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Parametric study on Quarry Dust and Bacteria in
Cement Mortar for Next Generation: A Review
Fenal Patel1
Final year M. Tech. Student,
Environmental Engineering,
B.V.M. Engineering college, Vallabh
Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
Prof. (Mrs) Reshma L. Patel 2
Associate Professor,
Civil Engineering Department,
B.V.M. Engineering college, Vallabh
Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
Dr. Jayeshkumar Pitroda3
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering
Department, B.V.M. Engineering college,
Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
jayesh.pitroda@bvmengineering.ac.in
Abstract- Quarry dust is a by-product of quarry crushing
plant. Basically it is a waste product and creating problem for
disposal. It has similar properties like fine aggregate so it can
be replaced with sand as a construction material like cement
mortar, concrete etc. Sand can be replaced with quarry dust.
This study showed that up to some % replacement of sand by
quarry dust shows the maximum increase in compressive
strength and better workability. Moreover, Microorganisms
can be added to more batter strength and durability purpose.
Keyword- Quarry dust, cement mortar, bacteria, natural sand
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, worldwide development of construction work
and the new technology, it is essential to fulfill the
requirement of urbanization. In most of the construction
material fine aggregate are common. As they are natural
resources the scarcity of sand is a great matter of concern to
save the natural resources.
On the other hand quarry dust which is a byproduct of
quarry plant. It is creating problems of disposal and also
reduces fertility of the land. As the quarry dust and fine
aggregate having nearly similar physical and chemical
properties, quarry dust can be replaced by natural sand in
construction material. It is available in large quantity and
also economical.
Mortar is used as a binder material to fill joints of bricks,
concrete cubs, plastering. So, using this waste as a partial
replacement of sand in mortar will give better strength,
durability, more workability.
Inclusion of bacteria will also increase the strength of
mortar. As the name suggest; bacterial cement mortar is the
mortar made with incorporating various types of bacteria
into it. Different types of bacteria’s can be used for
improvement of the various mortar properties like
improvement of strength, improvement of durability, as well
as permeability.
II. CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW
Following are the critical literature reviews on the paper of
treatment plant sludge.
Stocks-Fischer et al. (1999) has studied that nonpathogenic
soil bacteria B.pasteurii will have favorable calcite
precipitation and achieve high alkaline pH by urease
activity. They found that, the crystal of calcite precipitation
will fill the crack in mortar and also repair the subsurface of
porous media. [5]
Ramachandran et al. (2001) studied that using B.
pasteruii, remediation of cracks and fissures in concrete
utilizing microbiologically induced calcite (CaCO3)
precipitation. They also found out the effect of different
apportions and efficiencies of bacteria when suspended in
different media like water, phosphate-buffer and urea-CaCl2
on the workability of concrete. Conclusion of the study is
that the presence of bacteria in different media increased the
resistance of concrete towards alkali sulphate, freeze–thaw
attack and drying shrinkage. [14]
Ghosh et al. (2005) studied the strength chracteristics of
cement mortar with inclusion of an anaerobicbacteria at diff
proportion. The test results showed found that the
inclusionof an anaerobic hot spring bacterium in
mortar/concrete gives the increase in the compressive
strength by about 25–30%. He concluded that at 28 days
curing period the strength of mortar increased 25% by
adding 105 cells/ml of anaerobic microorganism
(Shewanella sp.) mixed with water. But using Escherichia
coli microorganisms they did not find desirable increase of
strength of mortar. [8]
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Bali et al, (2007) has studied the mechanical properties of
cement mortar by replacing the fine aggregate with artificial
sand of waste bricks. He replaced sand at various ponderal
contents 0, 25, 50, 75,100 %. and concluded that the mortar
gives desirable increment in compressive strength at the
25% replacement of sand by waste bricks. [7]
Willem et al. (2008) has focused on the possibility of
using bacteria foe carbonate precipitation for treating the
cracks of surface of construction materials like concrete,
mortar etc. he reached on the conclusion that bio-
decomposition shows the increase in the durability of the
mortar and concrete specimen. The test result shows that the
water absorption of the sample decreased due to inherent
porosity of CaCO3 crystals and also decreased the
carbonation rate by 25-30%. [27]
Anupama et al. (2010) has found out the viability of
replacing quarry dust in concrete and mortar. Bur quarry
dust has the finer particles, will increase the water cement
ration. He also noticed that it will decrease the strength of
mortar. In concrete and mortar for improvement of strength
at high water cement ratio, the addition of super pozzolanic
supplementary cementing materials likr; silica fume, rice
husk ash, metakaolin etc. will help. He concluded the in
mortar specimen where the cement is replaced by
metakaolin and quarry dust is replaced by natural sand,
gives the better results of strength and controlled water
cement ratio is achieved. [4]
Van Tittelboom et al. (2010) have used the ureolytic
bacteria such as Bacillus spaericus for biological repair of
cementicious materials. As the bacillus sphaericus has the
property of precipitating CaCO3 by converting urea into
ammonium and carbonate. And he concluded that the
improvement of compressive strength in concrete is
achieved by the microbiological CaCO3 precipitation. [11]
Afifudin et al. (2011) has studied behavior of the
chemically modified B. subtilize (CMBS) in mortar. He
observed that CMBS will adsorb silicate and formed
calcium silicate hydrated gel. He said that using optimum
concentration of 106 cells/ml of CMBS will gives 28%
higher strength than the control concrete. Thus the
mechanisms of bio-deposition and bio-mineralization in
biomimetic has been initiated for different species of
bacteria, especially Bacillus sp. [1]
Mahzuz et al. (2011) has the main concern to found an
alternative of sand and minimization of waste by using
quarry dust in mortar as a replacement of natural sand. The
concrete made of stone powder shows higher compressive
strength of 14.7% than the normal concrete. On the other
hand, the value of compressive strength will increase also
by making concrete from brick chip and stone powder. [12]
Nagabhushana et al. (2011) had found that the increasing
urbanization will affect the environment. Thus, the of use
alternative materials like; recycled aggregates, fly ash,
manufactured sand, crushed rock powder etc. for fine
aggregates in concrete. Which will results in maintain good
environmental conditions by reducing waste and also will
conserve the natural resources. The study of a partial and
full replacement for natural sand of mortar and concrete by
Crushed Rock Powder (CRP) is done For different
proportions like; 20% 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% and the
strength and durability is investigated. [16]
Haque et al. (2012) has studied the performance of the
mortar when mixture of sand and powder sand is used. it
may give better result in terms of strength, If better quality
of powder sand and proper gradation of sand and powder
sand can be used For concrete. Moreover, the powder sand
is treated as waste it have economic value almost zero. He
concluded that it will minimize the waste and also the cost
of concrete if it is used in making of mortar and concrete.
[15]
Jadhav et al. (2013) has replaced the natural sand by stone
dust and investigate the water cement ration if mortar. He
also use various proportion as 1:2, 1:3 and 1:6 with water
cement ratio of 0.5 and 0.55 respectively to design the
mortar mixes. He concluded that the excellent compressive
strength of Mortar cube specimens were achieved with 50%
replacement of natural sand by stone dust. He has achieved
an attempt towards sustainable development to find viable
solution to the declining availability of natural sand to make
eco-balance. [18]
Hoqeu et al. (2013) has focused on the comparison
between fresh mortar and modified mortar and also
replaced the natural sand by stone dust in cement mortar.
The strength of mortar containing 25% stone dust is higher
than normal mortar containing only sand. But the
replacement of cement results in the decrease of strength of
mortar. So it can be concluded that, stone dust can be
replaced by natural sand but not for replacement of cement.
Stone dust has a potential to provide alternative to fine
aggregate minimizing waste products. Thus the stone dust
will introduced as a functional construction materials. [25]
Raihan et al. (2014) has studied that the Stone dust
passing by No. 200 sieve, was used as cement replacing
material. The portion of dust which was retained by No. 100
sieve was separated to substitute sand and the remaining
part of dust was made finer by abrasion machine.. The
strength of modified mortar was investigated through
replacing of 20%, 30% and 40% of fine aggregates as well
as replacing of 5% of cement by stone dust. Several
numbers of cube and briquette samples were casted with
aforementioned proportions to investigate compressive
strength and tensile strength respectively and tested at 7
days and 28 days. From tested results, it was found that,
compressive strength of sample which has 30% of Stone
Dust and 0% of Cement replacement increases around 12%
& 17% respectively than the normal mortar sample at 7 &
28 days while for tensile strength it was increased 8.7%.
[19]
Senthilkumar et al. (2014) has investigated microbial
methods using EB bacteria and the nutriment on the surface
of the cement mortar specimens, creating a
microenvironment for growth and reproduction of bacteria.
Thus a calcite layer is gradually precipitated on the surface
of the cement mortar specimens after 7 days which reduced
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its capillary water absorption in the BCGS1 cement mortar
specimen up to 13 times in comparison with the untreated
cement mortar specimen. The results shows that it was
possible to apply a bio-film (CaCO3 layer) at a desired
location and cracks also were cured in the existing building.
Then the acid attack is also considerably reduced. So
microbial technique provides the basis for an alternative and
high qualities cement mortar sealant with cost effective and
eventually will enhance the durability of the building
materials. [22]
Senthilkumar et al. (2014) has reported the effects of
bacterial carbonate precipitation on the compressive
strength of cement mortar specimens. He has studied and
analyzed the Physical and biochemical properties of cement
mortar when Enterococcus sp. microorganisms are added
and CaCO3 precipitation occurred. In the end he concluded
that a noteworthy enhancement of compressive strength
45% is observed in the Enterococcus sp. treated bio curing
specimen while compared to control. [23]
Sankh et al. (2014) has presented a review of preparing a
cement mortar with the different alternatives to natural sand
and studied the physical and mechanical properties and
strength. He observed the increase of strength in mortar
while sand is replaced by GGBS. This increase is not
significant. But for 100% replacement the strength
decreases a little bit but for 75 % replacement a desirable
strength is achieved. [3]
Maheswaran et al. (2014) have used the Bacillus cereus
and Bacillus pasteurii in different cell concentrations for the
experimental investigation on cement mortar. Test results
showed that the compressive strength was increased of
cement mortar due to the bio-mineralization of calcium
carbonate in the cement mortar matrix by the addition of
bacterial cultures of both species. The test results revealed
38% increase in compressive strength using B. cereus and
29% increase in the case of B. pasteurii. [14]
Lakhani et al. (2014) has showed that the replacement of
cement by stone waste such as limestone, marble and
marble with granite stone waste etc. decreased the
compressive strength of the resulting concrete/mortar due to
less binding effect and increased with sand replacement due
to filler effect. For different proportions of replacing cement
by 0, 50, 100,150, 200, 250 and 300 kg/m3, it was
determined that the Compressive strength at the 28 days for
the hardened concrete specimens had decreased. It was
concluded that the use of stone waste as a partial
replacement for sand will cause the great improvement of
the concrete and mortar structures. [20]
Thirougnaname et al. (2014) has investigated the
feasibility of unseived stone dust as fine aggregate in place
of river sand in making cement mortar 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6,
which are the mixes usually adopted in various construction
activities. It is concluded that the compressive strength at 28
days of unseived stone dust used as fine aggregate in mortar
gives 5% higher strength for the ratio of 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6,
whereas 5% less than the conventional mortar for the ratio
1:3. Therefore the unseived stone dust in raw form can be
confidently used as a good construction material in making
mortar and that a maximum of 10-13% of fine materials i.e.
less than 150 micron in the unseived Stone dust may not
affect the strength of the mortar. [24]
Rajput et al. (2014) has studied the feasibility of using
crushed stone dust as fine aggregate in concrete and mortar.
The physical properties of stone dust and sand like bulk
density and specific gravity are similar. He concluded that
the workability of mortar showed better results when river
sand is replaced with stone dust. The mortar with the sand in
the flow rang of 85% do not gave high Compressive
strength than that of mortar with Crushed stone dust. [21] `
Kumar et al. (2015) has investigated the different
properties of cement mortar by replacing natural sand by M-
sand. He studied the cement mortar of 1:6 ratio of cement
sand and sand was replaced by M-sand at various
replacement and Strength and workability characteristics
were compared to normal cement mortar. The test results
showed that the strength and workability of mortar will
increase by replacing sand up to some level and decreased at
complete replacement. [17]
Maza et al. (2015) has studied the potential of making
mortar with binary sand in order to improve the physical
properties of sand. The increase in the quantity of mixing
water generated by addition of quarry waste was modified
by the addition of a super plasticizer or water reducing
admixture. The inclusion of crushed sand at replacement
levels of 40 % to 50% resulted in a increase in the
mechanical strength of the mortar. However, the improved
performance was observed when quarry waste as fine
aggregate was used in presence of chemical admixture (1%
of med flow 30). [13]
Ghoghare et al. (2015) has indicated that 25% replacement
level exhibit higher strength than the controlled sample and
the compressive strength of mortar is increased when using
stone dust as sand replacing material. But the strength get
decreased by the replacement of cement. Quarry dust at
25% replacement increases compressive strength but exceed
than 35% replacement decreases strength. Compressive
strength is increasing in addition of stone dust and by use of
metakaolin. The partial replacement of sand in mortar with
different proportion and with different water cement ratio
proves that it can be due to the extra fineness of quarry dust.
[6]
Ghogare et al. (2016) has studied that in case of cement
mortar, the naturally occurred sand can be replaced partially
by Stone by different proportion like 10%, 20%, 30% &
40%. The strength of mortar in 1:4 ratios, mortar containing
40% stone dust has given much higher strength than normal
mortar containing only sand as fine aggregate. For rich
mortar mixes, stone dust can be replaced up to 40%. Hence,
stone dust can be effectively used to replace natural sand,
without reduction in the strength of mortar with stone dust
replacement level up to 40%. [2]
Sahoo et al. (2016) has found that the Ureolytic-type
bacteria such as Bacillus sphaericus has been used to
improve the properties of cement mortar by the precipitation
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20
of calcium. The presence of bacteria could not affect the
setting time of mortar. It is found that at 28 days of curing
period of mortar cube it would increase compressive
strength with the increase of bacteria concentration. He
concluded that the average compressive strength increases
by 58% (at 7 day) and 23% (at 28 day) over the control
specimen, at the optimum bacteria dosage of 107 cells/ml.
The sorptivity coefficient decreases as the concentration of
bacterial cells increases. The mineralogy and morphology of
the calcium carbonate precipitation have been tested by
XRD and FESEM. [10]
III. CONCLUSIONS
Based on Literature Review the following conclusions are
drawn:
The alternative ways are found out to replace the natural
sand to prepare the sustainable mortar and a step to utilize
the waste and reduce the use of natural resources was taken
into account. A waste product of quarry plant, stone dust is
economical and available in large quantity. Stone dust can
be replaced which is passing through IS sieve no. 100 as a
fine aggregate in mortar. At different proportion quarry dust
is replaced like 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and
100%. But the best results showed at 40-70% replacement.
This sustainable mortar have the better properties than the
normal mortar and also economical. In addition for more
strength bacteria can be included in the mortar which will
do calcite precipitation and also protect from acid attacks.
The test results revealed that B. pasteurii bacteria will give
29% increase in strength of cement mortar than the control
cement mortar. At the optimum bacteria dosage of 10
cells/ml, maximum compressive strength increases by 58%
(at 7 day) and 23% (at 28 day), is achieved over the control
specimen.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Authors thankfully acknowledge to Dr. C. L. Patel,
Chairman, Charutar Vidya Mandal, and Er. V. M. Patel,
Hon. Jt. Secretary, Charutar Vidya Mandal, Prof. (Dr.)
Indrajit Patel, Principal, B.V.M. Engineering College,
Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India for their motivations and
infrastructural support to carry out this research.
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AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHY
Fenal Patel received her Bachelor in Technology Degree in Civil Engineering from the Chhotubhai Gopalbhai
Institute of Technology, UKA Tarsadia, in 2015. At present, she is final year student of Master's Degree in
Environmental Engineering from Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Gujarat Technological University.
Prof. Reshma L. Patel received her Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering from the Birla
Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Sardar Patel University in 1991. In 1993 she received her Master's Degree in Civil
(Environmental) Engineering from Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Sardar Patel University. She joined Birla
Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Engineering College as a faculty in 1994, where she is Associate Professor of Civil
Engineering Department with a total experience of 22 Years in the field of Research, Designing and education. She
is guiding M.E.(Environmental Engineering) Thesis work in the field of Civil/ Environmental Engineering. She has
published many papers in National/ International Conferences and International Journals.
Dr. Jayeshkumar R Pitroda received his bachelor of engineering degree in Civil Engineering from Birla
Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya Engineering College, Sardar Patel University in 2000. In 2009 he received his
master’s degree in Construction Engineering and Management form Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya Sardar
Patel University. In 2015 he received his Doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in Civil Engineering from Sardar
Patel University. He joined Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya Engineering College as a faculty in 2009, where he
is Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Department with a total experience of 16 years in the field of research,
designing and education. He is guiding M.E. (Construction Engineering and Management) thesis work in the field
of Civil / Construction Engineering. He has published many papers in National / International Conferences and
International Journals. He has published seven Research Books in the field of Civil Engineering, Rural Road
Construction, National Highways Construction, Utilization of Industrial Waste, Fly Ash Bricks, Construction
Engineering and Management, Eco-friendly Construction.
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