publish message and Rendezvous Point to receive subscribed content. ...
Internet of Things (IoT) has gained extensive attention from industry and academia alike in past decade. The connectivity of each and every piece of technology in the environment with Internet, has opened many avenues of research and development. Applications, algorithms, trust models, devices, all have evolved to accommodate the demands of user needs in the most optimal way possible. However, one thing still remains constant: host-centric communication. It is the most predominant way of communication in Internet today. With evolution of everything else, host based communication has been stretched to limits, and exploration of new models have been underway for sometime. Information Centric Networking (ICN) is a major contender for the future Internet architecture, where content is the basic element regardless of its location (host). It intends to offer in-network caching, inherent mobility, multicast support, and content based security as part of design and not add-on functionality. In recent years, numerous efforts have been made to integrate IoT with ICN as the communication model. In this paper, we provide a detailed and systematic review of IoT-ICN research. We investigate ICN as communication enabler for IoT domain specific use cases, and the use of ICN features for the benefit of IoT networks. These include IoT device & content naming, discovery, and caching. We also survey synchronization, interoperability, publish/subscribe communication, quality of service, security, and mobility of IoT devices with ICN perspectives. The paper also presents challenges and possible research directions for the benefit of community.
... Comparison with respect to: D1-Dynamic spectrum management with cognitive radio; D2-Secure exchange of control data via trustable services; D3-Named-control-data access and routing; D4-Software-defined control and operation; D5-Dynamic composition of control services; D6-Improved naming and name resolution for IoT; D7-Identifier/locator splitting for architecture entities; D8-Contract-based control plane. Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio Networking for IoT-enabled Smart Grid [40] x A Secure IoT Management Architecture based on Information-Centric Networking [20] x x x x x LASeR: Lightweight Authentication and Secured Routing for NDN IoT in Smart Cities [22] x x Spectrum Management for Proactive Video Caching in Information-Centric Cognitive Radio Networks [26] x x x x Spectrum-Availability based Routing for Cognitive Sensor Networks [41] x A Case for ICN Usage in IoT Environments [27] x x A Comparative Study of MobilityFirst and NDN based ICN-IoT Architectures [28] x x A De-verticalizing Middleware for IoT Systems Based on Information Centric Networking Design [42] x x A Distributed ICN-based IoT Network Architecture: An Ambient Assisted Living Application Case Study [43] x x x A Robust and Lightweight Name Resolution Approach for IoT Data in ICN [44] x x A Secure ICN-IoT Architecture [23] x x x A Software-Defined Networking Framework to Provide Dynamic QoS Management in IEEE 802.11 Networks [37] x x A Cloud-Based Internet of Things Platform for Ambient Assisted Living [45] x Coexistence of Wi-Fi and Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks Sharing Unlicensed Spectrum [46] x Cognitive Radio-Enabled Internet of Vehicles: a Cooperative Spectrum Sensing and Allocation for Vehicular Communication [47] x Consumer Oriented IoT Data Discovery and Retrieval in Information Centric Networks [48] x x CORAL-SDN: A Software-Defined Networking Solution for the Internet of Things [49] x Cross-Technology Wireless Experimentation: Improving 802.11 and 802.15.4e ...
... Additionally, we selected studies that tackles ICN benefits for IoT. The authors of [20,23,[26][27][28][42][43][44] addressed the application of ICNs to IoT. In [20], content-centric network (CCN) was employed for management of IoT networks. ...
... Name-based IoT data dissemination was evaluated in a real scenario. Nour et al. [43] enhanced NDN architecture towards devices naming (D6), management (D2), mobility (D7) and handoff. Simulation results contended on proposal's scalability and efficiency. ...
We integrate, for the first time in the literature, the following ingredients to deal with emerging dynamic spectrum management (DSM) problem in heterogeneous wireless sensors and actuators networks (WSANs), Internet of things (IoT) and Wi-Fi: (i) named-based routing to provide provenance and location-independent access to control plane; (ii) temporary storage of control data for efficient and cohesive control dissemination, as well as asynchronous communication between software-controllers and devices; (iii) contract-based control to improve trust-ability of actions; (iv) service-defined configuration of wireless devices, approximating their configurations to real services needs. The work is implemented using NovaGenesis architecture and a proof-of-concept is evaluated in a real scenario, demonstrating our approach to automate radio frequency channel optimization in Wi-Fi and IEEE 802.15.4 networks in the 2.4 GHz bands. An integrated cognitive radio system provides the dual-mode best channel indications for novel DSM services in NovaGenesis. By reconfiguring Wi-Fi/IoT devices to best channels, the proposed solution more than doubles the network throughput, when compared to the case of mutual interference. Therefore, environments equipped with the proposal provide enhanced performance to their users.
... Managing such Big Data along with billions of sustainable devices through legacy networking architecture (TCP/IP) is less feasible. This is why in the last seven years, people have started to think to design sustainable IoT network architecture on the basis of a well-known concept of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) [2][3][4]. Prominent features of ICN include focus on the following: named and secured contents [5] rather than devices, a receiver-driven pull-based communication model, data availability CCN and NDN employ hierarchical naming, whereas DONA, COMET, SAIL, PUR-SUIT, CONVERGENCE, and MobilityFirst adopt self-certifying flat-based naming. Additionally, the CBCB (Combined Broadcast and Content-Based) utilises an attribute-based naming method. ...
... When the value of Task-Type and Task-Sub-Type is action and turn or set-value and float-value, then the message type is um and it is for situations when an NDN-IoT-SC user is interested in turning on or off some device or when the user wants to set the value (Temperature) of some device (AC). 3 When the value of Task-Type and Task-Sub-Type is action and upload, then the message type is adv and it is for situations when the user is interested in uploading some data. 4 When the value of Task-Type and Task-Sub-Type is action and update, then the message type is µm and it is for situations when the device (sensor) is interested in updating the subscribed periodic notification. ...
In order to provide universal ability to access information and communication among Internet-connected devices, the Sustainable Internet of Things (IoT) is on a mission to bring all objects or devices under one roof. Future Internet architecture, especially Information-Centric Networking (ICN), can easily handle the connectivity offered and information created by the massive amount of devices to make it as sustainable IoT applications. Named Data Networking (NDN), one of the several future Internet designs that employ ICN as its foundation, shows promise. NDN integration with IoT-based applications gives solutions to numerous problems. However, this fusion makes accessing the IoT content easier, provided that an effective naming scheme is created to execute this operation. In this work, we build an innovative NDN-based naming scheme (NDN–NS) and put it into practise for consumer, producer, and content routers using our own secure forwarding schemes (NDN–NFS). Due to its scalability, heterogeneity, and security needs, IoT-based Smart Campus (IoT-SC) scenarios are taken into consideration for design and evaluation. We give a complete activity list based on NDN–NS that is split into two communication models (PusH Type Communication (PHTC) and PulL Type Communication (PLTC)) that can be applied to any IoT application. In terms of interest satisfaction rate (ISR), delay, and number of transmissions, we compare the NDN–NFS to legacy NDN. The outcomes demonstrate that NDN–NFS outperforms classic NDN in terms of performance and efficiency.
... Dragon can facilitate the users' query for IoT resources or commands and routes it to the intended nodes efficiently, all without any central entity involved in the process. Nour et al. [19] propose a decentralized IoT network architecture based on the named data networking concept. Their proposal includes device and service networking, communication model, network management, and network naming. ...
... [18] A distributed network scheme for gateway-less architecture. [19] A decentralized IoT architecture based on the named data networking. [20] SDN and NFV for secure IoT architecture in smart cities. [21] A combintaoin of blockchain and SDN to secure distributed IoT. ...
Since the inception of the Internet of Things (IoT), we have adopted centralized architecture for decades. With the vastly growing number of IoT devices and gateways, this architecture struggles to cope with the high demands of state-of-the-art IoT services, which require scalable and responsive infrastructure. In response, decentralization becomes a considerable interest among IoT adopters. Following a similar trajectory, this paper introduces an IoT architecture re-work that enables three spheres of IoT workflows (i.e., computing, storage, and networking) to be run in a distributed manner. In particular, we employ the blockchain and smart contract to provide a secure computing platform. The distributed storage network maintains the saving of IoT raw data and application data. The software-defined networking (SDN) controllers and SDN switches exist in the architecture to provide connectivity across multiple IoT domains. We envision all of those services in the form of separate yet integrated peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay networks, which IoT actors such as IoT domain owners, IoT users, Internet Service Provider (ISP), and government can cultivate. We also present several IoT workflow examples showing how IoT developers can adapt to this new proposed architecture. Based on the presented workflows, the IoT computing can be performed in a trusted and privacy-preserving manner, the IoT storage can be made robust and verifiable, and finally, we can react to the network events automatically and quickly. Our discussions in this paper can be beneficial for many people ranging from academia, industries, and investors that are interested in the future of IoT in general.
... Similarly, [13] propose to diagnose patient's health and detect emergency case at very early stage. In the same context, authors in [14] address the leverage of NDN and IoT for ambient assisted living applications and develop a system able to offer periodic monitoring and assistance for disabled and elderly patients. ...
... Pi et al. [6] Saxena et al. [7] Molinaro et al. [8] Amadeo et al. [9] Briante et al. [10] Sony et al. [11] Boussada et al. [12] Saxena et al. [13] Nour et al. [14] Shang et al. [15] Case et al. [16] Silva et al. [17] Din et al. [18] Khalid et al. [19] Losciale et al. [20] Lei et al. [21] Iqbal et al. [22] Cao et al. [23] Deal the message forwarding problem by discrimination between good relay nodes based on their utility to reach a destination and thus increase the network performance. In the same context, adoption of utility-based forwarding integrating CCN/NDN mechanism has been proposed in [25]. ...
... Moreover, they use hop-by-hop acknowledgments for reliability. The model in [9] merges persistent and reverse interest packets. The idea is to add a persistence value in the interest packet which indicates the number of responses required, and intermediate nodes store this values in the PIT table. ...
... The limitations of existing works are not based on their working principal, rather they are more related to security, scalability, and seamless integration into ICN implementations. Here, we dissect Pure Pull [4,6] Pure Push [7] Single Pull -Multiple Push (Persistent Interest) [8,9,12,13] Hybrid [10,11] Publisher-Subscriber Models both pull-based and push-based mechanisms, to explore the technical requirements for an optimal solution. ...
... Content consumers, producers, and intermediate nodes have no information about who requests the content, who served it (either original producer or cache store), or who forwarded the packet. In essence, traditional Internet control message protocol cannot be directly used in NDN, unless there are major modification to the forwarding plane [19]. It is important to note, that the performance of ICN has been demonstrated to be better than of IP networks [20], due its design. ...
... Technically, an NDN node should not receive an unsolicited Data packet under normal circumstance. However, this message can be used to support Persistent Interest or Long Live Interest for pull-based communication [19]. ...
Named Data Networking is a promising architecture that aims to realize Information-Centric Network design. The current NDN design & implementation only details interest and data packets which ensures ubiquitous data dissemination. Currently, there is no support of control messages similar to Internet control messaging protocol of IP networks. The use of content name instead of host addresses, combined with interest-data exchange model, and interest aggregations makes the design of such a protocol a challenging task. In this paper, we present a control protocol for named data networks, namely NNCP, that can relay different network error, information, notification, and service messages. The designed protocol may improve the network performance especially in the Internet of Things environment, and can easily be extended to support different information centric platforms.
... Amadeo et al. [8] focus their efforts in smart home, by proposing an ICN framework based on the use of hierarchical names, support of push and pull traffic, and propose a multiparty forwarding strategy to allow data retrieval from multiproducers. While work in [9] addresses healthcare applications, and proposes a distributed ICN architecture that deals with communication models, publish-subscribe, and mobility issues. Whereas Bouk et al. [10] discuss Intelligent Transportation System from smart cities perspective to provide a secure and a reliable communication on top ICN model. ...
... The flow balance at every intermediate node and requester node are imposed by (5) and (6), respectively. The flow balance at producer nodes depends on the requested flow (7) which is regulated by (8), (9), and (10). These constraints consider the fact that only original producers or replica-nodes can serve the requests, and the overall traffic served equals overall demands by consumers. ...
Information-Centric Networking is considered as one of the most promising architecture for IoT. The use of content-centric approach may improve the content access & dissemination, reduce the content retrieval latency, and enhance the network performance. The use of in-network caching in ICN enhances the data availability in the network, overcome the issue of single-point failure, and improve IoT devices power efficiency. In this paper, we present a Near-ICN Cache Placement (NCP) scheme for IoT taking traffic class into consideration. NCP is designed to select the optimal replica cache by minimizing: the cost of moving the data from content producer to replica nodes, cost of caching the content in the replica, and the cost of delivery the content to consumers. Hence, we presented a multi-objective optimization problem, with a heuristic caching selection algorithm. We evaluated NCP with various performance metrics against different caching schemes. The obtained results show improvement in the cache utilization, with fast data retrieval, and enhancement in the network cache distribution & diversity.
... Moreover, as ICN decouples the content and its location by using the content name, ICN can satisfy the critical mobility requirements of IoT applications, and overcome the limited expressiveness of IP addressing. Hence, building IoT on top of ICN, i.e., ICN-IoT [4][5][6] is a promising solution to tackle the challenges that are caused by using the traditional IP-based networks for IoT. Various pioneering use cases (smart grid, smart home, etc.) for ICN-IoT have been investigated and applied by the ICN Research Group (ICNRG) of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) [7]. ...
The Internet of Things (IoT) has already emerged as one of the most popular directions in today’s information and communication technology (ICT) domain. With its advancement over different application areas, such as smart home, smart healthcare, industry 4.0, etc., a huge amount of data has been generated by billions of IoT devices, which aggravates the shortcomings of IP-based networks, such as limited expressiveness of IP addressing, inefficient support for mobility and in-network caching. Building IoT on top of information-centric networking (ICN) is believed to be a promising solution to tackle the above challenge, especially the in-network caching of ICN can significantly benefit IoT in terms of reducing data and saving IoT devices’ energy. However, caching IoT data is more challenging than caching traditional Internet content, e.g., video, because IoT data are usually valid within a certain period of time, and IoT devices are typically constrained with battery. Hence, in this survey, we first review the current implementation proposals of ICN-IoT. Next, we present the conventional caching decision policies and replacement policies which could be adopted to mitigate the aforementioned challenges, e.g., reducing IoT traffic, saving energy, reducing data retrieval latency. Further, since leveraging machine learning (ML) techniques have the potential to further improve the caching efficiency by dealing with uncertainties, e.g., predicting unknown information, adaptively interacting with the environment, we also demonstrate the recently proposed ML-based caching schemes for ICN-IoT. In addition, we outline the open research issues and point out the future opportunities of caching in ICN-IoT.
... Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) [48] is also a current research area for applying and exploring the NDN-IoT model for healthcare. In [57] and [58], the authors explore applying the ICN concept to the IoT environment for AAL. ...
... • Low Latency: Most smart cities applications require a low latency such as public safety and health emergencies [88]. The edge computing is a promising paradigm, since it could organize the network structure and decrease the data transmission time. ...
The Internet of Things (IoT) allows communication between devices, things, and any digital assets that send and receive data over a network without requiring interaction with a human. The main characteristic of IoT is the enormous quantity of data created by end-user's devices that needs to be processed in a short time in the cloud. The current cloud-computing concept is not efficient to analyze very large data in a very short time and satisfy the users' requirements. Analyzing the enormous quantity of data by the cloud will take a lot of time, which affects the quality of service (QoS) and negatively influences the IoT applications and the overall network performance. To overcome such challenges, a new architecture called edge computing - that allows to decentralize the process of data from the cloud to the network edge has been proposed to solve the problems occurred by using the cloud computing approach. Furthermore, edge computing supports IoT applications that require a short response time and consequently enhances the consumption of energy, resource utilization, etc. Motivated by the extensive research efforts in the edge computing and IoT applications, in this paper, we present a comprehensive review of edge and fog computing research in the IoT. We investigate the role of cloud, fog, and edge computing in the IoT environment. Subsequently, we cover in detail, different IoT use cases with edge and fog computing, the task scheduling in edge computing, the merger of software-defined networks (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) with edge computing, security and privacy efforts. Furthermore, the Blockchain in edge computing. Finally, we identify open research challenges and highlight future research directions.
... Various efforts have been presented in the literature to use ICN on top of IoT [5]. For instance, work in [6] proposes a distributed ICN architecture for eHealth applications. The proposed architecture can deal with communication models, mobility, and management. ...
The Internet of Things (IoT) is overrunning different domains and applications, where the use of wireless sensors and mobile devices is indispensable in such a mobile environment. These heterogeneous devices may generate a tremendous amount of content. Information-Centric Network (ICN) paradigm has been proposed to meet today’s users and application requirements. The in-network caching is a fundamental feature supported by design in ICN that improves network performance by providing ubiquitous caching in the network layer. Since most IoT devices are resource-constrained with limitations in communication, processing, energy, and memory; the energy-efficiency is a prime concern in IoT deployment. Different factors may affect energy efficiency in ICN-based wireless IoT networks such as transport (communication), caching, and energy limitation. This research paper attempts to focus on the in-network caching in wireless IoT to maximize the energy-efficiency. We propose an Energy-aware caching placement scheme (EaCP) that aims to maximize the energy-saving by trading-off between content transmission energy and content caching energy. Compared to other strategies, the simulation results show significant improvements while ensuring low data replication and a high cache hit ratio.
... The work in [21] proposed an IoT architecture and implementation details for devices and service networking, communication model, management, and naming. For each model they propose mechanisms supporting node mobility, hand-off, packet design, and push and pull data services without changing NDN data exchange model. ...
In recent years we have been assisting a radical change in the way devices are connected to the Internet. In this new scope, the traditional TCP/IP host-centric network fails in large-scale mobile wireless distributed environments, such as IoT scenarios, due to node mobility, dynamic topologies and intermittent connectivity, and the Information-Centric Networking (ICN) paradigm has been considered the most promising candidate to overcome the drawbacks of host-centric architectures. Despite bringing efficient solutions for content distribution, the basic ICN operating principle, where content must always be associated with an interest, has serious restrictions in IoT environments in relation to scale, performance, and naming, among others. To address such drawbacks, we are presenting ndnIoT-FC, an NDN-based architecture that respects the ICN rules but offers special treatment for IoT traffic. It combines efficient hybrid naming with strategies to minimize the number of interests and uses caching strategies that virtually eliminates copies of IoT data from intermediate nodes. The ndnIoT-FC makes available new NDN-based application-to-application protocol to implement a signature model operation and tools to manage its life cycle, following a publisher-subscriber scheme. To demonstrate the versatility of the proposed architecture, we show the results of the efficient gathering of environmental information in a simulation environment considering different and distinct use cases.
... Deploying IoT applications of top of ICN [83,91] is promising to enhance the overall network performances. Indeed, most of information produced by IoT smart devices can be regarded as content [96], consumers in the networks request data in IoT context without the need of the location of the sensors or the actuator, no end-to-end session is required for content retrieval [93], where ICN target the content in the network by its name rather than its address. Also, most of IoT devices request the same content in the network such as asking for humidity value for a specific place, or query some information, or data monitoring [92]. ...
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) has recently emerged as a prominent candidate for the Future Internet Architecture (FIA) that addresses existing issues with the host-centric communication model of the current TCP/IP-based Internet. Named Data Networking (NDN) is one of the most recent and active ICN architectures that provides a clean slate approach for Internet communication. NDN provides intrinsic content security where security is directly provided to the content instead of communication channel. Among other security aspects, Access Control (AC) rules specify the privileges for the entities that can access the content. In TCP/IP-based AC systems, due to the client-server communication model, the servers control which client can access a particular content. In contrast, ICN-based networks use content names to drive communication and decouple the content from its original location. This phenomenon leads to the loss of control over the content causing different challenges for the realization of efficient AC mechanisms. To date, considerable efforts have been made to develop various AC mechanisms in NDN. In this paper, we provide a detailed and comprehensive survey of the AC mechanisms in NDN. We follow a holistic approach towards AC in NDN where we first summarize the ICN paradigm, describe the changes from channel-based security to content-based security and highlight different cryptographic algorithms and security protocols in NDN. We then classify the existing AC mechanisms into two main categories: Encryption-based AC and Encryption-independent AC. Each category has different classes based on the working principle of AC (e.g., Attribute-based AC, Name-based AC, Identity-based AC, etc). Finally, we present the lessons learned from the existing AC mechanisms and identify the challenges of NDN-based AC at large, highlighting future research directions for the community.
... Different research attempts have been presented in the literature to provide seamless producer mobility support in ICN [12]- [16]. In the following, we review the most recent and important solutions. ...
The 5G networks are considered as new wireless technologies that promise to provides Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication. In doing so, it uses various coverage techniques with high access point density that rise various complexity in the handle and manage the mobility of users. Information-Centric Network (ICN) is an emerging paradigm that promises to replace the current IP network. The content in ICN is first-class citizens instead of the host. ICN names the content rather than the owner, and the demands are driven by the receiver. Although this change contributes to the ease of consumers' mobility, producer mobility is considered as a challenging issue in ICN. In this paper, we study the issue of producer mobility, discuss the existing issues and challenges, and then design a Label-based technique that takes the benefits of location-free naming to enhance the producer mobility in a seamless and easy manner. The simulation results show the high performance of our proposed architecture in terms of seamless handover and low data miss.
... The second contribution addresses the PublishSubscribe communication model [19,20] . ...
The Internet of Things (IoT) has gained extensive attention from both industry and academia in the past decade. The connectivity of each and every piece of technology in the environment with the Internet has opened many avenues of research and development. However, one thing still remains the same: host-centric communication, since it is the predominant way of communication on the Internet. However, host-centric communication is still the predominant Internet communication method. With the evolution of everything else, host-based communication has been stretched to limits, and the exploration of new models has been underway for several years. Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a major contender for future Internet architecture, where content is the basic key/central/main regardless of its location. ICN intends to offer content-based naming, in-network caching, inherent mobility support, multicast support, and content-based security as part of the design and not an add-on functionality. On the other hand, most IoT applications inherently follow a content-oriented paradigm. IoT users or things ask for the content and consume the generated data from the network instead of communicating with a specific host or device, such as the retrieval of sensed values from a sensor, or monitoring the status of a patient in their home. In fact, ICN can facilitate large-scale IoT deployment, by improving network performance & scalability, enhance security & mobility, and optimize the energy consumption of devices. In recent years, numerous efforts have been made to integrate ICN with IoT. Nevertheless, new issues, due to the nature of IoT applications and the working principle of ICN, have emerged slowing down the ambitions besides using the ICN paradigm in IoT environments.In this thesis, we investigate and explore the possibilities to use ICN as a communication enabler for IoT applications. Inspired by the extensive research results in IoT-based ICN, we provide a detailed and systematic review of this merger. Furthermore, we identify a set of challenges and issues which we classify into two main classes: Network Communication and Network Management. For instance, we find that content naming -- the pillar element in ICN architecture, publish-subscribe communication -- a dominant communication model in IoT applications, and content caching scheme -- a fundamental building block in ICN network, can be listed in the network communication class, whereas control protocol -- an indispensable protocol for large-scale networks, can be arranged in the network management class. The core contributions and innovations of this thesis are as follows:(1) In order to overcome ICN naming issues such as identifying content/service/devices, producing long and unbounded names, and performing efficient aggregation rules, we propose a unified hybrid ICN naming scheme for IoT applications. The proposed scheme incorporates a prefix-labeling method to describe hierarchical location names and applies a variable-length encoding method to produce short names with various embedded semantic functionalities using attribute-value design. Moreover, the scheme supports fast local IoT communication using the Name-to-Code translation concept that tends to tackle long name-prefix issues, as well as multi-source content retrieval through the in-network function concept that aims at fetching content from multiple producers with a smaller number of packets and overhead. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is inherently better than the existing state-of-the-art solutions and drastically reduces the memory consumption, lookup time, routing and forwarding overhead, and enhances the overall IoT communication.(2) In order to support publish-subscribe communication in ICN, we propose a group-based subscription scheme. The proposed scheme enables not only a seamless publisher-subscriber model, but also authentication, access control, and group management features. Without violating the single request-response ICN communication primitive, we design a scalable subscription management scheme using semi-persistent packets and specialized tables at intermediate nodes. The scheme also adopts the Logical Key Hierarchy mechanism to efficiently distribute security keys and secure content sharing among the authorized subscribers. Compared to traditional pull-based subscription, the proposed scheme is able to achieve lower control overhead, with added security and privacy features. The performance analysis shows that with semi-persistent interest, the memory requirements of the core nodes can be kept at minimal levels. (3) In order to design an efficient content caching schemes for IoT applications, we propose centralized and distributed in-network content caching schemes. The centralized scheme aims at selecting the most suitable placement to cache content by minimizing the cost of moving content from the original producer to the intermediate cache-store and from the cache-store to consumers, as well as minimizing the caching cost at intermediate nodes. The designed heuristic algorithm, Highest-First Farthest-Later, selects intermediate nodes with the highest demands, free cache memory as well as they are far away to satisfy a maximum number of demands. The second distributed scheme, Push Down Popular Push Up Less-Popular, aims at pushing down the popular content into the edge network and keeping the less-popular content in the core network. The obtained results show the efficiency and superiority of our scheme against similar strategies in terms of network delay, hop reduction, and cache utilization.(4) In order to design a control protocol compatible with the design principle of ICN, we propose a control protocol for named data networks that can relay different network error, information, notification, and service messages. Our protocol uses content name instead of host address, compatible with the interest-data exchange model and ICN forwarding plane, and supports interest aggregations. The protocol defines a new type of control packet that contains ControlClass and ControlType fields to specify the class of control message and its type. We define three main classes of control messages: Standard Error Messages, Notification Messages, and Service Messages. Each class has a set of messages based on class and usage. The designed protocol improves the network performance especially in the IoT environment, and can easily be extended to support different information-centric platforms.In conclusion, this dissertation studies the applicability of ICN as a communication enabler for IoT. It proposes a series of schemes for different ICN aspects (i.e., naming, communication model, in-network caching, and control protocol) that aim at providing a seamless and efficient IoT-based ICN network. Qualitative analyses and extensive experiments prove the efficiency of our schemes that outperform the existing solutions and exhibit better system performance with less overhead and added features.
... The Persistent Interests (PIs), proposed by Tsilopoulos et al. [13], is remained in the PIT until users explicitly unsubscribe or its lifetime expires. The Persistent Interest Packet (PIP), proposed by Nour et al. [14], is set with a persistence value, which is decremented with each data packet in the back-forwarding path. When the persistence value reaches 0, the record of the PIP is evicted from the PIT. ...
Named Data Networking (NDN) aims to improve the efficiency of data delivery for the Internet. One of the typical characteristics of NDN is ubiquitous caching, that is to say, each network participant in NDN is capable of caching contents. This caching feature is beneficial for enhancing the data availability but also raises a problem of cache consistency. In this paper, we propose a novel strategy of cache invalidation, called PIOR (Proactive Invalidation with Optional Renewing), to provide strong consistency for NDN. PIOR is based on a lightweight publish/subscribe model, actively publishing the updated contents to the router nodes to guarantee the copy validity. We also conceive customized publish/subscribe rules to relieve the unbearable burden on the server imposed by the excessive publishing traffic. The advantage of PIOR lies in simple deployment and compatibility, since the invalidation process of PIOR is independent of the inherent process of NDN. We conduct extensive simulations over a real topology to evaluate the achievable performance of PIOR. The simulation results show that PIOR is able to achieve a high hit ratio and low server load at the low cost of network management.
... Caching protocols that function in an entirely distributed manner are critical in providing scalability, reliability, and robustness to IoT networks [43,44]. Contingent to the category of content distribution [45] and the nature of IoT devices as well as networks, various caching strategies, ranging from caching everything to popularity-based caching, have been proposed [46,47,48], for example, ICN-IoT caching in ad hoc networks [49], ICN-IoT edge caching [50,51], etc. Various contents may have the validity for a short time period, hence, do not need to be cached on the publisher-subscriber path, whereas some can serve the rationale of various applications and are therefore recommended for caching [52]. ...
The future Internet, known as Information-Centric Networking (ICN), is a realistic solution to content delivery between the content request generators (subscribers) and the server (publisher) in the Internet of Things (IoT) environment due to caching contents by in-network nodes. However, significant redundant copies of contents can be cached in this kind of network which, besides numerous advantages, introduces some undesirable features, such as security issues, content redundancy, access control, and cache overflow among others. ICN has different modules, such as mobility, routing, and caching, which are utmost important for the IoT network due to the nature of energy-constrained IoT devices. While numerous attempts are presently being made to institutionalize this emerging paradigm, careful considerations are needed to caching module at the early stage of this architecture. This is important instead of holding up until the innovation gets used and experienced. In this article, we first list some of the important features and limitations of the ICN-based IoT caching and then propose an ICN caching strategy that fits well in the energy efficient and secure IoT environment. The proposed strategy is simulated and compared with the ProbCache mechanism with regards to energy consumption and bandwidth utilization. Preliminary experimental analyses demonstrate that the proposed strategy produces better results than the ProbCache as long as the cache size of network nodes is increased.
... Using ICN as a communication enabler for IoT applications would simplify the collection and sharing of information from devices, services, and cloud [13]. More importantly, the application scenarios of IoT such as e-healthcare, home networks, and smart cities, can capitalize on the collection and analysis capabilities of ICN architecture [14]. This collection and analysis will be more secure and faster as compared to existing IP-based solutions [15]. ...
... The effectiveness of federated averaging algorithm for distributed training proposed by Mcmahan et al. [18] provides strong motivation to develop a federated filtering framework for loMT devices. Moreover, there are also other notable distributed optimization approaches [19], [20] that improves communication efficiency. All the distributed and federated approaches in the literature are highly complex to run in a tiny loMT device furthermore, they aim to perform decision making at the user device. ...
ased on the dominant paradigm, all the wearable loT devices used in the healthcare sector also known as the internet of medical things (loMT) are resource constrained in power and computational capabilities. The 10MT devices are continuously pushing their readings to the remote cloud servers for real-time data analytics, that causes faster drainage of the device battery. Moreover, other demerits of continuous centralizing of data include exposed privacy and high latency. This paper presents a novel Federated Filtering Framework for 10MT devices which is based on the prediction of data at the central fog server using shared models provided by the local 10MT devices. The fog server performs model averaging to predict the aggregated data matrix and also computes filter parameters for local 10MT devices. Two significant theoretical contributions of this paper are the global tolerable perturbation error (TolF) and the local filtering parameter (0); where the former controls the decision-making accuracy due to eigenvalue perturbation and the later balances the tradeoff between the communication overhead and perturbation error of the aggregated data matrix (predicted matrix) at the fog server. Experimental evaluation based on real healthcare data demonstrates that the proposed scheme saves upto 95 % of the communication cost while maintaining reasonable data privacy and low latency.
... By using the content name instead of the host identifier, NDN can support a huge amount of information that may be exchanged between vehicles and roadside units. The mobility is also facilitated using the Interest-Data exchange model [10], and enhanced by integrating in-network caching feature [11]. In ICN-based networks, the network layer is aware of the content delivery. ...
In contrast to the host-centric model where the communication is directed using the destination address, Information-Centric Networking (ICN) adopts the content name as the pillar network element to provide data discovery and delivery process, as well as in other network functionalities. Named Data Networking (NDN) is an active ICN project that uses hierarchical unbounded names. These names are used in both interest and data packets and other data structures that may consume more memory with long lookup time. This paper targets the naming aspect in vehicular named data networks and proposes a Name-to-Hash Encoding scheme. The idea consists of hashing each name components separately to a fixed length, then perform a heuristic Wu-Manber-like algorithm lookup process. The former process enhances the NDN to consume less memory compared to hierarchical names, the latter process provides a fast lookup time. We have evaluated the proposed scheme against different related solutions using real domain datasets. Both theoretical analysis and experiments prove that the proposed scheme is efficient in terms of complexity, memory consumption, and lookup time.
... The effectiveness of federated averaging algorithm for distributed training proposed by Mcmahan et al. [18] provides strong motivation to develop a federated filtering framework for loMT devices. Moreover, there are also other notable distributed optimization approaches [19], [20] that improves communication efficiency. All the distributed and federated approaches in the literature are highly complex to run in a tiny loMT device furthermore, they aim to perform decision making at the user device. ...
Based on the dominant paradigm, all the wearable IoT devices used in the healthcare sector also known as the internet of medical things (IoMT) are resource constrained in power and computational capabilities. The IoMT devices are continuously pushing their readings to the remote cloud servers for real-time data analytics, that causes faster drainage of the device battery. Moreover, other demerits of continuous centralizing of data include exposed privacy and high latency. This paper presents a novel Federated Filtering Framework for IoMT devices which is based on the prediction of data at the central fog server using shared models provided by the local IoMT devices. The fog server performs model averaging to predict the aggregated data matrix and also computes filter parameters for local IoMT devices. Two significant theoretical contributions of this paper are the global tolerable perturbation error (${To{l_F}}$) and the local filtering parameter ($\delta$); where the former controls the decision-making accuracy due to eigenvalue perturbation and the later balances the tradeoff between the communication overhead and perturbation error of the aggregated data matrix (predicted matrix) at the fog server. Experimental evaluation based on real healthcare data demonstrates that the proposed scheme saves upto 95\% of the communication cost while maintaining reasonable data privacy and low latency.
... NDN has been applied in different domains including Internet of Things [6], Vehicular Ad hoc Networks [7], and Wireless Sensor Network [8]. On the other hand, Link Quality Estimation (LQE) [9] is used to estimate and select the stable and reliable link over a set of candidate links that can be used to forward interest. ...
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a new communication paradigm that replaces the host addresses by the name of content; Named Data Networking (NDN) is a promising ICN architecture that has attracted research attention in recent years. NDN is a receiver-driven architecture implements pull-based communication in the form of one-interest-one-data. This model poses different challenges, especially from the transport layer perspective. In contact to IP-based networks where the congestion is handled in an end-to-end manner, NDN cannot apply the same concept, while most of the existing solutions are based on hop-by-hop connection. In this paper, we present a new congestion control mechanism for NDN based on link quality estimation. We focus our efforts to provide fast data transmission, decrease packet dropping rate, and maximize the link utilization. The simulation results show that our solution outperforms the NDN schemes in terms of throughput and drop packets.
... Also, allowing such kind of packets provides opportunities for Denial of Service attack on intermediate nodes. One of the promising solutions for Pushbased support is the use of persistent interest packets [156]. ...
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) has been proposed as one of the future Internet architectures. It is poised to address the challenges faced by today’s Internet that include, but not limited to, scalability, addressing, security, and privacy. Furthermore, it also aims at meeting the requirements for new emerging Internet applications. To realize ICN, Named Data Networking (NDN) is one of the recent implementations of ICN that provides a suitable communication approach due to its clean slate design and simple communication model. There are a plethora of applications realized through ICN in different domains where data is the focal point of communication. One such domain is Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) realized through Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET) where vehicles exchange information and content with each other and with the infrastructure. To date, excellent research results have been yielded in the VANET domain aiming at safe, reliable, and infotainment-rich driving experience. However, due to the dynamic topologies, host-centric model, and ephemeral nature of vehicular communication, various challenges are faced by VANET that hinder the realization of successful vehicular networks and adversely affect the data dissemination, content delivery, and user experiences. To fill these gaps, NDN has been extensively used as underlying communication paradigm for VANET. Inspired by the extensive research results in NDN-based VANET, in this paper, we provide a detailed and systematic review of NDN-driven VANET. More precisely, we investigate the role of NDN in VANET and discuss the feasibility of NDN architecture in VANET environment. Subsequently, we cover in detail, NDN-based naming, routing and forwarding, caching, mobility, and security mechanism for VANET. Furthermore, we discuss the existing standards, solutions, and simulation tools used in NDN-based VANET. Finally, we also identify open challenges and issues faced by NDN-driven VANET and highlight future research directions that should be addressed by the research community.
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) enable
vehicle-to-everything communication, where vehicles
disseminate messages to a Road Side Unit (RSU) periodically.
All RSUs send data to a cloud or a central server for detection
and analysis of traffic congestion situations on the roadways
globally. The existing cloud computing approach is inefficient
for analyzing massive amounts of data in a short amount of
time while still meeting the needs of consumers. Due to its
limited scalability, flexibility, and connectivity, conventional
vehicular networks have several issues in resource placement
and administration, affecting the quality of service (QoS) and
severely affecting VANET services and entire network
effectiveness. To address these issues, a novel architecture is
known as edge computing — which allows the decentralization
of data preprocessing from the clouds to the edge of the
network — had been positioned to solve the issues that have
arisen while employing cloud computing method. Edge
computing is defined by its ability to implement with VANETs
to calculate, store, and deliver delay-sensitive communications
to vehicles on deadline. Less latency, network off-loading, and
context-awareness are just a few of the benefits that it might
bring to the global vehicular network (location, environment
factors, etc.). Mobile edge computing (MEC), fog computing
(FC), and cloudlet are the primary methods to edge computing
that have been developed. This paper presents a survey on
cloud and edge computing, a detailed comparison of the
existing research, characteristics, requirements for enabling
edge computing, and challenges.
The ever-increasing use of Internet of Things (IoT)
devices results in the implementation of multiple wireless technologies
that would not only cater their data rate requirements
but also support various applications. To optimize the energy efficiency
and security of the wireless transmission, it is imperative to
identify the wireless technologies in various IoT implementations.
Many of the existing approaches are based on measuring only
the receiving signal strength indicator (RSSI). However, such
approaches may not work well because of transmit power
control and complex channel variations among different wireless
technologies. In this paper, we propose an autonomous wireless
detection scheme that considers multiple distinguishable physical
layer settings for real-time identification of wireless technologies
for real-time applications. Specifically, the proposed scheme relies
on the physical layer measurements of the targeted spectrum.
Transmission settings such as bandwidth, carrier frequency and
RSSI are estimated from the raw in-phase and quadraturephase
(I/Q) measurements. In addition, a symbol level extraction
scheme is implemented to extract unique features of modulation
settings. These aforementioned features are applied to a machine
learning process to identify the received wireless technologies.
Compared with raw I/Q measurements, the extracted features are
much simplified and thus, the machine learning classifier can be
designed with a simple structure for fast processing on IoT nodes.
The proposed schemes are primarily evaluated theoretically,
followed by implementing them on a USRP Software-Defined
Radio (SDR) based hardware testbed. The evaluation results
demonstrate high accuracy in real-time detection of different
wireless technologies for seamless IoT applications.
The proliferation of connected devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) presents a connectivity challenge. The future internet will require a paradigm shift in which content is evaluated on the basis of “What” it is rather than “Where” it originated. ICN’s goal is to provide the benefits of name-based content addressing in order to facilitate scalable content distribution, security, mobility, and trust. NDN is a new internet architecture that evolved from Content-Centric Networking (CCN). NDN is viewed as a solution to the IoT’s challenges, as well as a way to transcend the IP paradigm. With IoT systems that had a number of challenging characteristics to satisfy, including heterogeneous devices, resource constraints, and energy efficiency. Due to the fact that NDN native features deliver data via hierarchically structured names, it offer promising solutions for current research integrating NDN into IoT. The review discusses the significance of naming, its influence, and security factor. Additionally, research challenges in the areas of naming and security will be discussed. The primary objective of this review is to give a new facelift to a new integrating naming convention for NDN.
This paper proposes a network tomography scheme for information-centric networking (ICN), which we call ICN tomography. When content is received over a conventional IP network, the communication occurs after converting the content name into an IP address, which is the locator, so as to identify the position of the network. By contrast, in ICN, communication is achieved by directly specifying the content name or content ID. The content is sent to the requesting user by a nearby node having the content or cache, making it difficult to apply a conventional network tomography that uses end-to-end quality of service (QoS) measurements and routing information between the source and destination node pairs as input to the ICN. This is because, in ICN, the end-to-end flow for an end host receiving some content can take various routes; therefore, the intermediate and source nodes can vary. In this paper, we first describe the technical challenges of applying network tomography to ICN. We then propose ICN tomography, where we use the content name as an endpoint to define an end-to-end QoS measurement and a routing matrix. In defining the routing matrix, we assume that the end-to-end flow follows a probabilistic routing. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated through a numerical analysis and simulation.
Elder care is an area in modern society where a series of issues are encountered. There is a feasibility to find solutions pertaining to the issues of elder care by using wearable sensors and telemonitoring devices. This paper will discuss monitoring of critical diagnosis parameters of the elders who are bedridden using Internet of Things (IOT). A survey was conducted to identify the environmental factors which affect the elder care service and the management of sudden accident and making alarm under conditions of emergency. It was identified from the survey that blood pressure, body temperature, pulse rate, heart rhythm and Electro Cardio Graph (ECG) are highly important for diagnosis procedure by doctors. In the same way this parameter can be obtained via telemedicine even though the doctor is a long distance away from the patient. Further, elder care service providers can monitor many elders from a long distance by checking critical environmental factors such temperature, humidity and fall detection by using IOT. All these requirements can be fulfilled by confining all sensors in a wearable jacket.
Content-Centric Networking (CCN) employs a completely different request/response pull communication model of Interest/Content packets and provides the pervasive in-network caching. Although this communication model effectively satisfy most of the popular static Web content requests, it may bring some new challenges for the dynamic Web request services, especially for the time-sensitive dynamic request. We find that the fair scheduling of Interest packets (i.e. without differentiating the new service requests and those requests being processed) will increase the average expected response time, especially when the Web requests with large-size response pages dominate or when the requests fluctuate greatly over time. To improve the performance of CCN Web servers, we present an effective First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) dynamic service requests scheduling scheme specially designed for CCN Web Servers. Furthermore, we also explore the size-based adaptive pipeline flow control approach for CCN Web servers. To validate the proposed approaches, we developed and incorporated these new functions into the existing CCN Web server implementation (named CCNxTomcat), and tested its performance by simulating the workload of three popular dynamic Web sites in a CCN testbed. Experimental results show that the improved CCNxTomcat is more friendly to the dynamic Web requests with large-size response pages and outperforms the existing CCNxTomcat in terms of mean response time in most cases.
In contrast to the current host-centric architecture, Information-Centric Networking (ICN) adopts content naming instead of host address and in-network caching to enhance the content delivery, improve the data distribution, and satisfy users' requirements. As ICN is being incrementally deployed in different real-world scenarios, it will exist with IP-based services in a hybrid network setting. Full deployment of ICN and total replacement of IP protocol is not feasible at the current stage since IP is dominating the Internet. On the other hand, redesigning TCP/IP applications from ICN perspective is a time-consuming task and requires a careful investigation from both business and technical point of view. Thus, the coexistence of ICN and IP is one of the suitable solutions. Towards this end, we propose a simple yet efficient coexistence solution based on Network Function Virtualization (NFV) technology. We define a set of communication regions and control virtual functions. A gateway node is used as an intermediate entity to fetch and deliver content over regions. The simulation results show that the proposed approach is valid and allow content fetching and delivering from different ICN and/to IP regions in an efficient manner.
The Operating Room (OR) plays an important role in delivering vital medical services to patients in hospitals. Such environments contain several medical devices, equipment, and systems producing valuable information which might be combined for biomedical and surgical workflow analysis. Considering the sensibility of data from sensors in the OR, independently of processing and network loads, the middleware that provides data from these sensors have to respect applications quality of service (QoS) demands. In an OR middleware, there are two main bottlenecks that might suffer QoS problems and, consequently, impact directly in user experience: (i) simultaneous user applications connecting the middleware; and (ii) a high number of sensors generating information from the environment. Currently, many middlewares that support QoS have been proposed by many fields; however, to the best of our knowledge, there is no research on this topic or the OR environment. OR environments are characterized by being crowded by persons and equipment, some of them of specific use in such environments, as mobile x-ray machines. Therefore, this article proposes QualiCare, an adaptable middleware model to provide multi-level QoS, improve user experience, and increase hardware utilization to middlewares in OR environments. Our main contributions are a middleware model and an orchestration engine in charge of changing the middleware behavior to guarantee performance. Results demonstrate that adapting middleware parameters on demand reduces network usage and improves resource consumption maintaining data provisioning.
ZigBee, a low-power wireless communication technology, has been used in various applications, such as smart health/home/buildings. The proliferation of ZigBee-based applications (and thus devices), however, makes the concurrent transmissions-i.e., multiple transmitters send packets to the same receiver at the same time-common in practice, leading to inevitable collisions. Either retransmissions caused by collisions or the collision avoidance mechanism, e.g., CSMA/CA, introduces plenty of energy consumption. To facilitate the green and concurrent transmissions of ZigBee, we design pre/post-amble-based multi-packet reception (PPM), a method that recovers the collided ZigBee messages by exploiting their collision-free chips and the overlapped chips in their pre/post-ambles. We elaborately attach short postamble to standard ZigBee packet by manipulating the ZigBee payload, which can be compatible with standard ZigBee and only introduce negligible energy overhead. We further propose two design enhancements, cross-validation and reference chips calibration, to ensure the accuracy of PPM. Such a collision recovery of PPM reduces the retransmissions caused by collisions and eliminates the energy overhead of CSMA/CA simultaneously, facilitating the realization of green ZigBee. We have prototyped and evaluated PPM with USRP, showing PPM recovers the collided messages with bit-error-rates in the order of 10
<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup>
, which is magnitudes lower than state-of-the-art methods. Experimental results show that PPM can achieve packet reception ratio more than 90% and less than 20 retransmissions in a concurrent transmission experiment with 400 packets resulting in negligible packet retransmission cost of energy.
Named data networking (NDN) treats content/data as a “first class citizen” of the network by giving it a “name”. This content “name” is used to retrieve any information, unlike in device-centric networks (i.e., the current Internet), which depend on physical IP addresses. Meanwhile, the smart home concept has been gaining attention in academia and industries; various low-cost embedded devices are considered that can sense, process, store, and communicate data autonomously. In this paper, we study NDN in the context of smart-home communications, discuss the preliminary evaluations, and describe the future challenges of applying NDN in smart-home applications.
The growth of smart applications is reaching a whole new level. This allows shopping, banking and numerous everyday activities resulting in a comfortable life. The credit goes to the IoT (Internet of Things). It comprises capabilities of detecting and connecting numerous physical objects into an integrated system. This paper outlines the concept of Internet of Things and the technologies involved in it. The later section provides in brief the applications of Internet of Things in different domains along with risks associated in it.
In view of evolving the Internet infrastructure, Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is promoting a communication model, which is fundamentally different from the traditional IP address-centric model. The ICN approach consists in the retrieval of content by (unique) names, regardless of origin server location (i.e., IP address), application and distribution channel, thus enabling in-network caching/replication and content-based security. The expected benefits in terms of improved data dissemination efficiency and robustness in challenging communication scenarios, claim the high potential of ICN as an innovative networking paradigm in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain. IoT is a challenging environment, mainly due to the high number of heterogeneous and potentially constrained networked devices, the unique and heavy traffic patterns. The application of ICN principles in such a context opens new opportunities, while requiring careful design choices. This article critically discusses potential ways towards this goal, by surveying the current literature, after presenting several possible motivations for the introduction of ICN in the context of IoT.
Major challenges and opportunities are also highlighted, serving as guidelines for progress beyond the state of the art in this timely and increasingly relevant topic.
Current Internet of Things (IoT) deployments, due to the plethora of devices, protocols, services and architectural instantiations, pose a considerable set of challenges to the Internet fabric as we know it. In parallel, the ever-growing integration of on-line services into everyday aspects of our society have contributed to an increasing shift of the Internet's utilization paradigm. This short position paper considers future IoT deployments over information-centric networking, with a particular focus on management aspects. More specifically, we discuss the potential benefits from adopting an ICN-based approach for building IoT applications in the future, and identify management-related challenges along this path of research. This paper draws upon recent discussions in IRTF ICNRG on this subject matter and aims to contribute to the larger discussion that is starting in this nascent research area.
—Named Data Networking (NDN) is a newly proposed In-ternet architecture. NDN retains the Internet's hourglass architecture but evolves the thin waist. Instead of pushing data to specific loca-tions, NDN retrieves data by name. On one hand, this simple change allows NDN networks to use almost all of the Internet's well tested engineering properties to solve not only IP's communication problems but also digital distribution and control problems. On the other hand, a distribution architecture differs in fundamental ways from a point-to-point communication architecture of today's Internet and raises many new research challenges. Simulation can serve as a flexible tool to examine and evaluate various aspects of this new architecture. To provide the research community at large with a common simulation platform, we have developed an open source NS-3 based simulator, ndnSIM, which faithfully implemented the basic components of a NDN network in a modular way. This paper provides an overview of ndnSIM.
A common feature of ambient intelligence is that many objects are inter-connected and act in unison, which is also a challenge in the Internet of Things. There has been a shift in research towards integrating both concepts, considering the Internet of Things as representing the future of computing and communications. However, the efficient combination and management of heterogeneous things or devices in the ambient intelligence domain is still a tedious task, and it presents crucial challenges. Therefore, to appropriately manage the inter-connection of diverse devices in these systems requires: (1) specifying and efficiently implementing the devices (e.g., as services); (2) handling and verifying their heterogeneity and composition; and (3) standardizing and managing their data, so as to tackle large numbers of systems together, avoiding standalone applications on local servers. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a platform to manage the integration and behavior-aware orchestration of heterogeneous devices as services, stored and accessed via the cloud, with the following contributions: (i) we describe a lightweight model to specify the behavior of devices, to determine the order of the sequence of exchanged messages during the composition of devices; (ii) we define a common architecture using a service-oriented standard environment, to integrate heterogeneous devices by means of their interfaces, via a gateway, and to orchestrate them according to their behavior; (iii) we design a framework based on cloud computing technology, connecting the gateway in charge of acquiring the data from the devices with a cloud platform, to remotely access and monitor the data at run-time and react to emergency situations; and (iv) we implement and generate a novel cloud-based IoT platform of behavior-aware devices as services for ambient intelligence systems, validating the whole approach in real scenarios related to a specific ambient assisted living application.
The information-centric networking (ICN) concept is a significant common approach of several future Internet research activities. The approach leverages in-network caching, multiparty communication through replication, and interaction models decoupling senders and receivers. The goal is to provide a network infrastructure service that is better suited to today¿s use (in particular. content distribution and mobility) and more resilient to disruptions and failures. The ICN approach is being explored by a number of research projects. We compare and discuss design choices and features of proposed ICN architectures, focusing on the following main components: named data objects, naming and security, API, routing and transport, and caching. We also discuss the advantages of the ICN approach in general.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the logical further development of today’s Internet. Technological advancements lead to smart objects being capable of identifying, locating, sensing and connecting and thus leading to new forms of communication between people and things and things themselves. Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) encompasses technical systems to support elderly people in their daily routine to allow an independent and safe lifestyle as long as possible. Keep In Touch (KIT) uses smart objects and technologies (Near Field Communication and Radio Frequency Identification) to facilitate telemonitoring processes. Closed Loop Healthcare Services take use of KIT technology and are capable of processing relevant data and establishing communication channels between elderly people and their environment and different groups of care-givers (physicians, relatives, mobile care providers). The combination of KIT technology (smart objects) and Closed Loop Healthcare Services results in an applied IoT infrastructure for AAL scenarios. Already applied IoT and AAL applications in telemonitoring and medication intake compliance projects show that these applications are useful and accepted by the elderly and that the developed infrastructure enables a new form of communication between people and people, people-to-people (P2P) communication. The personal communication between elderly people, their environment and relevant groups of care givers is an important aspect in AAL. Through the combination of KIT and Closed Loop Healthcare, a central AAL paradigm can be realized through the IoT, where the elderly live in their homes with smart objects, thus smart homes, communicating to the outside world in an intelligent and goal-orientated manner.
6LoWPAN is a protocol definition to enable IPv6 packets to be carried on top of low power wireless networks, specifically IEEE 802.15.4. The concept was born from the idea that the Internet Protocol could and should be applied to even the smallest of devices. The initial goal was to define an adaptation layer -- "IP over Foo" to deal with the requirements imposed by IPv6, such as the increased address sizes and the 1280 byte MTU. The final design takes the concepts used in IPv6 to create a set of headers that allow for the efficient encoding of large IPv6 addresses/headers into a smaller compressed header - sometimes as small as just 4 bytes, while at the same time allowing for the use of various mesh networks and supporting fragmentation and reassembly where needed. This paper describes some of the underlying assumptions and decision points made during the development of 6LoWPAN and how the "stacked header" concept is applied so that in using the protocol you only have to "pay for" what you use. It concludes with open problems and challenges for further development and research.
Network use has evolved to be dominated by content distri- bution and retrieval, while networking technology still can only speak of connections between hosts. Accessing con- tent and services requires mapping from the what that users care about to the network's where. We present Content- Centric Networking (CCN) which takes content as a primi- tive - decoupling location from identity, security and access, and retrieving content by name. Using new approaches to routing named content, derived heavily from IP, we can si- multaneously achieve scalability, security and performance. We have implemented the basic features of our architecture and demonstrate resilience and performance with secure file downloads and VoIP calls.
The concept Internet of Things in recent years has enabled the connectivity of almost every electronic device using wireless medium, to the Internet. This has created a massive surge in number of heterogeneous wireless devices, with many new challenges regarding content and service naming. The traditional IP-based architectures are now moving towards information/content centric networks. In this paper, we propose a multilayer multi-component hierarchical attribute-value naming scheme for wireless devices. It combines self-certifying names to achieve a standardized naming scheme, which is scalable, efficient, routable, and is secure by design. We use variable-length encoding method to represent hierarchical location names with prefix-labeling. It is highly expressive and customizable using a tree representation, where each level represents a semantic functionality. The qualitative and quantitative analysis show that the proposed scheme is inherently better than many of the available information-centric networking architectures, and is able to reduce the memory and time consumption for name lookup and routing purposes.
Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) main goal is the development of health monitoring systems for patients with chronic diseases and elderly people through the use of body, home, and environmental sensors that increase their degree of independence and mobility. A comprehensive software infrastructure for AAL systems should be able to cover scenarios involving several patient mobility levels, locations, and physical and cognitive abilities. Cloud computing can provide to AAL systems the ability to extend the limited processing power of mobile devices, but its main role is to integrate all stakeholders through the storage and processing of health data and the orchestration of healthcare business logic. On the other hand, the Internet of Things (IoT) provides the ability to connect sensors and actuators, integrating and making them available through the Internet. This paper presents the Mobile-Hub/Scalable Data Distribution Layer, a middleware for AAL based on cloud computing and IoT. We discuss how this middleware can handle the requirements of the main health monitoring scenarios and present results that demonstrate the ability to opportunistically discover and connect with sensors in a timely manner and the scalability necessary for handling the connection and data processing of many connected patients.
Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) can be considered as a future umbrella for technological advances. Especially elderly-related
activities will be facing severe economical, social and psychological challenges such that all categories of the society (scientists,
industrials, stakeholders and politicians) are called to contribute solutions to deal with expected issues. This paper aims
to inform the intended readership about the status of research, programmes as well as actual efforts and challenges in the
field of AAL. This report provides first the status of the problem as well as an overview of the AAL topics targeted by the
European AAL Association and the European Commission. Selected AAL projects in Europe and worldwide as well as existing umbrellas
for funding AAL research and technologies are briefly introduced.
Ambient Assited Living (AAL) kann als eine der Triebfedern zukünftiger technologischer Entwicklungen gesehen werden. Die Überalterung
der Gesellschaft stellt uns vor gewaltige ökonomische, soziale und psychologische Herausforderungen, so dass alle Elemente
der Gesellschaft (Forschung, Industrie, Bedarfsträger, Politik) gefordert sind, an der Lösung dieser Probleme mitzuarbeiten.
Dieser Artikel soll über den aktuellen Status der Forschung, Programme sowie über aktuelle Bemühungen und Herausforderungen
auf dem Gebiet des AAL informieren. Beginnend mit einem Überblick über AAL-Themen, wie sie von der europäischen AAL-Vereinigung
und der Europäischen Kommission definiert wurden, werden danach ausgewählte Projekte und Förderprogramme präsentiert.
KeywordsAmbient Assisted Living-Survey-Issues-Prevention-Technologies
SchlüsselwörterBetreutes Wohnen-Überblick-Vorsorge-Technologien
Recently the problem of providing effective and appropriate healthcare to elderly and disable people is an important field in relative to the aging of population problems. The objective of information and communication technologies (ICT) is to focus on the new technologies the medical environments, so that it can provide management to accelerate and improve the clinical process. Our contribution is to introduce an approach based on Internet of things (IoT) in medical environments to achieve a global connectivity with the patient, sensors and everything around it. The main goal of this globality feature is to provide a context awareness to make the patient's life easier and the clinical process more effective. To achieve this approach, firstly has been developed an architecture which has been designed to offer great potential and flexibility of communications, monitoring and control. This architecture includes several advanced communication technologies; among them are 6LoWPAN and RFID/NFC, which are the basis of the IoT. Moreover the research deal with the problems related to the mobility and security that happens when IoT is applied in medical environments. The mobility issue requires developing a protocol over 6LoWPAN network to be carried out in sensor networks with high specification related with low power consumption and capacity. While in the RFID/NFC technologies need to support secure communications, our proposal is to introduce a set of security techniques and cryptographic SIM card to authenticate, encrypt and sign the communications with medical devices. The preliminary results showed a reduction of time in the handover process with the protocol for mobility defined, by omitting the stages of addressing and simplifying the MIPv6 protocol. In addition to increase the security in the communications carried out by NFC devices enhanced with the inclusion of cryptographic SIM card.
An open, secure and flexible platform based on internet of things and cloud computing for ambient aiding living and telemedicine
- X M Zhang
- N Zhang
X. M. Zhang and N. Zhang, "An open, secure and flexible platform
based on internet of things and cloud computing for ambient aiding
living and telemedicine," in ICCM Conference, 2011.
A case for ICN usage in IoT environments
- J Quevedo
- D Corujo
- R Aguiar
J. Quevedo, D. Corujo, and R. Aguiar, "A case for ICN usage in IoT
environments," in Globecom Conference, 2014, pp. 2770-2775.
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) Research Challenges
- D Kutscher
- S Eum
- K Pentikousis
- I Psaras
- D Corujo
- D Saucez
- T C Schmidt
- M Whlisch
D. Kutscher, S. Eum, K. Pentikousis, I. Psaras, D. Corujo, D. Saucez,
T. C. Schmidt, and M. Whlisch, "Information-Centric Networking (ICN)
Research Challenges," pp. 1-38, 2016.