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A Review on Secondary Metabolites of Rosa laevigata Michaux: An Important Medicinal Plant

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Abstract

Rosa laevigata is a white aromatic rose inhabitant to Southern China and Taiwan and growing offensively as invasive in the United States of America. It is herbaceous climbing shrub, growing over the other shrubs and reaching upto 5-10 metre in height. In 1780’s, it gained its English name Cherokee rose from America. This review was aimed to analyze various active secondary metabolites of Rosa laevigata with their medicinal value. The study infers that plant possess novel secondary metabolites i.e., polysaccharides, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, laevigatins E, F, G, triterpenoids, 11α-hydroxytormentic acid, 2α-methoxyursolic acid, 6-methoxy-β-glucopyranosyl ester, tormentic acid and 5α-diol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside with their antibacterial, anticancer, astringent, depurative and anti-inflammatory activities. A profound efforts has been done in past to address the active secondary metabolites, but still consistent struggles are required to explore the volatile compounds present in Rosa laevigata and their medicinal and therapeutic values should be investigated in future.
Review Article OMICS International
Biochemistry &
Analytical Biochemistry
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ISSN: 2161-1009
Mehboob et al., Biochem Anal Biochem 2017, 6:3
DOI: 10.4172/2161-1009.1000326
Volume 6 • Issue 3 • 1000326
Biochem Anal Biochem, an open access journal
ISSN: 2161-1009
*Corresponding author: Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Tel: 0092 313 533 8714; E-mail: mmiqballali@gmail.com
Received: June 24, 2017; Accepted: July 18, 2017; Published July 21, 2017
Citation: Mehboob H, Iqbal M, Ejaz M, Bibi G, Sarwar U, et al. (2017) A Review on
Secondary Metabolites of Rosa laevigata Michaux: An Important Medicinal Plant.
Biochem Anal Biochem 6: 326. doi: 10.4172/2161-1009.1000326
Copyright: © 2017 Mehboob H, et al. This is an open-access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
author and source are credited.
Abstract
Rosa laevigata is a white aromatic rose inhabitant to Southern China and Taiwan and growing offensively as
invasive in the United States of America. It is herbaceous climbing shrub, growing over the other shrubs and reaching
upto 5-10 metre in height. In 1780’s, it gained its English name Cherokee rose from America. This review was aimed
to analyze various active secondary metabolites of Rosa laevigata with their medicinal value. The study infers that
plant possess novel secondary metabolites i.e., polysaccharides, avonoids, steroids, tannins, laevigatins E, F, G,
triterpenoids, 11α-hydroxytormentic acid, 2α-methoxyursolic acid, 6-methoxy-β-glucopyranosyl ester, tormentic acid
and 5α-diol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside with their antibacterial, anticancer, astringent, depurative and anti-inammatory
activities. A profound efforts has been done in past to address the active secondary metabolites, but still consistent
struggles are required to explore the volatile compounds present in Rosa laevigata and their medicinal and therapeutic
values should be investigated in future.
A Review on Secondary Metabolites of
Rosa laevigata
Michaux: An
Important Medicinal Plant
Hira Mehboob1, Muhammad Iqbal2*, Muhammad Ejaz2, Gulshan Bibi1, Uzma Sarwar1, Sadia Iftikhar1, Sabah Shaheen2 and Irum Safdar2
1
Department of Biology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
2
Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Keywords: Secondary metabolites; Laevigatins; Triterpenoids; Anti-
inammatory; Hepatoprotective
Introduction
Plants are considered as an essential component of global
sustainability due to dierent ecosystem services of plants like provision
of fuel, food, medicine, shelter, condiments, aromas and perfumes.
Plants control the atmosphere, preserve hydrological cycle, feed the
animals and provide raw materials for pharmaceutical and scientic
purposes. Plants have been the basis for life saving drugs for medical
treatment in human history and medicinal plants are the most exclusive
source for the majority of the world’s population and the use of plants
as a medicine is as old as human civilization. e connection between
man and his search for plant derived drugs from nature continue to the
far past, of which clearly evidenced from various sources: preserved
monuments, written documents, and even original plant medicines
practiced now a day’s also. e knowledge of the development of ideas
and evolution of awareness related to the usage of medicinal plants in
traditional healthcare systems is a result of the many years of struggles
against diseases due to which man learned to use plant mediated drugs
from roots, leaves, barks, seeds, fruit bodies, and other parts of the plants
Origin of Rosa laevigata
Rosa laevigata
commonly known as Cherokee rose belongs to
family Rosaceae. It is native to Southern China. Its fruit is eatable and
extensively consumed in China as a ingredient of some Traditional
Chinese Medicines (TCM), and its leaves are broadly utilize to cure
burns, skin tumors and ulcers [1,2].
Distribution of Rosa laevigata
Rosa laevigata is an evergreen a perennial plant having erected
stem reaching up to a height of about 10 feet. It is widely dispersed
in deciduous forests. It is native to China but also found in Asia and
Australia. In Australia, it is known as sleeper weed due to its smaller height.
is species is highly valuable because of its medicinal properties [3,4].
Taxonomic classication of Rosa laevigate
Morphology description of Rosa laevigata: e plant is evergreen
Figure 1: (a) Stomata of diploid plant (b) Stomata of tetraploid (c) Comparison
of leaves between diploid and tetraploid (d) Comparison of leaves between
diploid and tetraploid (e) Comparison of leaves between diploid and tetraploid
(f) Comparison of leaves between diploid and tetraploid (g) Bud of diploid and
tetraploid (h) Flower of diploid and tetraploid (i) Germination of pollen grains from
tetraploid (j) Comparison of plants .
.
[17]
Citation: Mehboob H, Iqbal M, Ejaz M, Bibi G, Sarwar U, et al. (2017) A Review on Secondary Metabolites of Rosa laevigata Michaux: An Important
Medicinal Plant. Biochem Anal Biochem 6: 326. doi: 10.4172/2161-1009.1000326
Volume 6 • Issue 3 • 1000326
Biochem Anal Biochem, an open access journal
ISSN: 2161-1009
Page 2 of 3
scented perennial shrub with height about 6m (20 feet). It has vine
growth habit. Its leaves are smooth and bright lustrous green. Its
owering season is June to July. Aromatic owers with pure white petals
and stamens are yellow [1,5] (Figure 1 and Table 1).
Harvest period of Rosa laevigata: R. laevigata is harvested in two
periods; the rst is when it matures, and the second is when it is to some
extent yellow but not yet ripe [1].
Medicinal properties of Rosa laevigata: R. laevigata have been
recorded as source of traditional Chinese folk medicines and the roots
were commonly used for the treatment of seminal weakness, uterine
prolapse, urinary incontinence, menstrual problems, diarrhea, joints
pain, external injury, burn injury, toothache and stomach pain [1,2,6].
Its fruits are commonly used as kidney tonic to decrease urination
and curing leucorrhea. According to theChinese Pharmacopoeia, R.
laevigata fruit possess anti-uretic and astringent properties. When it
ripe and red, it tastes sweet and loses its medicinal value. erefore,
it should be harvested when it is partly yellow or still un-ripened [7]
(Figure 2).
Secondary metabolites of Rosa laevigata: Secondary metabolites
are those metabolites which are formed in a period of successive
growth, have no part in growth and development but necessary for
survival of a plant species, and have remarkable structural orientation
and biological actions. ey are synthesized by exclusive biosynthetic
pathway from primary metabolites and intermediates. Plants produce
as amazing diversity of low molecular weight compounds. From 400,000
– 500,000 plant species around the globe, only few are phytochemically
investigated. Secondary metabolites are frequently produced at chief
levels during an evolution from active expansion to immobile phase.
e plant can grow in the lack of secondary metabolites, suggesting that
secondary metabolism is not necessary for short term survival. From
another aspect secondary metabolism characterizes as an integral part
of cellular metabolism, it depends on primary metabolism to provide the
necessary substrates, enzymes and energy contributes to the long lasting
survival of the plant [8]. Many active secondary metabolites with unique
structural properties including anti-fungal and anti- inammatory
triterpenoids, 12 hepatoprotective avonoids, 8–11 astringent tannins
and anti-cancer polysaccharides was separated earlier [9]. Laevigatins
E, F, G, 11α-hydroxytormentic acid, 2α-methoxyursolic acid, loliolide,
6, 7-diethylmalate, diethoxycoumarin have been reported from R.
laevigata and a few studies have been explored on the cyclic changes
in avones and polysaccharides that are its non-volatile components
[10-17].
Secondary metabolites, which are extremely dynamic in dierent
time of enlargement of a medicinal plant, directly manipulate their
therapeutic eects [18]. Hence, the cyclic changes in secondary
metabolites ofR. laevigatahave been fully studied for proper harvesting.
Along with these some studies on the frequent changes in its non-
volatile components (such as avones and polysaccharides) have also
been done [5,10-12,19].
Phytochemical analysis of R. laevigata: Earlier studies on
phytochemical analysis in various parts of R. laevigata have exposed
the presence of steroids, avonoids, pentacyclic triterpenoids tannins,
polysaccharides and ligands in this plant. Previous data on R. laevigata
inferred that more focus was payed on the fruits, and just ve triterpenoids
were extracted from roots. Its root bark contains tannins [20].
From the roots of R. laevigata two chief types of phyto-compounds
that are avonoids and terpenoids have been reported for their strong
DPPH radical scavenging power. Chemical and biological functions
of roots of R. laevigata enhance the sensible usage of this therapeutic
shrub. Fruit of dierent members of this genus is an abundant source
of minerals as well as vitamins, especially in vitamins A, C and E,
avonoids and fatty acids. Presence of fatty acids is usually unusual to
this fruit but these reduce the incidence of cancer [20].
Chemical analysis of roots of Rosa laevigata: Chemical analysis
on the roots of R. laevigata lead the separation of two new avonoids
e.g. guibourtacacidine 4-methyl ether and (+) catechin-8 acetic
acid. Guibourtacacidine one known avonoids together with seven
known triterpenoids e.g. euscaphic acid, nigaichigoside, betulinic acid,
kajiichigoside, rubuside, tomentic acid and rosamutin have also been
explored [20].
Nutrients in Rosa laevigata: e Rosa laevigata contains important
nutrients such as Citric acid¸ Laevigatin C, Laevigatin A, Laevigatin D,
Laevigatin B, Laevigatin E, Laevigatin F, Laevigatin G, Oleanolic acid,
Tannins, Ursolic acid and Malic acid etc. [21] (Figures 3-5).
Isolated compounds of Rosa laevigata: R. laevigata has been widely
studied and more than 20 pentacyclic triterpenoids have been isolated
from it along with tannins, polysaccharide, sterols and avonoids
Kingdom Plantae
Sub-kingdom Tracheobionta
Super-division Spermatophyta
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae
Genus Rosa L.
Species Rosa laevigata Michaux
Table 1: Taxonomic hierarchy of Rosa laevigata [4].
Figure 2: Medicinal uses of Rosa laevigate. Figure 3: Laevigatin.
Citation: Mehboob H, Iqbal M, Ejaz M, Bibi G, Sarwar U, et al. (2017) A Review on Secondary Metabolites of Rosa laevigata Michaux: An Important
Medicinal Plant. Biochem Anal Biochem 6: 326. doi: 10.4172/2161-1009.1000326
Volume 6 • Issue 3 • 1000326
Biochem Anal Biochem, an open access journal
ISSN: 2161-1009
Page 3 of 3
[22,23]. From Rosa laevigata some other important compounds were
also isolated, among them few were obtained from the ethanolic
extract and famous as 2 alpha, 3 beta, 19 alpha, 23-tetrahydroxyurs-
12-en-28-oic acid, daucosterol, euscaphic acid and beta-sitosterol. e
supplementary one was attained from the acetate emulsive layer of the
petroleum ether [1] (Table 2).
Drawbacks of Rosa laevigata
A thin covering of hairs are found in the region of the seeds beneath
the esh of fruit. If these hairs are ingested, may cause pain to the oral
cavity and digestive tract [24].
Future Recommendations
Although, this plant as been studied thoroughly but no profound
work was found about the volatile components R. laevigata. So, it still needs
more investigation regarding volatile compounds present in this plant [25].
Conclusion
Rosa laevigata is very important medicinal plant. Many important
secondary metabolites are found in it which can be used as source of
medicine for various diseases. Although, it is a well investigated plant
but it still needs to investigate more in context of its medicinal and
therapeutic value.
References
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12. He RR, Yao XS, Yao N, Wang M, Dai Y, et al. (2009) Protective effects of radix
Rosa laevigata against Propioni bacterium acnes and lipo-polysaccharide-
induced liver injury. Biosci Biotech Biochem 73: 1129-1136.
13. Stitt M, Fernie AR (2003) From measurements of metabolites to metabolomics:
An ‘on the y’ perspective illustrated by recent studies of carbon nitrogen inter
actions. Curr Opin Biotechnol 14: 136-144.
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Laevigatins E, F and G, from Rosa laevigata. Phytochemistry 28: 2451-2454.
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glucosides from the roots of Rosa laevigata Michx. Molecules 13: 2229-2237.
18. Stitt M, Fernie AR (2003) From measurements of metabolites to metabolomics:
an‘on the y’perspective illustrated by recent studies of carbon nitrogen inter
actions. Curr Opin Biotechnol 14: 136-144.
19. Han BX, Chen NF, Yao Y (2009) Discrimination of Radix pseudo-stellariae
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recognition. Pharmacognosy Magazine 5: 279-286.
20. Li S, Xiangyu Z, Tianming W, Wei M, Jun H, et al. (2014) Flavonoids and
triterpenoids from the roots of Rosa laevigata. J Mex Chem Soc 58: 374-377.
21. Tao X, Sun X, Xu L, Yin L, Han X, et al. (2016) Total avonoids from Rosa
laevigata Michx fruit ameliorates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury through
inhibition of oxidative stress and inammation in rats. Nutrients 8: 418.
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stages on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of wild Rosa laevigata
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24. Zhang S, Qi Y, Xu X, Han X, Peng J, et al. (2013) Protective effect of avonoid-rich
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Figure 4: Tannins.
Figure 5: Flavonoids.
Plant Part Uses
Roots Emmenagogue
Leaves Depurative
Root bark Astringent
Dried fruits Antibacterial, Carminative, Stomachic
Fresh fruits Rich source of Vitamin - A, C and Flavanoids so act as anti-cancer.
Table 2: Plant parts (Rosa laevigata) along with their uses [23].
h
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... ( Qian and Wang 2010, Lim et al. 2012, Sharma et al. 2017, Zhao et al. 2017) [49,46,17] . Scrophularia ningpoensis is a medicinal plant, commonly known as Ningpo figwort and Chinese figwort. ...
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Abstract: In developing countries, aromatic and medicinal plants are still used in traditional and alternative medicines. In India, medicinal plants are used in traditional medicine to cure various ailments. In the past decades, several studies highlighted the therapeutic properties and biological activities of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). These MAPs include Andrographis paniculata, Artemisia annua, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Ferula asafoetida, Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha piperita, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum, Solanum nigrum, Tagetes minuta and Trigonella foenum-graecum. The MAPs contain bioactive secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, phenolics and saponins. These secondary metabolites possess antimalarial, antihelmenthic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiartheritic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anticancer, antifungal, antispasmodic, cardioprotective, antithyroids and antihistaminic properties. These MAPs are also used in Indian traditional medicine for cure of several diseases like diarrhoea, indigestion, pains, congestion, coughs, sinusitis, fever, flu, sore throats, chills, sickness, rheumatism, sprains and muscular pains. Apart from the pharmaceutical industries, MAPs also have significance in industries related to perfumery, cosmetic, liquor and nutrition. Secondary metabolites play a major role in the adaptation of plants to the changing environment and stress condition. Secondary metabolites in plants are affected by both biotic and abiotic stress. High levels of stress in medicinal and aromatic plants can affect the secondary metabolite production. Abiotic (cold, heat, drought, salinity) stress leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cellular compartments of plant cell. Here we provide a review of the effect of abiotic stress on secondary metabolites of different medicinal and aromatic plants. Keywords: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs), abiotic stress, secondary metabolites, reactive oxygen species (ROS).
... Secondary metabolites of Rosa laevigata Michaux (polysaccharides, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, laevigatins E, F, G, triterpenoids, 11αhydroxytormentic acid, 2α-methoxyursolic acid, 6-methoxy-βglucopyranosyl ester, tormentic acid and 5α-diol 3-O-β-dglucopyranoside) were reviewed with respect to their therapeutic potential [1]. ...
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Chapter
Plants have been utilized for health and medicinal benefits for hundreds of years due to their multiple beneficial attributes such as anticancer, antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-ulcer, anti-arthritic, etc. It has been estimated that there are altogether 250,000 species of higher plants on Earth and among them 35,000–70,000 species are being used to treat various diseases due to the presence of secondary metabolites (alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, saponins, etc.). Cancer is a worldwide leading cause of morbidity and mortality. To cure this at right time, herbal drugs are more beneficial than synthetic drugs, because the synthetic medicines can cause heavy damage to normal cells while destroying the tumor cells. The present work consists of a review of 149 plant families harboring 667 species reported to possess anticancer property. Moreover, other biological properties of the bioactive compounds are also covered. This work is based on reliable data collected from multifarious databases such as CAB abstract, MEDLINE, EMBASE, J GATE, ERIC, Proquest, INMEDPLAN, NATTS, The Plant List, JSTOR, Google Scholar, Springer, Elsevier, and websites such as www.sciencedirect.com, www.jstor.org, www.eflora.org, and www.pfaf.org. The complete data regarding plant names, synonyms, common names, botanical description, medicinal properties, and bioactive compounds present in the plant parts is compiled. In near future, these bioactive compounds can be deployed singly or in combination with routine chemotherapy and radiotherapy to treat various types of cancers, after proper standardization, dose optimization, and stringent clinical trials.
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Abstract Rosa Laevigata Michx., contents of bioactive components contribute to the health beneftis of consuming fresh, snacks and medicine, is widely used as the Chinese medicinal herbs. The effect of fruit ripening on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of Rosa laevigata Michx fruits was investigated. The results showed that, the bioactive compounds, including titratable acidity, reducing sugar, total ascorbic acid, total polyphenol and total flavonoids, significant changes occurred at different ripening stages. The contents of reducing sugar, total polyphenol and total flavonoids were directly proportional to the maturity. However, the content of titration acid and ascorbic acid is inversely proportional to the maturity. Antioxidant capacity and ROS inhibition are proportional to the maturity, and the antioxidant capacity of Rosa laevigata Michx significantly increase during maturity. The Rosa laevigata Michx fruits at fully ripe stage had higher healthcare and medicinal value.
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Eleven chemical constituents were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the aerial part of Rosa laevigata Michx. These compounds include the Henze's ketol (16), diethyl malate (17), three γ-lactones (18-20), loliolide (21), p-coumaric acid (22), 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (23) and three flavonoids (24-26). The new compounds 19 and 20 were determined to be the cis- and trans-isomers of ethyl 2-benzyl-3-hydroxy-5-oxo-3-furancarboxylate.
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Radix Pseudostellariae is one of the most popular Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for promoting the immune system, treating asthenia after illnesses with a long history in China and some other Asian countries. Rapid discrimination of R. Pseudostellariae according to geographical origin is crucial to pharmacodynamic action control. FT-NIR spectroscopy and supervised pattern recognition was attempted to discriminate R. Pseudostellariae according to geographical origin in this work. LDA, ANN and SVM were used to construct the discrimination models based on PCA, respectively. The number of PCs and model parameters were optimized by crossvalidation in the constructing model. The performances of three discrimination models were compared. Experimental results showed that the performance of SVM model is the best among three models. The optimal SVM model was achieved when 5 PCs were used, discrimination rates being 100% in the training and 88% in prediction set. The overall results demonstrated that FT-NIR spectroscopy has a high potential to discriminate qualitatively R. Pseudostellariae according to geographical origins by means of an appropriate supervised pattern recognition technique.