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Evaluation of the antioxidant and anticancer activities of Canarium ovatum (Burseraceae) pulp extracts
Abstract and Figures
The study evaluated the antioxidant and anticancer activities of Canarium ovatum pulp. Mechanical and
ethanolic extractions were done to prepare the oil (COPO) and ethanolic (COPE) extracts from the C. ovatum
pulp. The extracts were used to screen for the biological activities and phytochemical components. The
antioxidant level was evaluated using the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing
ability of plasma) assays. The CAM (chorioallantoic membrane) and sea urchin fertilization assays were used to test for anticancer activity and cytotoxicity. Results of the DPPH and FRAP assays showed high reducing power and free radical scavenging activities of COPE compared to COPO and ascorbic acid. CAM assay revealed a significant inhibition (p=0.05) in blood vessel formation in all the COPE-treated samples only compared to the vehicle control. In the sea urchin fertilization assay, the inhibitory effect of COPE was observed in the medium (1mg/ml) and high (10mg/ml) treatments where there were significant reductions (p=0.05) in the percentage of fertilized egg compared with the control. The lowest concentration (0.1mg/ml) of COPE was inactive in this assay. The computed IC50 for COPE was 0.369mg/mL. Phytochemical screening of the different extracts revealed the presence of bioactive constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, sterols, tannins and triterpenes. Further studies be done to validate the results and elucidate mechanism of action of the bioactive components present in the extracts.
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... Canarium resiniferum Bruce ex King (Burseraceae) is a large evergreen tree native to Bangladesh and the Assam state of India. 1 In Bangladesh, the plant known as Dhup, is used by traditional medicinal healers for its resin which is commonly applied for the topical treatment of eczema. 2 Extracts or phytoconstituents of Canarium species have demonstrated a wide range of biological effects including hepatoprotective, analgesic, antimicrobial, antihypercholesterolemic, antioxidant, vasorelaxant, antiviral, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] To the best of our knowledge, C. resiniferum has yet to be explored for its phytoconstituents and pharmacological activity. ...
Background and aim
This study evaluated the anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Canarium resiniferum (MECR) leaves, and determined the total phenolic and flavonoid contents in this extract.
Experimental procedure
The anxiolytic effect of MECR (100, 200, 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was tested in mice using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test, the hole-board test (HBT), and the light-dark box (LDB) test. Its antidepressant effect was evaluated in the tail suspension (TST) and the forced swim (FST) tests. The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content was measured using standard colorimetric assays. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays.
Results and conclusion
MECR, at all doses, showed dose-dependent anxiolytic activity. At 400 mg/kg, it significantly increased the time spent and number of entries in the open arms (EPM test), the number of head-dips (HBT), and the time spent into the light compartment (LDB) test compared to the control. In the TST and FST, MECR dose-dependently reduced the duration of immobility compared to untreated animals. This was significant for all doses except for 100 mg/kg in the FST model. MECR showed high TPC and TFC (90.94 ± 0.75 mg GAE/g and 51.54 ± 0.78 mg QE/g of dried extract, respectively) and displayed potent activity in the DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 177.82 μg/mL) and FRAP assays. These findings indicate that C. resiniferum has the potential to alleviate anxiety and depression disorders, which merits further exploration.
... North Maluku is a province in East Indonesia where canarium trees can grow well (Tamaleme et al. 2016). The leaves, stems, and fruits of canarium have many benefits (Siahaya et al. 2020), and it also contains antioxidant (Cajuday et al. 2017). Canarium seeds contain omega 3, omega 6, and omega 9, which are very good for health (Hadipoentyanti 2012). ...
Canarium (Canarium indicum) seeds have mechanical dormancy, i.e., seeds have a hard outer seed coat, which causes inhibition of germination. Mechanical dormancy can be broken by mechanical and chemical scarification. One way of chemical scarification is water soaking. This study aimed to analyze the initial effect of temperature of the soaking water and duration of soaking on the germination of canarium seeds. The research design used was a two-factor experiment in a completely randomized design. The first factor is the different initial water temperature and the second factor is soaking duration. The initial water temperature consists of 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, and 100°C, while the soaking duration consists of 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. The results showed that the initial water temperature had a very significant effect on germination percentage, peak value, mean daily germination, and germination value. The soaking duration did not significantly affect germination percentage, mean daily germination, and germination value, but it significantly affected the peak value. The interaction of initial water temperature and soaking duration significantly affected the germination percentage, mean daily germination, peak value, and germination value. The initial water temperature and soaking duration affected the germination of canarium seeds.
Keywords: Canarium indicum, dormancy, germination, initial temperature, soaking duration
... CO-AgNPs inhibited the growth of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa(Arya et al. 2016). Antioxidant and anticancer activities of Canarium ovatum pulp have also been confirmed(Cajuday et al. 2017). ...
... CO-AgNPs inhibited the growth of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa(Arya et al. 2016). Antioxidant and anticancer activities of Canarium ovatum pulp have also been confirmed(Cajuday et al. 2017). ...
... It is considered as one of the most important trees in the Bicol region where its nuts and fruit pulp are used in food and as oil source [3]. Recent investigations on the C. ovatum fruit pulp showed that it has good antioxidant activity and anticancer potential [4]. The present study was aimed at assessing the immunomodulatory potential of C. ovatum fruit pulp. ...
The immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract of the pulp of Canarium ovatum was investigated in vivo using Balb/C mice. Extract doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg were orally administered to study its effect on delayed type hypersensitivity and humoral antibody response using sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Acute oral toxicity profile and phytochemical analysis were also determined. Orally -administered COPE did not exhibit any mortality or signs of toxicity at doses 300 - 2000 mg/kg. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of biologically-active compounds such as sterols, triterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and tannins. Treatment with COPE for 7 days stimulated the early phase of DTH response through significant increase in foot pad thickness (111.87 ± 9.97 % at 300 mg/kg, and 91.27 ± 7.81 % at 600 mg/kg), when compared to distilled water and cyclophosphamide (CP) groups. Similarly, COPE significantly enhanced antibody titer, with highest titer at the dose of 300 mg/kg. Histological observations of the spleen showed follicles with active germinal centers and proliferating lymphocytes, which are consistent with the immunostimulatory effects of COPE. These results show that COPE has stimulatory effects on cellular and humoral responses in mice, indicating its potential as an immunostimulatory agent.
Nine Philippine indigenous fruits were screened for phytochemical constituents and assessed for total phenolics and antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Qualitative tests revealed the presence of alkaloids in Canarium ovatum, cardiac glycosides in Ficus pseudopalma and C. ovatum, and terpenoids in Antidesma bunius and C. ovatum. Total phenolics were highest in Garcinia binucao and Mangifera altissima with 758 and 694 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) / 100 g fresh matter (FM), respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activities ranged from 82-516 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant activity (AEAC) /100 g FM, with M. altissima having the highest value and followed by Rubus rosifolius (513 mg AEAC / 100 g FM). Ferric reducing activities were highest for M. altissima and G. binucao with 111 mg and 121 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) / 100 g FM, respectively. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were strongly and positively correlated (P < 0.05). Moreover, phenolic contents may have significant contributions to the observed radical scavenging and ferric reducing activities based on their strong positive correlations (P < 0.05). For the antibacterial activities, extracts from Citrus hystrix and R. rosifolius were the most effective against Escherichia coli (MIC 80 = 1.70 mg GAE/mL), while the F. pseudopalma extract was the most effective against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 80 = 0.56 mg GAE / mL). Present results showed that the selected indigenous fruits could be valuable sources of phytochemicals, such as phenolics and flavonoids, with potential antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
Nine Philippine indigenous fruits were screened for phytochemical constituents and assessed for total phenolics and antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Qualitative tests revealed the presence of alkaloids in Canarium ovatum, cardiac glycosides in Ficus pseudopalma and C. ovatum, and terpenoids in Antidesma bunius and C. ovatum. Total phenolics were highest in Garcinia binucao and Mangifera altissima with 758 and 694 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) / 100 g fresh matter (FM), respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activities ranged from 82-516 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant activity (AEAC) /100 g FM, with M. altissima having the highest value and followed by Rubus rosifolius (513 mg AEAC / 100 g FM). Ferric reducing activities were highest for M. altissima and G. binucao with 111 mg and 121 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) / 100 g FM, respectively. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were strongly and positively correlated (P < 0.05). Moreover, phenolic contents may have significant contributions to the observed radical scavenging and ferric reducing activities based on their strong positive correlations (P < 0.05). For the antibacterial activities, extracts from Citrus hystrix and R. rosifolius were the most effective against Escherichia coli (MIC 80 = 1.70 mg GAE/mL), while the F. pseudopalma extract was the most effective against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 80 = 0.56 mg GAE / mL). Present results showed that the selected indigenous fruits could be valuable sources of phytochemicals, such as phenolics and flavonoids, with potential antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
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