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Anti-hyperglycemic property of Hericium erinaceus- A mini review

October 2017
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 7(11)

DOI:10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.09.024

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Authors:

Chaiyavat Chaiyasut

Chiang Mai University

Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi

Chiang Mai University

Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus) is one of the widely used edible mushrooms around the world, primarily in Asian countries. H. erinaceus is used in traditional medicines, and mushroom based foods. The fruiting body and mycelia of H. erinaceus are extracted using the solvents, and several bioactive compounds were identified. Several studies have reported that those bioactive compounds exhibit many health benefits such as hemagglutinating, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-aging activities, etc. This manuscript consciously updated the information about the composition of H. erinaceus, H. erinaceus based foods, and anti-hyperglycemic property of H. erinaceus.

Reported antihyperglycemic activities of H. erinaceus.

…

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Mini review https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.09.024

Anti-hyperglycemic property of Hericium erinaceus –A mini review

Chaiyavat Chaiyasut, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi

Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University,

Thailand

ARTICLE INFO

Article history:

Received 6 Sep 2017

Received in revised form 10 Sep 2017

Accepted15Sep2017

Available online 6 Oct 2017

Keywords:

Anti-hyperglycemic

Diabetes

Fermented Hericium erinaceus

juice

Hericium erinaceus

Polysaccharides

ABSTRACT

Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus) is one of the widely used edible mushrooms around

the world, primarily in Asian countries. H. erinaceus is used in traditional medicines, and

mushroom based foods. The fruiting body and mycelia of H. erinaceus are extracted

using the solvents, and several bioactive compounds were identiﬁed. Several studies have

reported that those bioactive compounds exhibit many health beneﬁts such as hemag-

glutinating, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-aging

activities, etc. This manuscript consciously updated the information about the composi-

tion of H. erinaceus,H. erinaceus based foods, and anti-hyperglycemic property of

H. erinaceus.

1. Introduction

Edible mushrooms are one of the acceptable functional foods

for human and are being used for several hundred years.

Mushrooms are known for its texture, ﬂavor, and health-

promoting property

[1,2]

. Especially, mushrooms are a rich

source of all essential amino acids that are required by the

human beings. They are considered as a healthy food because

of its enriched protein and dietary ﬁber content with low

calories and fat

[3]

. Thus far, more than two thousand

mushrooms species have been reported

[4,5]

. Edible

mushrooms have been screened and studied for several

medicinal properties like anticancer, and antimicrobial

activities. Moreover, mushrooms were used as alternative food

based medicines

[6,7]

Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus) is one of the well-studied

edible and medicinal mushrooms that belongs to family Her-

iciaceae, order Russulales, and class Agaricomycetes.

H. erinaceus has a prominent place in Chinese traditional

medicine, and information about H. erinaceus is available in

European and South American literature

[8]

. The fruiting

body and mycelia of H. erinaceus have been reported for

its several pharmacological actions, such as hemagglutinating,

antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and

anti-aging activities

[9–14]

This manuscript summarizes the nutritional composition of

H. erinaceus and recent developments on H. erinaceus based

functional foods and scientiﬁc reports about the hypoglycemic

property of H. erinaceus.

2. Composition of H. erinaceus

The chemical composition and bioactive compounds of fruit

bodies and mycelia of H. erinaceus have been reported by

several researchers. H. erinaceus contains structurally diverse

compounds, and about seventy different secondary metabolites

were estimated. Hericerins [aromatic compounds such as her-

icerin A, isohericenone J, isoericerin, hericerin, N-dephenylethyl

isohericerin, hericenone J, 4-(3

-dimethyl-2

-octadienyl)-2-

formyl-3-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylalcohol, erinacene D, resor-

cinols, erinacerins, and hericenols], erinacines (erinacine A, and

diterpenoids), erinacerins-isoindolin-1-ones (erinacerins C-L),

erinaceolactones, glycoprotein (H. erinaceus polysaccharide-

protein-5), polysaccharides (

-D-glucans), sterols (ergosterol,

*Corresponding author: Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi, Innovation Center

for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang

Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.

Tel: +66 53944341

Fax: +66 53894163

E-mail: sivasgene@gmail.com (B.S. Sivamaruthi).

Peer review under responsibility of Hainan Medical University. The journal

implements double-blind peer review practiced by specially invited international

editorial board members.

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Asian Paciﬁc Journal of Tropical Biomedicine

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtb

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017; 7(11): 1036–10401036

creativecom mons.org/li censes/by-nc -nd/4.0/).

and erinarols G-J), vitamin B12 lactone (c-lactone), and volatile

compounds (2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 2-ethylpyrazine, and 2,6-

diethylpyrazine) have been reported to be present in the

H. erinaceus. The health promoting ability of H. erinaceus is

attributed to these chemical substances (Table 1).

3. H. erinaceus based functional foods

It is known that the dried powder of H. erinaceus fruiting

body conﬁned with protein (20%), carbohydrate (61%), fat

(5%), ash (7%), amino acids (14.3 mg/g dry weight), and water

(6%) content, whereas mycelia consists of protein (42%), car-

bohydrate (42%), fat (6%), ash (4%), amino acids (30.6 mg/g

dry weight), and water (4%) content. The fungal body also

contains unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, and other

elements. Some potential bioactive compounds such as

-ami-

nobutyric acid (GABA), ergothioneine, and lovastatin were also

found to be reported in H. erinaceus

[15]

. Thus, mushroom

H. erinaceus has been used to develop several functional

foods and used to improve quality of the foods. The

mushrooms are consumed as the main dish in dining or as a

supporting food. Currently, mushroom based fermented non-

alcoholic beverages are trending in the Asian countries.

The probiotic bacteria mediated fermented mushroom bev-

erages are effective functional foods. We have reported the

production of

-glutamic acid (GA), and GABA rich fermented

H. erinaceus juice using Lactobacillus brevis HP2 and

Lactobacillus fermentum HP3 strains as a starter culture.

Moreover, the factors (K

HPO

, pH, and temperature) inﬂu-

encing the production of GA and GABA was also reported

[16]

Woraharn et al.

[17]

reported the development of

-glutamine

and

-glutamic acid rich fermented H. erinaceus beverage

using Enterococcus faecalis (G414/1) mediated fermentation.

Probiotic mediated fermented H. erinaceus beverages are the

best health promoting supplements with added probiotic

beneﬁts. Li et al.

[18]

described the use of H. erinaceus as a

substrate for the production of vinegar and wine, and the

product was found to be accepted by the human volunteers.

A dry powder of H. erinaceus mycelia has been used in

preparing bread. Addition of 5% of H. erinaceus mycelia

powder acted as additives in the preparation of bread, which also

enhances the nutritional value of the bread. The presence of

GABA and ergothioneine helps to improve the brain and heart

functions

[19–21]

4. Antihyperglycemic activities

Due to the high antioxidant potential and bioactive com-

pounds, H. erinaceus has been used for the management of

metabolic disorders, especially for diabetic treatments.

Wang et al.

[22]

demonstrated the anti-hyperglycemic prop-

erty of methanol extract of H. erinaceus in streptozotocin

induced diabetes Wistar rats. The supplementation of 20–100

mg of H. erinaceus extract per kg of body weight showed the

reduction in blood glucose, serum triglyceride, and total

cholesterol levels. The protective effect of methanol extract of

H. erinaceus was found to be in a dose-dependent manner.

About 100 mg of extract (per kg of body weight) supplemen-

tation showed a signiﬁcant level of improvement in host health.

The hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of

aqueous extract of H. erinaceus have been reported using

experimental rat model. The supplementation of H. erinaceus

extract (100–200 mg/kg body weight) improved the serum in-

sulin level and reduced the glucose level in streptozotocin

induced diabetic rats. The researcher also reported that the

supplementation of H. erinaceus aqueous extract exhibited

antihyperlipidemic activities, and improved the free radical

scavenging enzymes

[23]

Yi et al.

[24]

reported that the ethanolic extract of

H. erinaceus exhibited the anti-neuropathic pain activity in

Table 1

Composition and bioactivities of H. erinaceus.

S. No. Compounds Bioactivities Refs

1 Hericerins

Hericerin A, Isohericenone J, Isoericerin, Hericerin, N-dephenylethyl

isohericerin, Hericenone J, 4-(3

-dimethyl-2

-octadienyl)-2-formyl-3-

hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylalcohol, Erinacene D, Resorcinols, Erinacerins,

and Hericenols.

Anticancer

[39–43]

2 Erinacines

Erinacine A

Diterpenoids

Neuroprotective

[44,45]

3 Erinacerins-Isoindolin-1-ones

Erinacerins C-L

Anticancer

[46]

4 Erinaceolactones Plant growth

regulatory activity

[47]

5 Glycoprotein

H. erinaceus polysaccharide-protein

(HEG-5)

Hemagglutinating activity,

Inhibit gastric carcinoma.

[48]

6 Polysaccharides

-D-glucans

Immune modulation

[49–52]

7 Sterols

Ergosterol

Erinarols G-J

Anti-inﬂammatory, antiproliferative

[41,49,53]

8 Vitamin B12 Lactone

c-lactone

Inactive

[54]

9 Volatile Compounds

2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 2-ethylpyrazine, 2,6-diethylpyrazine

Antimicrobial

[55–57]

Chaiyavat Chaiyasut, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi/Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017; 7(11): 1036–1040 1037

alloxan induced diabetic neuropathic Wistar rat model. About

40 mg of an ethanolic extract of H. erinaceus (per kg of body

weight) supplementation reduced the neuropathic pain,

increased the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and improved the

activities of antioxidant enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase,

glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase,

ATPase, and glutathione S transferase in the experimental

rats. The report claimed that the enhancement of antioxidant

system of the host by H. erinaceus extract could be responsible

for the amended diabetic neuropathy.

Wu and Xu

[25]

reported the in vitro antidiabetic nature of

H. erinaceus and revealed that inhibition of

-glycosidase and

aldose reductase activity was in a dose-dependent way. Xue

et al.

[26]

explained the reduction of blood glucose, and

improvement of sugar tolerance level in alloxan-induced dia-

betic mice supplemented with polysaccharides of H. erinaceus.

The fermented H. erinaceus juice supplementation enhanced

the health of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The body mass

and serum insulin level were increased, and the fasting plasma

glucose was reduced in the diabetes rats of the supplemented

group. The level of inﬂammatory markers was reduced, which

conﬁrms that the fermented H. erinaceus juice prevents the

diabetes rat from inﬂammatory damages (Unpublished data)

(Table 2).

5. Other health beneﬁts

Apart from antihyperglycemic activity, H. erinaceus has

been reported for exhibiting several health beneﬁts. For

example, agglutinin of H. erinaceus exhibited antiproliferative

activity against hepatoma, and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase

inhibitory activity

[27]

. The polysaccharides of H. erinaceus

could regulate the pro-inﬂammatory cytokines, induce the

macrophage mediated immune response, and induce the den-

dritic cells maturation

[28,29]

.H. erinaceus nulliﬁes the gastric

mucosal injury, and gastric ulcer

[30]

. The free radical

scavenging, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, neurode-

generative, hypolipidemic, anti-fatigue, and anti-aging activ-

ities of H. erinaceus polysaccharides have also been reported

[31–36]

.H. erinaceus polysaccharides were found to be active

against Helicobacter pylori

[37]

6. Conclusions

The mushroom H. erinaceus is composed of many bioactive

compounds with proven health promoting properties. Several

patents were ﬁled for the pharmacological applications and

formulations made using the bioactive compounds of

H. erinaceus, especially polysaccharides

[38]

. Still, a gap remains

in transferring the information to the needy people. H. erinaceus

is an affordable natural, healthy food. The improvement of

existing foods and development of new H. erinaceus based

functional foods are necessary to explore the medicinal

property of the mushroom for the betterment of human life,

primarily to treat and manage the diabetic condition. Further,

scientiﬁc information is required concerning the inﬂuence of

H. erinaceus supplementation on the hyperglycemic status of

humans, the prescribed dose for the management of the

diabetic condition, and affordable form of supplementation

(like fermented H. erinaceus juice, or H. erinaceus extract,

etc.), which help to advance the alternative medications for

diabetes.

Conﬂict of interest statement

All authors declare that they have no conﬂict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Faculty of Pharmacy

and Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. BSS wish to

acknowledge the CMU Post-Doctoral Fellowship [Ref: No.

6592(11)/01501, dated 24 February 2017], Chiang Mai Uni-

versity, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Table 2

Reported antihyperglycemic activities of H. erinaceus.

S. No. Experimental model Supplementation Outcome Refs

1 Alloxan-induced

diabetic mice

Polysaccharides of H. erinaceus

(6–25 mg/kg b.wt)

Reduced blood glucose level.

Enhanced the sugar tolerance

level.

[26]

2 Streptozotocin induced

diabetes Wistar rat

Methanol extract of H. erinaceus

(20–100 mg/kg b.wt)

Reduced blood glucose, serum

triglyceride and total cholesterol

levels.

[22]

3 Streptozotocin mediated

diabetes induced Wistar

rat

Aqueous extract of H. erinaceus

(100–200 mg/kg b.wt)

Reduced serum glucose level.

Improved serum insulin level.

Improved antioxidant enzyme

activities.

Reduced lipid related disorders.

[23]

4 Alloxan induced diabetic

neuropathic Wistar rat

model

Ethanol extracts of H. erinaceus

(40 mg/kg b.wt)

Reduced serum and urine

glucose level.

Improved the enzyme activities

(lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione

peroxidase, glutathione reductase,

catalase, Na

ATPase, and

glutathione S transferase) and

inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

Attenuation of diabetic neuropathy.

[24]

5 Streptozotocin induced

diabetes Wistar rat.

Probiotic mediated fermented

H. erinaceus Juice

Reduced blood sugar level, slightly

increased the serum insulin level.

Improved the health status of

experimental rat

Unpublished data

Chaiyavat Chaiyasut, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi/Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017; 7(11): 1036–10401038

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Nutritional Value and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Wild Macrofungi

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2023

Macrofungi are among the most promising sources of biologically active natural products with nutritional qualities and therapeutic values. In this work, the nutritional value of nine species of wild macrofungi from Ibague-Tolima (Colombia) was evaluated. In addition the antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of an ethanol:water (70:30) extract of wild basidiomata were evaluated. The wild mushrooms’ nutritional potential showed that the genus Pleurotus and Lentinus have the best protein percentages, with 18.4% and 18.5%. The nine extracts evaluated managed to stabilize the two radicals evaluated; however, lower IC50 was found for Phellinus gilvus and Ganoderma australe extracts. The results showed that Trametes coccinea, Pleurotus floridanus and Ganoderma australe extracts were the most effective as antimicrobials, with high inhibition percentages against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antifungal activity results against Rhizopus oryzae, Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus niger showed that the nine extracts were effective at the concentrations tested. Considering cell viability against isolated leukocytes, seven of the nine extracts showed percentages higher than 50% of cell viability. This research describes the nutritional value of nine wild macrofungi in Colombia and their potential for antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity.

Mushrooms as Promising Therapeutic Resources: Review and Future Perspectives

Chapter

Apr 2023

Several human diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, increasingly affect the adult population worldwide. Therefore, scientists have tried to discover new natural sources of medicines, especially from mushrooms, to prevent and treat these diseases. Wild mushrooms and mushrooms growing on solid media or in submerged cultures belong to a large number of genera (Agaricus, Auricularia, Ganoderma, Grifola, Hericium, Lentinula, Schizophyllum) and may be used to produce biologically active compounds (lectins, polysaccharides, phenolics, terpenoids, and steroid derivatives) as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective agents. Metabolomics and genomic studies of the unexplored biotechnological potential of mushrooms may also assist in the production of mushroom-derived biotech products. High-quality, long-term, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies have been described as necessary to prove the efficacy of mushroom extracts or isolated compounds. The present review discusses the current state of knowledge and the main findings of previous studies on mycotherapeutics and healthy mycofood. This chapter is an update contribution to modern mycopharmacology and biomedicine. Keywords: Biomedicine Clinical trials Mushrooms Mycopharmaceuticals Mycotherapy Nutraceuticals

Substrate Composition Effect on the Nutritional Quality of Pleurotus ostreatus (MK751847) Fruiting body

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022

Underutilized palm oil waste (shaft and bunch) and sawdust supplemented with wheat and rice bran were used to cultivate mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). Substrates were compounded following the designed protocol, bagged, and sterilized. Bags were inoculated with actively growing spawn, incubated at 28 ± 2°C, ramified, and growth parameters were observed and recorded. The highest values were obtained in protein content of (19.14%) in the shaft supplemented with wheat bran, fat contents (1.70%) in the bunch alone, ash content of 10.10% and 9.59% in the fermented bunch, and bunch supplemented with wheat bran respectively. Bunch combined with sawdust gave the highest carbohydrate of 6.19%. Fermented bunch gave the highest value of vitamin A (2.21 UI/100g), E (5.71 UI/100g), and D (5.90 UI/100g). In the current study, it was shown that Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on the palm waste substrate supplemented with rice bran and wheat bran produced better dietic quality mushrooms.

Ameliorating Effect of the Edible Mushroom Hericium erinaceus on Depressive-Like Behavior in Ovariectomized Rats

Article

Oct 2022

Estrogen deficiency during menopause causes a variety of neurological symptoms, including depression. The edible Lion’s Mane mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (HE), is a medicinal mushroom that has the potential for a neuroprotective effect and ameliorating neurological diseases, such as depression, anxiety, and neurodegenerative diseases. HE contains phytoestrogens, including daidzein and genistein. However, the ameliorating effect of HE on menopausal symptoms is not well understood. Here we investigated the impact of methanol extract of the HE fruiting body on depressive-like behavior in postmenopausal model rats. The activation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) causes body weight loss and uterine weight gain. Body weight gain and uterine weight loss by estrogen deficiency in ovariectomized (OVX) rats were reversed with 17β-estradiol (E2) but not with HE. Thus, the phytoestrogens in HE may hardly activate ERα. Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) is expressed in the brain, and activation of ERβ ameliorates menopausal depressive symptoms. Notably, depressive-like behavior in OVX rats evaluated in forced swim test was reduced by administration of not only E2 but also HE for 92 d. Long-term activation of ERα increases the risk of breast and uterine cancers. HE, therefore, may be effective in treating menopausal depression without the risk of carcinogenesis caused by ERα activation. Fullsize Image

Phytochemical prospecting, vitamins, total phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase activities of Scleroderma citrinum Persoon (Sc) mushroom extract

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2024

Scleroderma is a genus of Gasteromycetes and Basidiomycota mushrooms in tropical and subtropical regions. This study aimed to evaluate the ethanolic extract of the mushroom Scleroderma citrinum regarding phytochemical prospecting, vitamin, phenolic, and total flavonoid content, and antioxidant (FRAP and DPPH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activities. Fruiting bodies of S. citrinum were collected and the ethanolic extract was produced by maceration. Phytochemical prospecting was performed for several phytochemical groups using colorimetric means; the content of vitamins A, B, C, D, and E was obtained qualitatively by colorimetric methods, the content of phenolic and flavonoids by the colorimetric method and quantification by spectrophotometry. The spectrophotometric method performed the antioxidant activity in reducing FRAP and DPPH radicals by spectrophotometry and the acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity. Seventeen positive phytochemical groups were observed, the qualitative presence of vitamins of the A, B, and D complexes, 195.03 mg GAE g-1 of total phenolics, 93.10 mg QE g-1 of total flavonoids, FRAP reduction of 3.941 µM TE g-1, DPPH reduction of 127.78 µg mL-1 and AChE inhibition of 55.6%. The extract of the mushroom Scleroderma citrinum proved to be rich in phytocompounds, vitamins, and important biological antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition effects.

Pulsed Electric Field Technology for Recovery of Proteins from Waste Plant Resources and Deformed Mushrooms: A Review

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2024

Proteins are complex molecules, which play a vital role in our body’s function, the building of tissues, and the regulation of metabolic activity. They are crucial to children’s growth and serve as a key component in the body’s process of distributing oxygen. Proteins fuel the body by supplying the required nutrition and energy. Currently, there is an increasing demand for proteins on large scales with no detrimental effects. The adverse health effects of animal proteins have resulted in a growing preference for plant-based proteins, which offer a healthier daily dosage. Valuable proteins can be extracted from various parts of the plant, including stems, leaves, seeds, fruits, vegetables, and roots. Notably, protein extraction from waste plant and mushroom parts minimizes the product wastage and improves the overall production to support economic sustainability. There are several protein extraction techniques available, where the replacement of non-thermal methods with thermal ones is promising nowadays due to the appreciable retainment of protein quality. Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) technology is one of the most efficient non-thermal tools used to assist with extracting these proteins at the minimum processing time and energy consumption when compared with thermal techniques. It relies on the application of a high-voltage pulse between two electrodes to treat samples inside the treatment chamber. While electrode shapes and treatment chamber designs primarily govern the electric field’s application, optimizing process parameters such as electric field strength, pulse width, number of pulses, and pulse waveshape assists in obtaining a desirable enhancement in the protein yield. The primary objective of this review is to explain the PEF-assisted protein extraction process applicable to waste plant parts and deformed mushrooms. While PEF is not a novel concept, utilizing it as a pre-extraction treatment to the aforementioned waste resources would aid in improving the production of value-added protein products economically. So far, PEF has shown immense promise in assisting with protein extraction studies, but requires further research in order to establish this area for large-scale industrial applications.

Protective effects of peptide KSPLY derived from Hericium erinaceus on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells

Article

Sep 2023

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damage is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, and natural antioxidant peptides have good abilities of scavenging ROS. The antioxidant activity of peptide Lys-Ser-Pro-Leu-Tyr (KSPLY) derived from Hericium erinaceus remains unclear. In the present study, the antioxidant effect and mechanism of KSPLY on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells were investigated. The results indicated that KSPLY exhibited the antioxidant capacity in H2O2-induced HepG2 cells by enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activities. In comparison with the H2O2-treated damage group, the apoptosis rate, ROS level, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of HepG2 cells treated with KSPLY were significantly decreased. The H. Erinaceus-derived peptide KSPLY pretreatment promoted the expression of detoxification and antioxidant enzymes via the Keap1/Nrf2 signal pathway, thereby inhibiting the generation of ROS and MDA. In conclusion, the H. erinaceus-derived peptide KSPLY effectively protected HepG2 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage, and it provided a theoretical basis for the further development of new natural antioxidants.

Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms of the Himalayas Climate Change, Critically Endangered Species and the Call for Sustainable Development

Book

Full-text available

Aug 2023

his book, as part of the "Natural Products Chemistry of Global Plants" series, describes in detail the health promoting wild edible and medicinal mushrooms specific to the Himilayas region. The focus of the book is to draw on the rich culture, folklore, and environment of the Upper Himilayas, which represents a scientifically significant region. The Himilayas has rich plant resources and a large diversity of plants and mushrooms, which can provide important health benefits as detailed throughout the text. Drawing attention to these mushrooms with detailed scientific descriptions may help in the awareness and in developing sustainable growth of these important resources. Features: Provides an opportunity to describe the wild edible and medicinal mushrooms from this scientifically significant region. Represents a wider variety of mushrooms than previously published in other books. Presents more content related to traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, distribution, processing, toxicology, conservation and future prospective of individual mushrooms. The plants and mushrooms of the region are valuable resources not only to local populations but to those living outside the region. Scientists are monitoring the rich Himalayan plant resources and the consequences of climate change on this precarious ecosystem.

Edible mushrooms: An emerging therapeutic of diabetes

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Diabetes is the third most customary non-infectious disease occurring worldwide and leads to untimely disability and mortality. This metabolic disorder is characterized by impaired insulin secretions and high blood glucose levels. Among others, type 2 diabetes is the most common. Various chemical and biochemical hypoglycemic drugs are utilized to control and treat hyperglycemia but required further interventions to reduce their toxicity and side effects on the users. Edible mushrooms have been employed from ancient times to heal many diseases as it composed of anti-oxidant, alkaloids, fibers, triterpenoids, and other phytochemicals. The bioactive secondary metabolites of mushrooms can improve insulin resistance and reduce blood glucose levels by activation of insulin receptor substrate-2, protein kinase B, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway. Moreover, mushrooms can inhibit the function of aldolase reductase and α-glucosidase, the two major enzymes responsible for an increased glucose level. Diabetes has increased the chance of viral infections and mortality rates. This article is focused on analyzing the concern of different types of diabetes and summarizing the significance of mushroom as a curative agent. We also discussed the fungal metabolites which acted as a complimentary successor for curing diabetes as it will discursively decrease the severity and mortality rate of patients suffering from outbreak (COVID-19).

Therapeutic Mushrooms for Diabetes Mellitus: Current Evidences and Future Scope

Book

Apr 2023

Protective Effects of Extracellular and Intracellular Polysaccharides on Hepatotoxicity by Hericium erinaceus SG-02

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2016
CURR MICROBIOL

The protective effects of extracellular and intracellular polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus SG-02 on the CCl4-induced hepatic injury of mice were investigated in this work. By the analysis of GC, the extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) were composed of arabinose, mannose, galactose, and glucose with a ratio of 1:7:14:52, and the composition of intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) was rhamnose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose with a ratio of 3:4:7:14:137. The model of hepatic injury of mice was induced by CCl4 and three tested levels (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) of EPS and IPS were set as the experimental group. Results showed that the aspartate aminotransferase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase activities in serum were reduced by the supplement of EPS and IPS, while the blood lipid levels including cholesterol, triglyceride, and albumin were improved. In liver tissue, the lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde were largely decreased, and the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly increased. The evidence demonstrated that the EPS and IPS of H. erinaceus SG-02 were protective for liver injury. The histopathological observations of mice liver slices indicated that EPS and IPS had obvious effects on liver protection.

Restoration of sensory dysfunction following peripheral nerve injury by the polysaccharide from culinary and medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. through its neuroregenerative action

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2015

ABSTRACT: Peripheral nerves have the unique capability to regenerate after injury. Insights into regeneration of peripheral nerves after injury may have implications for neurodegenerative diseases of the nervous system. We investigated the ability of polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus mushroom in the treatment of nerve injury following peroneal nerve crush in Sprague-Dawley rats by daily oral administration. In sensory functional recovery test, the time taken for the rats to withdraw its hind limb from contact with the hot plate was measured. The test revealed acceleration of sensory recovery in the polysaccharide group compared to negative controls. Further, peripheral nerve injury leads to changes at the remotely located DRG containing cell bodies of sensory neurons. Immunofluorescence studies showed that Akt and p38 MAPK were expressed in DRG and strongly upregulated in polysaccharide group after peripheral nerve injury. The intensity of endothelial cells antigen-1 that recognized endothelial cells in the blood vessels of distal segments in crushed nerves was significantly higher in the treated groups than in the negative control group. Our findings suggest that H. erinaceus is capable of accelerating sensory functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury and the effect involves the activation of protein kinase signaling pathways and restoration of blood-nerve barrier.

Hericium erinaceus, an amazing medicinal mushroom

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2015
MYCOL PROG

DOI 10.1007/s11557-015-1105-4. Online Medicinal mushrooms have become a compelling topic because the bioactive compounds they contain promise a plethora of therapeutic properties. Hericium erinaceus commonly known as “Houtou” or “Shishigashira” in China and “Yamabushitake” in Japan, has commonly been prescribed in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), because its consumption has been shown to be beneficial to human health. The species is found throughout the northern hemisphere in Europe, Asia, and North America. Hericium erinaceus has been firmly established as an important medicinal mushroom and its numerous bioactive compounds have been developed into food supplements and alternative medicines. However, the correspondence of the active components that cause the observed effects is often not clear. The mushroom as well as the fermented mycelia have been reported to produce several classes of bioactive molecules, including polysaccharides, proteins, lectins, phenols, and terpenoids. Most interestingly, two classes of terpenoid compounds, hericenones and erinacines, from fruiting bodies and cultured mycelia, respectively, have been found to stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis. In this review we examine the scientific literature to explore and highlight the scientific facts concerning medicinal properties of H. erinaceus. We provide up-to-date information on this mushroom, including its taxonomy and a summary of bioactive compounds that appear related to the therapeutic potential of H. erinaceus. See http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11557-015-1105-4

Evaluation of factors that influence the L-glutamic and γ-aminobutyric acid production during Hericium erinaceus fermentation by lactic acid bacteria

Article

Full-text available

May 2015
CYTA-J FOOD

Fermented plant beverages (FPBs) are non-alcoholic and are produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with different edible plant sources. Owing to the lack of a detailed study on fermented Hericium erinaceus with LAB, the current study was employed to exploit and optimize the fermentation condition for the production of L-glutamic acid (GA)- and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich fermented H. erinaceus beverage by Lactobacillus brevis HP2 and Lactobacillus fermentum HP3, respectively. Box–Behnken design (BBD) for response surface methodology was employed with cofactor, pH and temperature as independent variables. The results suggested that L. brevis HP2 and L. fermentum HP3 are good starter cultures for H. erinaceus fermentation with enriched GA and GABA production. In this case, GA production was significantly influenced by K2HPO4, pH and temperature whereas GABA production was significantly influenced by pH and temperature. Further thorough and fine optimization is required to fabricate high-quality fermented drinks with low cost.

Structures, biological activities, and industrial applications of the polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane) mushroom: A review

Article

Jan 2017

Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers., also known as Yamabushitake, Houtou and Lion’s Mane, is capable of fortifying the spleen and nourishing the stomach, tranquilizing the mind, and fighting cancer. Over the past decade, it has been demonstrated that H. erinaceus polysaccharides possess various promising bioactivities, including antitumor and immunomodulation, anti-gastric ulcer, neuroprotection and neuroregeneration, anti-oxidation and hepatoprotection, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-fatigue and anti-aging. The purpose of the present review is to provide systematically reorganized information on extraction and purification, structure characteristics, biological activities, and industrial applications of H. erinaceus polysaccharides to support their therapeutic potentials and sanitarian functions.

Effects of denaturation and amino acid modification on fluorescence spectrum and hemagglutinating activity of Hericium erinaceum lectin

Article

May 2004
Sheng Wu Hua Hsueh Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Hsueh Pao

A sialic acid-binding lectin (Hericium erinaceum lectin, HEL), isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of Hericium erinaceum, was treated with various temperature and pH to investigate its fluorescence spectra and hemagglutinating activity. It was found that the hemagglutinating activity of HEL was relatively steady below 60 degreesC and at pH from 6 to 11, and the change of hemagglutinating activity was relative to the change of hydrophobic areas where tryptophan residues located. In fluorescence quenching study of HEL by acrylamide and KI, it was indicated that nearly all the tryptophan residues of HEL located on the surface of the molecule, and most of them were in hydrophobic areas or negatively charged areas. Chemical modification of HEL proved that there were about twelve tryptophan residues in a HEL molecule and all of them were located on the surface or in the shallow groove of the molecule, and eight of them were essential for hemagglutinating activity; aspartic acid or glutamic acid residues were involved in maintaining the crucial conformation of activity center and made great contribution to the hemagglutinating activity of HEL, but they could not touch the sialic acid molecule directly; tyrosine residues also played a role in the hemagglutinating activity of HEL; while arginine, serine, threonine, histidine residues had no effect on the hemagglutinating activity of HEL.

Submerged cultivation and chemical composition of Hericium erinaceus Mycelium

Article

Jan 2013
Antibiot Chemother

Submerged cultivation of Hericium erinaceus in various media was studied. The yield of the biomass was shown to depend mainly on the carbon source, whereas the content of water soluble polysaccharides depended mainly on the nitrogen source. The optimal medium composition provided the biomass yield of 21-23 g/l in 7 days. The biomass was characterized by the content of total protein, lipids and carbohydrates. In addition, the amino acid composition of the biomass was determined and shown to meet all the requirements of FAO/WHO concerning the amounts of essential amino acids (with exception of tryptophane). Oleinic and linoleic acids were identified as the main components of the fatty acids. Two water soluble polysaccharide fractions differing in solubility in aqueous ethanol were isolated and shown to contain rhamnose, fucose, xylose, glucose and galactose in different proportions. Vitamins B1, B2, B6, PP and E, ergosterol and coenzyme Q were also detected in the biomass of H. erinaceus.

Development of fermented Hericium erinaceus juice with high content of L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid

Article

Jun 2015
INT J FOOD SCI TECH

Fermented plant beverages (FPB) with a high content of desirable principle components are served as functional foods from several years. Hericium erinaceus is famous for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic nature. Accordingly, the current study was aimed to produce fermented H. erinaceus juice with a high content of L-glutamine (Gln) and L-glutamic acid (GA) through lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented Thai foods. LAB isolates were screened and identified the potent protease-producing bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (G414/1) that facilitate the production of Gln and GA through protein hydrolysis. Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were adapted for the optimisation of conditions for the increased production of Gln and GA during fermentation of H. erinaceus. We succeeded with an optimum concentration of cofactor (CaCl2), pH and temperature for improved protease activity and subsequent Gln and GA production. The ability of isolated E. faecalis strain to produce Gln and GA was demonstrated in this study. Further, upstream processes like strain improvement and media optimisation will direct the way to produce enriched H. erinaceus based FPB.

ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties of Hericium Erinaceus (Lion′s Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds

Article

Aug 2015
J AGR FOOD CHEM

Mendel Friedman

The culinary and medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus is widely consumed in Asian countries, but apparently not in the United States, for its nutritional and health benefits. To stimulate broader interest in the reported beneficial properties, this overview surveys and consolidates the widely scattered literature on the chemistry (isolation and structural characterization) of polysaccharides and secondary metabolites such as erinacines, hericerins, hericenones, resorcinols, steroids, mono- and diterpenes, and volatile aroma compounds, nutritional composition, food and industrial uses, and exceptional nutritional and health-promoting aspects of H. erinaceus. The reported health-promoting properties of the mushroom fruit bodies, mycelia, and bioactive pure compounds include antibiotic, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antifatigue, antihypertensive, antihyperlipodemic, antisenescence, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties and improvement of anxiety, cognitive function, and depression. The described anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immunostimulating properties in cells, animals, and humans seem to be responsible for the multiple health-promoting properties. A wide range of research advances and techniques are described and evaluated. The collated information and suggestion for further research might facilitate and guide further studies to optimize the use of the whole mushrooms and about 70 characterized actual and potential bioactive secondary metabolites to help prevent or treat human chronic, cognitive, and neurological diseases.

Feasibility of using Hericium erinaceus as the substrate for vinegar fermentation

Article

Jan 2014
LWT-FOOD SCI TECHNOL

In this study we investigated the production of vinegar using a Hericium erinaceus fermentation. After 9 days of alcoholic fermentation, the alcohol contents reached 16% with all concentrations (1.25%, 2.5% and 5.0%) of H. erinaceus powder investigated, whereas the sugar content decreased from 25 degrees Brix to 14 degrees Brix. Also, the broth pH decreased from 4 to 3.7 and the acidity increased from 0% to 0.3%. According to the sensory evaluation, the mushroom wine produced with 5.0% H. erinaceus powder was preferred by the panel, which was then chosen for subsequent acetic acid fermentation. During the acetic acid fermentation, there was little change in pH, even though the acidity increased from 2% to 4.09%. Besides the abundant acetic acid present in the H. erinaceus vinegar, malic acid and succinic acid were also detected after 9-day of fermentation. Moreover, the H. erinaceus vinegar showed antioxidant activity comparable to other vinegar products when assayed by DPPH and ABTS.