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Internet of Things application for implementation of smart agriculture system

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... The authors concluded that the proposed system can significantly reduce livestock mortality (by up to 10%) and improve the overall health of livestock. Krishna et al. (2017) posited that the deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT) can facilitate the remote determination of equipment status and condition [11]. Specifically, they contended that the connectivity afforded by IoT technology could enable devices to transmit data to other systems and devices, allowing for the seamless management of livestock. ...
... The authors concluded that the proposed system can significantly reduce livestock mortality (by up to 10%) and improve the overall health of livestock. Krishna et al. (2017) posited that the deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT) can facilitate the remote determination of equipment status and condition [11]. Specifically, they contended that the connectivity afforded by IoT technology could enable devices to transmit data to other systems and devices, allowing for the seamless management of livestock. ...
... High accuracy levels in animal identification and disease diagnosis are contributing to the decrease in mortality rates. Wearabledevice-systems utilizing various sensors to gather data on livestock's health status have been proposed [11] [12]. The use of wireless sensor technologies and management tools can contribute to highly efficient and environmentally-friendly agriculture practices. ...
... Because it is equipped with a wireless camera, the robot can monitor the situation as it unfolds in real time. Excellent results have been observed after monitoring measures while utilising the wireless mobile robot that was recommended Krishna et al. (2017) (Continues) (Ogle et al. 2014). Climate change threatens smallholder farmers' livelihoods that depend on agriculture and food security (Rodríguez-Barillas, Poortvliet, and Klerkx 2024). ...
... One of the best things about this smart, wireless robot was that it could do things like find moisture, scare away animals and birds, spray pesticides, move forward or backward, and turn on and off electric motors. The proposed wireless mobile robot has been tested in the fields, readings have been taken and positive results have been seen, which shows that this system is very beneficial for innovative agricultural systems (Krishna et al. 2017). This way of using technologies based on the IoT helps keep extra pesticides, water sources and fertilisers from going to waste. ...
Article
Agriculture plays an important part in the overall growth and development of a nation. Concerns about agriculture continue to be a recalcitrant obstacle in the path of upward movement. Although agricultural yields are increased, however, low-and middle-income countries still have difficulty in producing all of the required foods with the current state of agricultural technology. Smart agriculture is becoming increasingly important to the farmers as a means of ensuring optimal field growth and higher crop yield. This systematic study analysed and briefly explained the effects of using smart agriculture techniques (SATs) from a variety of countries, including China, the United States of America, Australia, India, the Philippine Islands, South Africa, Pakistan and Iran, among others. Increased climatic change resulting in abiotic stress and other harmful effects on plants have resulted in decreased productivity under traditional agricultural practices. Stats from the literature have shown that the launching of SATs has resulted in a significant increase in cotton-wheat and rice-wheat crop yields, resultantly increased incomes of the farmers. Application of SATs, including satellite remote sensing, drones, machine learning and image processing, monitoring , wireless sensor networks, IoT-based robotics, precision agriculture and agroforestry could be extremely useful in developing intelligent agricultural systems in underdeveloped and developing countries, with improved plant growth, high crop yield and ensuring food security. These technologies could help farmers by storing additional water, spraying pesticides with drones, practicing precision agriculture and employing sensors for assessing different environmental parameters. By making efficient use of these technologies, countries could be able to increase the yield of their crops, which, in turn, will contribute to the reduction of poverty and the elimination of food insecurity.
... The authors added desalination and solar energy processes in the agricultural system for efficient cultivation. Krishna et al. (2017) designed a smart farming method for intelligent water-saving irrigation using the Raspberry Pi module and sensors. So, it automated the yielding of crops in a higher range that regulates through IoT modules. ...
... IoT-based model using Raspberry Pi (Krishna et al., 2017) A unique wireless mobile robot based on the Internet of Things (IoT) is created and implemented to perform diverse field operations. ...
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The Internet of Things (IOT)-based smart farming promises ultrafast speeds and near real-time response. Precision farming enabled by the Internet of Things has the potential to boost efficiency and output while reducing water use. Therefore, IoT devices can aid farmers in keeping track crop health and development while also automating a variety of tasks (such as moisture level prediction, irrigation system, crop development, and nutrient levels). The IoT-based autonomous irrigation technique makes exact use of farmers’ time, money, and power. High crop yields can be achieved through consistent monitoring and sensing of crops utilizing a variety of IoT sensors to inform farmers of optimal harvest times. In this paper, a smart framework for growing tomatoes is developed, with influence from IoT devices or modules. With the help of IoT modules, we can forecast soil moisture levels and fine-tune the watering schedule. To further aid farmers, a smartphone app is currently in development that will provide them with crucial data on the health of their tomato crops. Large-scale experiments validate the proposed model’s ability to intelligently monitor the irrigation system, which contributes to higher tomato yields.
... With Smart irrigation, there is no or less human involvement and the resource of water is only used to the extent to which it is required only. Further, high cost-efficiency is one of the other benefits linked to it as lesser water utilization and precision in the process allows saving costs and overall expenses [48]. Energy consumption is also reduced significantly through the approach as machines have to run for a lower amount of time and planned intervals take place during the process that lowers the utilization of overall energy [49]. ...
Article
Globally, the irrigation of crops is the largest consumptive user of water. Water scarcity is increasing worldwide, resulting in tighter regulation of its use for agriculture. This necessitates the development of irrigation practices that are more efficient in the use of water but do not compromise crop quality and yield. Precision irrigation already achieves this goal, in part. The goal of precision irrigation is to accurately supply the crop water need in a timely manner and as spatially uniformly as possible. However, to maximize the benefits of precision irrigation, additional technologies need to be enabled and incorporated into agriculture. This Search discusses how Advantages of a remote irrigation monitoring and control system irrigation management will enable significant advances in increasing the efficiency of current irrigation approaches. From the literature review, it is found that precision irrigation can be applied in achieving the environmental goals related to sustainability. The demonstrated economic benefits of precision irrigation in field-scale crop production is however minimal. It is argued that a proper combination of soil, plant and weather sensors providing real-time data to an adaptive decision support system provides an innovative platform for improving sustainability in irrigated agriculture. The review also shows that adaptive decision support systems based on model predictive control are able to adequately account for the time-varying nature of the soil–plant–atmosphere system while considering operational limitations and agronomic objectives in arriving at optimal irrigation decisions. It is concluded that significant improvements in crop yield and water savings can be achieved by incorporating model predictive control into precision irrigation decision support tools. Further improvements in water savings can also be realized by including deficit irrigation as part of the overall irrigation management strategy. Nevertheless, future research is needed for identifying crop response to regulated water deficits, developing improved soil moisture and plant sensors, and developing self-learning crop simulation frameworks that can be applied to evaluate adaptive decision support strategies related to irrigation.
... The key characteristics of this innovative, intelligent wireless robot include the capacity to perform tasks like moisture detection, scaring animals and birds, spraying pesticides, moving forward or backward, and turning on/off electric motors. A wireless camera has been installed on the robot to monitor real-time activity [66]. The proposed wireless mobile robot has been tested in the field, where positive outcomes have been observed while readings have been tracked. ...
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The Internet of Things (IoT) is no longer a newbie; it has a long history of serving as the primary commercial growth driver. Every business nowadays has begun to rely on IoT technology for market operational excellence. Smart Farming has also adopted IoT technology and farmers utilize these technologies to monitor crop production, evaluate soil moisture content, and deploy drones to assist with operations like pesticide spraying. As more devices link to the Internet, the problems of safeguarding smart farming settings' cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities grow. Digitalization in agriculture is regarded as the fourth agricultural revolution, as evidenced by a wide range of available digital technologies and data applications. This paper describes a systematic literature review (SLR) on IoT security and privacy and domains in the agricultural industry. This SLR was summarized by studying the research papers published in reputable journals between January 2017 and July 2023. A total of 37 articles were carefully selected from 6 databases using a systematic method, quality assessment, and classification. The primary objective of this study is to consolidate all relevant studies on IoT-based Smart Farming (SF) applications domains, privacy/security, communication/Network protocols, and sensors/devices. It also highlighted the fundamental difficulties and how smart Farming works in different countries. Moreover, this review paper analyzes the security difficulties that IoT devices face in agriculture. Finally, open issues and challenges were discussed to give research with interesting future approaches in IoT agriculture.
... Prolonged exposure to sunlight can cause materials and surfaces to degrade over time. UV-resistant coatings and materials help prevent deterioration, maintaining the robot's appearance and structural integrity [78]. ...
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The integration of robotics in modern agriculture represents a revolutionary paradigm shift, enhancing efficiency and sustainability in food production. Agricultural robots, designed to automate various tasks, play a pivotal role in addressing the challenges faced by the industry. These robots are purpose-built for activities such as precision planting, weeding, and harvesting, streamlining processes that were traditionally labor-intensive. Their implementation leads to increased productivity, reduced operational costs, and minimized environmental impact through optimized resource utilization. This paper delves into the intricate landscape of robotic structures employed in agriculture, unraveling the diverse mechanisms and designs that underpin their functionality. It meticulously examines and elucidates the structural nuances of agricultural robots, shedding light on the engineering marvels that enable precision farming. From articulated arms to autonomous drones, the paper navigates through a spectrum of robot architectures, dissecting their roles in automating tasks critical to modern agriculture.
... There have been several studies on how to remove bird pests. Since the studies were done in closed rooms with objects that did not fly, the pests in the studies did not leave [4,5]. Pests can be scared off by making noise, which can be shown to work. ...
... IoT consists of a network containing systems, applications, platforms, and physical objects, which use embedded technology to communicate and interact with internal and external environments [32,33]; its application in agriculture is fundamental in optimizing field activities [34][35][36]. There is a relevant set of IoT applications in air monitoring [37], soil monitoring [38], water monitoring [39], disease monitoring [40], environmental condition monitoring [41], crop and plant growth monitoring [42], temperature monitoring [43], and humidity monitoring [44]. ...
Article
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Small-scale agriculture is important. However, there are still limitations regarding the implementation of technologies in small-scale agriculture due to the high costs accompanying them. Therefore, it is essential to seek viable and low-cost solutions since the insertion of technologies in agriculture, especially irrigated agriculture, guarantees the sustainable expansion of production capacity. The present work applied the Internet of Things concept to an automated irrigation system powered by photovoltaic panels. The materials used in the prototype consisted of Arduino Uno R3, the ESP8266 development board, a soil moisture sensor, a current sensor, a voltage sensor, a flow sensor, and a humidity and temperature sensor. The prototype was designed to take system readings and send them to the Adafruit platform IO. Furthermore, it was programmed to perform remote irrigation control, enabling this to be activated from distant points through the platform. The medium proved efficient for the monitoring and remote control of the system. This indicates that it is possible to use this medium in small automated irrigation systems.
... Today's smart greenhouses equip farmers with data for informed decision-making on sowing, fertilizing, irrigating, and harvesting crops, allowing them to enhance resource allocation by discerning trends and patterns in crop growth and environmental conditions via data analytics and machine learning algorithms [1], [47]. Growing tomatoes in an smart greenhouse can increase yield and quality, reduce waste, and improve sustainability, with an innovative greenhouse already having increased crop yields and efficiency, while future innovations in this area are expected to achieve even higher levels of success [16], [59]. ...
Article
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In this study of the relevant literature, we look at the development of smart farming and precision agriculture in greenhouse tomato cultivation, paying particular attention to the role that the Internet of Things (IoT) and automated irrigation systems have played thus far. Five terms were used to compile this literature review: automated watering systems, greenhouses, the Internet of Things, tomatoes, and smart farming. This article summarizes recent advancements in smart farming tech, their impact on greenhouse tomato farming, and their potential to boost future crop yield and quality. The evaluation starts by introducing 'smart farming' and its significance in agriculture, followed by a review of the greenhouse sector and an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) within it, with subsequent examination of the pros and cons of employing smart farming and IoT in greenhouse tomato cultivation through specific industry technology examples. The following overview section discusses the benefits of cultivating tomatoes in a smart greenhouse, techniques for achieving optimal results in greenhouse tomato farming, and includes case studies to demonstrate the advantages of automated irrigation for smart greenhouse tomato cultivation, while this literature review analyzes the current state of innovative farming technology and its effect on greenhouse tomato cultivation, covering smart farming, greenhouse cultivation, the Internet of Things, tomato cultivation, and automated irrigation, summarizing significant results and recommendations for future research, including promising increases in crop yield and quality.
... (2014) Zanella et al. [4]. By integrating suitable software architecture, or even by enhancing the existing software architecture, that facilitates the operation and management of sensors in the agricultural sector, the necessity for human intervention in numerous processes is diminished [5]. Internet of Things (IoT) is a significant factor in the advancement and implementation of numerous applications within the domain of smart health, including treatment observation and monitoring of patient behavior change. ...
... ➢ Excessive commutations may unnecessarily consume energy resources, another major concern for IoT networks. ➢ IoT sensors may consume more resources to process heterogeneous data processing and thus degrade network performance [1][2][3][4][5]. ...
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The experience of smart farming can be improved using IoT-based applications. Still, the performance of IoT networks may be degraded due to different factors, i.e., the coverage area of the farm/location (surface or underwater)/environmental conditions etc. Network operations over heterogeneous environments may cause excessive resource consumption and thus may reduce the IoT sensor’s lifespan. To optimise energy consumption, in this paper, an energy-efficient method will be introduced for smart farming, and its performance will be analysed using different parameters (i.e., Throughput/energy consumption/residual energy etc.) using two different IoT standards (Long Range Low powered technology (LoRa)/SigFox).
... Longdistance trips to check on farm conditions are no longer necessary. The monitoring system also assists farmers in maximizing crop production while utilizing the same inputs as conventional farming methods [25] [26]. ...
... If it isn't, the processors will automatically discard it, and the robot will continue on its way. According to Wasswa Fahad Malende, K. Lokesh Krishna, Omayo Silver, K. Anuradha [2], designed a novel wireless robot is remotely controlled using necessary commands from the PC section in the receiver side. Based on the written program, Independent operations such as making the wireless robot move in the correct path whenever the robot experiences an obstacle, giving some strange sounds whenever wireless robot experiences a unknown movement nearby, spraying of pesticides and switching on the electric motor whenever there is shortage of moisture content in the crop fields. ...
... A system that combines IoT and image processing for smart agriculture is proposed by A. Kapoor et al. [13] while R. Shahzadi et al. [14] present an IoT-based expert system for smart agriculture. The implementation of IoT in smart agriculture is discussed in several papers, including K. Lokesh Krishna et al. [15] presented an IoT application for a smart agriculture system and R. Dagar et al. [16] presented paper on smart farming using IoT. Finally, T. Hidayat et al. [17] present a systematic literature review on IoT in ZigBee smart agriculture, highlighting the benefits and challenges of using IoT in agriculture. ...
Article
The field of agriculture has undergone considerable transformations over the past couple of decades. As the world’s population continues to increase, the need for more food production is becoming more critical. With the emergence of smart farming, which utilizes the Internet of Things (IoT), it can provide farmers with an effective and efficient means of managing their crops, increasing their yield, and minimizing their environmental impact. This study explores the use of IoT-based technology in the monitoring and management of crops. It also provides a study that highlights the potential of this technology. The study utilized IoT devices and sensors to collect data on different environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. Through machine learning techniques, the collected information can be used to provide farmers with valuable information on the status of their crops. In addition, the researchers created a dashboard that lets them make informed decisions and improve their crop production. According to the study, IoT-based technology can enhance the efficiency and productivity of agricultural operations by allowing them to monitor and control their crops. Farmers can identify early signs of diseases and stress, as well as make better decisions regarding the use of pesticides and fertilizers. The study emphasized the importance of having reliable and accurate data in making decisions. It also highlighted the need for continuous research to develop better systems for monitoring and managing crops using IoT technology.
... A number of agricultural areas can receive time and goods thanks to research institutes and clinical societies linking to the Internet of Things, which increases its reach and speed. These systems interact, detect, and link with embedded technology from both inside and outside of the country as a component of the Internet of Things A landslide likelihood tracking device with a customized design has been created, enabling fast installation in difficult surrounding without requiring human input [2]. ...
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Both the quality and amount of food demanded have increased, necessitating agricultural technology and intensification. Agricultural innovation is booming thanks to the Internet of Things, or IoT, is a cutting-edge technology. Research institutions and scientific organizations are creating IoT-based goods and solutions to solve a range of agricultural concerns. This study offers a thorough literature assessment by examining IoT technology and their current applications in a range of farming-related businesses. The comprehensive reviews of the literature conducted for this study were entirely based a review of the literature publications published in government publications during the previous ten years. Carefully selected articles from a wide variety have been arranged into courses. The major objective gathers all pertinent studies on IoT agricultural applications, sensors/devices, communication protocols, and community types. Additionally, it addresses the main problems and challenges that are the focus of modern agricultural research.
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Agriculture is considered “smart” when it contributes to sustainable food security, adaptation, and mitigation. Smart agriculture is defined as a system that uses advanced technology to grow food in a sustainable and clean way by rationalizing the use of natural resources, especially freshwater and soil. Smart farms have the potential to deliver more productive and sustainable agricultural production based on a more resource-efficient approach, especially in the face of climate change and population growth. Among the most prominent technologies used in smart agriculture is the “Internet of Things” (IoT), which connects various devices via the Internet, including mobile phones, home appliances, and machinery used in agricultural factories and fields. The IoT is used for operating, controlling, and receiving data from these devices. One of the most prominent applications of the IoT in smart agriculture is “micro-agriculture”, which is the approach used in farm management and crop control through information and communications technology, sensors, remote control systems, and self-operating machines. Artificial intelligence is also a promising technology in agriculture. This chapter aims to clarify the concept, objectives, and pillars of smart agriculture and present some of its successful experiences around the world, with a focus on the Arab region.
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This paper proposes a smart irrigation system that utilizes Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of water usage in agriculture. The system incorporates IoT sensors to collect data on soil moisture and weather conditions, which is then analysed by AI algorithms to determine the optimal amount of water needed for the crops. The system can automatically control the irrigation system based on the values of the various environmental factors like humidity, temperature, light intensity and soil moisture which we can measure through sensors like the DHT-11 Humidity and Temperature sensor, Moisture sensor and LDR sensor, reducing water waste and increasing crop yield. The implementation of this smart irrigation system can lead to a more sustainable and efficient use of water resources in agriculture. We are using PLSR algorithm to train our model.
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Demand for the agriculture goods is constantly growing to keep up with the world's population growth. Traditional agriculture is transforming into Smart agriculture. Be that as it may, Smart agribusiness improvement expect an even scaling as well as an approach to build proficiency.IOT stages, MATLAB based picture handling and Arduino sensors drive the business all through into a genuine transformation .The most recent advancements are being presented all over the place while an ever increasing number of procedures get mechanized.. In the existing system humans need to monitor manually. Right now, the interest by utilization of horticultural items could be anticipated quantitatively. However, the variation of harvest and production by the change of farm's cultivated area, weather change, disease and insect damage etc. could not be predicted. With the goal that the free market activity of farming items has not been controlled appropriately. To conquer it, this paper planned the IOT-based checking framework to examine crop condition, and the technique to improve the effectiveness of basic leadership by investigating.In this paper, IOT uses a wireless sensor networks (WSN) as the backbone for gathering information for monitoring and control applications. Low-cost and low power are the key factors to make any IOT network useful and acceptable to the farmers.MATLAB based image processing for identifying the rice diseases and nutrient deficiencies by using various algorithms like K means for image enhancement and Otsu for segmentation. The pH sensor used to monitoring the PH value of the soil. When the PH value changed from the neutral, the indication will be send to authorized person. In the proposed system we can monitor the plants using image processing method andthatdata'sstore in IOT. And external sensors are used to monitor the plants exact status. As a result, it can be operated automatically. More operations can be performed using Automation. Has intelligence to avoid flooding of field by using IOT we can monitor.
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The requirement for food has ascended couple with the ascent in the populace. Thus, our horticulture area needs to keep up with the food prerequisite of a person. Crop creation relies upon many variables like the climate, soil quality, temperature, water, and some more. Regular water doesn’t fulfill the water necessary for the harvests, so a water system was presented. From that point forward, the water system advanced to the brilliant water system process for better yield by getting the information of soil. Today farming with the association of the Internet of Things (IoT), distributed computing, and artificial intelligence has made do to improve the result. Indeed, even in the spots where water is scant, the development of yields is made conceivable by estimating the attribute of soil. Additionally, the expectation of sicknesses and wild creatures can help in going to some preventive lengths. The yields can be furnished with the ideal sensible construction with the assistance of administration or information given by innovations. Here, we will examine the new manners by which cultivating is done, the boundaries considered for the water system, the advances used to accomplish better yields and what are the difficulties confronted as of late, and the future work.KeywordsIoTDistributed computingArtificial intelligenceIrrigationSmart farming
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An agricultural digital twin is presented in this research using technologies from the sensing change and smart water management platform projects. Unlike the sensing change project, which created a soil probe, an internet of things is now being developed by the SWAMP project platform for managing water. The authors come to the conclusion that this system is capable of collecting data from the soil probe and displaying it in a dashboard, allowing for the deployment of additional soil probes, as well as other monitoring and controlling devices, to create a fully functional digital twin
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In the last couple of years, there are applications relevant to Green Internet of Things (GIoT) and the major focus on two development trending and admired technologies is upcoming: Green Cloud Computing Application (GCCA) and GIoT are current buzz discussions in the field of crop growing (agriculture) and medical related things, i.e., healthcare industry–based applications. Motivated by achieving a sustainable globe, this chapter discusses a variety of technology and issue concerning GCCA and GIoT and, additionally, further improves the conversation with the suppression of energy utilization of the combination of these two techniques (CCA and GIoT) in farming industry, i.e., one is agriculture‐based and the other is healthcare industry–based system. The past and perception of the hot green information and communication technologies (GICTs) which enabled GIoT have been discussed rigorously. Green mathematical computational calculations opens first and, furthermore, or we can say, afterward focuses on the modern significant works completed concerning of these two upcoming emerging technologies in both agriculture and healthcare cases. In addition, this chapter has contributed significant information by presenting GIoT farming and healthcare applications linear time‐invariant system (GIoT‐AHAS) using digital wireless sensor cloud discrete integration or digital summation modelling. Finally, we have summarized the limitations, advantages, challenges, and prospects of the research guidelines associated to emerging and advanced green‐based application oriented development in relevant field. The aim of our chapter is to research and create broad green area and also to make contribution to sustainable application around the globe.
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The existing system has the ability to yet lack the ability to control indoor humidity. Green House Monitoring and Controlling is a complete system designed to monitor and control the humidity inside a green house. This software uses an Android mobile phone, connected using Wifi to a central server which connects via serial communication to a microcontroller and humidity sensor. The result shows that the condition specified in sensor's datasheet and system in reality is appropriate. The achieved test result concludes that the system is working properly.
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The application of pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural areas is of prime importance for crop yields. The use of aircrafts is becoming increasingly common in carrying out this task mainly because of its speed and effectiveness in the spraying operation. However, some factors may reduce the yield, or even cause damage (e.g. crop areas not covered in the spraying process, overlapping spraying of crop areas, applying pesticides on the outer edge of the crop). Climatic conditions, such as the intensity and direction of the wind while spraying add further complexity to the control problem. In this paper, we describe an architecture based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) which can be employed to implement a control loop for agricultural applications where UAVs are responsible for spraying chemicals on crops. The process of applying the chemicals is controlled by means of the feedback obtained from the wireless sensor network (WSN) deployed on the crop field. The aim of this solution is to support short delays in the control loop so that the spraying UAV can process the information from the sensors. We evaluate an algorithm to adjust the UAV route under changes in wind intensity and direction. Moreover, we evaluate the impact of the number of communication messages between the UAV and the WSN. Results show that the adjustment of the route based on the feedback information from the sensors could minimize the waste of pesticides.
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Driven by economic and environmental pressures, precision agriculture has brought many technological enhancements to traditional farm machinery and management tools. For a small tillage, manual control of inputs (such as water, fertilizer, pesticide) is still possible, but such an approach becomes unfeasible for larger cultivations. Furthermore, the manual control is based on the operator's opinion and often have no quantitative basis. In order to optimize the yield and the use of the available resources, wireless sensor networks can play a relevant role because of their ability of providing real-time data collected by spatially distributed sensors.
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Networked embedded systems have become quite important nowadays, especially for monitoring and control of distance and dislocated objects. Small greenhouses are typical examples. First, they are usually located far away from the owners house, and second, the plant growth is an example of the process which needs constant 24 hours monitoring. In this paper networked embedded greenhouse monitoring and control based on simple embedded web servers and 1-wire protocol for connecting sensors and actuators is described. Hardware and software architecture of embedded web servers are described and the experimental results of monitoring and control of laboratory greenhouse model are presented.
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The advancement in wireless communications and electronics has enabled the development of low-cost sensor networks. The sensor networks can be used for various application areas (e.g., health, military, home). For different application areas, there are different technical issues that researchers are currently resolving. The current state of the art of sensor networks is captured in this article, where solutions are discussed under their related protocol stack layer sections. This article also points out the open research issues and intends to spark new interests and developments in this field.
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An automated irrigation system was developed to optimize water use for agricultural crops. The system has a distributed wireless network of soil-moisture and temperature sensors placed in the root zone of the plants. In addition, a gateway unit handles sensor information, triggers actuators, and transmits data to a web application. An algorithm was developed with threshold values of temperature and soil moisture that was programmed into a microcontroller-based gateway to control water quantity. The system was powered by photovoltaic panels and had a duplex communication link based on a cellular-Internet interface that allowed for data inspection and irrigation scheduling to be programmed through a web page. The automated system was tested in a sage crop field for 136 days and water savings of up to 90% compared with traditional irrigation practices of the agricultural zone were achieved. Three replicas of the automated system have been used successfully in other places for 18 months. Because of its energy autonomy and low cost, the system has the potential to be useful in water limited geographically isolated areas.
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A remote measurement and control system of large-scale greenhouse was developed based on GSM-SMS. The whole system consists of a central station and base stations. The central station is composed by a PC server along with its application software, the GSM module, and the database system. The base station consists of a microcontroller, sensors, the operation administer, and GSM module. Modularization is adopted in the design of the system hardware; and the software exploitation is realized by embedded operating system, all of which make the system easy to be extended, maintained and transplanted. The remote monitoring system can also realize remote real-time data analyzing and processing.
Conference Paper
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are nowadays widely used in building decision support systems for better monitoring. One of the most interesting fields having an increasing need in decision support systems is agriculture. Inefficient and wasteful methods of agricultural monitoring lead to extra time and cost loss for farmers. This paper presents the iFarm framework system, an easy-to-use and expandable agricultural monitoring solution to enhance land productivity by better managing water, improving the socio-economic factor of farmers and their awareness, predicting and planning the crop yields. The iFarm system proposes WSNs as a promising mechanism to agricultural resources optimization, decision making, and land monitoring. WSNs make it possible to know at any time information about the land and crop conditions, so that farmers can be assisted with various notifications and suggestions during their farming tasks. It addresses the advantage of the precision agriculture approach to help making valuable decisions which could not only improve the land productivity but also optimize the use of resources. The paper gives a description of the precision agriculture monitoring approach that provides meaningful services to farmers.
Conference Paper
This paper discusses the design and implementation of a prototype system which integrates various existing technologies for home monitoring and control that fits with the future smart home concept. The system provides two way communications between home appliances /electronics devices, and a mobile phone. The home devices which are connected wirelessly using Bluetooth technology to a home server can be monitored and controlled via the mobile phone using a portable MIDlet application. The prototype system supports three main services: monitoring the status of devices; controlling their setting through configurations that are device dependent; and periodic notification of the status of all devices. The wireless technologies to realize the project are GSM and Bluetooth. J2ME for the mobile application, Java for the server application, and C for the microcontroller application are the programming languages used in the prototype system.
Article
Efficient water management is a major concern in many cropping systems in semiarid and arid areas. Distributed in-field sensor-based irrigation systemsoffer a potential solution to support site-specific irrigation management that allows producers to maximize their productivity while saving water. This paper describes details of the design and instrumentation of variable rate irrigation, a wireless sensor network, and software for real-time in-field sensing and control of a site-specific precision linear-move irrigation system. Field conditions were site-specifically monitored by six in-field sensor stations distributed across the field based on a soil property map, and periodically sampled and wirelessly transmitted to a base station. An irrigation machine was converted to be electronically controlled by a programming logic controller that updates georeferenced location of sprinklers from a differential Global Positioning System (GPS) and wirelessly communicates with a computer at the base station. Communication signals from the sensor network and irrigation controller to the base station were successfully interfaced using low-cost Bluetooth wireless radio communication. Graphic user interface-based software developed in this paper offered stable remote access to field conditions and real-time control and monitoring of the variable-rate irrigation controller.