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Acute and subchronic toxicity studies of seabuckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides L.) oil in rodents
Abstract
Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) has been traditionally used as medicine and nutritional supplement for a long period of time. However, information on the systemic toxicity and safety evaluation of seabuckthorn and its extracts is still scarce. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of seabuckthorn oil by an acute oral toxicity study in mice and a 90-day repeated oral toxicity study in rats. No mortality or signs of toxicity was observed in mice treated with 20 mL/kg body weight seabuckthorn oil in the acute toxicity study. In the subchronic toxicity study, 80 Sprague-Dawley rats (10 animals per sex per treatment group) were administrated with 10, 5, 2.5 and 0 (control) mL/kg body weight of seabuckthorn oil daily for 90 days by gavage. There were no signs of toxicity and treatment-related changes in rats treated with seabuckthorn oil on mortality, body and organ weights, food consumption, blood biochemistry and hematology, gross necropsy and histopathological examinations. Based on the finding of this study, the maximum tolerated dose of seabuckthorn oil was >20 mL/kg for mice for acute toxicity study, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level was 10 mL/kg body weight for both male and female rats for 90-day toxicity study.
... Therefore, acute and subchronic toxicity studies of seabuckthorn berry (SB) oil in mice and rats were conducted in our group. Our results illustrated that the maximum tolerated dose of SB oil was 20 mL/kg body weight (bw) for mice and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 10 mL/kg bw for rats (Zhao et al. 2017). As part of a comprehensive toxicological assessment, this study aimed to examine the genotoxicity and teratogenicity of SB oil, so as to provide useful information for assessing the safe use of SB oil in food or as a dietary supplement. ...
... Well-ripened seabuckthorn berries were collected from the Altay Prefecture region in Xinjiang province of China. Seabuckthorn berries were prepared and extracted as reported in our recent publication (Zhao et al. 2017). Briefly, vacuum-dried powder of berries was extracted using a supercritical fluid extraction system (HA220-50-06, Nantong Hua'an Co. Ltd, Jiangsu, China) in the presence of carbon dioxide under a pressure of 27.6 MPa. ...
... Fatty acid composition of SB oil was determined according to the standardized protocol set by the China Food and Drug Administration (2016) and is as described in our previous study (Zhao et al. 2017). Palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 37.40%) and palmitic acid (C16:0, 37.36%) were the major fatty acids found in the oil, followed by C19:1(2) (11.01%), ...
As botanicals and dietary supplements are used increasingly in many countries, the issue of safety is particularly critical for regulation of food products containing these substances. Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) has been used for centuries as a medicine and nutritional supplement in Asia and Europe. However, data regarding to the safety assessment of the plant and its extracts is still rare. This study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of seabuckthorn berry (SB) oil conducted in three genotoxicity studies and a teratogenicity study. Results of the genotoxicity studies indicated that SB oil has no genotoxicity under the experimental conditions of this study. Specifically, SB oil did not display any mutagenic activity on histidine dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium under exposure concentrations of 8, 40, 200, 1000, and 5000 μg/plate; SB oil did not have significant effect on sperm morphology and have no influence on micronucleus rate of polychromatic erythrocytes in mice at doses of 9.36, 4.68, and 2.34 g/kg body weight. In the teratogenicity study, pregnant rats were treated with 4.68, 2.34, and 1.17 g/kg SB oil from gestation day 7 to 16 and no treatment-related maternal toxicity or embryo toxicity was observed. Taken together, these results support the safe use of seabuckthorn berry oil for potential dietary consumption in food or as a dietary supplement.
... On the other hand, the fraction exhibited protective role and decreased oxidative DNA damage induced by H 2 O 2 [37]. Regarding in vivo toxicity and genotoxicity, studies of oil from sea-buckthorn fruit also indicate the safety of its use as a food supplement [38,39]. The Ames test did not show mutagenic activity of this oil in S. typhimurium strain even at a concentration of 5000 μg/plate. ...
... In a micronucleus test in Kunming mice, they found no increase in ratio of micronucleated PCEs compared to the negative control [39]. According to these authors regarding the composition of the oils and fatty acids, palmitoleic acid (37.4 %) and palmitic acid (37.4 %) predominated, and the remaining components (including isoramnetin, 0.12 %) represented only 0.55 % [38]. However, the impact of sea-buckthorn low-polarity fractions DNA damage in human cells has not been sufficiently studied. ...
Due to the richness of bioactive substances and easy accessibility, sea-buckthorn can be an ingredient of currently popular functional food supporting anti-cancer therapy. Low-polarity fractions from fruit (OL), twigs (GL) and leaves (LL) were investigated. Compared to the previous scientific reports a more detailed analysis of the chemical composition of individual fractions was performed. Cytotoxicity of low-polarity fractions has been investigated and activity compared in human tumor and normal cells cultured in vitro. The genotoxicity and pro-apoptotic properties of low-polarity fractions were also followed on selected cell lines that had proved to be the most sensitive. In the proposed research model being tested, low-polarity fractions act cytotoxically, even 3 times more strongly in cancer cells than normal ones. Measurement of caspase 3/7 activity indicated that cell death occurs through apoptosis. Furthermore, high concentrations of low-polarity fractions have moderate genotoxic properties. Data obtained on the biological properties of low-polarity fractions from sea-buckthorn show that these fractions can potentially support cancer cells elimination. Phytotochemical analysis indicates the key role of the triterpenoids in this process.
... A subchronic 90-day oral toxicity study was conducted following a standard protocol set by the Ministry of Health of China [25][26][27]. A total of 80 healthy rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (3 treatment groups and 1 control group), with 10 males and 10 females in each group. ...
... For biochemical examination, blood samples were centrifuged (2,500 rpm) for 10 min, and serum was collected and analyzed for alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), glucose (GLU), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (CR) using an Olympus AU400 analyzer (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). All the commercial kits used for biochemical examinations were purchased from Beijing Wantai BioPharm Company (Beijing, China) [27]. ...
Common bean extract as a dietary supplement has received increased attention globally owing to its α -amylase inhibitory activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of a white kidney bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) extract by a repeated-dose 90-day subchronic oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. In the subchronic toxicity study, 80 rats were orally administrated with white kidney bean extract at doses of 4, 2, and 1 g/kg body weight daily for 90 days. The results showed that the white kidney bean extract at doses up to 4 g/kg/day did not induce significant changes in body weight, organ weight, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology in rats, as compared to the control. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of white kidney bean extract was determined to be >4 g/kg/day for both male and female rats, under the experimental conditions of this study.
... Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids have positive effects on neurological disorders, with observed anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities (Kumar et al., 2011). Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in animals have also shown that SBKT is non-toxic up to 90 days of repeated dosing in rats (Zhao et al., 2017). ...
... no toxicity has been reported for this plant's part extracts and oils. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies performed in Wistar rats have shown no signs of toxicity and reported a no-observedadverse-effect level of 10 ml/kg body weight (Zhao et al., 2017). Furthermore, no mutagenicity was observed from the SBKT exposure in histidine-dependent Salmonella typhimurium stain (Wen et al., 2018), suggesting no induction of genotoxicity by SBKT. ...
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by circumscribed, red, thickened plaques with overlying silvery white scales. It is associated with the release of pro-inflammatory mediators that lead to the development of edema and distress. Here we show the anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriatic efficacies of a neutraceutical sea buckthorn oil (SBKT) derived from the fruit pulp of Hippophae rhamnoides. Chemical analysis of the SBKT showed the presence of 16 major saturated, mono-, and polyunsaturated fatty acids components, imparting significant nutritional values. Efficacy of the SBKT in modulating psoriasis and associated inflammation was first tested in vitro using human monocytic (THP-1) cells. SBKT induced cytotoxicity at a dose of ≥25 µl/ml. Treatment of the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 cells with SBKT subdued the enhanced release of intracellular reactive nitrogen species and expression of NF-κB protein, in a concentration-dependent manner. This was accompanied by a reduction in the release of downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines: Interleukin-1ß and interleukin-6. Tumor necrosis factor-α released in the stimulated THP-1 cells were also inhibited by SBKT dose of 5 µl/ml. In vivo oral and topical treatment with SBKT in the Carrageenan-stimulated paw edema model, showed a significant decrease in paw volume and edema. In the 12-O tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) stimulated CD-1 mice psoriasis-like model, concurrent oral and tropical SBKT treatments substantially reduced ear edema and ear biopsy weights. Histopathologically, significant reduction in ear epidermal thickness and skin lesion scores was observed in the SBKT-treated animals. In conclusion, SBKT showed anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriasis-like efficacies in healing chemical-induced inflammation and psoriasis. The possible mode of action of SBKT was found through inhibition of reactive nitrogen species, and downregulation of NF-κB protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the present data suggest that Sea buckthorn oil can be used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriatic nutraceutical.
... It relieves the hematological damage, improves the immune system, restores the liver and kidney functions, and also assists in returning the health of those people who have received chemotherapy [6]. Some studies also indicated the safety of its use as a food supplement [28]. The plant material is commonly screened for the compounds of interest. ...
Plants find a special significance in the field of medicine due to their therapeutic value. Thrombolytic agents play a crucial role in the treatment of numerous human diseases including atherothrombotic diseases, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction. The current study was performed to evaluate the thrombolytic potential of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson (Sea buckthorn or SBT). The extract of leaves, stems, and berries of the investigated plant displayed 28%, 26%, and 44% blood clot lysis, respectively as compared to that of a standard thrombolytic agent namely streptokinase (59% lysis). The fruit extract of sea buckthorn was found to display higher thrombolytic potential as compared to that of its leaves and stem. It was concluded that the extract of leaves, stem, and berries of SBT may find applications in the future as a thrombolytic agent. The presence of important functional groups for instance, alcohol, aldehyde, alkyne, alkene, amines, and ester in different ariel parts of SBTwere verified by FTIR spectroscopy.
... A 90-day safety study showed that the NOAEL in rats was 100 mg/kg body weight/day of aqueous fruit extract of sea buckthorn (111). Furthermore, Zhao et al. (112) reported that the maximum tolerated dose of sea buckthorn oil in the acute toxicity study in mice was bigger than 18.72 g/kg. Ninety-day repeated oral toxicity tests in rats showed that the NOAEL was 9.36 g/kg body weight. ...
Sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides L.), an ancient miraculous plant, is of great interest because of its tenacity, richness in nutritional active substances, and biological activity. Sea buckthorn is a deciduous shrub or tree of the genus Hippophae in the family Elaeagnaceae . It is a pioneer tree species for soil improvement, wind and sand control, and soil and water conservation. Sea buckthorn contains many nutritional active components, such as vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols, fatty acids, and phytosterols. Moreover, sea buckthorn has many health benefits, such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, dermatological, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. Sea buckthorn not only has great medicinal and therapeutic potential, but also is a promising economic plant. The potential of sea buckthorn in the human food industry has attracted the research interest of researchers and producers. The present review mainly summarizes the phytochemistry, nutrients, health benefits, and food applications of sea buckthorn. Overall, sea buckthorn is a dietary source of bioactive ingredients with the potential to be developed into functional foods or dietary supplements for the prevention and treatment of certain chronic diseases, which deserves further research.
... It is also called vinegar willow and sour thorn due to its sour and astringent taste [1]. In addition, seabuckthorn berries are rich in nutrients and have good bioactive functions, such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic functions [2][3][4]. ...
Seabuckthorn berries are difficult to dry because the outermost surface is covered with a dense wax layer, which prevents moisture transfer during the drying process. In this study, uses of ultrasonic-assisted alkali (UA), pricking holes in the skin (PH) and their combination (UA + PH) as pretreatment methods prior to hot air drying and their effects on drying characteristics and quality attributes of seabuckthorn berries were investigated. Selected properties include color, microstructure, rehydration capacity, as well as total flavonoids, phenolics and ascorbic acid contents. Finally, the coefficient of variation method was used for comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that all pretreatment methods increased the drying rate; the combination of ultrasonic-assisted alkali (time, 15 min) and pricking holes (number, 6) (UA15 + PH6) had the highest drying rate that compared with the control group, the drying time was shortened by 33.05%; scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the pretreatment of UA could dissolve the wax layer of seabuckthorn berries, helped to form micropores, which promoted the process of water migration. All the pretreatments reduced the color difference and increased the lightness. The PH3 samples had the highest value of vitamin C content (54.71 mg/100 g), the UA5 and PH1 samples had the highest value of total flavonoid content (11.41 mg/g) and total phenolic content (14.20 mg/g), respectively. Compared to other pretreatment groups, UA15 + PH6 achieved the highest quality comprehensive score (1.013). Results indicate that UA15 + PH6 treatment is the most appropriate pretreatment method for improving the drying characteristics and quality attributes of seabuckthorn berries.
... Administration of the oil did not significantly influence food consumption and body weight gains, the weight of organs or their histology. The maximum tolerated dose of SB oil was determined as [ 20 mL kg -1 b.w. for mice, and the no-observedadverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was [ 10 mL kg -1 b.w. for rats (Zhao et al. 2017). Genotoxicity and teratogenicity of the same (or similar) oil was also determined, using mice and rats. ...
Sea buckthorn ( Elaeagnus rhamnoides ; syn. Hippophae rhamnoides ) is a thorny shrub or a small tree belonging to the Elaeagnaceae family, native to Eurasia. Sea buckthorn fruit is rich in vitamins and minerals, oils from the seeds and fruit flesh find use in medicine and the cosmetic industry or as nutraceutical supplements. Fruit, leaves and other parts of buckthorn have been used in traditional medicine, especially in China, Tibet, Mongolia, and Central Asia countries, and are a rich source of many bioactive substances. Due to its health-promoting and medicinal properties, the plant has been extensively investigated for several decades, and its phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties are well characterized. The years 2010–2021 brought significant progress in phytochemical research on sea buckthorn. Dozens of new compounds, mainly phenolics, were isolated from this plant. Numerous pharmacological studies were also performed, investigating diverse aspects of the biological activity of different extracts and natural products from sea buckthorn. This review focuses on the progress in research on sea buckthorn specialized metabolites made in this period. Pharmacological studies on sea buckthorn are also discussed. In addition, biosynthetic pathways of the main groups of these compounds have been shortly described.
Graphical abstract
... d efficacy study of sea buckthorn oil revealed no significant changes in many haematological, physiological, biochemical (creatinine, uric acid, urea, ALT, ALP and AST) and histopathological parameters in 3 groups of New Zealand white rabbits (0.5, 1, and 1.5 ml/kg body weight) with no mortality in any of the treatment groups (Rashid et al, 2011). Zhao et. al (2017) identified that sea buckthorn oil extracted from whole berry through a supercritical carbon dioxide method during 90-days toxicity study in rats indicated no adverse effects after oral administration. Additionally, in a very latest study by Wen et. al (2020) pregnant rats were treated with 4.68, 2.34, and 1.17 g/kg oil from gestation 7 ...
Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Sea Buckthorn) is a valuable multifunction plant largely distributed in Europe and Asia. In particular, the berries of sea buckthorn have been widely used as a food source like jam, juices, etc. The berry and seed of this plant are the main sources for its therapeutic and nutritional values. Thus, the plant has been extensively investigated for both of its nutritional and bioactive constituents. In general, the berries of this plant are rich in vitamins (C, E and K); while the ascorbic acid has been reported to be the primary vitamin, contributing to the acidic nature of the berries. Sea buckthorn berries also contain good amount of minerals like calcium and iron. On the other hand, the seed of sea buckthorn offers an excellent source of polyunsaturated fatty acids like palmitic acid, oleic acid and palmitoleic acid. Significant bioactive constituents in sea buckthorn including sitosterol, salicylic acid, tritepenoid, catechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin and carotenoids help in combating many diseases like cardiovascular diseases (angina), inflammation, cancer, gastric ulcer and epidermis issues. This review compiled the applications of sea buckthorn including a database of its nutritional and bioactive compounds which ultimately contribute towards the health promoting properties.
... Traditionally, sea buckthorn is mostly used in relieving cough, treating conditions of digestive system as well as some skin problems [53,54]. Sea buckthorn is a well-tolerated phytomedicine with no or few side effects, which is supported from acute and subchronic toxicity studies in animals [55,56]. Several clinical studies have also demonstrated that there were no adverse events after the administration of sea buckthorn [57][58][59][60]. ...
The desire to extend the wisdom of traditional health systems has motivated the trade of many phytomedicine on a global scale for centuries, especially some dietary herbs, making a great overlap exits between western and eastern phytomedicine. Despite the communication since ancient times, a key disconnect still exists in the dialog among western and eastern herbal researchers. There is very little systematic effort to tap into the friction and fusion of eastern and western wisdom in utilizing phytomedicine. In this review, we analyzed the similarities and differences of three representative phytomedicine, namely Rhodiola , seabuckthorn, and fenugreek, aiming to open up new horizons in developing novel health products by integrating the wisdom of the east and the west.
... One particularly important point for research is the emergence of toxicity, although it is rare. Toxicological research has shown that Rhodiola rosea (Gupta et al. 2008;Aiello et al. 2017), Hippophae rhamnoides (Saggu et al. 2007;Zhao et al. 2017), Gardenia yellow pigment (Mao et al. 2017), baicalin (Martinez Medina et al. 2017), Salvia miltiorrhiza and Cistanche deserticola have no acute or subacute toxicity in rats. The LD50 values were 28.6 mL/kg in Rhodiola rosea, 10 g/kg in Hippophae rhamnoides and 64 g/kg in Salvia miltiorrhiza. ...
Context
Despite the abundance of knowledge regarding high-altitude pulmonary edoema (HAPE) and high-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH), their prevalence continues to be on the rise. Thus, there is an urgent need for newer safe, effective, and relatively economic drug candidates. China is particularly known for the use of medicinal plants.
Objective
This review summarizes the medicinal plants used for HAPE and HAPH in the past 30 years, as well as some potential plants.
Methods
Publications on HAPE and HAPH from 1990 to 2020 were identified using Web of Science, PubMed, SCOPUS, Springer Link, Google Scholar databases, Chinese Clinical Trial Registry and CNKI with the following keywords: ‘medicinal plants,’ ‘hypoxia,’ ‘high altitude pulmonary edema,’ ‘high altitude pulmonary hypertension,’ ‘pathophysiology,’ ‘mechanisms,’ ‘prevention,’ ‘treatment,’ ‘human,’ ‘clinical,’ ‘safety,’ and ‘pharmacokinetics.’
Results
We found 26 species (from 20 families) out of 5000 plants which are used for HAPE and HAPH prevention or treatment. Rhodiola rosea Linn. (Crassulaceae) is the most widely utilized. The most involved family is Lamiaceae, which contains 5 species.
Discussion and Conclusions
We mainly reviewed the medicinal plants and mechanisms for the treatment of HAPE and HAPH, and we also assessed related toxicology experiments, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Potential medicinal plants were also identified. Further research is needed to determine the pharmacological effects and active ingredients of these potential medicinal plants.
... Efforts have been spent to explore the pharmacological activities while only a few studies have focused on the safety evaluation of the plant extracts [59,60]. In a study on mice, the maximum tolerated dose of seabuckthorn oil was >20 mL/kg for mice in relation to acute toxicity, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level was of 10 mL/kg body weight in both male and female rats regarding the 90-day toxicity study [61]. ...
This cytogenetic study evaluates the biostimulation potential of the aqueous extract of seabuckthorn fruits (AESF) in plant cells, using the Allium cepa species as a test plant. The effects were monitored both at the macroscopic and microscopically level. The onion bulbs were exposed to the action of different concentrations of AESF (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5%) for 72 h. The obtained results showed the positive effect induced by the aqueous extract on the growth of the meristematic roots, but only at concentrations ranging between 0.5–1.5%, when the average length of the roots had values between 2.51–3.40 cm, which means an increase compared to the untreated control with 3.71–40.49%. Within the same concentration range of the AESF, an effect of intensifying the mitotic activity was recorded. On the other hand, at the 2–2.5% concentration of the AESF, there was an inhibitory effect on the growth of meristematic roots. Additionally, concentrations ≥2% of AESF induced a cytotoxic and genotoxic effect through the occurrence of some chromosomal and nuclear abnormalities in A. cepa cells (sticky, laggards, ring chromosomes, and micronucleus). The obtained results suggest the biostimulation potential of the AESF for plant cells and the possibility of using it as an eco-friendly fertilizer.
... The plant is native to and widespread throughout the north-western Europe and Central Asia to the Altai Mountains. It is further distributed in the western and northern China, and the northern Himalayas (Heinz et al., 1998;Zhao et al., 2017). All parts of the plant are considered rich in biologically active substances. ...
In this study, the effects of sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves (SL) on the biochemical parameters and metabolomic profiling in Altay lamb (Ovis aries) were observed. Sixty six-month-old male Altay lambs (body weight 28.0 ± 3.5 kg) were randomly assigned to four groups (n=15). The experimental groups were named as CON, 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5%. The group CON, contained animals fed with a basal diet. Animals of the other groups were fed a treatment diet consisting of 2.5% (Group 2.5%), 5.0% (Group 5.0%) and 7.5% (Group 7.5%) SL. The experimental period lasted 56 days. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) increased with the increase in the levels of dietary SL. Dietary SL showed a direct relationship with total protein (TP), albumin, globulin and total cholesterol (TC) content of the experimental animals. However, an indirect relationship was observed between dietary SL and the concentration of urea nitrogen (UN). The concentrations of glucose, high -density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) showed quadratic change. Additional changes occurred in the endogenous metabolites involving multiple pathways. The pathways were tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the metabolism of protein and amino acid and the metabolism of fatty acid and steroid. The changes in metabolites primarily revealed an increase in amino acids and carbohydrates and a decrease in lipid metabolites. These findings provide a comprehensive insight into the effects of the metabolic aspects of sea-buckthorn leaves on Altay lambs. In addition, the present research results provide a better understanding to the development and utilization of sea-buckthorn as a healthy additive for small ruminant production.
... The aqueous extract of SBT fruit was found non-toxic in the rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight/day for 90 days [94]. Fruit oil from supercritical fluid extraction showed no adverse effect level 10 mL/kg body weight for both male and female rats for 90day [95]. These studies have shown extracts from various parts of SBT to be safe. ...
Introduction: Seabuckthorn (SBT) has received worldwide attention for therapeutic, nutraceutical and cosmetic purposes. It is used for the treatment of a number of diseases. Hundreds of commercial products containing seabuckthorn are available in the market.
Areas covered: This review article covers patents on the therapeutic potential of seabuckthorn and its chemical constituents. The therapeutic areas covered in this review include cancer, cardiovascular, diabetes, inflammation, anti-oxidant, and anti-microbial. The patents were searched through Sci-finder, Espacenet, Google Patent, and US Patent.
Expert opinion: Plant based drugs have played an important role in the modern drug industry. Since ancient times, seabuckthorn has been used to cure several ailments. SBT has emerged as an important plant which has been investigated for numerous pharmacological properties and shown to be beneficial in a number of therapeutic areas. Several clinical trials have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of seabuckthorn for the treatment of many diseases including cardiovascular, inflammation, diabetes, platelet inhibition etc. There is huge potential for developing standardized herbal products from different parts of SBT.
The purpose of this meta‐analysis is to explore whether the supplement of sea buckthorn affects the factors related to metabolic syndrome. The related RCTs from five databases were systematically searched and comprehensively random effects model was used to calculate SMD and 95% CI. The Cochrane deviation risk tool was used to evaluate the deviation risk. Fifteen studies were involved in the meta‐analysis. First, sea buckthorn supplementation reduced triglycerides [−0.722 (−1.129, −0.316); p < .001], total cholesterol [−0.345 (−0.639, −0.051); p = .021], low density lipoprotein cholesterol [−0.396 (−0.755, −0.037); p = .031], and increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol [0.370 (0.056, 0.684); p = .021] in overall subjects. Second, subgroup analysis showed that sea buckthorn supplementation reduced lipids only in people with abnormal lipid metabolism. Third, sea buckthorn had no effect on blood sugar, blood pressure, and BMI of the overall subjects. Sea buckthorn may affect the lipid metabolism in circulation, but it cannot affect blood glucose, blood pressure, and BMI. These indicators are closely associated with metabolic syndrome. This study may contribute to the development and utilization of sea buckthorn, and may provide a new and safer way for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. The limitation of this study is high heterogeneity, even if subgroup analysis is used. However, more clinical studies are needed to determine the real effect of sea buckthorn on metabolic syndrome.
This research applied the micro wet milling (MWM) process to develop zero waste, whole sea buckthorn (SBT) juice with pulp and seeds. The optimum MWM operational conditions of feeding rate at 10 mL/min, a rotational speed at 50 rpm, and an adjusted gap between the two millstones by pressed of 43.03 kN were achieved along with a higher yield of minimal particle sizes (D50 of 10.4 µm) of the juice. The MWM SBT juice showed better color, smaller particle size, significantly higher antioxidant properties and total phenolics in comparison to the mixer milled and commercial SBT juice. HPLC analysis of SBT juice revealed that higher amounts of low molecular weight organic acids and phenolic compounds was found in the MWM SBT juice than commercial SBT juice. The microbiological analysis showed that initial total viable count of MWM SBT juice was within the permissible limit of standard.
Sea buckthorn (SB), also named sea berry, Hippophae rhamnoides L. or Elaeagnus rhamnoides L., has been used in daily life for centuries with kinds of purposes ranging from a beverage with a pleasant taste and flavor, to an agent for treatment of many disorders and diseases. SB is well known more than just a fruit. So far, a unique mixture of bioactive components was elucidated in SB including flavonoids, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, carotenoids, fatty acids, triterpenoids, vitamins and phytosterols, which implied the great medicinal worth of this seaberry. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments, ranged from cell lines to animals as well as a few in patients and healthy volunteers, indicated that SB possessed various biological activities including anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, antioxidant properties, anti-cancer activities, hepato-protection, cardiovascular-protection, neuroprotection, radioprotection, skin protection effect as well as the protective effect against some eye and gastrointestinal sickness. Furthermore, the toxicological results revealed neither the fruits, nor the seeds of SB were toxic. The present review summarizes the unique profile of the chemical compounds, the nutritional and health effects as well as the toxicological properties of SB, which lay the foundation for practical applications of SB in treatment of human diseases.
Melanoma anti-tumor therapy remains a challenge. SiRNA-based therapies provide a powerful means, but limitations remain in its pharmaceutical applications owing to the lack of highly efficient delivery systems. In this study, to improve the siRNA delivery efficiency of chitooligosaccharide (COS), phenylboronic acid (PBA)-modified COS was synthesized and structurally characterized. PBA-modified COSs were used to deliver survivin-targeted siRNA for melanoma treatment. The siRNA-loaded nanoparticles were prepared by a synergetic assembly of electrostatic complexation and chemical cross-linking. The particle size and zeta potential were characterized by dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy was utilized to observe the morphology of the nanoparticles. The cellular uptake of nanoparticles on B16F10 cells was studied by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. A luciferase reporter gene assay determined the gene silencing efficiency of different nanoparticles. As a result, the novel nanoparticles remarkably inhibited the proliferation of B16F10 cells in vitro and significantly inhibited the growth and metastasis of melanoma in vivo. In conclusion, PBA-modified COSs can serve as a promising carrier for siRNA delivery in the field of anti-tumor therapy.
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) pulp oils (SPOs) are rich in a variety of beneficial bioactive ingredients. Nevertheless, SPOs would be exposed to plastic equipment during processing, resulted in increasing phthalates contents and edible risk, as well as affecting oil quality. For these reasons, the effects of two stages steam distillation (SD2) and two stages molecular distillation (MD2) on phthalic acid esters (PAEs) content were investigated and compared in the present work. Compared with SD2, MD2 showed higher removal rates of seven selected PAEs from the SPO. Even if the initial concentration of DBP and DEHP in R-SPO were 1.626 and 10.933 mg/kg respectively, the concentration of DBP and DINP could be reduced below the limit set by China government after treated with MD2. Besides that, there was no trans-fatty acids generated in SPO during the distillation process.
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is in the focus of interest mainly for its positive effects on health of both human and animal organisms. The whole plant of sea buckthorn and especially its berries are a source of a large number of different bioactive compounds. The greatest attention has been drawn to its high content of vitamins, minerals, natural antioxidants, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, and proteins. Sea buckthorn is valued for its antioxidant, cardioprotective, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulatory, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and vasorelaxant effects. Due to these and other positive effects, the plant is included in both human and animal nutrition, in the latter case to increase the biological value of animal products. This review summarises the botanical characteristics of sea buckthorn, lists the bio-active substances contained in individual parts of the plant, their effects in the prevention of a number of different diseases and their possible utilisation in human and animal nutrition. © 2015, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the safety of seabuckthorn (SBT) (Hippophae rhamnoides L. Elaeagnaceae) leaves added in the diet of Japanese quail. Materials and Methods: A total of ninety quail chicks were randomly divided into 2 groups and fed a standard quail chick mash added with or without 2% SBT leaf powder (Group SX), and a standard quail chick mash (Group CX, control) for 21 days. Six animals from each group were randomly sacrificed at 7, 14 and 21 day post feeding. Blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological studies. Results: The inclusion of SBT in quail diet did not affect the weekly body weights, clinical signs or mortality among the birds. The serum biochemical parameters like alanine transaminase, total protein, albumin, cholesterol and uric acid values in SBT treated group were found at par with those in the control group. Gross and histopathological studies of various internal organs such as liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, proventriculus, small intestine, bursa and thymus did not reveal any significant lesions in the tissue sections. However, proliferation of lymphoid tissue was a prominent finding noted in different lymphoid organs. Conclusion: In conclusion, the addition of seabuckthorn leaf powder at 2% level in the diet of Japanese quail was found to be safe and it can be used as a feed additive.
Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) has been widely used in Mexico as a food and for the treatment of different health disorders such as inflammation and skin aging. Its biological properties have been attributed to different phytochemicals such as the isorhamnetin glycosides which are the most abundant flavonoids. Moreover, these compounds are considered a chemotaxonomic characteristic of OFI species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of OFI extract and its isorhamnetin glycosides on different inflammatory markers in vitro and in vivo. OFI extract was obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of OFI cladodes powder and pure compounds were obtained by preparative chromatography. Nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, and interleukin- (IL-) 6 production were measured. NO production was tested in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells while in vivo studies were carried on croton oil-induced ear edema model. OFI extract and diglycoside isorhamnetin-glucosyl-rhamnoside (IGR) at 125 ng/mL suppressed the NO production in vitro (73.5 ± 4.8% and 68.7 ± 5.0%, resp.) without affecting cell viability. Likewise, IGR inhibited the ear edema (77.4 ± 5.7%) equating the indomethacin effects (69.5 ± 5.3%). Both IGR and OFI extract significantly inhibited the COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 production. IGR seems to be a suitable natural compound for development of new anti-inflammatory ingredient.
In Northeast part in Turkey, wild grown fruits are abundant and they are widely collected and consumed by rural peoples. In this study, the fruits of seven sea buckthorn genotypes from Northeast in Turkey were sampled and analyzed for their total phenolic content, vitamin C, total anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity. Total phenolic, vitamin C and total anthocyanin content varied from 213 to 262 mg GAE/100g FW; 28-85 mg/100 g and 3-21 mg/L among genotypes. Antioxidant capacity analyses (in DPPH and β-carotene method) showed that all samples had a high antioxidant (average 94.23% in β-Carotene and 31.23% in DPPH) capacity.
ippophaë rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae), commonly known as sea buckthorn, is a thorny bush with orange berries naturally distributed in Asia and Europe. Fruits of H. rhamnoides have been used by Chinese, Mongolian and Tibetan medicines for decades, and possessed considerable medicinal and nutritional values like antimicrobial, antitumoral, antioxidant and dermatological effects [1,2].
However the therapeutic potential and phytochemical diversity of the other H. rhamnoides parts remain unexplored. In this work we present the phytochemical and bio-activities screening of seed, leaf, stem and root of H. rhamnoides. The crude extracts were obtained by Pressurised Liquid Extraction (PLE) using ethanol. Each extract was then partitioned by liquid-liquid extraction using three solvents of different polarities: aqueous, ethyl acetate and hexane. The antimicrobial effect, the total phenolic content, the reducing power (FRAP), and the free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) of crude extracts and their fractions were evaluated. H. rhamnoides organs have all antibacterial values and that the most antioxidant potential was found in root and seed extracts. Furthermore, the antimicrobial and the antioxidant activities were found in the aqueous fraction. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analyses of aqueous fractions showed that they were mainly constituted of sugar and polyphenolic compounds. The bio-activities were consequently attributed to the polyphenolic compounds present in active fractions of seed, leaf, stem and root of H. rhamnoides.
The present study was performed to assess the sub-chronic toxicity and efficacy study of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L) oil administered intramuscularly in New Zealand white rabbits. Seabuckthorn oil was administered intramuscularly, at doses of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 ml/kg body weight in three groups of animals and the dose was scheduled once in a week up to seven weeks. Total antioxidant status was studied after the first intramuscular administration of oil that act as depot and provide sustained effect for prolong period of time. The clinical signs of toxicity data were collected and observed daily. No mortality was seen in any of the treatment groups during the course of study. Various physiological, hematological, biochemical (AST, ALT, ALP, Uric acid, Urea and creatinine) as well as histopathological parameters were studied and found not to be changed significantly, indicating that intramuscular seabuckthorn oil is non toxic even at higher dose level in rabbits. The studies revealed significant increase (p<0.05) in total antioxidant activity in the serum sample with increase in doses. Overall safety and tolerability profile of seabuckthorn oil administered intramuscularly is proved good and does not appear to carry risk of serious adverse effects. The results obtained also indicates efficacy of oil in terms of total antioxidant capacity and may be used as a vehicle for sustained release formulations.
In the present study, the process of separation and purification of isohamnetin from marc of sea buckthorn was obtained. The antioxidant properties of the pure isolated isorhamnetin were evaluated by the scavenging of the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), iron (III) to iron (II)-reducing, and iron-chelating assays. High purity isorhamnetin (92.1%) was obtained and the results of antioxidant assays showed that isorhamnetin performed significantly compared with ascorbic acid and BHT, and the linear correlations were good in these assays. In conclusion, isorhamnetin may have potential as a natural antioxidant to alternate synthetic substances as food additive with its antioxidant activity.
Xylans are present naturally in various plants and have important uses in nutrition, food, novel material and biotechnology; however, to date, data regarding their systemic toxicity and safety evaluation is still limited. This study investigated the potential toxicity of xylan from sugarcane bagasse by a subchronic toxicity study in rats. A total of 80 male and female rats were fed with diets containing 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 0% (control) xylan for 90 days. A toxicological assessment was performed including mortality, body and organ weights, food consumption, blood biochemistry, hematology, urinalysis, gross necropsy and histopathological examinations. There were no signs of toxicity and treatment-related changes in rats treated with xylan. The no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of xylan were 9.0 g kg⁻¹ bw for males and 10.6 g kg⁻¹ bw for females of rats under this experimental condition, respectively.
Common sea buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae), is a small fruit tree widely distributed throughout Europe and Asia. Because H. rhamnoides plants are actinorhizal and tolerant of abiotic stresses, they grow in nutritionally-poor environments where it is difficult to grow other crops. Furthermore, sea buckthorn is rich in vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids, and phenolic compounds, and is used for medicinal purposes and as food in some parts of the World. In this review, we discuss (i) the pharmaceutical efficacy of H. rhamnoides; (ii) research on the sugars and acids contents of H. rhamnoides fruit, because it is part of the diet in some cultures and also shows promise as a functional food; and (iii) the various fruit phenotypes of sea buckthorn found in India and Russia because a high level of genetic diversity is important for improving fruit quality and yield. Few reviews on the medicinal and nutritional properties of H. rhamnoides have been published in the field of horticultural science. Sharing knowledge on this topic will contribute to the goal of improving the characteristics of sea buckthorn and increasing fruit production.
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) contains a large number of versatile compounds with antioxidant and hence medical properties that have been reported from time to time. Intensive work on the medical properties of sea buckthorn has concluded incredible results like the effects on atherosclerosis, anti-visceral obesity, platelet aggregation, inflammation, adverse stressful situations, and that of liver injury. Only a few studies have been conducted on the safety evaluation of the plant extract but importantly no study has deemed it unsafe for animal or human consumption till date. Considering the fact that no significant changes have been observed in organ weight/body weight ratios, of any vital organ studied (except liver and kidney in 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg body weight doses, respectively) and biochemical and hematological parameters in different animal trials with an lethal dose for 50% reduction of population (LD50) of >10 g/kg when given orally, there is scope for further investigations regarding its safety in the daily diet as a protective medicine.
Absorption, metabolism, and tissue concentrations of quercetin were examined and compared in mice and rats after oral administration of quercetin at 50 or 100 mg/kg. Quercetin was absorbed quickly in mice and reached maximum plasma concentration in I hr post-administration, and declined sharply after 4 hr. Plasma concentration of isorhamnetin, a major metabolite, also increased sharply, indicating rapid metabolic conversion, but elevated level was maintained longer than that of quercetin. Quercetin and isorhamnetin were found predominantly in glucuronide/sulfate-conjugate forms in both mice and rats. Tissue concentrations of quercetin and isorhamnetin in mice and rats were in the order of liver>kidney>spleen>plasma both 1 and 6 hr postadministration. These results show that quercetin is absorbed in mice after oral feeding and quickly metabolized into isorhamnetin as demonstrated in humans and other animal species. The results also can be used to explain various pharmacological activities reported in mouse models.
Quercetin is present in noticeable amount in human diet and this polyphenolic molecule is supposed to exert beneficial effects on human health. However, its intestinal absorption and its metabolic fate in the organism have not received much attention. In the present study, rats were fed a control or a 0.25% quercetin diet, and the plasma, urine, and bile metabolites of the dietary quercetin were analyzed by HPLC. Conjugated derivatives of quercetin and isorhamnetin, a 3′-O-methylated form of quercetin, were identified in the plasma from the rats fed quercetin. After deconjugation, the concentration of aglycones in the plasma reached 120 ± 16 μmol/L, with an isorhamnetin/quercetin ratio of about 5. In bile and in urine, where the 4-oxo-flavonoid concentration were 378 ± 42 and 128 ± 19 μmol/L respectively, conjugated derivatives of quercetin and isorhamnetin, but also of tamarixetin, a 4′-O-methylated form of quercetin were recovered. In plasma, the 4-oxo-flavonoid metabolites are bound to albumin, which induces a bathochromic effect. The bathochromic and chromogenic responses depend on the presence of the unsaturated C2C3 bound of the C-ring and on the presence of hydroxyl groups on the B-ring. Studies on 4-oxo-flavonoid bioavailability could allow a better understanding of the nutritional effects of various type of plant products.
Seabuckthorn is a rich source of nutrients and bioactive components beneficial for human health. Fruit juice is rich in sugar, organic acids, amino acids, essential fatty acids, phytosterol, flavonoids, vitamins and mineral elements. There are 24 minerals and 18 kinds of free amino acids in seabuckthorn juice. The total quantity of phytosterol in seabuckhtorn exceeds soybean oil by 4-20 times. Seabuckthorn seed is a source of valuable oil characterized by high oleic acid content and one to one ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The oil absorbs ultraviolet light and promotes healthy skin. The leaves contain many nutrients and bioactive substances such as carotenoids, free and esterified sterols, triterpenols, and isoprenols. Seabuckthorn has been used in traditional system of medicine for centuries. Beneficial effects of seabuckthorn on human health have been extensively investigated and substantiated by studies, suggesting a great potential of the plant for maintaining and promoting human health. Recent research has supported and extended the traditional uses of the plant for treatment of various diseases. The unique and valuable characteristics of seabuckthorn shrub serve as a storehouse for researchers in the field of biotechnology, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and environmental sciences. Traditional usage coupled with commercial value and modern scientific research has immense scope to benefit the modern society from the lesser known shrub.
Common sea buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae), is a small fruit tree widely distributed throughout Europe and Asia. Because H. rhamnoides plants are actinorhizal and tolerant of abiotic stresses, they grow in nutritionally-poor environments where it is difficult to grow other crops. Furthermore, sea buckthorn is rich in vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids, and phenolic compounds, and is used for medicinal purposes and as food in some parts of the World. In this review, we discuss (i) the pharmaceutical efficacy of H. rhamnoides; (ii) research on the sugars and acids contents of H. rhamnoides fruit, because it is part of the diet in some cultures and also shows promise as a functional food; and (iii) the various fruit phenotypes of sea buckthorn found in India and Russia because a high level of genetic diversity is important for improving fruit quality and yield. Few reviews on the medicinal and nutritional properties of H. rhamnoides have been published in the field of horticultural science. Sharing knowledge on this topic will contribute to the goal of improving the characteristics of sea buckthorn and increasing fruit production.
The present investigation was undertaken to determine the safety and efficacy of supercritical CO2-extracted Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Sea buckthorn) (SBT) seed oil on burn wound model. SBT seed oil was co-administered by two routes at a dose of 2.5 ml/kg body weight (p.o.) and 200 μl (topical) for 7 days on experimental burn wounds in rats. The SBT seed oil augmented the wound healing process as indicated by significant increase in wound contraction, hydroxyproline, hexosamine, DNA and total protein contents in comparison to control and reference control treated with silver sulfadiazine (SS) ointment. Histopathological findings further confirmed the healing potential of SBT seed oil. SBT seed oil treatment up-regulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and 9), collagen type-III and VEGF in granulation tissue. It was observed that SBT seed oil also possesses antioxidant properties as evidenced by significant increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) level and reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in wound granulation tissue. In acute and sub-acute oral toxicity studies, no adverse effects were observed in any of the groups administered with SBT seed oil. These results suggest that the supercritical CO2-extracted Sea buckthorn seed oil possesses significant wound healing activity and have no associated toxicity or side effects.
Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the conditions of supercritical CO2 extraction of the whole berry oil from sea buckthorn. The effects of pressure, temperature, CO2 flow rate and extraction time on the yield of oil, vitamin E and carotenoids were investigated. Results showed that the data were adequately fitted into three second-order polynomial models. The independent variables, the quadratics of pressure and extraction time, the interactions between pressure and temperature, pressure and extraction time, temperature and extraction time, as well as flow rate and extraction time had a significant effect on the yield of the oil, vitamin E or carotenoids. It was predicted that the optimum extraction conditions within the experimental ranges would be the extraction pressure of 27.6 MPa and temperature of 34.5 °C with flow rate of 17.0 L/h and extraction time of 82.0 min. Under such parameters, the yields of oil, vitamin E and carotenoids were predicted to be 208.0 g/kg, 288.7 mg/kg and 620.0 mg/kg dry sea buckthorn berry, respectively. Monounsaturated fatty acids were predominant in the whole berry oil, accounting for over 62% of the total fatty acids.
The effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L., Elaeagnaceae), leaf aqueous extract were examined in rats for its adaptogenic activity and toxicity. Dose dependent adaptogenic study of extract was carried out at different doses administered orally, 30 min prior to cold (5 °C)–hypoxia (428 mmHg)–restraint (C–H–R) exposure. After sub-acute toxicity studies on 10 and 20 times doses of maximal effective dose administered for 14 days (single oral dose of 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg once daily) and maximal effective dose administered for 30 days (single oral dose of 100 mg/kg once daily), biochemical and hematological parameters were studied in the serum and blood. The maximal effective adaptogenic dose of the extract was 100 mg/kg body weight. No significant changes were observed in organ weight/body weight ratios, of any vital organ studied (except liver and kidney in 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg body weight doses, respectively), and biochemical and hematological parameters of the sub-acute drug treated animals in comparison to control rats. In acute toxicity study LD50 of the extract was observed to be >10 g/kg when given orally. These results indicate that seabuckthorn leaf aqueous extract possess potent adaptogenic activity with no toxicity even after sub-acute (30 days) maximal effective dose administration.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL CONTEXT: This review explores the medicinal and therapeutic applications of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in curtailing different types of acute as well as chronic maladies. The plant is being used in different parts of the world for its nutritional and medicinal properties.
Sea buckthorn based preparations have been extensively exploited in folklore treatment of slow digestion, stomach malfunctioning, cardiovascular problems, liver injury, tendon and ligament injuries, skin diseases and ulcers. In the recent years, medicinal and pharmacological activities of Sea buckthorn have been well investigated using various in vitro and in vivo models as well as limited clinical trials.
Sea buckthorn has been scientifically analyzed and many of its traditional uses have been established using several biochemical and pharmacological studies. Various pharmacological activities such as cytoprotective, anti-stress, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, anti-atherogenic, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and tissue regeneration have been reported.
It is clear that Sea buckthorn is an important plant because of its immense medicinal and therapeutic potential. However, several knowledge gaps identified in this paper would give impetus to new academic and R&D activities especially for the development of Sea buckthorn based herbal medicine and nutraceuticals.
In the present study the effect of quercetin and its major metabolites quercetin-3-glucuronide (Q3G) and isorhamnetin on inflammatory gene expression was determined in murine RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Quercetin and isorhamnetin but not Q3G significantly decreased mRNA and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore a significant decrease in mRNA levels of interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α and inducible nitric oxide synthase was evident in response to the quercetin treatment. However Q3G did not affect inflammatory gene expression. Anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin and isorhamnetin were accompanied by an increase in heme oxygenase 1 protein levels, a downstream target of the transcription factor Nrf2, known to antagonize chronic inflammation. Furthermore, proinflammatory microRNA-155 was down-regulated by quercetin and isorhamnetin but not by Q3G. Finally, anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin were confirmed in vivo in mice fed quercetin-enriched diets (0.1 mg quercetin/g diet) over 6 weeks.
Hippophae rhamnoides, is a high altitude plant, possesses immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and adaptogenic activity and is widely used in treatment of various diseases. The present study was designed to ascertain the safety of aqueous extract of H. rhamnoides fruit when administered by gavage to rats for 90 days. Four groups of animals, each consisting of 15 males and 15 females, were administered 0, 100, 250, or 500 mg/kg extract, in a single dose/day. There were no treatment related change in mean body weight, organ/body weight ratio, histological, hematological and biochemical parameters studied in rats of either sex administered with extract at any dose evaluated. However, a significant increase in plasma glucose levels was observed in animals supplemented with 250 or 500 mg/kg extract, which returned to normal after a 2-week withdrawal of treatment. These results indicate no adverse effects of extract at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight/day in rats administered for 90-days. Based on the findings of this study, the NOAEL was 100mg/kg body weight/day of aqueous fruit extract of seabuckthorn in rats.
Ten compounds were isolated from the fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides. On the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods, the structures of these compounds were elucidated as hippophae cerebroside (1), oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), 19-alpha-hydroxyursolic acid (4), dulcioic acid (5), 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarbox-aldehyde (6), cirsiumaldehyde (7), octacosanoic acid (8), palmitic acid (9) and 1-O-hexadecanolenin (10). Among them, 1 was a new compound, and 4-7 and 10 were obtained from the genus for the first time.
The aim of this study is to evaluate possible harmful effects of high doses of t-pterostilbene (t-PTER) and quercetin (QUER) in Swiss mice. Mice were fed during 28 days at doses of 0, 30, 300, and 3000 mg/kg body weight/day of t-PTER, QUER, or a mixture of both, t-PTER + QUER, which are equivalent to 5, 50, and 500 times, respectively, the estimated mean human intake of these polyphenols (25 mg/day). Daily oral administration of QUER, t-PTER, or a mixture of both of them did not cause mortality during the experimental period. There were no differences in food and water consumption on sex. No significant body weight gain in the male or female groups was observed. Red blood cell number and the hematocrit increased after polyphenols administration compared to control groups. Biochemical parameters were not affected. Histopathological examination revealed no alterations in clinical signs or organ weight at any dose.
Epidemiological studies indicate beneficial effects of flavonoids on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
To study the effect of flavonoid-rich sea buckthorn berry (SBB) on circulating lipid markers associated with CVD risk and plasma flavonol concentration. Also investigated was whether changes in the circulating flavonol concentrations correlate with the SBB induced changes in C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration observed previously.
In all 229 healthy participants completed the randomized double-blind study and consumed daily 28 g of SBB or placebo for 3 months. Fasting blood samples for the analysis of lipid markers and flavonols were obtained at the beginning and end of the study.
Compared to the placebo, the consumption of SBB increased the plasma concentration of the flavonols quercetin and isorhamnetin significantly [treatment differences 3.0 ng/ml (P = 0.03) and 3.9 ng/ml (P < 0.01), respectively]. The increase of kaempferol concentration was not significant [treatment difference 0.7 ng/ml (P = 0.08)]. SBB did not affect the serum total, HDL, LDL cholesterol, or the serum triacylglycerol concentrations. There was no correlation between the changes in flavonol and CRP concentrations of participants.
The consumption of SBB significantly increased the fasting plasma concentration of quercetin and isorhamnetin indicating that it is a good dietary source of flavonols. However, this did not convert to affecting the circulating concentrations of lipid markers in healthy, normolipidemic adults having healthy diets.
The effects of isorhamnetin, rhamnetin and quercetin on the serum and liver cholesterol concentrations, liver lipoperoxide (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances: TBARS) content, and antioxidative enzyme activities were examined with rats fed on cholesterol-enriched and cholesterol-free diets. The total serum cholesterol of those rats fed with the cholesterol-enriched diet was decreased by feeding each all these flavonoids. The total liver cholesterol concentration and TBARS content in the rats fed with the cholesterol-free diet were decreased by feeding isorhamnetin, rhamnetin and quercetin. The activities of liver superoxide dismutase and catalase were almost unaffected by feeding these flavonoids. These results, the in vitro antioxidative activities of isorhamnetin, rhamnetin and quercetin, and the activities of these flavonoids in suppressing the generation of the superoxide anion in vitro suggest the possibility that the lower liver TBARS content in those rats fed on the cholesterol-free diet with added flavonoids is ascribable in part to the direct antioxidative and superoxide anion generation-suppressing activities of flavonoids and/or their metabolites absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
There is an increasing interest in the usage of chromatographic methods on the analysis of chemical compounds present in Hippophae rhamnoides L. In this paper, the chromatographic techniques applied for the determination, separation and identification of chemical compounds of H. rhamnoides L. are reviewed. We examined the existing chromatographic methods based on separations by paper and thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis and also methods of detection by ultraviolet absorption, fluorescence, refractive index, electrochemical and mass spectrometry. Biological properties of the plant and its pharmacological effects and use in traditional medicine have also been reviewed.
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) as a potential source of nutraceutics and its therapeutic possibilities-a review
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