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Review Article OMICS International
Biochemistry &
Analytical Biochemistry
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ISSN: 2161-1009
Mehboob et al., Biochem Anal Biochem 2017, 6:3
DOI: 10.4172/2161-1009.1000326
Volume 6 • Issue 3 • 1000326
Biochem Anal Biochem, an open access journal
ISSN: 2161-1009
*Corresponding author: Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Tel: 0092 313 533 8714; E-mail: mmiqballali@gmail.com
Received: June 24, 2017; Accepted: July 18, 2017; Published July 21, 2017
Citation: Mehboob H, Iqbal M, Ejaz M, Bibi G, Sarwar U, et al. (2017) A Review on
Secondary Metabolites of Rosa laevigata Michaux: An Important Medicinal Plant.
Biochem Anal Biochem 6: 326. doi: 10.4172/2161-1009.1000326
Copyright: © 2017 Mehboob H, et al. This is an open-access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
author and source are credited.
Abstract
Rosa laevigata is a white aromatic rose inhabitant to Southern China and Taiwan and growing offensively as
invasive in the United States of America. It is herbaceous climbing shrub, growing over the other shrubs and reaching
upto 5-10 metre in height. In 1780’s, it gained its English name Cherokee rose from America. This review was aimed
to analyze various active secondary metabolites of Rosa laevigata with their medicinal value. The study infers that
plant possess novel secondary metabolites i.e., polysaccharides, avonoids, steroids, tannins, laevigatins E, F, G,
triterpenoids, 11α-hydroxytormentic acid, 2α-methoxyursolic acid, 6-methoxy-β-glucopyranosyl ester, tormentic acid
and 5α-diol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside with their antibacterial, anticancer, astringent, depurative and anti-inammatory
activities. A profound efforts has been done in past to address the active secondary metabolites, but still consistent
struggles are required to explore the volatile compounds present in Rosa laevigata and their medicinal and therapeutic
values should be investigated in future.
A Review on Secondary Metabolites of
Rosa laevigata
Michaux: An
Important Medicinal Plant
Hira Mehboob1, Muhammad Iqbal2*, Muhammad Ejaz2, Gulshan Bibi1, Uzma Sarwar1, Sadia Iftikhar1, Sabah Shaheen2 and Irum Safdar2
1
Department of Biology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
2
Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Keywords: Secondary metabolites; Laevigatins; Triterpenoids; Anti-
inammatory; Hepatoprotective
Introduction
Plants are considered as an essential component of global
sustainability due to dierent ecosystem services of plants like provision
of fuel, food, medicine, shelter, condiments, aromas and perfumes.
Plants control the atmosphere, preserve hydrological cycle, feed the
animals and provide raw materials for pharmaceutical and scientic
purposes. Plants have been the basis for life saving drugs for medical
treatment in human history and medicinal plants are the most exclusive
source for the majority of the world’s population and the use of plants
as a medicine is as old as human civilization. e connection between
man and his search for plant derived drugs from nature continue to the
far past, of which clearly evidenced from various sources: preserved
monuments, written documents, and even original plant medicines
practiced now a day’s also. e knowledge of the development of ideas
and evolution of awareness related to the usage of medicinal plants in
traditional healthcare systems is a result of the many years of struggles
against diseases due to which man learned to use plant mediated drugs
from roots, leaves, barks, seeds, fruit bodies, and other parts of the plants
Origin of Rosa laevigata
Rosa laevigata
commonly known as Cherokee rose belongs to
family Rosaceae. It is native to Southern China. Its fruit is eatable and
extensively consumed in China as a ingredient of some Traditional
Chinese Medicines (TCM), and its leaves are broadly utilize to cure
burns, skin tumors and ulcers [1,2].
Distribution of Rosa laevigata
Rosa laevigata is an evergreen a perennial plant having erected
stem reaching up to a height of about 10 feet. It is widely dispersed
in deciduous forests. It is native to China but also found in Asia and
Australia. In Australia, it is known as sleeper weed due to its smaller height.
is species is highly valuable because of its medicinal properties [3,4].
Taxonomic classication of Rosa laevigate
Morphology description of Rosa laevigata: e plant is evergreen
Figure 1: (a) Stomata of diploid plant (b) Stomata of tetraploid (c) Comparison
of leaves between diploid and tetraploid (d) Comparison of leaves between
diploid and tetraploid (e) Comparison of leaves between diploid and tetraploid
(f) Comparison of leaves between diploid and tetraploid (g) Bud of diploid and
tetraploid (h) Flower of diploid and tetraploid (i) Germination of pollen grains from
tetraploid (j) Comparison of plants .
.
[17]
Citation: Mehboob H, Iqbal M, Ejaz M, Bibi G, Sarwar U, et al. (2017) A Review on Secondary Metabolites of Rosa laevigata Michaux: An Important
Medicinal Plant. Biochem Anal Biochem 6: 326. doi: 10.4172/2161-1009.1000326
Volume 6 • Issue 3 • 1000326
Biochem Anal Biochem, an open access journal
ISSN: 2161-1009
Page 2 of 3
scented perennial shrub with height about 6m (20 feet). It has vine
growth habit. Its leaves are smooth and bright lustrous green. Its
owering season is June to July. Aromatic owers with pure white petals
and stamens are yellow [1,5] (Figure 1 and Table 1).
Harvest period of Rosa laevigata: R. laevigata is harvested in two
periods; the rst is when it matures, and the second is when it is to some
extent yellow but not yet ripe [1].
Medicinal properties of Rosa laevigata: R. laevigata have been
recorded as source of traditional Chinese folk medicines and the roots
were commonly used for the treatment of seminal weakness, uterine
prolapse, urinary incontinence, menstrual problems, diarrhea, joints
pain, external injury, burn injury, toothache and stomach pain [1,2,6].
Its fruits are commonly used as kidney tonic to decrease urination
and curing leucorrhea. According to theChinese Pharmacopoeia, R.
laevigata fruit possess anti-uretic and astringent properties. When it
ripe and red, it tastes sweet and loses its medicinal value. erefore,
it should be harvested when it is partly yellow or still un-ripened [7]
(Figure 2).
Secondary metabolites of Rosa laevigata: Secondary metabolites
are those metabolites which are formed in a period of successive
growth, have no part in growth and development but necessary for
survival of a plant species, and have remarkable structural orientation
and biological actions. ey are synthesized by exclusive biosynthetic
pathway from primary metabolites and intermediates. Plants produce
as amazing diversity of low molecular weight compounds. From 400,000
– 500,000 plant species around the globe, only few are phytochemically
investigated. Secondary metabolites are frequently produced at chief
levels during an evolution from active expansion to immobile phase.
e plant can grow in the lack of secondary metabolites, suggesting that
secondary metabolism is not necessary for short term survival. From
another aspect secondary metabolism characterizes as an integral part
of cellular metabolism, it depends on primary metabolism to provide the
necessary substrates, enzymes and energy contributes to the long lasting
survival of the plant [8]. Many active secondary metabolites with unique
structural properties including anti-fungal and anti- inammatory
triterpenoids, 12 hepatoprotective avonoids, 8–11 astringent tannins
and anti-cancer polysaccharides was separated earlier [9]. Laevigatins
E, F, G, 11α-hydroxytormentic acid, 2α-methoxyursolic acid, loliolide,
6, 7-diethylmalate, diethoxycoumarin have been reported from R.
laevigata and a few studies have been explored on the cyclic changes
in avones and polysaccharides that are its non-volatile components
[10-17].
Secondary metabolites, which are extremely dynamic in dierent
time of enlargement of a medicinal plant, directly manipulate their
therapeutic eects [18]. Hence, the cyclic changes in secondary
metabolites ofR. laevigatahave been fully studied for proper harvesting.
Along with these some studies on the frequent changes in its non-
volatile components (such as avones and polysaccharides) have also
been done [5,10-12,19].
Phytochemical analysis of R. laevigata: Earlier studies on
phytochemical analysis in various parts of R. laevigata have exposed
the presence of steroids, avonoids, pentacyclic triterpenoids tannins,
polysaccharides and ligands in this plant. Previous data on R. laevigata
inferred that more focus was payed on the fruits, and just ve triterpenoids
were extracted from roots. Its root bark contains tannins [20].
From the roots of R. laevigata two chief types of phyto-compounds
that are avonoids and terpenoids have been reported for their strong
DPPH radical scavenging power. Chemical and biological functions
of roots of R. laevigata enhance the sensible usage of this therapeutic
shrub. Fruit of dierent members of this genus is an abundant source
of minerals as well as vitamins, especially in vitamins A, C and E,
avonoids and fatty acids. Presence of fatty acids is usually unusual to
this fruit but these reduce the incidence of cancer [20].
Chemical analysis of roots of Rosa laevigata: Chemical analysis
on the roots of R. laevigata lead the separation of two new avonoids
e.g. guibourtacacidine 4-methyl ether and (+) catechin-8 acetic
acid. Guibourtacacidine one known avonoids together with seven
known triterpenoids e.g. euscaphic acid, nigaichigoside, betulinic acid,
kajiichigoside, rubuside, tomentic acid and rosamutin have also been
explored [20].
Nutrients in Rosa laevigata: e Rosa laevigata contains important
nutrients such as Citric acid¸ Laevigatin C, Laevigatin A, Laevigatin D,
Laevigatin B, Laevigatin E, Laevigatin F, Laevigatin G, Oleanolic acid,
Tannins, Ursolic acid and Malic acid etc. [21] (Figures 3-5).
Isolated compounds of Rosa laevigata: R. laevigata has been widely
studied and more than 20 pentacyclic triterpenoids have been isolated
from it along with tannins, polysaccharide, sterols and avonoids
Kingdom Plantae
Sub-kingdom Tracheobionta
Super-division Spermatophyta
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae
Genus Rosa L.
Species Rosa laevigata Michaux
Table 1: Taxonomic hierarchy of Rosa laevigata [4].
Figure 2: Medicinal uses of Rosa laevigate. Figure 3: Laevigatin.
Citation: Mehboob H, Iqbal M, Ejaz M, Bibi G, Sarwar U, et al. (2017) A Review on Secondary Metabolites of Rosa laevigata Michaux: An Important
Medicinal Plant. Biochem Anal Biochem 6: 326. doi: 10.4172/2161-1009.1000326
Volume 6 • Issue 3 • 1000326
Biochem Anal Biochem, an open access journal
ISSN: 2161-1009
Page 3 of 3
[22,23]. From Rosa laevigata some other important compounds were
also isolated, among them few were obtained from the ethanolic
extract and famous as 2 alpha, 3 beta, 19 alpha, 23-tetrahydroxyurs-
12-en-28-oic acid, daucosterol, euscaphic acid and beta-sitosterol. e
supplementary one was attained from the acetate emulsive layer of the
petroleum ether [1] (Table 2).
Drawbacks of Rosa laevigata
A thin covering of hairs are found in the region of the seeds beneath
the esh of fruit. If these hairs are ingested, may cause pain to the oral
cavity and digestive tract [24].
Future Recommendations
Although, this plant as been studied thoroughly but no profound
work was found about the volatile components R. laevigata. So, it still needs
more investigation regarding volatile compounds present in this plant [25].
Conclusion
Rosa laevigata is very important medicinal plant. Many important
secondary metabolites are found in it which can be used as source of
medicine for various diseases. Although, it is a well investigated plant
but it still needs to investigate more in context of its medicinal and
therapeutic value.
References
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of Rosa laevigata. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 389: 457–459.
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Laevigatins E, F and G, from Rosa laevigata. Phytochemistry 28: 2451-2454.
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laevigata. Phytochemistry 30: 3383-3387.
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aerial part of Rosa laevigata. J Chin Chem Soc 38: 297-299.
17. Yuan JQ, Yang XZ, Miao JH, Tang CP, Ke CQ, et al. (2008) New triterpene
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18. Stitt M, Fernie AR (2003) From measurements of metabolites to metabolomics:
an‘on the y’perspective illustrated by recent studies of carbon nitrogen inter
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19. Han BX, Chen NF, Yao Y (2009) Discrimination of Radix pseudo-stellariae
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20. Li S, Xiangyu Z, Tianming W, Wei M, Jun H, et al. (2014) Flavonoids and
triterpenoids from the roots of Rosa laevigata. J Mex Chem Soc 58: 374-377.
21. Tao X, Sun X, Xu L, Yin L, Han X, et al. (2016) Total avonoids from Rosa
laevigata Michx fruit ameliorates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury through
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Figure 4: Tannins.
Figure 5: Flavonoids.
Plant Part Uses
Roots Emmenagogue
Leaves Depurative
Root bark Astringent
Dried fruits Antibacterial, Carminative, Stomachic
Fresh fruits Rich source of Vitamin - A, C and Flavanoids so act as anti-cancer.
Table 2: Plant parts (Rosa laevigata) along with their uses [23].
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