Migration of the Ukrainian Population Economic, Institutional and Sociocultural Factors
... Among the most notable authors of this issue are Yu. Bilan (Bilan, 2017), M. Hofmann and D. Reichel (Hofmann, & Reichel, 2011), and others. Thus, according to the Polish historian and ethnographer Yu. ...
... Thus, according to the Polish historian and ethnographer Yu. Bilan, the history of the Ukrainian emigrant movement goes back many hundreds of years; according to the author, the first cases of mass migration began long before the departure of the Cossacks and political leaders after the defeat in the Battle of Poltava (Bilan, 2017). The issue of the emigration of Ukrainians to other countries should be considered through the prism of the immigration of representatives of other states to Ukraine; this idea was stated by German scientists M. Hofmann and D. Reichel, who believed that the uncontrolled entry of other ethnic groups, often radically different from the Ukrainian one, and the "occupation" of their respective labour niches, was an indirect reason for the process of large-scale migration of the ancestors in the past centuries (Hofmann, & Reichel, 2011). ...
... Almost immediately, emigrants began to organise themselves into political circles, organisations, and trade unions. In 1924, the Ukrainian community was founded, which included representatives of all political movements of the then emigrant movement of Ukrainians (Bilan, 2017); subsequently, the organisation was divided into some smaller but very active cells. The most prominent political unions of that time in (Vovk, 2021), and others. ...
After the defeat in the struggle for independence of Ukraine in 1917-1921, the Ukrainian people faced the question of defending their national interests and protecting their own identity. The events and phenomena that took place in the next 20 years after the Ukrainian revolution were crucial for both Ukrainian and pan-European statehood. The purpose of the study was to: determine the prerequisites, nature, and features of political emigration from Ukraine, in particular, to France, in the interwar period; outline the main activities of Ukrainian political emigrants at the end of the Third French Republic; analyse the main results and consequences of the activities of emigrants from Ukraine in the political and economic field of France and Europe. The main method of scientific knowledge that was used during the writing of this study is the historical-systematic method, by which, using the system principle, key facts, events, and phenomena that took place during the Ukrainian political emigration to France between the First and Second World Wars were identified and structured; the main consequences of the emigrant movement of Ukrainians for the political and social life of France and European countries were outlined and structured. The main results obtained in the course of the study of the presented subject are as follows: the prerequisites and reasons for the emigration of Ukrainians to France after the end of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921 were described, the key areas of activity of representatives of the Ukrainian political elite in Paris were identified, the main consequences and important events that played a historical role in the establishment of Ukrainian statehood during the time of the Third French Republic, as a component of a single European community, were formulated. The results of the study and the conclusions that were obtained during the examination of this issue can be used as a theoretical basis for further research in this area; in addition – for higher education institutions in history, political science, and country studies – as an example of one of the stages of the national struggle of the Ukrainian people for the right to create their own independent state; for scientists in the field of history, archaeology, documentary – as a subject of study to better understand the root causes and consequences of events on the scale of global geopolitical changes; for other scientists whose field of activity is related to the subject of the study
... It is important to take into account that the social and psychological adaptation of either voluntary or forced migrants is accompanied by the experience of culture shock and a number of migrant traumas (Oberg, 1960;Triandis, 2000;El-Awad et al, 2017;Bilan, 2017). Other specific problems arise: research confirms that Ukrainian migrants are characterized by signs of PTSD and anxiety disorders, acute loss of loved ones, and general disorientation (Javanbakht, 2022;Martsyniak-Dorosh, 2022). ...
The issue of adaptation to migration is particularly relevant due to the large number of Ukrainians who have been temporarily or permanently displaced since the outbreak of war in Ukraine. This article analyzes empirical results to identify the peculiarities of social and psychological adaptation of Ukrainians to forced migration. Two models of socio-psychological adaptation are identified: a passive model for those forced to migrate due to the war, and an active model for those who migrated consciously. The study finds that the process of socio-psychological adaptation of forced Ukrainian migrants is based on the conflict between the desire to integrate into a new socio-cultural environment and the desire to return to their homeland, resulting in a pronounced affective component. This passive adaptation relies on external control and resources. In contrast, the active model of adaptation of voluntary migrants reveals internal psychological resilience and a focus on self-realization and integration. The article concludes by highlighting the need for psychological interventions aimed at developing subjectivity and problem-solving strategies to optimize the adaptation process for forced Ukrainian migrants.
... Similarly, Özden and colleagues (2011) highlight the remarkable stability of international migration flows after the collapse of the Soviet Union. It is worth mentioning that migration in the CIS region is associated with several specific features, such as the scale of illegal migration and illegal employment (Ivakhnyuk 2006), as well as the role of institutional factors such as the level of corruption, personal security, and freedom of speech, which are triggers for people to migrate to another country (Bilan 2017 Identifying the determinants of migration is especially relevant for EU countries since migration flows in this region have recently increased significantly, causing several migration crises (Bertoli et al. 2016). Buonanno (2017) considers the negative impact on trade and economic growth to be one of the damaging consequences of the European migration crisis. ...
We explore the impact of institutional factors on bilateral migration among the EU, CIS, and the US by applying the gravity model of migration. We employ instrumental variables methodology (IV-PPML, IV-GMM) and a non-linear estimation approach (NLS) to test our assumptions about the spurring effect of institutional indicators on migration. Empirical results demonstrate a significantly positive effect of economic development and legislative system on migration flows in the sample countries. However, we find that government regulation and political stability decrease migration. We also find that Russia attracts CIS migrants due to cultural and institutional reasons, while the EU and the US accommodate migration due to economic reasons. The crucial role of institutional development as a determinant of international migration is often overlooked in contemporary literature. We generate new insight into the contribution of control for corruption and law, governmental regulation, political stability and democracy, and ease of doing business to migration. Based on the results, we provide some policy implications.
... The literature indicates that destination choices of at least labour migrants from Ukraine are motivated rather economically than politically (Bidak 2011;Bilan 2017;Kabay 2019;Nikolaiets et al. 2020), and the similar observation was made for migrants from Moldova, Czechia and Poland (Fidrmuc & Doyle 2007;Lücke et al. 2007) -an argument suggesting that at least for economic migrants the regression coefficients would reflect the effect of travel rather than the reverse causality. Moreover, Fidrmuc and Doyle (2007) found little evidence that political attitudes of labour migrants are defined by self-selection with regard to either their pre-migration political attitudes. ...
The paper investigates the relationship between travel abroad experience and individual geopolitical preferences in three geopolitical fault-line cities in the eastern part of Ukraine. Employing binary logistic regression as a principal research method, we show that travel experience to European countries positively correlates with pro-European attitudes and corresponds to weaker pro-Soviet sentiments. On the contrary, travel experience to Russia is associated with somewhat weaker support for European geopolitical and cultural integration but stronger pro-Soviet sentiments. Travel experience to Russia is less important predictor of geopolitical preferences than visiting European countries. Pro-European attitudes, compared with pro-Soviet sentiments, are much more interlinked with international travel experience. The data on bilateral travellers evidences that possible effect of visiting European countries basically neutralises the effect of visiting Russia in terms of impact on geopolitical preferences. Although the relationship between travel abroad experience and geopolitical preferences is similar in all three cities under investigation, certain variations between them may be explained by different economic, socio-cultural and institutional background. The revealed correlations seem to cover both direct causal effect of travel abroad on geopolitical preferences and a reverse causality, namely self-selection of destination country according to personal pre-existing geopolitical views. The importance of discovered relationships for the integration of Ukrainian society into European civilization project is apparent not only considering visa-free regime between Ukraine and the European Union (EU), but also in view of the Russian military invasion in 2022 as a cause of flows of refugees from Ukraine to Europe.
... The issue of training labor resources was studied Zinovieva, I.S., Artemchuk, V.O., Iatsyshyn, A.V., Popov, O.O., Kovach, V.O., Iatsyshyn, A.V., Radchenko, O.V. (2021). Bilan (2017) investigated that external migration from Ukraine is a rather unpredictable and ambiguous phenomenon that has acquired global dimensions, and its constant intensification has led to the formation and activation of the development of the world's largest diaspora. At the same time, the current conditions of the development of the world economy have a favourable effect on the mobility of the population, and the liberalization of migration regimes, transport, communication and technological opportunities have created appropriate conditions for travelling abroad and employment outside of Ukraine. ...
The full-scale military invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine has provoked the emergence of significant destabilizing factors in the development of the economy and the society. Along with this, it has had the greatest impact on migration processes, provoking significant destructive changes in the country’s labour potential. The purpose of the academic paper lies in studying the theoretical and applied principles of population migration as a factor of changing the labour potential in Ukraine since the beginning of the war. The methodological base of the present research consists of fundamental and applied methods of economic analysis, namely: functional-systemic approach; process approach method; comparative analysis and synthesis; observation and system analysis; statistical analysis and comparison; generalization and systematization; graphical and tabular methods. The obtained results of the conducted research make it possible to establish that population migration has a significant impact on the labour potential of Ukraine, which is manifested in the departure of a significant number of the population abroad (the volume of which reached 5,7 million people in 2022, of which 43,5 % constitute the working population age); consequently, this unbalances the national and international labour market. It has been revealed that 40 % of pupils and student youth have emigrated from Ukraine since the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war and continue their studies in foreign educational institutions, which threatens the outflow of highly qualified specialists in the future and the dominance of the domestic labour market by specialists of the middle and older age categories. It has been proven that the existing threat to the labour potential of the country lies in the forced deportation of the population of Ukraine to the territory of Russia, the volume of which is estimated at the level of 1 million 2 thousand people, without taking into account prisoners of war of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. It is proposed to focus the main efforts in the direction of the cessation of hostilities and the formation of a set of measures regarding interstate cooperation of Ukraine with other countries of the world in the field of population migration and development of labour potential.
... In this approach, migration patterns took the form of a system of multiple flows of persons, goods and services between origin and destination places. Mabogunje applied the systems approach to rural-urban migration but this was later extended to cover international structures of both macro and micro levels, which have some sort of exchange in resources, capital and people (Bilan 2017). Sustainable linkages are necessary to form a migration system. ...
This article presents the main recent developments in migration trends to and from Belarus. It studies these trends via the migration systems theory lenses, according to which Belarus belongs to the Eurasian migration system. The most significant migration flows are directed towards Russia, due to the existence of the Union State. However, over the last decade, Belarusian statistics have shown a gradual transformation in the direction of these migration flows. After the recession in Russia in 2015, the number of emigrants from Belarus to EU countries increased. The most significant changes have occurred in the migration dynamics between Belarus and Poland and Lithuania. The existence of the Pole’s Card makes it more difficult to measure the number of Belarusian immigrants in Poland, therefore, I provide a comparative analysis of Belarusian and Polish statistics in order to show a more realistic picture of the number and structure of Belarusian emigrants and the problem of underestimation in the sending country. Particular attention is paid to the consequences of the political situation in Belarus after 2020; this has become an additional push factor for emigrants and may also lead to a further reduction of Belarusian migratory links within the Eurasian migration system. Thus, the statistics for 2021 show a significant increase in the number of Belarusian emigrants to the EU, while emigration to Russia has remained at the same level.
... У науковому дискурсі проблеми формування та реалізації моніторингу міграційної мобільності, а також управління міграційними процесами на національному та регіональному рівнях висвітлені в працях Ю. Білана [1], Е. Лібанової [2; 4], О. Малиновської [3], О. Позняка [4], М. Романюка [5]. Проблематиці міграційного середовища, соціально-економічних причин трудової й освітньої міграції, ризиків інтенсифікації зовнішньої міграції населення для регіональної економіки присвячені публікації науковців Львівської школи регіоналістики [6][7][8][9][10]. ...
The information and analytical provision of migration mobility empiricism in Ukraine, the effectiveness of the implementation of the State policy of managing migration processes is not formed to the full extent, and the existing one is of poor quality; in addition, there is no methodological algorithm for the implementation of migration monitoring. The elimination of this shortcoming requires the development of a new model for monitoring migration mobility, which should be based on a three-level accounting of migration processes (national, regional and local), taking into account the peculiarities of the course of migration processes and the structural characteristics of both external and internal migration. The article is aimed at improvnig the system of monitoring migration mobility in the projection of socio-economic development of the State in order to build an information and analytical base of the empiricism of influence on human potential. The article proposes a model of systematic monitoring of migration mobility, its information-analytical and institutional-organizational provision is substantiated. Monitoring of migration mobility on the basis of a systematic approach allows to: implement three-level accounting of emigration, immigration flows, processes of acquisition and termination of citizenship, money transfers of migrants; cluster the country’s territories according to the criteria of differentiated socio-economic development and financial imbalances; guarantee flexible control of structural changes in migration processes based on the construction of migration profile and determination of the potential of territories. The implementation of monitoring of migration mobility will allow to simulate the intensity of external migration, taking into account changes in the level of socio-economic development, to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of the current policy of managing migration processes on the part of the State.
... On the other hand, migrant labour is undervalued by mechanisms such as the denial of formal and functional citizenship, cultural norms and institutional performance related to recognising foreign authorizations and experience (Bauder, 2006;Alshoubaki & Harris, 2021). Furthermore, another essential point is that an individual's migration approach can have an imperative influence on their labour-market outcomes (Clark & Drinkwater, 2008;Bilan, 2017). ...
The purpose of the study is to indicate nativity status differences (native-born and foreign-born) by gender-based on labour market status. The primary objective is to explore the labour market status differences in terms of nativity status based on a gender perspective of labour status. A quantitative research approach was applied to this study. Linear Regression analysis and Trend Analyses are used to emphasize the relationship between the native-born males/females and the foreign-born males/females in the labour market status as employed, unemployed and inactive. This study aims to answer which is higher in the case of native-born and foreign-born female/male employed, unemployed, and participation rates in Western-European countries. Data was collected from OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) migration databases between 2014 and 2018 for Western European countries. It has been found that in the chosen countries, there is a linear relationship between native-born males/females and foreign-born males/females in most of the cases. If one side increases in terms of employed status or unemployed status, the other side also increases due to the existence of a significant and positive linear relationship. The findings suggest that this study implies that destination countries should create good labour market legislation to reduce the number of unemployed among both migrants and the native-born population. As very few studies have investigated gender differences in migration, this study gives a different perspective on the subject by comparing the same-gender relationship in the nativity status of the labour market.
... Furthermore, because of the geographical proximity of Ukraine to Western Europe, Ukrainian migrants in EU countries are actively involved in material exchange with their families (Solari 2017). We lack official statistics on the amount or value of sent things, as migrants and their families often rely on informal shipping channels, such as private courier services or friendship networks as they are cheaper, quicker and often more reliable (Bilan 2017). Visa-free travel to Sweden has contributed to a boost for the private courier-service industry, as it has become easier for the couriers to carry out regular trips. ...
This article is an exploration of transnational family links and how they are materialised. Based on interviews with Ukrainian migrants living in Sweden, we discuss different dimensions of the everyday practices of sending things back and forth between family members. We find that what these packages embody and represent are more complex than tropes of economic need, obligation and responsibility allow for. Of course, in many senses they do reveal stories of highly gendered practices of care and duty, and economic divides between Sweden and Ukraine. We find, however, that they are also stories of mutuality, love, fun and shifting post-Soviet subjectivities. This article then both underlines the enduring importance of physical things in maintaining close family connections across distance and reminds us that these material connections are not fixed but instead are mutable circulations, shaping and shaped by generational change and lifecourse experiences.
... Argumentatively, by internal and external comprhensive view will produce more empirical, natural, social relations that influence behavior and tend to be reciprocal causality, so that more productive benefits could be obtained in the economic field. In a theoretical and methodological sense according to Bilan (2017), this research is a good example because it integrates broader and more comprehensive inter disciplines theory and methodology. Furthermore, this article is also more empirical compared to the results of research by (Madhooshi, 2015). ...
Gaps in economic power have resulted in increasingly prominent inequality, thus requiring quality economic growth and good business competitiveness. The purpose of this study is to explain the important role of human capital and social capital as entrepreneurial capital competencies in promoting economic growth and business competitiveness. Coss-sectional data are used as the main material. Quantitative and qualitative material was collected from 125 representative samples of entrepreneurial households. The analysis model uses single and multiple recursive path analysis. The results of a single track model study show; a positive and significant increase in business competitiveness is influenced by factors; economic institutions, employment opportunities, economic growth, human capital and social capital. Meanwhile, social networking factors have a negative and significant effect on business competitiveness. In the dual track model, the contribution of human resource competencies is the main driver of quality economic growth, and the contribution of social capital competencies is a major determinant in enhancing entrepreneurial competitiveness. The recommended policy implications for reducing inequality and inequality require policies to improve the quality of economic growth and business competitiveness through enhancing human resource competencies and entrepreneurial social capital competencies as key drivers and determinants.
... These factors are quite often expressed not only in assessing relations with individual and social results, but also through the analysis of negative externalities in the form of migratory losses of people with a high level of education, which a priori means a decrease in the intellectual potential of corresponding donor countries or regions. This issue is especially acute in developing countries where a significant share of public spending goes on education while emigration flows result in a loss of highly educated professionals (Bilan, 2017;Libanova, 2019;Mishchuk & Grishnova, 2015;Gerasimov, et al. 2019;Hrivnak et al., 2019). New instruments created as a result of increased intellectual potential may also be used as a means to extend regional development (Civelek et al., 2019). ...
The research presented in this article seeks to evaluate the impact of intellectual potential on a country’s competitiveness as measured by the most important indicators of economic growth and standard of living. The population with tertiary education as well as with the relevant professional competences required for entrepreneurship and employment form the study group. Intellectual potential indicators along with general and partial productivity indicators, i.e. multifactor productivity (MFP) and labour productivity (LP) respectively, are calculated for different population groups using various methods, with the impact of MFP and LP in relation to each other subsequently analysed. The research revealed that the factors with the greatest impact on LP are: the share of people in the employed population involved in R&D, the share of researchers in the total employed population, as well as the level of tertiary education in terms of the total population as well as for the economically active population and self-employed persons. It was also found that the intensity of the influence of intellectual potential on LP has decreased, but only insignificantly. This decrease indicates the need to strengthen the role of other resources in relation to economic development and improvements in competitiveness. Today, MFP, as the gross indicator of economic progress and standard of living, has no apparent dependence on most of the studies intellectual potential indicators with the exception of the share of professionals with tertiary education (correlation coefficient = 0.440). This finding suggests an increased need to balance the use of all production resources, in particular through innovative work and the development of skills which are not necessarily formed in the field of tertiary education, at least in its formal sector.
... As for Ukraine, the emigration in which is the subject of the study in this article, we revealed the corresponding reasons as well as their interrelation with socioeconomic basis of migration decisions in our preceding papers (Bilan, 2017;Mishchuk & Grishnova, 2015;Mishchuk et al. 2018) and some other researches (Cohen, 2017;D'Silva & Samah, 2018;Holovatyi, 2014;Máté et al., 2018). At the same time, Ukrainian scientists, like their European counterparts who are studying the problem of brain gain in favour of more developed countries, for instance (Grenčíková et al. 2017), are trying to find a common solution for all source countries in order to transform the process of intellectual migratory losses into the brain circulation and justify the policy measures that can enforce the benefits of circulation of knowledge and skills (Bilan & Bilan, 2011;Puraite et al., 2017;Sadova, 2010;Semiv & Hvozdovych, 2012;Stakanov, 2018). ...
The purpose of the article is to analyze the status of international migration and identify the problems of its economic and legal regulation in the context of ensuring financial and economic cooperation of countries in the conditions of increasing the influence of military factors. The results of the study prove that military factors have a dominant impact on the intensification of international migration processes. It is established that international migration is considered to be a complex, unpredictable socio-economic phenomenon that is gaining a global scale, covers a large number of countries, is difficult to regulate at the economic and legal level and periodically intensifies under the influence of factors and dangers of an economic, social, political and military nature. The authors prove a significant increase in the volume of international migration under the influence of the war of russia against Ukraine, which intensified as a result of the mass movement of the Ukrainian population outside the country in order to save their lives and health. The significant problems regarding the economic and legal regulation of international migration in the context of ensuring financial and economic cooperation of countries in the conditions of the increasing influence of military factors are identified, which are manifested in the inconsistency of international law with the provisions of national legislation of the countries of the world. It is found that the growth of international migration processes stimulates destructive changes in the international labour market, and causes an increase in unemployment and a decrease in employment rates at the national level. In the article proposes to review the existing mechanisms of legal regulation of international migration and protection of the rights of migrants outside Ukraine, and formulate an international strategy for harmonizing migration policies of different countries of the world.
Backgroud: "Population migration" is a term that has many meanings. Population migration can manifest itself in such forms as nomadism, pilgrimage, wanderings, urbanization, ruralization, etc. Population migrations have a long history, but are relatively little studied. In Western Europe and North America, population migration became the object of sociological research only from the middle of the 19th century. Interest in the study of population migration has become relevant due to the needs of studying the adaptation of immigrants in host countries and studying the consequences of mass emigration of the working population from donor countries. Purpose: To carry out a systematization and comparative analysis of the main approaches to the study of migration in sociology and other socio-humanitarian disciplines. Methods: The work uses a number of general scientific and special sociological methods: logicalsemantic - for analyzing and deepening the conceptual apparatus of the concept of external migration; comparative analysis of the results of statistical and specifically sociological studies of migration. Results: A significant increase in the scale and intensity of international population migration at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century led to the interest of Ukrainian sociologists in the issue of migration. The theoretical and methodological approaches of Western researchers echo the approaches of post-Soviet scientists, in particular, in the recognition of the interdisciplinary nature of population migration studies. Thus, there are six sociological approaches to the study of migration. At the same time, V. Iontsev noted that to the sociological approach "it would be possible to add the classification of migration flows according to vertical and horizontal characteristics and the theory of "rational expectations". Conclusion: Within the scope of the comprehensive study, a broad classification of approaches to the study of migration was presented. V. Iontsev's classification included 17 scientific approaches to the study of population migration, which, in turn, united 45 scientific directions, were classified as: the concept of "attraction - repulsion" by E. Lee (E. Lee); ethnosociological approach K. Davis (K. Davis), Y. Harutyunyan; the theory of "migration chain" D. Gurac (D. Gurac), F. Caces (F. Caces), D. Massey (D. Massey), A. Simmons (A. Simmons); the cultural approach of H. Esse, J. Rex, J. Bustamante; assimilation theory of H. Werner (H. Werner), M. Gordon (M. Gordon); sociological theory of migration (sociology of migration) by T. Zaslavska, T. Yudina. Keywords: migration, social migration, population migration
Purpose: The article explores links between the attractiveness of regional labor markets and internal migration as a change in the usual place of residence in Ukraine. Methodology: Based on the migration theory of “push-pull” a study of the attractiveness of regional labor markets as determinants of the intensification of internal migration in 24 regions of Ukraine (2010–2020) was conducted with the use of integrated assessment and balance econometric modeling. Findings: The study found that the internal migration activity in Ukraine is of urbanistic nature because the development of rural-urban area migration vectors dominates in the country. The most attractive regions in the focus of internal emigration and immigration processes are defined based on the developed rankings of the regions’ attractiveness by the system of labor market and employment development indicators. Research limitations: This article studies a specific country and its regions, along with the local labor market. One should be careful when generalizing the results to other regional labor markets. Originality/value: The level of regional labor markets’ attractiveness correlated with internal migration activity. The attractive regional labor market, high IT market development level, and increasing innovative-technological capacity proved the main attraction factors of these regions.
Introduction. In the context of globalization, there is an intensification of migration of human resources, business, and intellectual property, which has both positive and negative effects on the economic development of the country. To minimize the negative consequences and prevent threats, it is necessary to develop an economic mechanism for regulating business migration in terms of creating favourable conditions for starting and running a business, eliminating the monopolization of economic sectors and the development of healthy competition. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to form a mechanism for regulating the migration of business and intellectual property to achieve sustainable development of the national economy. Results. It is outlined that the development of external migration processes in the migration of busi-ness and related tangible and intangible assets, intellectual property, business technologies is quite critical from the standpoint of influencing the economic security of the state. The intensification of business migration processes is mainly due, firstly, to disparities in the business environment of countries; secondly, systemic threats to the economic security of doing business in the country-the donor of business migration; thirdly, the extensive experience of successful positive business practices in the country-the recipient of business migration. Inadequate attention to the spread of business and intellectual property migration leads to weakening the potential of business activity, reducing competition, stagnation of recovery processes, deactivation of start-ups, deformation of the internal labour market, increasing the number of practices of stationary migration and resettlement, narrowing the creative sector components of the national economy competitiveness. Conclusions. The state policy of migration management in terms of ensuring the development of the national economy requires the formation of a new economic mechanism for managing business migration to preserve and increase the entrepreneurial capital of Ukraine. Keywords: business migration, state policy, national economy, intellectual property, economic mechanism, incentives, entrepreneurial capital.
The paper aims to analyse the dependence of the economic and social development of Ukraine on migration factors (human resources and remittances) in the years 2002–2020. It proves the strength of the impact of human resources outflow and remittances on the labour market (employment) and other variables capturing the level of economic and social development. Based on the calculated social and economic development composite indicators the paper detects the migration gaps in the development of the economic system and social domain depending on the human resources outflow and remittances inflow. The results of the empirical research show a positive causal relationship between social development environments and migration and a mixed impact of the migration factor on economic system.
This paper discusses the latest data on the production of selected paper and paperboard, plastic,
glass, wood and metal packaging.
During the study period 2016-2020/2021, there was an increase in the production of selected
paper and paperboard packaging compared to 2016. There has been an increase in the production of
paper sacks and bags, cartons made of paper or paperboard other than corrugated and cartons made
of paper or paperboard. Among plastic packaging, the production of plastic bags and sacks played a
significant role and has been growing steadily since 2016. The production of glass packaging (clear
glass bottles with a capacity of less than 2.5 liters for beverages and food) increased between 2016 and
2021. Flat pallets were the dominant product among wood packaging in 2020. The decline in box pallet
production was significant not only relative to 2019, but also relative to 2016. In the group of metal
packaging with a capacity not exceeding 300 liters, the highest production was recorded for barrels and
similar containers for any material (excluding gas), made of aluminium. It reached 93228 tonnes in
2020 and was 2.4% higher than in 2019.
The packaging market in Poland and worldwide has been gradually increasing its value over
the past years. The production of packaging in Poland in the coming years should grow dynamically,
although not as fast as before. Undoubtedly, today the biggest challenge for the packaging industry is
the rising prices of raw materials, which can negatively affect the profitability and liquidity situation
of manufacturers. In particular, the prices of plastics have gone up considerably, but the costs of pulp,
metals, wood and glass are also increasing, so the raw material pressure is now affecting the entire
packaging industry
This study is devoted to the analysis of the geography of migration of the population of Ukraine
over the last decade on the basis of the Global Index of Migrant Integration Policy (MIPEX) and the
identification of factors that attract the population of Ukraine to migrate to other countries.
According to European Commission statistics since 2014, the number of Ukrainian labor migrants
moving to the European Union (EU) has increased significantly. In 2019, Ukrainian citizens received
660,000 residence permits for paid activities in member states – the largest external labor force in the
EU. Thus, the dependence of Member States’ economies on Ukrainian workers has reached significant
levels, as evidenced by the labor shortages observed during the COVID-19 crisis, which forced the
EU to close its borders. Emigration reduces the supply of labor and accelerates the growth of wages
of workers who remain in the country; one of the problems of concern is the loss of skills – most
of Ukrainians work abroad without qualifications or do very simple work. The main benefit for the
Ukrainian economy is related to the remittances, equivalent to 8% of GDP. Remittances significantly
improve the well-being of migrant families and stimulate domestic demand, increasing the country’s
GDP. Stable and significant inflow of remittances contributes to a more stable balance of payments,
compensation for the constant deficit of trade and investment income. At the same time, there is a risk
that migrants will remain permanently resident abroad, which will mean a decrease in the working
population in Ukraine. In addition, the impact of emigration and remittances on Ukraine’s public
finances is ambiguous: remittances increase VAT, excise and customs revenues, while reducing labor
supply reduces revenues from labor taxes and social security contributions in Ukraine. Therefore, it
is important to understand what factors currently attract the population of Ukraine to other countries.
The Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) is an index that measures the quality of migrant
integration policy in 52 countries. The index indicators were developed for a multidimensional view of
migrants’ opportunities to participate in public life. The index is a tool for evaluating and comparing
the actions of governments to promote the integration of migrants in all analyzed countries. The index
helps to understand and analyze the factors that contribute to the integration of migrants.
The index covers the following areas of integration: labor market mobility; family reunification;
access to services in the field of education; participation in political life; obtaining permanent residence;
obtaining citizenship; antidiscrimination; access to health services.
The growing Ukrainian migration towards EU countries determines the need for evaluation of pull factors shaping their environment to regulate these processes better. The study aims to assess the EU’s pull environment attracting migrants, and evaluate the elasticity of Ukrainian total and labor migration to the change of social and economic factors in EU countries. The data are collected for the period from 2005 to 2018. The method involves weighting the indicators and sub-indices with the following calculating partial and integral indices of the pull environment of migration for selected EU countries (the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Italy, Portugal, Greece, and Spain) and the EU-28. During 2005–2018, the integral level of pull environment of migration in the EU-28 was above average, whereas the most attractive countries for external migrants were Germany, the Czech Republic, Spain, and Italy. In terms of the intensity of total migration from Ukraine in 2018, Poland (236.06 departures per 1,000 Ukrainians), Hungary (73.6), Germany (12.6), and Italy (7.3) are among the main destinations. While the intensity of Ukrainian migration is high, its growth rate depends on the time lag (different elasticities in the medium and long run). The integral analysis of the pull environment has a practical value allowing to conduct migration intensity and elasticity evaluation, as well as the cross-country pull-factor analysis (pull strength) for substantiating the improvement of regulatory and methodological provisions of migration policies for both Ukraine and the hosting EU states.
AcknowledgmentThe study has been conducted within the framework of applied research “Mechanisms of the proactive policy for reducing social vulnerability of the population (based on the Carpathian region of Ukraine)” (M. Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Reg. No. 0121U112014, 2021–2023).
Мета. Метою статті є ідентифікація тенденцій зовнішньої міграції населення Карпатського регіону України та розробка прикладних рекомендацій щодо регулювання зовнішньої міграції в умовах необхідності збереження людських ресурсів. Методологія / методика / підхід. Теоретичною та науково-методичною основою дослідження стали теорії міграціології, соціальної економіки та демографії, методи пізнання міграційних явищ і процесів. У процесі дослідження використано такі методи та підходи, як: логічного узагальнення й синтезу для формування основних висновків і пропозицій дослідження; компаративного аналізу – порівняння тенденцій зовнішньої міграції населення областей Карпатського регіону із середньодержавними показниками; структурного та географічного аналізу – для оцінки частки мігрантів країн реципієнтів регіону; графічний і картографічний – для візуалізації результатів оцінки та аналізу міграційних потоків. Результати. У результаті дослідження встановлено, що обсяги зовнішньої міграції населення Карпатського регіону України як прикордонних територій є значними порівняно із загальнонаціональними тенденціями. Найбільші обсяги міграційних потоків із Карпатського регіону спрямовані до Польщі, Чехії, Угорщини, Німеччини, Італії. Результати структурного аналізу підтвердили тісні міграційні зв’язки областей регіону із сусідніми державами, зокрема Закарпатської області з Угорщиною, Львівської та Івано-Франківської областей з Польщею, Чернівецької області з Молдовою. Визначено, що реальні показники обсягів зовнішньої міграції з Карпатського регіону значно перевищують дані офіційної статистики. Доведено, що критичними викликами інтенсифікації зовнішньої міграції населення Карпатського регіону є: зростання обсягів освітньої і трудової міграції молоді при активній політиці залучення висококваліфікованих і робочих кадрів у країнах ЄС, посилення дисбалансів регіональних ринків праці, низький рівень оплати праці та доходів населення, відсутність ефекту заміщення робочої сили через низький рівень демографічного відтворення та активної політики приваблення іммігрантів. Оригінальність / наукова новизна. Удосконалено систему пріоритетних цілей регіональної міграційної політики в частині обґрунтування механізмів регулювання зовнішньої міграції населення, в основу якої покладено формування інформаційно-аналітичної бази зовнішньої міграції прикордонних територій і розробку нової електронної системи обліку трудової й освітньої міграції. Уперше запропоновано систему заходів забезпечення конвергенції інституційної системи регулювання регіональних міграційних потоків із Карпатського регіону відповідно до провідних моделей країн ЄС. Практична цінність / значущість. Запропоновано й обґрунтовано інструменти та відповідні засоби регулювання зовнішньої міграції населення Карпатського регіону в умовах необхідності збереження людських ресурсів і забезпечення інтелектуально-кадрової безпеки регіону для їх упровадження регіональними органами влади.
В статті обґрунтовано необхідність розроблення концепції, головною відзнакою якої є те, що вона повинна змістовно і структурно об’єднувати в собі пізнання і оцінювання людських якостей з позиції, по-перше, людина – як цінність суспільства, по-друге, людина – як особистість. Обґрунтовано концепцію дослідження оцінювання і управління якісними характеристиками певної людини в процесі її розвитку, у т.ч. людським капіталом. В основу даної концепції покладено положення, що людина – це головна цінність і головне джерело інноваційно-економічного і соціального розвитку будь-якого суб’єкта господарювання.
The purpose of the study was to assess the efficiency and accessibility of microcredits for small Ukrainian enterprises and to justify the feasibility of strengthening government contributions in lending to ensure the sustainable development of small businesses. Indicators for evaluating the efficiency and accessibility of microcredits are systematized. Methodological approaches to assessing the efficiency of lending for the creation and development of microenterprises have been improved. A model for evaluating the efficiency of microcredits aimed at the survival of microenterprises in a deteriorating environment was developed. It has been revealed that the level of efficiency of microcredit creation for firms in some time intervals depends quadratically on the share of microcredits in the total amount of funds directed to the creation of firms. A linear relationship between the relative amount of credit received and the growth rate of firms’ assets has also been established. However, there is no significant impact of the microcredit’s amount on labor productivity. A method has been developed for evaluating the budgetary efficiency of microcredits when such a lending is carried out using funds from state or local budgets. It was found that improving these lending conditions through budget financing can significantly increase its attractiveness for microenterprises without significantly reducing the budgetary efficiency of microcredits. This article substantiates the need to strengthen state support for microcrediting of small Ukrainian enterprises in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Research background: Starting from the concept of "post-colonial cultural dependence" and its significance for the contemporary Ukrainian society, imaginary geography is analyzed by describing the representations of the characteristics of countries, regions, places, and people living in these territories. Imaginary geography as a cultural structure implies material consequences. In the context of this paper, it is necessary to provide representations of potential migrants about the characteristics of the host countries, including details about population and the real economic, social and political opportunities after migration. The association between imaginary geography and migration in the expectations of postcolonial cultural dependence has been hardly analyzed before.
Purpose of the article: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of post-Soviet cultural dependence on migration expectations of the Ukrainian population from the postcolonial study perspective.
Methods: The methodology is composed by two elements: a synthesis of neo-institutionalism and social constructivism. The paper hypothesizes that macro and meso level discourses in the emigration environment might have an impact on aspirations through perceptions of “migratory imaginations” and “geographical imaginations”.
Findings & Value added: Findings are based on the cross-national study on external migration conducted within the EUmagine project. The findings show a strong correlation between migration expectations and perceptions of Ukrainians and post-Soviet cultural dependencies. In addition, the country represents a “post-imperial borderland” that results in the political split of the Ukrainian society. Our results might contribute to the establishment of connections between the imaginary geography of the Central, Western, and Southeastern regions of Ukraine and their migration expectations and orientations.
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