Article

Will we be safe there Analysing strategies for altering unsafe place images

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Abstract

Many countries, cities and tourist destinations are considered risky or unsafe due to terror attacks, natural disasters, epidemics, crime waves, wars, coups, racial conflicts, social-economic disorders or political unrest. The association of places with danger or bloodshed is a serious obstacle to their attractiveness and is likely to have a negative affect on tourism and investments. The goal of this article is to present three groups of media strategies adopted by places all over the world in order to be perceived as safe: source-focused strategies, message-focused strategies and audience-focused strategies. This paper is based on a variety of qualitative research methods and is the result of careful analysis of dozens of case studies, advertisements, public relations campaigns, press releases, academic articles, news articles, and websites of cities, countries and tourist destinations that were widely considered as unsafe as the result of sudden or ongoing crises.Place Branding and Public Diplomacy (2008) 4, 196–204. doi:10.1057/pb.2008.10

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... Many authors (Avraham, 2015;Avraham & Ketter, 2008;Beirman, 2003;2014;Ketter, 2016;Ritchie, 2004;Sönmez, Apostolopoulos, & Tarlow, 1999) consider acts of terrorism as crises for tourism and agree regarding the need for planning possible strategies to limit or reduce their negative effects and recover the image of destinations (Avraham, 2015;Ketter, 2016). Ritchie (2004) proposed a crisis management model consisting of three stages: before, during, and after the crisis. ...
... He stressed the importance of a good communication strategy for managing the crisis, which could reduce its impact. Avraham and Ketter (2008) created a multi-step model to analyse communication strategies for image recovery. Avraham (2015) analysed media strategies employed by marketers in Middle Eastern countries to restore a positive image during the Arab Spring uprisings. ...
... Several studies have focused on destinations' image-recovery strategies during crises (Avraham, 2015;Avraham & Ketter, 2008;Ketter, 2016;Tarlow, 2005), but theories, conceptual frameworks, and models are still scarce in the field of crisis communication and destination image recovery (Avraham, 2015), especially after terrorist attacks. Their development is required both to generate a theoretical foundation and effective communication strategies that can prove useful for DMOs in managing crises caused by terrorism and to recover the image of destinations. ...
Article
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the destination marketing organizations (DMOs) of Barcelona and Cambrils communicated information about the terrorist attacks they suffered and what they have done to recover their image. The tweets posted on the Barcelona and Cambrils profiles were examined following a content analysis method focusing on three categories of communication: (1) the terrorist attacks, (2) the actions by the DMOs to manage them, and especially (3) the tourism-related decisions that were taken in order to recover the image of the destinations. The results reveal that to a great extent the destinations focused their communication efforts on managing the attack and to a lesser extent on messages to promote tourism in the region as a way to recover their image.
... Inhabitants of these places have followed suit, seeking to portray their city, region or country positively and promote them as tourist destinations. In a region like the Middle East, such placebranding efforts seem geared to countering the image of destinations that have been depicted as dangerous by Western media (Avraham, 2008) and/or are considered 'unsafe' due to ongoing crises. Governments too have sought to leverage initiatives using social media platforms and hashtags to encourage tourism in their country and to frame its 'destination image', that is, its perception as shaped "by tourists' prior knowledge, experiences, commercial and noncommercial information sources, and, in today's media environment, content generated by tourists themselves" (Stepchenkova & Li, 2014, p. 4). ...
... As Nick, puts it: "The shots they take show the beauty of the place and they show the different parts and things you can do there." Thus, such depictions correlate with the touristic products and attractions that people tend to associate with the 'destination image' of a country (Avraham and Ketter, 2008;Crompton, 1978). ...
Article
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The emergence of social media has created new means of intercultural engagement. On Instagram, there is a growing trend of travel pages and travel bloggers whose aim is to introduce and share the highlights of the destinations they travel to. Locals in these destinations also wish to portray their country positively and promote it as a tourist destination, particularly in certain countries of the Middle East where there is the added challenge of an ‘unsafe’ image to combat. This research focuses on Lebanon to find out to what extent Instagram can be considered a means to this end, and if users who come across depictions of Lebanon on Instagram perceive the country as a potential tourist destination. The study draws on Said’s conception of the ‘other’ (1978), Hall’s system of representations (1980) and Pieterse’s hybridization paradigm (1996), and it used a mixed methods approach combining surveys and semi-structured interviews with Canadian participants. Findings broadly show that while Instagram can effectively be considered a tool to counter the ‘unsafe’ image of Lebanon, and while the country may be branded as a potential tourist destination to users who come across favorable depictions of it, algorithm restrictions limit the potential for such contents to fulfill their potential as they do not always reach users who perceive Lebanon to be an ‘unsafe’ place.
... Pero menos estudios han analizado el impacto del terrorismo en la creación de la imagen del destino (Chew y Jahari, 2014) y muy pocos su gestión tras atentados terroristas. Además, en la literatura predominan los estudios desde la perspectiva marketiniana (Avraham, 2015;Avraham y Ketter, 2008;Beirman, 2002;Ketter, 2016;Ritchie, 2004;Sönmez et al., 1999) en detrimento de la perspectiva comunicativa (Avery et al., 2010). Algunos analizan las acciones para la recuperación de la imagen de los destinos (Avraham, 2015;Ketter, 2016) tras crisis por inestabilidad política o desastres naturales, pero no tras atentados terroristas. ...
... Autores como Sönmez et al. (1999) o Ritchie (2004) reconocen que el terrorismo supone crisis para los destinos, que daña su imagen en aspectos como la seguridad y la atracción que generan, y consideran que solo una correcta gestión de las crisis puede evitar el daño a la imagen del destino. En la misma línea, otros autores afirman que tras una crisis hay oportunidades para recuperar la imagen (Ulmer et al., 2007) y que se deben aplicar teorías y conceptos de otras disciplinas comunicativas para la gestión de las crisis en el ámbito del turismo (Avraham, 2015;Avraham y Ketter, 2008;Beirman, 2002;Ketter, 2016;Ritchie, 2004;Sönmez et al., 1999). En general, estos autores, aunque reconocen la importancia de las relaciones públicas y las estrategias de comunicación de crisis, no centran la investigación desde la perspectiva comunicativa. ...
Article
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Los atentados terroristas suponen crisis para los destinos turísticos. Por ello, el objetivo de este artículo es verificar cómo las Organizaciones de Marketing de los Destinos de Londres, Manchester y París (OMDs) gestionaron dicha crisis durante y después de los atentados en 2017, desde una perspectiva de las Relaciones Públicas. Para ello, se realizó un análisis de contenido de los tuits publicados en las cuentas oficiales de los destinos a lo largo de 30 días tras los atentados terroristas. Los resultados muestran que las 3 OMDs centraron sus esfuerzos comunicativos en la difusión de contenidos de promoción turística para gestionar la crisis, pero comunicaron poco o nada lo ocurrido en el atentado. Asimismo, las Organizaciones de Marketing de los Destinos apostaron por imágenes fijas y textos como recursos de información para difundir sus contenidos. Para citar este artículo / to reference this article / para citar este artigo Huertas, A., Oliveira, A. y Balagué López, N. (2021). Rol de las relaciones públicas en los destinos turísticos que sufren atentados terroristas: análisis de la comunicación de crisis realizada en Londres, Mánchester y París tras los atentados de 2017. Palabra Clave, 24(1), e2416. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2021.24.1.6
... The second category, dealing with the strategic management of communication to recover the image of the destination, sought to examine whether the destination later carried out due communication so that its image would be as little affected as possible and recover quickly. Many authors have highlighted the importance of specific variables and models in the recovery of destinations' image (Ulmer, Seeger and Sellnow 2007;Tarlow 2005;Avraham and Ketter 2008;Avraham 2015;Ketter 2016). From these studies, two important subcategories have been adopted for the analysis template: 2.1) actions regarding the safety and security of tourists in the future (Avraham and Ketter 2008;Coombs 2007) and 2.2) actions regarding the promotion of tourism and a discourse of renewal (Ulmer, Seeger and Sellnow 2007). ...
... Many authors have highlighted the importance of specific variables and models in the recovery of destinations' image (Ulmer, Seeger and Sellnow 2007;Tarlow 2005;Avraham and Ketter 2008;Avraham 2015;Ketter 2016). From these studies, two important subcategories have been adopted for the analysis template: 2.1) actions regarding the safety and security of tourists in the future (Avraham and Ketter 2008;Coombs 2007) and 2.2) actions regarding the promotion of tourism and a discourse of renewal (Ulmer, Seeger and Sellnow 2007). The subcategory of actions regarding safety and security after the attack seeks to examine whether the destinations adopted appropriate policies and informed the public of their actions so that tourists would perceive them as safe to visit, and included items such as: the creation of security measures in public and tourist spaces (bollards, alarms, cameras...), the creation of apps, social media platforms or web spaces offering information on public safety, the publication of regulations, advice, guidelines on how to act in the event of attacks, and so forth. ...
... The marketers believe that if they can convince the target audience to visit the place, these tourists will see that the ' unsafe ' stereotypes (usually spread by the media) are false and the place is vibrant, thriving and safe. This strategy, for example, was used by India and the United Kingdom after image crises resulting from epidemics ( Avraham and Ketter, 2008b ). It has also been employed by Israel, seeking to combat its media image as an unsafe destination. ...
... In the Israeli case, this insight has been found to be correct because there were only limited uses of these campaigns, which ran only for short periods. The lack of resources can also explain why the marketers did not employ the strategy of ' hosting international events ' , such as sport competitions or cultural events, that aims to improve a place ' s negative image ( Avraham and Ketter, 2008b ). On one hand, in light of the extensive coverage of the confl ict in the international media, we can understand the extensive use of strategies aimed at expanding the country ' s image beyond the confl ict and the use of humor in order to soften the image. ...
Article
Marketing and branding of countries, as mentioned in the theoretical and professional literature, is not an easy challenge; this challenge is even more daunting when a certain country has been the subject of prolonged negative media coverage focusing on wars, terror and violence. Using the multistep model for altering place image, this article sets out to analyze strategies used to restore Israel's positive image. The analysis of Israel's image and its marketing efforts can help us better understand how marketers manage nation branding and marketing efforts during prolonged crises and constant conflict. This article is based on a close analysis of dozens of advertisements, public relations (PR) campaigns, press releases, academic and popular articles, news articles, interviews and websites of Israel's government departments and Jewish organizations. The analysis shows that over the years, the nation's marketers used three kinds of strategies: focusing on the source, on the message and on the target audience. The article also evaluates the employment of these various strategies used by Israel's marketers over the years.
... Individual conditioning toward safety and the portrayed image of a destination influences perception of crime. Media also influence this perception 99 . In this framework, it should be stated that the perception of security is relative and presents a subjective reality to the individual 100 . ...
Article
Tourism is closely related to social factors. This situation also leads to a relationship between tourism and crime. The increase in tourist movements increases the population of destinations, and the increasing population creates a suitable environment for criminal activities. Social, economic, cultural differences, environmental conditions, and inadequate security measures affect the crime activities observed within tourism. From this perspective, crime in tourism is a multi-dimensional problem that needs to be addressed in detail. It is also essential to evaluate crime patterns within the tourism phenomenon. This study evaluated 273 articles indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection by a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. The articles were subjected to structured content analysis, and a literature review was conducted within the scope of the study. Various variables such as author, citation, and publication were examined using bibliometric techniques such as co-occurrence, network, and co-citation analysis. According to the results, it was seen that multi-dimensional collaborations should be carried out to solve the problems arising within the scope of crime in tourism. Among these, international, interdisciplinary, and inter-institutional collaborations are at the forefront. In addition, long-term studies should be conducted to collect real-time data, and preventive measures and policies should be developed. Interdisciplinary studies should be encouraged to create a safer environment for tourists and hosts in destinations.
... In this sense, the monuments with relatively more complaints about Lack of safety have fewer complaints about the Attraction itself, Crowdedness, the Booking process or Works because, when tourists choose their destination based on personal safety and security (Pizam et al., 1997) and ultimately do not feel safe, the rest of the experience does not matter as security in tourism is fundamental (Avraham and Ketter, 2008). Moreover, Crowdedness reduces the risk of being vulnerable to danger (Sun and Budruk, 2017), so this may explain why there are fewer complaints about Crowdedness as the number of complaints about Lack of safety at an attraction increases. ...
Article
Purpose This research explores why tourists are dissatisfied in places considered “wonders of the world”. The authors ask if the place does not match visitors' expectations or if other factors spoil the experience. Design/methodology/approach The authors analysed the lowest-rated reviews of these wonders on TripAdvisor. The authors identified the main causes of complaints and the problems tourists faced. The authors grouped the complaints into categories and used CoDa. Findings The results indicate that dissatisfaction does not stem from unmet expectations regarding the monument itself, but rather from other factors related to the quality of the tourist service. Practical implications The findings of this research can be implemented in those tourist spots that, despite their global popularity, have considerable proportions of unhappy visitors, not due to the attraction itself, but to shortcomings in its administration. Originality/value This study provides a deeper insight into the causes of complaints about some of the most renowned monuments, regarded as extraordinary places, where high satisfaction levels would be anticipated. It also contributes theoretically to the literature on customer complaints in tourist places.
... The small but established literature on security branding, however, illustrates that security 'has become an important dimension in promoting places and nations' (Mihaila, 2015: 427) precisely because security is such a scarce commodity (Avraham and Ketter, 2008;Coaffee and van Ham, 2008). To date, the lion's share of the security branding literature has focused on how regions, states, 'places' and, on occasion, private actors actively pursue a perceived need to appear secure and safe. ...
Article
Contemporary research on so-called Nordic branding has provided crucial insights into the social power of states and how various actors use and circulate ‘progressive’ nation brand tropes for political and commercial goals. Hitherto, the literature on Nordic branding has focused on a wide range of substantive issues, among other things, human rights, gender equality, social welfare and foreign aid, but considerably less attention has been paid to the topic of security. The present article adds to a small but established literature on how the security sphere is increasingly entangled with nation branding. In the Nordic region, we argue, the latter is particularly evident in the case of Sweden – one of the world’s largest per-capita arms exporters in the post-Cold War era but also a country known and often revered for its peaceful and progressive image. Focusing on the case of Sweden, the article contributes to knowledge of how defence industry-related actors (both public and private) draw on and frame nation branding tropes to sell and legitimise their products and services to both insiders (domestic constituents) and outsiders (the global security market).
... Source: retrieved from Taecharungroj (2019) Place branding became one of the most popular concepts, generally in place marketing, especially in tourist destinations (Avraham and Ketter, 2008). According to Lucarelli (2015), place branding is commonly understood as the application of marketing and commercial ideas, strategies, measurements, and logic to the realm of places such as cities, regions, and nations (Murti, 2019a). ...
Article
Full-text available
This research aims to discuss the instruments in place of brand identity for destination development and MSMEs in a tourism village. The participatory approach was carried out by conducting the FGDs (Focus Group Discussions) sequence to involve citizens in formulating place branding. The citizens made and identified designs and icons, provided design directions, and gave the feel of a story to the resulting design. In previous research, place branding mainly was carried out in cities or places with dominant government hierarchies. In contrast, this research was conducted in villages and areas with a solid community base because the selected tourism villages were community-based tourism (CBT) villages. In addition, this research also observes how place branding can be done by trying to understand personality association through a participatory process and came from the citizens themselves. This research will contribute to the necessary instrument schemes for forming place branding in the village and community-based contexts. Several findings were noted in this research related to the challenges of MSMEs and destinations in carrying out branding, profit allocation issues, the difference of value or selling unique in formulating branding, the benefits of branding and technology, and challenges in supporting technology application. Based on the findings, this research showed several instrument applications in place branding, including three pillars, i.e., place physics, place practice, and place personality.
... In fact, terrorist organizations are targeting tourism destinations, threatening the sustainable development of tourism businesses and destinations all over the world (Ahlfeldt et al., 2015;Baker, 2014;Bassil, 2014;Bassil et al., 2019;Drakos & Kutan, 2003;Feridun, 2011;Fletcher & Morakabati, 2008;Kubickova et al., 2019;Lanouar & Goaied, 2019;Lutz & Lutz, 2018;Masinde et al., 2016;McKercher & Hui, 2004;O'Connor et al., 2008;Radić et al., 2018;Teoman, 2017;Yaya, 2009). The media attention achieved by targeting tourists help terrorist organizations to reach global audiences, making terrorism even more frightening (Avraham, 2021;Avraham & Ketter, 2008;Barbe et al., 2018;Choudhary et al., 2020;Spilerman & Stecklov, 2009;Taylor, 2006;Ulqinaku & Sarial-Abi, 2021). ...
Article
Full-text available
This paper scrutinizes the media coverage regarding Jahanabad Seated Buddhist statue, in Pakistan, considering both its destruction in 2007 and the subsequent restoration campaign, using content analysis of audio-visual and textual news. Based on 41 online news archives (broadcast on national, regional, and global news outlets), the findings unravel the marginalized narratives of the local community. Digitally mediated community activism appeared as a significant dimension amidst both the destruction and rebuilding periods. Concomitantly, antithetical to the grammar of violence disseminated by radicals, the grammar of compassion emerged. Also based on the content analysis, we found that the tourism value of this heritage asset contributed to its safeguarding and rebuilding. The interplay of these aspects promotes, in a certain way, Jahanabad Seated Buddhist statue as a second-chance tourism site, in in-situ and ex-situ forms. This study offers relevant theoretical, institutional, and managerial implications regarding the site under analysis and other threatened heritage sites.
... In the city branding campaign, the private sector may provide sponsorship to assist the government in promoting (Avraham, 2008) or supporting particular events (C.-R. Liu, Lin, Wang, & Chen, 2019). ...
Article
Full-text available
This study aims to examine the perception of multi-stakeholder in implementing city branding programs and how they can collaborate across actors to support the implementation of city branding. The importance of stakeholders in implementing city branding has been widely discussed. However, the relationship between multi-stakeholder tourism is still under-explored. Therefore, this study emphasises the importance of multi-stakeholder perceptions in determining how each stakeholder can influence campaign implementation. This study uses a qualitative method by conducting in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders: the government, the private sector, destination management staff, tourism associations, academics, and the general public. Using the Jakarta branding campaign, Enjoy Jakarta, this study finds that several crucial factors influence the Enjoy Jakarta campaign. These factors are stakeholder collaboration, departmental coordination, public management, attraction, promotion and accessibility. This study proposes stakeholders' role mapping in improving the implementation of Enjoy Jakarta programs.
... Figure 1 depicts various types of crises based on temporal and geographical scales. The y-axis indicates the temporal scale of the crisis ranging from sudden image crises that span multiple excruciating days to prolonged cumulative crises that last multiple years if not decades (Avraham and Ketter 2008). The x-axis portrays the geographical scale of the crisis from national (or smaller) to global levels. ...
Article
Full-text available
Despite the global scale of this pandemic, comparison and contrast of topics, sentiment and emotions of tweets among countries are limited. Further, most previous studies covered a short timeframe due to the recency of the event and the large volume of tweets. The purposes of this research were to (1) identify the multiplicity of public discourse about countries during the COVID-19 pandemic and how they evolved, (2) compare and contrast sentiment levels and (3) compare emotions about countries over time. The research scope covered 115,553 tweets that mentioned ten countries in Southeast Asia (SEA) from 22 January 2020 to 31 July 2021. This research presents the infoveillance methods—using a topic modelling algorithm (LDA), VADER and NRC sentiment analyses—that elucidated the evolution and the emergence of public narratives and sentiment affecting country brands during the pandemic. Results also shed light on the role of word-of-mouth (WOM) communications in the place branding process.
... Advertising, public relations, direct mailing/marketing and sales promotions are the main major techniques in uencing the way a place is perceived by media, international organizations or publics. e main goals of place marketing are to create a distinct identity of a place (Avraham & Ketter, 2008) and to increase social and economic bene ts (Zenker & Marting, 2011). ...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The ways in which individuals develop temporal orientations that divide the flow of personal experience into the time zones of past, present or future influence decision making and action taking, in terms of dominant temporal orientation. Research so far has already highlighted the link between specific time orientations (mainly future) and a series of behaviors associated with health, risk taking or academic achievement. Although time perspective was investigated as a cognitive motivational concept with important implications on learning outcomes and behavior, there is little or no evidence concerning the eectsoftimeperspectiveonworkrelatedachievementmotivation.Similarly,albeittimeperspectivewasstudiedinrelationwithotherindividualvariablesthatmightprovideinsightsforabetterunderstandingofitsvolitionalnature(suchas,locusofcontrol,optimism/pessimismorselfdetermination),selfregulationwasnotyetconsidered.Basedontheseassumptions,thepresentstudyinvestigatesthepossibleassociationsbetweendiects of time perspective on work related achievement motivation. Similarly, albeit time perspective was studied in relation with other individual variables that might provide insights for a better understanding of its volitional nature (such as, locus of control, optimism/pessimism or self-determination), self-regulation was not yet considered. Based on these assumptions, the present study investigates the possible associations between dierent time perspectives, selfregulation and achievement motivation. It was conducted using a survey method on a convenience sample of 67 MA students. Results show positive associations between future time perspective and self-regulation, and negative associations between present fatalist and self-regulation, respectively past negative and self-regulation. Likewise, achievement motivation seems to be positively related to future time perspective and negatively related to past negative and present fatalistic. Moreover, these correlations are supported at subscale level. The present findings advice for taking into account the way in which individuals assign the personal and social experiences to time frames, that help them give order, coherence and meaning in work settings. Since career, as well as schooling is by de#nition future-oriented, identifying the dominant time perspective and its relation to behaviors associated with planning and achieving one’s goals might help better understand career choices. Concurrently, since time perspective is associated with problematic behaviors, it could be included in the study of work related behaviors (counterproductive or organizational citizenship behaviors) along with self-regulation.
... Those who held this view were more likely to view reputation management as a strategic process involving ongoing dialogue and relationship-building with multiple stakeholders, identifying reputational risks, and addressing the reality of a place to improve reputation. A small number of authors also linked public relations to crisis communication management when places face human and natural disasters (e.g., Avraham & Ketter, 2008a;Insch & Avraham, 2014;Johnson, 2014;Szondi, 2010); however, very few articles linked this with crisis communication theory. ...
Article
Communication about places is typically termed place branding and is generally situated within the marketing discipline. However, in practice, place branding shares many commonalities with public relations. It involves relationships with a wide range of stakeholders, reputation management, and communication campaigns that involve no direct sale of a product. While some have noted the parallels between place branding and public relations, the intersection of these two fields has not been reviewed empirically. This study examines the relationship between public relations and place branding by exploring how scholars in each field have conceptualised and represented the other in their research publications. A systematic review of 378 journal articles, published from 1988 to 2018 in 18 selected journals from both fields, was conducted. This research shows that while there is a significant conceptual crossover between the two fields and they work together in practice, the place branding literature largely treats public relations as a promotional tactic rather than a disciplinary body of knowledge. Conversely, outside of public diplomacy research, public relations has shown little interest in places and place communication, and there is limited research applying public relations theories and concepts to places. This paper adds to current knowledge on the interdisciplinarity of public relations theories and concepts and how public relations is perceived outside its own field and suggests new possibilities for interdisciplinary research on place communication.
... As key trade and diplomatic partners for the United States, Mexico and Colombia have long undertaken efforts to influence how they are portrayed in the U.S. media, as documented by previous research (e.g. Avraham & Ketter, 2008;Johnson, 2005;Kiousis, & Wu, 2008;Molleda & Roberts, 2008;Rivas, 2011). However, both countries still face challenges in terms of their country's reputation (Newell, 2011;Sudhaman, 2012). ...
Chapter
Full-text available
Nation branding efforts are the means through which many countries attempt to influence how foreign publics perceive them. However, in a media landscape that now includes not only traditional one-way media but also two-way social platforms, countries undertaking these efforts are presented with a series of new challenges. This environment makes it more difficult to manage the issues associated with a nation brand, challenges countries to better communicate their advantages, and allows the public to create its own, potentially competing, messages about a country. Building on previous work on nation and destination branding, this chapter discusses the changing media environment in which nation-branding efforts are taking place, and—through a combination of DICTION®-assisted, manual, and qualitative content analyses—provides evidence of the new media landscape in which nation branding is taking place. The challenges and opportunities created by this new context are detailed, and potential avenues for further research are discussed.
... Bradford (UK) is famous for its industrial past and a large number of migrants from Asia. Avraham and Ketter (2008) state that Bradford has an image as a melting-pot for Asian immigrants. The City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council aims to attract leisure visitors by emphasizing its Asian assets and obtaining funding from private and public sectors (Hope and Klemm, 2001). ...
Book
Main Description Heritage is a growing area of both tourism and study, with World Heritage Site designations increasing year-on-year. This book reviews the important interrelations between the industry, local communities and conservation work, bringing together the various opportunities and challenges for different destinations. World Heritage status is a strong marketing brand, and proper heritage management and effective conservation are vital, but this tourism must also be developed and managed appropriately if it is to benefit a site. As many sites are located in residential areas, their interaction with the local community must also be carefully considered. This book: - Reviews new areas of development such as Historic Urban Landscapes, Intangible Cultural Heritage, Memory of the World and Global Geoparks. - Includes global case studies to relate theory to practice. - Covers a worldwide industry of over 1,000 cultural and natural heritage sites. An important read for academics, researchers and students of heritage studies, cultural studies and tourism, this book is also a useful resource for professionals working in conservation, cultural and natural heritage management.
... Bradford (UK) is famous for its industrial past and a large number of migrants from Asia. Avraham and Ketter (2008) state that Bradford has an image as a melting pot for Asian immigrants. The City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council aims to attract leisure visitors by emphasising its Asian assets and obtaining funding from private and public sectors (Hope and Klemm, 2001). ...
Chapter
This book addresses diverse themes surrounding World Heritage sites (WHSs), including tourism development, tourism marketing, heritage management, conservation activities, local communities, as well as economic, sociocultural and environmental impacts. Also covered are contemporary developments in and around the concept of WHSs. The book has 10 chapters and a subject index.
... Two days after the attack, the hashtag was used to gather people for a public demonstration on not surrendering to terror. The strategic use of the hashtag is similar to Avraham and Ketter's (2008) response strategy of recovering images of cities that are perceived as unsafe by delivering a counter message on how to tackle perceptions of unsafety. ...
Article
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how the mediatisation of terror attacks affects the brand image of tourism cities. Design/methodology/approach Informed by theories of mediatisation and space, the study analyses two different types of terror attack in Sweden during 2017 as media events. The focus of analysis is on identifying spatial and temporal patterns that underpin the narrative rhythm of the discussions of the events on Twitter and online news platforms. Findings The findings demonstrate that the unfolding of the events can be divided into three phases of varying intensity in rhythm and implications for city brand image. The manifestation of an imaginary terror attack in a digital environment had greater impact on the narratives of the city than an actual one. Research implications Rythmanalysis is introduced as a useful device to examine how urban space is mediatised through social media and online news flows. Originality/value The study contributes with novel knowledge on the mediatisation of city space on digital media platforms and in a post-truth world. It shows that city administrations need to deal with both real and imaginary terror attacks, especially when there is an established negative image of the city.
... Walters, Mair, and Lim (2016) conclude in their study on media coverage of disasters and crises that, sensationalized media reporting that often follows a negative event can potentially lead to a significant and unnecessary decline in visitor numbers regardless of the severity of the event. A significant number of studies in this field draw attention to the power of the mass media in shaping risk perceptions toward destinations affected by crises, disasters, criminal activity, and terrorism (see, e.g., Avraham and Ketter 2008;Rittichainuwat and Chakraborty 2009;Sönmez 1998;Weimann and Winn 1994). Of particular interest to this study is the influence that national security information in the form of travel warnings-previously noted as having a considerable influence on tourists' destination choice (Akama and Kieti 2003;Fletcher and Morakabati 2008;Sönmez and Graefe 1998)-has on tourists' specific travel preferences. ...
Article
The threat of terrorism is increasingly relevant to tourism on a global scale, and no destination can claim exemption. Tourism managers need to be aware of the impact that past, current, and future terrorism events have on tourist behavior. The aim of this research is to further our understanding as to how terrorism advisory information impacts tourists’ preferences for, and trade-offs between, specific aspects of their travel. The research uses a discrete choice experiment (DCE) embedded within a classic between-subjects experimental design. US-based respondents (n = 424) completed the experiment. A random parameter logit (RPL) model is calculated to understand how tourists’ preference structures change as the threat of terrorism intensifies taking into account travel knowledge, sensation seeking, and demographic factors. Results suggest that tourist’s travel choices in relation to accommodation, independent versus group travel, cancellation policy, and price vary significantly as the threat of terrorism increases.
... Zusätzlich gibt es die unkontrollierte Kommunikation (uncontrolled communication), welche sowohl intern (roter Pfeil -ein oder mehrere Stakeholder kommunizieren andere Bilder des Standortes als für die Geo-Markenbotschaft gewünscht) als auch extern (grüner Pfeil -Akteure von außerhalb kommunizieren andere Bilder des Standortes als für die Geo-Markenbotschaft gewünscht) wirken kann. Besonders die uncontrolled communication kann dabei ein großes Problem werden, das jedoch durch frühzeitiges und angemessenes Gegensteuern abmildert werden kann (Avraham / Ketter 2008, S. 196 f., Stöber 2007. ...
... Zusätzlich gibt es die unkontrollierte Kommunikation (uncontrolled communication), welche sowohl intern (roter Pfeil -ein oder mehrere Stakeholder kommunizieren andere Bilder des Standortes als für die Geo-Markenbotschaft gewünscht) als auch extern (grüner Pfeil -Akteure von außerhalb kommunizieren andere Bilder des Standortes als für die Geo-Markenbotschaft gewünscht) wirken kann. Besonders die uncontrolled communication kann dabei ein großes Problem werden, das jedoch durch frühzeitiges und angemessenes Gegensteuern abmildert werden kann (Avraham / Ketter 2008, S. 196 f., Stöber 2007. ...
... As numerous scholars have shown, the idea of place marketing and branding is a driving force for the post-industrial city as it competes with other municipalities for the buying power of the consumer. [20][21][22][23] In competing for this buying power, cities and regions must market themselves with 'imageability' as the key selling point, with the aim of branding being theatrical. 24 In relation to the imageability of the city, according to Boyer (1992: 184) it is important 'to represent certain visual images of the city, to create perspective views shown through imaginary prosceniums in order to conjure up emotionally satisfying images of bygone times'. ...
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Developers, policymakers and planners alike have examined ways to create pockets of greater urban density within a city’s core to attract new urban dwellers, bringing about a rebirth of the city. One example is the construction of a waterfront development to attract people and rebrand cities, which is limited by the geologic setting of an area that dictates the viability of a waterfront community. Thus, landlocked cities that do not have extensive waterfronts have considered potential water-centred developments via canal-oriented development (COD). This paper examines the notion of COD as an urban development driver through analysing census data and statistical analyses of seven COD sites throughout the USA. The results of this study show that three of the seven sites reveal statistically significant differences in demographic factors, with the other four having mixed significance. This work lends insight to academics and governments to determine the success of COD as a redevelopment tool.
... Every day, the media around the world over-flows with news of accidents and disasters that is occurring worldwide. The recent global assessment report on natural disasters in the United Nations shows that the number of natural disasters, economic losses, and the number of people affected are increasing at a rapid rate, faster than risk reduction can be achieved [1,2,3]. ...
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The main aim of the current study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the proper knowledge required to solve and counteract the harmful effects of natural crises occurring in tourist destinations in Jordan, specifically at the site of Petra. In order to fulfill the aim mentioned above, an empirical approach was adopted to examine and analyze the deficiencies that exist in the current plans used by both public and private sectors in Jordan to face the negative effects of natural crises that strike Petra. Finally, a proposed model will be presented to the sectors mentioned above with recommendations on how these deficiencies can be eliminated to provide better crises management in Petra.
... As key trade and diplomatic partners for the United States, Mexico and Colombia have long undertaken efforts to influence how they are portrayed in the U.S. media, as documented by previous research (e.g. Avraham & Ketter, 2008;Johnson, 2005;Kiousis, & Wu, 2008;Molleda & Roberts, 2008;Rivas, 2011). However, both countries still face challenges in terms of their country's reputation (Newell, 2011;Sudhaman, 2012). ...
Article
Nation branding efforts are the means through which many countries attempt to influence how foreign publics perceive them. However, in a media landscape that now includes not only traditional one-way media but also two-way social platforms, countries undertaking these efforts are presented with a series of new challenges. This environment makes it more difficult to manage the issues associated with a nation brand, challenges countries to better communicate their advantages, and allows the public to create its own, potentially competing, messages about a country. Building on previous work on nation and destination branding, this chapter discusses the changing media environment in which nation-branding efforts are taking place, and-through a combination of DICTION®-assisted, manual, and qualitative content analyses-provides evidence of the new media landscape in which nation branding is taking place. The challenges and opportunities created by this new context are detailed, and potential avenues for further research are discussed.
... DMOs have also used e-tourism tools as an online platform to book and buy tourism products and services and to make payment in real time. Activities of destination marketing and promoting based on a destination's product database and customer database have been focused on destination planning and management [28] [29][30] [31], promotion of places [32] [33]. ...
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Effective destination management and marketing is fundamental to the creation of a successful tourism destination. Tourism destination industry can be seen as one of the first business sectors where business functions are almost exclusively using information and Communications Technologies (ICTs). The method of promoting regions through the development of provincial or regional tourist destination websites or portals using Internet technologies is increasingly being adopted both in China and around the world. In this work, we conducted a literature review on information and communication technologies (ICTs) used in destination management and marketing in China and found that ICT applications are mainly used at low-medium levels and there is lacking of an integrated application suite for this industry, similar to the situation existing in other developing countries. The survey also demonstrated a trend toward Chinese tourism destination which might extend beyond the tourism industry scene in the mainland China and facilitate the robust ICTs base needed for competing in the global tourism economy.
... When a crisis erupts, hotels, flights and other services reserved are cancelled within a matter of hours, along with scheduled sporting events, cultural events and conferences; tourists and investors disappear and ask questions about the future of the place. While a place's positive image and reputation are built up over a period of years, it might take only a few moments to reach a state of crisis that could seriously damage the place's image, its tourism industry and the entire economy (Avraham and Ketter, 2008b). Several studies analyze crisis dynamics and processes and propose planning and management models. ...
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Today, destinations are evaluated by tourists according to safety and risk factors with regard to natural, terrorism and political problems. The portrayal of places in news reports can alter an area’s image dramatically, even in a short period of time. Often, natural disasters have impacts on the image of international destinations that endure for months if not years. Hence, media coverage of disasters or crises is of particular concern to destinations where such disasters occur. The Island of Madeira was not prepared for a catastrophe such as the one that occurred in February 2010, and its consequence has been a huge drop in the tourism industry. Driven by the generally accepted importance of destination image as a concept to destination marketers and academics, this article proposes that previous destination image research has tended to underestimate the importance of safety, security and risk. It also proposes a strategic approach to Destination management from proactive pre-crisis planning through to strategic implementation and finally evaluation and feedback.
... Many decision makers and marketers stand by helplessly, frustrated by their knowledge that their country's negative image and reputation is, in most cases, not based on well-grounded facts. Given that stereotypes are not easily changed or dismissed, the challenge facing these decision makers is great (Avraham & Ketter, 2008b). While the impact of a negative image on destinations has been discussed (Baker, 2007;Govers & Go, 2009;Tarlow, 2005), there is a lack of studies concerning the image restoration strategies used by marketers in general and those dealing with the Middle East specifically (Steiner, 2007). ...
Article
The constant media coverage of the Middle East in terms of conflicts, terror attacks, and wars affects the media and public image of countries in this area. In analyzing marketing initiatives, media policy, public relations crisis techniques, and the components of advertising campaigns, the goal of this article is to uncover the strategies used by Middle Eastern marketers to restore a positive image to bring back tourism after crises during the past decade. Based on the multistep model for altering place image, the study used qualitative content analysis of advertisements, press interviews with Middle Eastern officials and marketers, national tourism board websites, and reports about marketing initiatives that appeared in the press and on global tourism news websites. The analysis shows that Middle Eastern marketers employed three types of strategies to restore a positive image: source, message, and audience.
... While consumers appear to some extent to value [HEI] brands less, brands seem to be essential to their social status (Hamann, Williams, & Omar, 2007), and HEI should develop a situation analysis process to establish position and enact effective strategies to present the HEI image and reputation, and develop their position in the public mind (Ivy, 2001; Sirkeci, 2011). To develop country branding, Avraham and Kelter (2008) suggest it is very important for Africans to exhibit nationalism in order to modify images of places branded as unsafe. One way is for Africans to create a system of academicians , celebrities and sports athletes to talk about Africa and enhance the image of their country (Fetscherin & Marmier, 2010; Osei & Gbadamosi, 2011). ...
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As Higher Education Institutions (HEI) become more marketised and increasingly promotionalised, brand building gains in intensity and names become increasingly important. This conceptual paper plans to explore the application of the Renaming Process Model which depicts the key components that impact the organization brand renaming process, regarding the renaming of the African HEI Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). This work will not only apply the model to a service organization renaming, but will investigate it in terms of its relationship to nation branding regarding the potential to rebrand Africa such that its virtues would be widely communicated to the international community, to enhance the brand equity of the continent. Additionally, the individual African country's ability to create brand awareness, unique competitive identity and customer loyalty is crucial in today's competitive global environment, thus the role of renaming one of its most important and visible institutions will be explored.
... It is essential that Africans exhibit nationalism in creating nation branding, as suggested by Avraham and Ketter (2008) in their discussion of strategies to alter images of places previously branded as unsafe. An example is the ambassador networks created in Liverpool (Andersson and Ekman, 2009). ...
Article
Purpose The purpose of this conceptual paper is to explore how Africa has been branded, and to suggest ways the continent could be re‐branded to attract both international and domestic investments. Design/methodology/approach An extensive review of literature that encapsulates branding, nation branding, place/destination branding, foreign direct investment and issues associated with investment opportunities in Africa was conducted towards exploring how Africa has been branded and could be re‐branded. Findings This paper finds that the extant literature is replete with publications that essentially associate Africa, as a brand, to poverty, underdevelopment, corruption, doom, pestilence and several other inauspicious features. Nonetheless, the article also shows that there are several existing virtues especially in the form of business opportunities in several sectors that could be accorded extensive publicity to espouse the continents' brand equity. These range from agriculture, to tourism, to real estate, to sports and several existing foreign direct investments already thriving in several parts of the continent. Hence, the suggestion for re‐branding Africa as a viable continent for global business transactions is strongly emphasised in the article. Practical implications This paper has a significant implication for positioning Africa as a relevant business partner in the global marketplace by echoing the extensive business opportunities that await both the indigenous and foreign investors in the continent. Originality/value The article espouses the brand equity of Africa as a continent and suggests avenues for constantly communicating the inherent virtues of the content to the world towards maintaining her rightful position in the international business community.
... ; Avraham and Ketter (2008) ; Balakrishnan (2008) ; Barney and Zhang (2008) ; Baum et al (2008) ; Cassel (2008) ; Chaudhri and Fyke (2008) ; Coaffee and Rogers (2008) ; Florek and Insch (2008) ...
Article
In the past few decades, a growing number of communities, cities, states/provinces, nations and regions have adopted marketing and branding concepts and tools to attract investors, visitors, residents, events and so on. The prolific body of literature on `place marketing' and `place branding' produced and the vast number of venues for publication of articles on these subjects corroborate the growing importance of the area for both scholars and practitioners. This article unfolds and configures 212 articles on `place marketing' and `place branding' produced by 280 authors and published by 43 periodicals over a two-decade period. It concludes that, in spite of the fact that `place marketing' and `place branding' research have steadily intensified, the assessment of the articles published between 1990 and 2009 on these topics, conducted for this investigation, gives rise to some questions about the future of the field.
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Este estudio analiza el uso de estrategias de reparación de imagen y técnicas de marketing de destino en materiales promocionales turísticos en línea (publicaciones de Instagram) de México, un destino popular de larga tradición, cuya reputación se vio dañada por crisis relacionadas con la delincuencia. Para conseguir una imagen de (desti)nación positiva y una ventaja competitiva en un mundo globalizado, las naciones emplean estrategias de marca (desti)nación para diferenciarse. Las técnicas de comunicación de crisis, como las Estrategias de Restauración de la Imagen de Benoit (1997) y la Teoría de la Comunicación Situacional de Crisis de Coombs (2007), pueden utilizarse en caso de imagen negativa. Investigaciones anteriores también han desarrollado marcos orientados al marketing de recuperación en un contexto de marca (desti)nación, como las estrategias Fuente-Audiencia-Mensaje de Avraham y Ketter (2008a) y los Mensajes de Recuperación de Desastres Turísticos de Walters y Mair (2012). Esta investigación indaga en las estrategias de reparación de imagen utilizadas en el contenido promocional de México, y sus combinaciones y variaciones en un corpus en inglés y español. Un estudio de caso cualitativo de 27 mensajes en inglés y 43 en español en NVivo utilizó la teoría fundamentada y la codificación iterativa informada por estudios anteriores y nuestros datos. Los resultados muestran que las estrategias de los marcos relacionados con la marca de destino fueron las más frecuentes. El corpus en inglés enfatizaba un sentimiento de proximidad con su público objetivo, mientras que el contenido en español mostraba una mayor variedad de estrategias, debido a su diversidad. Estos resultados son útiles para investigadores y comercializadores de lugares, ya que ponen de relieve la importancia de utilizar estrategias pertinentes y de comprender al público destinatario. Además, como contribución teórica a este campo de estudio, proponemos un nuevo marco integrado para la investigación de la marca de destino.
Article
Tourism is experiencing the worst crisis currently, with a fall of 73% in international arrivals worldwide. After the lockdown, it is time to analyze the recovery, but econometrics models that need historical data are obsolete. This study contributes with a survival model analysis to estimate the recovery of tourist demand amid the COVID-19 crisis. The model estimates the effect of two kinds of determinants that improve tourists’ confidence: theoretical and empirical, linked to the pandemic. Results show that prices are not statistically significant and the higher the income, the higher the probability of traveling. Job retention, promotions, ensuring the certification of health protocols, lower distance from residence to tourist destination, and social distancing will be the main driving factors for the next months. Affected salaries, new COVID-19 outbreaks, longer time to adapt to safety and hygiene protocols, and health check procedures in airports will be important determinants that will have a negative influence. Tourist demand recovery will mainly be boosted by short distances between tourists’ residences and destinations. Mexico has a latent tourist demand that will recover relatively fast.
Article
What is the best way to communicate with American outbound visitors as the travel recommences after the COVID-19 pandemic? This timely study aimed to find answers to this question faced by many destinations. To this end, ideas were sought from industry and academic experts on what message features may positively influence American visitors international travel intentions following the COVID-19 pandemic. Three rounds of conventional Delphi research delivered fifteen message features, eight of which attained panel consensus. These included COVID-related features such as safety , accurate pandemic information , a show of open outdoor spaces , and building visitor confidence along with destination-related features including positive destination attributes, authentic local experience, locals support , and reminder of joys of travel. Each message feature is discussed in detail with implications to the prescribed context.
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Diagnóstico de riesgos en el sector turístico latinoamericano para el trienio 2020-2022
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Este artículo identifica los principales riesgos que podrían generar crisis en la industria turística latinoamericana para el trienio 2020-2022, a partir de una revisión de literatura y un tanque de pensamiento con 38 expertos en seguridad, en el marco del Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Seguridad (ALAS) en Punta Cana (2020). Se establece un listado de 20 principales riesgos, sobre el cual se interrogó al grupo de expertos y se aplicó una escala de Likert para definir su importancia en función de su probabilidad o consecuencias. Como resultado, se determinó que los principales riesgos que pueden impactar el turismo son: virus y plagas, amenazas naturales, sabotajes a infraestructura crítica, inseguridad ciudadana, y escándalos y rumores. Además, el listado aumentó a 27 riesgos críticos, como referente para futuros estudios.
Chapter
Nation branding efforts are the means through which many countries attempt to influence how foreign publics perceive them. However, in a media landscape that now includes not only traditional one-way media but also two-way social platforms, countries undertaking these efforts are presented with a series of new challenges. This environment makes it more difficult to manage the issues associated with a nation brand, challenges countries to better communicate their advantages, and allows the public to create its own, potentially competing, messages about a country. Building on previous work on nation and destination branding, this chapter discusses the changing media environment in which nation-branding efforts are taking place, and—through a combination of DICTION®-assisted, manual, and qualitative content analyses—provides evidence of the new media landscape in which nation branding is taking place. The challenges and opportunities created by this new context are detailed, and potential avenues for further research are discussed.
Chapter
Safety, tranquility, and peace are a necessary condition for prosperous tourism, and security has been identified as one of the five global forces that will drive the tourism industry in the new millennium. Numerous studies have demonstrated that tourism destinations are heavily affected by security perceptions and safety and risk management. In this chapter, the reader may learn about the theoretical models and empirical evidence behind the assertion that security should be seen as a strategic issue not only by tourism destination managers but also by hospitality managers. By the end of the chapter, it will become evident that hospitality managers should take actions in terms of providing their guests higher levels of real and perceived security, as this will be not only ethically right as it will have a positive impact on the company's profitability.
Chapter
Via real life cases studies it contextualises the relevant theories on tourism, marketing and communication, and unpacks examples of best practice to illustrate how carefully managed response strategies can ensure the future survival of an organisation.
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There is no doubt that globalization and technology have in recent years been responsible for the economic and social progress of the four corners of the world. Tourism has also been “affected” by these phenomena and is generally referred to as the greatest expression of globalization. Today, the business volume of tourism equals or even surpasses that of oil exports, food products or automobiles. Tourism has become one of the major players in international commerce and represents at the same time one of the main income sources for many developing countries. This growth goes hand in hand with an increasing diversification and competition among destinations (UNWTO). In the service area, tourism distinguishes itself as the main industry for technological use and innovation. But as tourism grows, climate risks increase. Storms, hurricanes, torrents of water, earthquakes and general natural disasters arrive without warning!
Article
This paper focuses on recent phenomena of touristic staging of the Cuban revolution, embedded in the peculiar situation of Cuba and its progressive establishment as an international tourist destination. It is shown how, by whom and for what reasons this staging occurs. Furthermore, opportunities and risks of this staging will be highlighted. The opening for international tourism during the 1990s aimed at attracting forex to Cuba, as after the decay of the USSR and the COMECON economic aid broke off. Today tourism, described as a “necessary evil” by Fidel Castro, is one of the most important sources of income for both, the Cuban state and its population. To fulfill the expectations of international tourists, which mainly consist of revolutionary symbols and personalities like Che Guevara on the one hand as well as colonial architecture falling to ruins and classic American cars on the other, many actors in Cuban tourism stage these symbols, narratives and practices. By doing so, they contribute to the creation of a distinctive place brand, both intentionally and unintentionally. The intentional dimension of this process aims at fulfilling the expectations of tourists by reproducing certain narratives. At the same time, the actors involved often have limited understanding for their impact on branding processes among tourists. © 2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature
Article
Nation branding efforts are the means through which many countries attempt to influence how foreign publics perceive them. However, in a media landscape that now includes not only traditional one-way media but also two-way social platforms, countries undertaking these efforts are presented with a series of new challenges. This environment makes it more difficult to manage the issues associated with a nation brand, challenges countries to better communicate their advantages, and allows the public to create its own, potentially competing, messages about a country. Building on previous work on nation and destination branding, this chapter discusses the changing media environment in which nation-branding efforts are taking place, and-through a combination of DICTION®-assisted, manual, and qualitative content analyses-provides evidence of the new media landscape in which nation branding is taking place. The challenges and opportunities created by this new context are detailed, and potential avenues for further research are discussed.
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The redefining of the security concepts during the last decades was seconded, in many countries, by a rejuvenation of the states projects on identity reconstruction. Public diplomacy, advertisement campaigns, nation branding initiatives are in the toolbox of the practitioners and governmental bodies alike. Security becomes a “label” desired by many governments, projecting thus an image of a seductive, safe and friendly country. To what extent the involvement of the private sector in building a strong dimension of the security within the nation branding projects is beneficial within the management of the state power logic? Does the things changed during the programs designed to communicate defense and security during a crisis?
Conference Paper
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Studies about the destination image of Paris revealed that the French capital has a strong destination brand associated with romance and the art of living; however, a number of media sources have recently described an issue of insecurity that Asian people are experiencing when traveling to this destination. The Paris Syndrome, a condition experienced by Japanese and Chinese tourists, indicates that Paris may convey a distorted image as a result of changes that have taken place in the last few years. The aim of the study was to understand how Asian students, given the current situation, perceive the image of Paris as a destination. The mixed method was adopted in order to analyze the characteristics that impact the respondents' perception of a city, and to measure the destination image of Paris by taking into account the holistic dimension of images. The results confirmed the assumptions related to recent media reports. Findings show that Paris has destination image difficulties linked to the feeling of insecurity in the large city and the general unwelcoming atmosphere.
Article
Image, brand and reputation are the new capital for nations in the twenty-first century. In this era of the global marketplace, nations, regions and cities are forced to compete with each other for tourists, investment, aid, students, for buyers of their products and services, and for talent. Scholars now agree that nations themselves have become brands, and are now obliged to manage their images in order to influence people’s decision in terms of purchasing, investing and traveling. Nations with unknown or poor reputations, including those enduring prolonged crises are thus likely to suffer marginalization and will not easily witness economic success (Viosca et al; Avraham and Ketter). In this article, I aim to explore the challenges confronting Brand Jamaica. I argue that positive global coverage of Jamaica’s outstanding brand achievements in sports, music and as a premier tourism destination, is being negated by its rival brands – economic instability (debt, poverty unemployment), crime, corruption and perceptions of declining human rights. The consequence is a contradictory, perplexing and problematic public image of Jamaica, with severe consequences for investment, tourism promotion as well as economic and social progress. The article points at the imperative for Jamaican authorities to evaluate the nation’s public image, manage the impact of prolonged crises on its brand and attempt to re-imagine Jamaica, in light of changing fortunes.
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This study examines the impact of growing political unrest or internal conflict on inbound tourism in the Republic of the Philippines during the period 1994 to 2011. From 2003 onwards, despite formal renunciation of terrorism by one group, the separatist MILF group, acts of violence have continued with increasing political unrest and internal conflict. At the same time an interesting trend of increasing numbers in tourist arrivals was observed from 2003 onwards. The study employs a state space model to test the factors driving tourism during the period 1994 to 2011. The results imply that despite the negative impact of internal conflict and rising inflation, the impact of past income and the inertial effect representing past experience and connectivity to the tourist destination have been sufficient to drive inbound tourism to the Philippines.
Article
Communities, cities, states, nations and regions have progressively applied more marketing and branding concepts and tools to boost exports and attract investors, businesses, visitors, residents, events and other important sources of revenue. These ubiquitous marketing efforts suggest that geographic locations have been managed as resolutely as products and brands. Furthermore, a rising number of practitioners and scholars have written about ‘place marketing’ and ‘place branding’. In the face of increasing interest in this area of study, the initial objective of this investigation was to develop a meticulous meta-analysis of nearly two decades of research on ‘place marketing’ and ‘place branding’. However, the multiplicity of subject matters covered in the literature, combined with the relentless use of case studies and other qualitative methods, hindered the use of the appropriate meta-analysis statistical tools. After a meticulous analysis of 211 articles (out of 259 articles identified), produced by 280 authors and published by 43 periodicals over a two-decade period, this article suggests ways to move the field from a descriptive to a normative stage of building theoretical knowledge.
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This study extends the content analysis sampling literature through exploration of sample size requirements for electronic news source archives. Significantly larger samples are required to achieve representativeness for AP Newswire, Business Wire, and PR Newswire than for more traditional sources of news content. When sampling press releases, constructing weeks on a quarterly basis provides more representative samples than constructing weeks on a full-year basis for some categories, particularly those tied to a fixed business cycle. The results support the idea that as information passes through more media gatekeepers, who limit and standardize content, the sample sizes required for content analysis diminish.
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As the number of disasters and crises affecting the tourism industry increases, it is becoming necessary to understand the nature of these disasters and how to manage and limit the impacts of such incidents. This paper defines crises and disasters before discussing the area of crisis communication management and crisis communication in the tourism industry. The paper then applies the foot and mouth disease (FMD) which occurred in the United Kingdom to crisis communication theory at a national level (by examining the response of the British Tourist Authority) and at a local level (by examining the response of a District Council). The response was limited in part because of a lack of preparedness, but also due to the nature of the foot and mouth outbreak, and the speed and severity of international media coverage. Action was taken in the emergency phase of the crisis and was reactive involving inconsistency in developing key messages to stakeholders, partly due to confusion and a lack of information at the national level. Recovery marketing was also limited due to the length of time of the disease outbreak. This paper provides lessons for destinations and organisations are discussed which may help develop crisis communication strategies for tourism organisations.
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Disaster management for tourism has often focused on the post-crisis recovery phase. Unlike natural disasters, political crises can continue to impact on the image of a destination for months if not years. This paper outlines the strategy of the Israel Tourism Office in Australia and the Israel Ministry of Tourism worldwide as it has attempted to minimise the loss of tourism experienced in Israel since the outbreak of Israeli-Palestinian violence following the breakdown of the peace process at the end of September 2000. The paper deals with the approach to distribution channels (tour operators, airline,s hoteliers and travel agents), consumers, government nad the media taken by Israel. The Israeli-Palestinian political crisis has also impacted on the Jordanian and Palestinian travel industries, and the paper carries a discussion of the approaches taken by Jordan as a collateral victim of the crisis. The destination marketing management of a prolonged crisis is a core issue in this paper.
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The focus on world cities has narrowed our understanding of the globalization/city relationship and ignores the processes of globalization occurring in almost all cities. By developing the notion of gateway cities, the authors seek to widen globalization research. They provide a list of topics that can be explored using this gateway city notion, including reglobalization, rescaling, representation, spectacle and urban regimes. These themes are used in theorized case studies of Barcelona, Beijing, Havana, Prague, Seattle, Sioux Falls and Sydney.
Article
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As the number of disasters and crises affecting the tourism industry increases, it is becoming necessary to understand the nature of these disasters and how to manage and limit the impacts of such incidents. This paper defines crises and disasters before discussing the area of crisis communication management and crisis communication in the tourism industry. The paper then applies the foot and mouth disease (FMD) which occurred in the United Kingdom to crisis communication theory at a national level (by examining the response of the British Tourist Authority) and at a local level (by examining the response of a District Council). The response was limited in part because of a lack of preparedness, but also due to the nature of the foot and mouth outbreak, and the speed and severity of international media coverage. Action was taken in the emergency phase of the crisis and was reactive involving inconsistency in developing key messages to stakeholders, partly due to confusion and a lack of information at the national level. Recovery marketing was also limited due to the length of time of the disease outbreak. This paper provides lessons for destinations and organisations are discussed which may help develop crisis communication strategies for tourism organisations.
Article
‘A complete and well-organized textbook on advertising‘-Educational Book Review Principles of Advertising: A Global Perspective, Second Edition updates the classic first edition of this exceptional classroom resource, selected as one of CHOICE magazine's Outstanding Academic Titles for 1999. Ideal for use as an introductory textbook, the book presents an integrated marketing approach that's essential for keeping up with the changing world of contemporary advertising, and reflects the authors' expertise not just in advertising, but also in the larger field of integrated marketing communications. The new edition of the book examines the environment in the advertising industry following the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, as well as market segmentation, target marketing, product positioning, buyer behavior, legal and political concerns, the creative aspects of advertising, and much more. Principles of Advertising: A Global Perspective, Second Edition equips instructors-and their students-with the fundamental elements of the field with emphasis on ethical issues. The book includes a foreword by Don E. Schultz of Northwestern University's Integrated Marketing Communication program and provides insights into effective local, national, and global integrated marketing strategies for print, electronic, and online advertising. This updated edition maintains the original format for each chapter of featuring ‘Global Perspectives,’ ‘Ethics Tracks,’ and short commentaries from practitioners in various fields, and adds 24 new illustrations and more recent examples of now-famous advertising campaigns. New material presented in Principles of Advertising: A Global Perspective, Second Edition includes: The benefits of a graduate degree client-agency relationships targeting the middleman marketing to men Janet Jackson ‘exposed’ pop-up ads marketing cosmetic surgery advertising as programming controversial campaigns behavioral targeting or online stalking? Principles of Advertising: A Global Perspective, Second Edition examines new theories, new technologies, well-known advertising campaigns, and cultural considerations for advertising in foreign markets to give your students current and proven information on the changing world of advertising.
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Growing competition between countries and cities over attracting infrastructure, investment, tourists, capital and national and international status mean that today, a negative image is more harmful than ever. Whatever the cause of the negative image, places perceived as dangerous, frightening, or boring are at a distinct disadvantage. Many decision makers and marketers stand by helplessly, frustrated by their knowledge that in most cases, their city's negative image is not based on well-grounded facts. Given that stereotypes are not easily changed or dismissed, the challenge facing these decision makers is great. Analyses of many case studies show interesting examples of places that tried to change a negative image into a positive one, in order to bringing back tourists, investors and residents. Although a great deal of knowledge about crisis communications has accumulated in recent years, very little has been written about strategies to improve places' negative images. The aim of "Media Strategies for Marketing Places in Crisis" is to discuss the various dimensions of an image crisis and different strategies to overcome it, both in practice and theory. "Media Strategies for Marketing Places in Crisis" is based on the careful analysis of dozens of case studies, advertisements, public relations campaigns, press releases, academic articles, news articles, and the websites of cities, countries and tourist destinations. © 2008, Eli Avraham and Eran Ketter. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article
Tourism is a significant foreign currency earner for Nepal and during the 1990s its tourism industry enjoyed an unprecedented period of growth. During 2001-2002, however, international arrivals fell by over 20 per cent in the wake of a highly publicised airline hijacking in 1999, a series of internal political crises culminating in a declaration of a state of emergency in 2001 and the aftermath of 11th September. This paper discusses the damaging consequences of the resultant media coverage of Nepal as an unsafe destination and examines how the Nepal Tourism Board is currently addressing the image challenge.
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Bilbao is an outstanding test case for the impact of an internationally famous cultural facility in a context that otherwise does not lend itself to large flows of tourism. Although early for a complete impact study, the aim of this study is to quantify the influence of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in the attraction of tourism and to identify the potential factors that explain such impact in the short run.
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In 2001 an unprecedented set of crises hit the tourism industry in the UK: foot-and-mouth disease, the 11th September terrorist attacks in the USA and the beginnings of general economic slowdown, particularly in the USA. Visitors to London dropped 10 per cent from 31.6 million in 2000 to 28.4 million, and spending dropped 11 per cent from £9.9bn in 2000 to £8.8bn. These combined factors cost London £1.1bn; it is expected to take at least two or three years before the industry recovers. This paper looks at how the tourism industry and the government addressed the issues in the short term, and at how they are working together to recover market share in the medium and long term.
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Taken by surprise and facing terrible prospects, Washington's hotel and tourism managers stayed focused and worked together to repair damage along many lines.
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This paper examines the extent to which, and why, places project either similar or different images in their tourism marketing. Specific consideration is given to the similarities and differences in the place images for tourism marketing used by five old industrial English cities: Birmingham, Bradford, Manchester, Sheffield, and Stoke-on-Trent. It is found that, while there was some standardization in their overall marketing imagery, there were also significant differences. Consideration is also given to some of the influences shaping the images projected by these cities using insights from geographical studies, marketing, and critical sociology. An integrated, multidisciplinary research agenda is outlined for future work on city tourism images.RésuméImages pour la commercialisation touristique des villes industrielles. Cet article examine le degré auquel les villes projettent des images différentes ou similaires dans leur publicité et la raison de cette différence ou similitude. On prête une attention toute particulière aux ressemblances et aux différences entre les images touristiques de cinq vieilles villes industrielles britanniques: Birmingham, Bradford, Manchester, Sheffield et Stoke-sur-Trent. On trouve une certaine standardisation dans leurs images publicitaires, mais il y a aussi des différences significatives. On examine quelques influences qui déterminent le caractère de ces images en se basant sur des théories des domaines de la géographie, du marketing et de la sociologie critique. On propose les grandes lignes d'un plan de recherche intégré et multidisciplinaire pour le travail futur au sujet des images touristiques des villes.
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The corporate public relations campaign of the Miami, Florida, business community and tourism industry to counter negative perceptions of key publics and pro-actively promote a positive image of Miami is explored. The study reviews data from a period of about 10 years from the travel industry, crime statistics, and other public data regarding perceptions of Miami, as well as the public relations campaigns conducted to counter its image. In particular, the study explores and critiques past, present, and planned organizational strategies and responses.Donn Tilson (Ph.D., University of Stirling, Scotland, 1994) is assistant professor and Don W. Stacks (Ph.D., University of Florida, 1978) is professor and director of the advertising and public relations program, School of Communication, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124.
New York rolls out new tourism ad campaign ' . Posted November 18th
CNN (2001). ' New York rolls out new tourism ad campaign '. Posted November 18th at http://edition.cnn.com/2001/ TRAVEL/NEWS/11/08/rec.ny.ad.campaign/index.html.
Philippines go to Hollywood to repair tattered image
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Tourism and terrorism: Synthesis of the problem with emphasis on Egypt
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Wahab, S. ( 1996 ) ' Tourism and terrorism: Synthesis of the problem with emphasis on Egypt ', in Pizam, A. and Mansfeld, Y. (eds), ' Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues ', John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 175 -186.
Tourism and the Media
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Not welcoming ' , Kol Ha ' ir
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A comparative assessment of three Southeast Asian tourism recovery campaigns: Singapore roars: Post SARS
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Beirman, D. ( 2006 ) ' A comparative assessment of three Southeast Asian tourism recovery campaigns: Singapore roars: Post SARS 2003; Bali post the October 12, 2002 bombing; and WOW Philippines 2003 ', in Mansfeld, Y. and Pizam, A. (eds), ' Tourism, Security and Safety; from Theory to Practice ', Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington, MA.
Crisis communication and recovery for the tourism industry: Lessons from the 2001 foot and mouth disease outbreak in the UK
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From world cities to gateway cities
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Short, J. R., Breitbach, S., Buckman, S. and Essex, J. ( 2000 ) ' From world cities to gateway cities ', City, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 317 -340.
New York rolls out new tourism ad campaign
  • Cnn
CNN (2001). ' New York rolls out new tourism ad campaign '. Posted November 18th at http://edition.cnn.com/2001/ TRAVEL/NEWS/11/08/rec.ny.ad.campaign/index.html.