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A Process Full of Challenges: A Serious Game About the German Energy Transition
Abstract
The implementation of the german energy transition (Energiewende) is unclear in its configuration and timeframe. The future of the transition depends on more than factors such as technological development, economic feasibility and political framing. Rather, maintaining a positive attitude by society and its understanding is significant. Therefore, effectively communicating the complex process of energy transition is essential. For preserving the variety of aspects and the multitude of perspectives in this open process we choose the format of a serious game. We explain why we think developing serious games can be an appropriate tool for that purpose. Contrary to existing games on that topic, we focused on motives, attitudes and their implications in a world full of contradictions and caprices in everyday life. We created an innovative adventure, which focusses on the energy transition. This topic represents a challenge because it bears complex interrelations (technical, political, social) and strong polarization in debate. In order to achieve a compelling game experience as well as a learning outcome, we use a set of characters to represent different attitudes. While dealing with job-related and day-to-day tasks, the characters run into the dilemma of foiling their commitment to sustainability. In the quest of a balance between consumption and happiness, they have to make energy-aware decisions and cooperate with each other.
... Pour modéliser ces comportements, différentes méthodes ont été utilisées pour offrir un cadre expérimental permettant d'analyser la prise de décision, les interactions sociales et la résolution de problèmes dans des contextes difficiles à observer en conditions réelles. Les serious games, par exemple, constituent un outil accessible et ludique pour explorer la complexité des systèmes énergétiques (Müller et al., 2017 ;Allani et al. , 2023). Les simulations immersives de la réalité, via les serious games, permettent d'observer les réactions des individus pour orienter les stratégies de gestion d'une CER en fonction de leurs objectifs individuels et collectifs (Luo et al., 2017). ...
L’optimisation du partage d’énergie renouvelable dans les Communautés d'Énergie Renouvelable (CER) repose sur la mutualisation des profils de consommation. Cependant, l’intégration des comportements humains dans les modèles de simulation reste un défi. Nous proposons un modèle théorique, le Trèfle Serenity, structurant ces dynamiques à travers quatre sous-systèmes : ressources, technique, économique et humain. En modélisant des profils variés (économe, écologiste, confortable), nous analysons une première approche de l’impact des décisions individuelles sur la viabilité énergétique et économique des CER. Nos résultats visualisent la surproduction estivale et montre que la rentabilité influence les choix d’investissement et d’adhésion. Elle expose aussi comment la gestion du surplus révèle des contradictions avec la sobriété énergétique.
... However, so far, the economic literature has described few digital serious games in which gamification techniques are explicitly used to generate research data (see e.g., Müller et al. 2017). Due to the global expansion of the internet and the corresponding mobile end devices, well-designed serious games have the potential to generate extensive data material that can be used to test or further develop economic theories. ...
In the 21st century, two main challenges for economic research are to propose effective solutions to shape the digital transformation and mitigate human-induced climate change. Research on digital transformation is closely linked to various privacy-related issues, which mostly relate to the preferences and decisions of individuals. In contrast, climate change research examines which factors impede effective cooperation among multiple individuals and investigates how common goals, such as limiting climate change, can be achieved. The link between economics of privacy and environmental economics is that many digital technologies have the potential to generate positive externalities that can contribute to the provision or maintenance of public goods. However, in many cases these digital technologies are characterized by the fact that their use requires the disclosure of personal information. The potential success of these technologies and institutional mechanisms therefore largely depends on social acceptance towards these technologies and institutional mechanisms. Each paper in this cumulative dissertation contributes to the broader question of how economic experiments can contribute to evaluate and potentially increase the efficiency of institutions and technologies that can provide or maintain public goods. The first paper investigates whether the publication process of journals in the field of experimental economics can potentially be improved. The remaining five papers focus directly or indirectly on different but related public goods problems which are closely linked to privacy or environmental issues. Methodologically, the six papers share the feature that they either directly apply the experimental method for their individual research questions or use the results of experimental literature to derive hypotheses and explain empirical outcomes in specific privacy-related contexts. In the field of privacy, the dissertation identifies factors that influence data sharing in several smartphone apps from key industries of the digital transformation and on employer review platforms. In the area of environmental economics, the first paper proposes an institutional mechanism that can increase the willingness to contribute to recycling systems, and the second paper shows that the ability to exploit a public good can impede cooperation to mitigate climate change.
In this dissertation, I present five articles regarding two relevant discussions within the field of energy economics: First, three papers discuss the German energy transition and in particular the increasing shares of renewable energies, its cost, benefits and respective challenges to its realization. Second, two papers discuss potential asymmetric pricing in the retail fuel sector in Germany, realizing an analysis with significantly improved data sets compared to earlier studies to answer more specific research questions. The first three articles focus on the reconstruction of the German energy market into a low-carbon emission setting, especially by utilizing renewable energies. First, the analysis concentrates on the developing energy policy-related goals and the energy economic status-quo, such as the functioning of the system of feed-in tariffs within the market for renewable energies and its general effects on costs. Second, the study deals more deeply and with a quantitative emphasis on the roll-out of renewable energies in Germany and especially its economic effects, such as costs and benefits for energy consumers. Results showed that until 2030, German electricity consumers will pay around €2011 200 billion for RES installations built before the end of 2011. Third, related to the public opinion on the energy transition process, the dissertation unfolded challenges and misconceptions and offers implications for an improved communication approach. The analysis showed by the use of qualitative, semi-structured, in-depth expert interviews that despite the alleged clarity of goals, about two dozen questioned German energy stakeholders have very diverse reasons for the energy transition. The results indicated that one crucial reason is climate protection while a second one is energy autarchy. However, the heterogeneity of goals and conflicting objectives can lead to social tensions and mistrust, which can be appropriately addressed with specific communication methods (e.g. infographics). The last two articles focus on econometric analyses regarding potential asymmetric pricing within the German retail fuel sector. In particular, the two papers examine the potential existence of Rockets and Feathers, i.e. higher adjustment speeds of retail fuel prices after oil price increases compared to oil price decreases. The dissertation analyzed a tremendous amount of data regarding retail diesel prices from two databases, compiled and processed by the author. The analysis proved with the help of Error Correction Models (following Engle/Granger) that e.g. specific major brands of retail fuel station as well as the local competitive environment influence the probability of Rockets and Feathers. Additionally, the analysis revealed that the nature of Rockets and Feathers is not static over time, i.e. the magnitude of the effect has dynamics across different time periods and consumer behavior can be seen as one reason for the phenomenon of asymmetric pricing.
District heating (DH) is supposed to largely contribute to achievement of the climate goals in the near future. However, public awareness, understanding and acceptance of the technology are required. At the same time, gamification has been identified as a viable teaching and learning method in higher education, which might be also appealing to non-professionals and might bridge their knowledge gap in DH. Since literature review has shown that no game about DH exists, the concept of a serious game about a heat supply system and its transformation from a fossil fuel-based system to a renewable-based one is introduced in this work. The first results of the game development are presented, namely, initial conditions, gameplay, the model of heating sector and the model of the DH transformation. The game will allow players to explore interdependencies between technical, economic, ecological and sociopolitical aspects as well as among different stakeholders (producers, consumers, government) and develop strategies for a successful transformation. The flexibility of different transformation scenarios and the influence of boundary conditions on the transformation can be analyzed after playing the game multiple times.
The discourse on energy transition is probably one of the most visible of all the public policy discourses in the contemporary world. How the world’s energy future is imagined is a significant factor for both implementation of this idea and understanding why the process is slower than one might expect. A promising heuristic for understanding the patterns of collective “future-making” is offered by the idea of sociotechnical imaginaries. This paper draws on the multi-level perspective to offer an in-depth analysis of the sociotechnical imaginaries reflected in pop culture, in particular in selected digital games. The authors analyse serious digital games, considering how the imaginaries of energy reflected in them can shift the energy transition.
This article explores the methodological challenges and opportunities of climate change communication research in a digital landscape. It scrutinizes the potential and limitations of combining group‐based qualitative interview methods, such as focus groups, with new digital media tools such as serious games. The paper brings together three strands of research: Climate change communication studies, methods literature on focus groups, and literature on (digital) serious gaming. Our review demonstrates that studies that deliberately combine focus groups methods with serious gaming have hitherto been scarce. There is a proliferation of digital visualization tools in climate change communication. We therefore see the need to critically explore what and how the integration of digital tools into qualitative group‐based studies can contribute to enhancing research into climate change communication and knowledge development. To illuminate the opportunities and challenges for the integration of serious gaming in focus group studies in the area of climate change communication, we bring in a few illustrative examples from a research project that integrated focus group methodology with a serious game on climate adaptation in Nordic agriculture. Introducing digital serious games in focus group‐based climate change communication studies can benefit climate change communication research in at least three ways: (a) by spurring participants’ in‐depth discussions, facilitating analysis of how sense‐making occurs; (b) by providing opportunities to evaluate features of the game itself and to develop it for different target audiences; and (c) by forming part of participatory climate change communication activities, engaging lay people and/or experts in co‐creating knowledge.
This article is categorized under: Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Perceptions of Climate Change
Ein großer Teil herkömmlicher Technikphilosophien basiert auf naturalistisch-anthropologischen Grundvorstellungen oder Handlungskonzepten, die bereits nach einem Grundmuster von Technik modelliert und insofern »technomorph« sind. Sie reflektieren nicht den eigenen Standpunkt. Die vorliegende Untersuchung ist der Frage gewidmet, inwiefern die Technizität unserer Weltbezüge hintergehbar ist bzw. was uns wie veranlasst, den Möglichkeitshorizont des Technischen näher zu erschließen. Als »Medialität des Technischen« ist dieser Gegenstand historischer und systematischer Analysen, die im ersten Band die theoretischen, im zweiten die praktischen Aspekte der Fragestellung behandeln. Dabei werden die qualitativen Veränderungen herausgestellt, die die modernen Hochtechnologien aufweisen.
This paper re-frames virtual interactive characters as “subjective interfaces” with the purpose of highlighting original affordances for interactive storytelling through conversation. This notion is theoretically unpacked in the perspectives of narratology, interaction design and game design. Existing and imagined scenarios are presented in which subjective interfaces are elevated as core interaction mechanics. Finally, technical challenges posed by this approach are reviewed alongside relevant existing research leads.
Most policy-relevant work on climate change in the social sciences either analyzes costs and benefits of particular policy options against important but often narrow sets of objectives or attempts to explain past successes or failures. We argue that an “applied forward reasoning” approach is better suited for social scientists seeking to address climate change, which we characterize as a “super wicked” problem comprising four key features: time is running out; those who cause the problem also seek to provide a solution; the central authority needed to address it is weak or non-existent; and, partly as a result, policy responses discount the future irrationally. These four features combine to create a policy-making “tragedy” where traditional analytical techniques are ill equipped to identify solutions, even when it is well recognized that actions must take place soon to avoid catastrophic future impacts. To overcome this tragedy, greater attention must be given to the generation of path-dependent policy interventions that can “constrain our future collective selves.” Three diagnostic questions result that orient policy analysis toward understanding how to trigger sticky interventions that, through progressive incremental trajectories, entrench support over time while expanding the populations they cover. Drawing especially from the literature on path dependency, but inverting it to develop policy responses going forward, we illustrate the plausibility of our framework for identifying new areas of research and new ways to think about policy interventions to address super wicked problems.
ABSTRACT Four approaches to playing MUDs are identified and described. These approaches may arise from the inter-relationship of two dimensions of playing style: action versus interaction, and world-oriented versus player-oriented. An account of the dynamics of player populations is given in terms of these dimensions, with particular attention to how to promote balance or equilibrium. This analysis also offers an explanation for the labelling of MUDs as being either "social" or "gamelike".
Recent years have seen a rapid proliferation of mass-market consumer software that takes inspiration from video games. Usually summarized as "gamification", this trend connects to a sizeable body of existing concepts and research in human-computer interaction and game studies, such as serious games, pervasive games, alternate reality games, or playful design. However, it is not clear how "gamification" relates to these, whether it denotes a novel phenomenon, and how to define it. Thus, in this paper we investigate "gamification" and the historical origins of the term in relation to precursors and similar concepts. It is suggested that "gamified" applications provide insight into novel, gameful phenomena complementary to playful phenomena. Based on our research, we propose a definition of "gamification" as the use of game design elements in non-game contexts.
Sustainability research shall provide knowledge for action and is therefore deeply related with social and political issues such as regulation, behaviour, value-added chains, daily routines of users, consumption patterns, economic incentives, perceptions, attitudes and values. It needs cooperation with social actors in diagnosing sustain-ability deficits and challenges, in determining priorities for research and action, in defining indicators for measuring empirical developments and deciding on sustainability targets to go for, in setting the research agenda, in bringing knowledge and values of stakeholders and affected persons into the game and in looking for making sustainability strategies work in practice. This holds in particular for the transformation of the energy supply system to a more sustainable status. This transformation goes far beyond the substitution of traditional technology by new ones, because the energy system is not a purely technical system consisting of power plants, supply lines, storages etc. Rather it also includes a complex set of human actors such as users, regulators, decision-makers, planners, innovators, employees in the supply companies, citizens affected by side effects of energy technologies and infrastructures and also citizens in their role as the democratic sovereign. The main thesis of this paper is that the energy system is a socio-technical system and that its transformation is a social transformation including technological change but going far beyond. The German Energiewende is used as an example. Energiewende means the (relatively) fast transformation of the German energy infrastructure to a more sustainable status based on a high share of renewables and strongly increased energy efficiency, including an accelerated nuclear phase-out after the Fukushima disaster.
An exploration of the way videogames mount arguments and make expressive statements about the world that analyzes their unique persuasive power in terms of their computational properties.
Videogames are an expressive medium, and a persuasive medium; they represent how real and imagined systems work, and they invite players to interact with those systems and form judgments about them. In this innovative analysis, Ian Bogost examines the way videogames mount arguments and influence players. Drawing on the 2,500-year history of rhetoric, the study of persuasive expression, Bogost analyzes rhetoric's unique function in software in general and videogames in particular. The field of media studies already analyzes visual rhetoric, the art of using imagery and visual representation persuasively. Bogost argues that videogames, thanks to their basic representational mode of procedurality (rule-based representations and interactions), open a new domain for persuasion; they realize a new form of rhetoric. Bogost calls this new form "procedural rhetoric," a type of rhetoric tied to the core affordances of computers: running processes and executing rule-based symbolic manipulation. He argues further that videogames have a unique persuasive power that goes beyond other forms of computational persuasion. Not only can videogames support existing social and cultural positions, but they can also disrupt and change these positions themselves, leading to potentially significant long-term social change. Bogost looks at three areas in which videogame persuasion has already taken form and shows considerable potential: politics, advertising, and learning.
This article examines the notion of genre in video games. The main argument is that the market-based cate- gories of genre that have been developed in the context of video games obscure the new medium's crucial defining feature, by dividing them into categories (loosely) organized by their similarities to prior forms of mediation. The article explores the inherent tension between the conception of video games as a unified new media form, and the current fragmented genre-based approach that explicitly or implicitly concatenates video games with prior media forms. This tension reflects the current debate, within the fledgling discipline of Game Studies, between those who advocate narrative as the primary tool for understanding video games, "narratologists," and those that oppose this notion, "ludologists." In reference to this tension, the article argues that video game genres be examined in order to assess what kind of assumptions stem from the uncrit- ical acceptance of genre as a descriptive category. Through a critical examination of the key game genres, this article will demonstrate how the clearly defined genre boundaries collapse to reveal structural similari- ties between the genres that exist within the current genre system, defined within the context of visual aesthetic or narrative structure. The inability of the current genre descriptions to locate and highlight these particular features suggests that to privilege the categories of the visual and narrative is a failure to under- stand the medium. The article concludes by suggesting that the tension between "ludology" and "narratology" can be more constructively engaged by conceptualizing video games as operating in the interplay between these two taxonomies of genre.
Climate change may soon have its “lawmaking moment” in the United States. The inherent problem with such lawmaking moments, however, is just that: they are moments. What Congress and the President do with much fanfare can quickly and quietly slip away in the ensuing years. This is famously so for environmental law. Subsequent legislative amendments, limited budgets, appropriations riders, interpretive agency rulings, massive delays in rulemaking, and simple nonenforcement are more than capable of converting a seemingly uncompromising legal mandate into nothing more than a symbolic aspirational statement. Climate change legislation is especially vulnerable to being unraveled over time for a variety of reasons, but especially because of the extent to which it imposes costs on the short term for the realization of benefits many decades and sometimes centuries later. To be successful over the long term, climate change legislation will need to include institutional design features that insulate programmatic implementation to a significant extent from powerful political and economic interests propelled by short-term concerns. Such design features should include a variety of asymmetric precommitment strategies, which deliberately make it hard (never impossible) to change the law in response to some kinds of concerns while simultaneously providing avenues for change in response to other longer term concerns that are in harmony with the law’s central purpose—to achieve and maintain greenhouse gas emissions reductions over time. The traditional objection to lawmaking precommitment strategies—that the present should not be allowed to bind future lawmakers—also has little force in the climate change context, where the purpose of such strategies is not to protect the present at the expense of the future, but the precise opposite: to protect the future at the expense of the present.
An empirical model of player motivations in online games provides the foundation to understand and assess how players differ from one another and how motivations of play relate to age, gender, usage patterns, and in-game behaviors. In the current study, a factor analytic approach was used to create an empirical model of player motivations. The analysis revealed 10 motivation subcomponents that grouped into three overarching components (achievement, social, and immersion). Relationships between motivations and demographic variables (age, gender, and usage patterns) are also presented.
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