Monitoring of the Nirano Mud Volcanoes Regional Natural Reserve (North Italy) using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Abstract

In the last years, measurement instruments and techniques for three-dimensional mapping as Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and photogrammetry from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are being increasingly used to monitor topographic changes on particular geological features such as volcanic areas. In addition, topographic instruments such as Total Station Theodolite (TST) and GPS receivers can be used to obtain precise elevation and coordinate position data measuring fixed points both inside and outside the area interested by volcanic activity. In this study, the integration of these instruments has helped to obtain several types of data to monitor both the variations in heights of extrusive edifices within the mud volcano field of the Nirano Regional Natural Reserve (Northern Italy), as well as to study the mechanism of micro-fracturing and the evolution of mud flows and volcanic cones with very high accuracy by 3D point clouds surface analysis and digitization. The large amount of data detected were also analysed to derive morphological information about mud-cracks and surface roughness. This contribution is focused on methods and analysis performed using measurement instruments as TLS and UAV to study and monitoring the main volcanic complexes of the Nirano Natural Reserve as part of a research project, which also involves other studies addressing gases and acoustic measurements, mineralogical and paleontological analysis, organized by the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia in collaboration with the Municipality of Fiorano Modenese.

Full text

Journal of
Imaging
Article
Monitoring of the Nirano Mud Volcanoes Regional
Natural Reserve (North Italy) using Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles and Terrestrial Laser Scanning
Tommaso Santagata
La Venta Esplorazioni Geografiche, Via Priamo Tron 35/F, 31100 Treviso, Italy; tommy.san84@gmail.com;
Tel.: +39-328-352-9029
Received: 27 June 2017; Accepted: 13 September 2017; Published: 30 September 2017
Abstract:
In the last years, measurement instruments and techniques for three-dimensional mapping
as Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and photogrammetry from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)
are being increasingly used to monitor topographic changes on particular geological features such
as volcanic areas. In addition, topographic instruments such as Total Station Theodolite (TST) and
GPS receivers can be used to obtain precise elevation and coordinate position data measuring fixed
points both inside and outside the area interested by volcanic activity. In this study, the integration
of these instruments has helped to obtain several types of data to monitor both the variations in
heights of extrusive edifices within the mud volcano field of the Nirano Regional Natural Reserve
(
Northern Italy
), as well as to study the mechanism of micro-fracturing and the evolution of mud
flows and volcanic cones with very high accuracy by 3D point clouds surface analysis and digitization.
The large amount of data detected were also analysed to derive morphological information about
mud-cracks and surface roughness. This contribution is focused on methods and analysis performed
using measurement instruments as TLS and UAV to study and monitoring the main volcanic
complexes of the Nirano Natural Reserve as part of a research project, which also involves other
studies addressing gases and acoustic measurements, mineralogical and paleontological analysis,
organized by the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia in collaboration with the Municipality of
Fiorano Modenese.
Keywords: photogrammetry; terrestrial laser scanning; point cloud
1. Introduction on Mud Volcanoes
The term mud volcanoes refers to geological structures of emissions of saline water associated with
hydrocarbon liquids, mud and gases. These volcanic buildings are generally cone-shaped, and result
from the expulsion of muddy material, rock fragments, gases and fluids [
1
,
2
]. Methane is the most
frequent among the gases, normally connected to the formation and accumulation of hydrocarbons at
greater depths.
The main morphological elements of mud volcanoes are craters, mud flows, irregularly shaped
terrains characterized by mud-cracking and mud pool (or salses).
These volcanic structures can reach up to a few kilometers in diameter and several hundred
meters in height and are present in many areas of our planet that are generally characterized by rapid
sedimentation rates, compressive tectonic activity, subduction zones and other tectonic settings that
can lead to the formation of preferential structural pathways discharging fluids and gases accumulated
in deep reservoirs. Anticlines are geological structures where mud volcanoes are commonly found,
and are perturbed by earthquakes as they amplify the seismic wave’s propagation [3].
This type of volcanic edifices show different cyclic phases of activity, including catastrophic events
and periods of relative quiescence characterized by moderate activity. The frequency of eruptions
J. Imaging 2017,3, 42; doi:10.3390/jimaging3040042 www.mdpi.com/journal/jimaging

J. Imaging 2017,3, 42 2 of 10
seems essentially controlled by local pressure regime within the fluid reservoirs, while the eruptive
mechanism seem strongly dependent on the state of consolidation and gas content.
Mud volcanoes have been documented in many parts of the world (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Romania,
Italy, Iraq, Iran, Myanmar, New Zeland, India, Malasya, Gulf of Mexico, Venezuela, Trinidad, Colombia
and many others).
This study has considered the Italian Northern Appennines mud volcanoes area of the Nirano
Regional Natural Reserve in Emilia Romagna (Italy).
Salse di Nirano Natural Regional Reserve is located in the Western sector of the Modena
Apennines margin (Figure 1), which belongs to the Northern Apennines and is characterized by
compressive structures which correspond to the “Emilia Folds”.
The main geological structure of the Italian Northern Apennines consists of stacked NE-verging
tectonic units resulted mainly from the Oligocene-Miocene continental collision between the Western
margin of the Adria microplate and the Corsica-Sardinia block. The Ligurian Units are the uppermost
of the thrust wedge.
The Northern Apennines are characterized by faults and folds affecting the Quaternary sediments.
In the sector of Emilia Romagna Region where the Natural Reserve of Nirano is located, the current
tectonic activity is shown by earthquakes that are mostly concentrated both along the foothills and in
the Po Plain.
Lower Pliocene to the Lower Pleistocene sediments mostly outcrop in the Southern part of the
Modena Apennines margin, where these deposits are generally transgressive on the Jurassic-Eocene
Ligurian Units (made up of deep-sea sediments followed by thick sequences of calcareous or turbidites
sediments), while to the North they are covered by alluvial deposits of the Middle-Upper Pleistocene.
The substratun of the Nirano mud volcano field area is referable to the Argille Azzure Formation,
which overlies the underlying Eocene-Miocene, Epi-Ligurian and Cretaceous Ligurian Units.
The territory of the Natural Reserve covers a total area of about 200 ha [
4
] with elevations ranging
from 140 to 308 m a.s.l., while the Nirano mud volcanoes field area is formed by four main vents
composed of a number of individual active cones (or gyrophons) defining structural trends oriented
N55
◦
E. The actives cones occur within an elliptical depression of about 500 m long and 350 m wide [
5
],
whose area is about 10 ha and of its floor is incised less than 60 m and has an altitude between 200 and
220 m a.s.l. [6].
J. Imaging 2017, 3, 42 2 of 10
eruptions seems essentially controlled by local pressure regime within the fluid reservoirs, while the
eruptive mechanism seem strongly dependent on the state of consolidation and gas content.
Mud volcanoes have been documented in many parts of the world (Azerbaijan, Georgia,
Romania, Italy, Iraq, Iran, Myanmar, New Zeland, India, Malasya, Gulf of Mexico, Venezuela,
Trinidad, Colombia and many others).
This study has considered the Italian Northern Appennines mud volcanoes area of the Nirano
Regional Natural Reserve in Emilia Romagna (Italy).
Salse di Nirano Natural Regional Reserve is located in the Western sector of the Modena
Apennines margin (Figure 1), which belongs to the Northern Apennines and is characterized by
compressive structures which correspond to the “Emilia Folds”.
The main geological structure of the Italian Northern Apennines consists of stacked NE-verging
tectonic units resulted mainly from the Oligocene-Miocene continental collision between the Western
margin of the Adria microplate and the Corsica-Sardinia block. The Ligurian Units are the uppermost
of the thrust wedge.
The Northern Apennines are characterized by faults and folds affecting the Quaternary
sediments. In the sector of Emilia Romagna Region where the Natural Reserve of Nirano is located,
the current tectonic activity is shown by earthquakes that are mostly concentrated both along the
foothills and in the Po Plain.
Lower Pliocene to the Lower Pleistocene sediments mostly outcrop in the Southern part of the
Modena Apennines margin, where these deposits are generally transgressive on the Jurassic-Eocene
Ligurian Units (made up of deep-sea sediments followed by thick sequences of calcareous or turbidites
sediments), while to the North they are covered by alluvial deposits of the Middle-Upper Pleistocene.
The substratun of the Nirano mud volcano field area is referable to the Argille Azzure Formation,
which overlies the underlying Eocene-Miocene, Epi-Ligurian and Cretaceous Ligurian Units.
The territory of the Natural Reserve covers a total area of about 200 ha [4] with elevations
ranging from 140 to 308 m a.s.l., while the Nirano mud volcanoes field area is formed by four main
vents composed of a number of individual active cones (or gyrophons) defining structural trends
oriented N55° E. The actives cones occur within an elliptical depression of about 500 m long and 350
m wide [5], whose area is about 10 ha and of its floor is incised less than 60 m and has an altitude
between 200 and 220 m a.s.l. [6].
Figure 1. Localization of the study site (A,B) and geomorphological map of the Regional Natural
Reserve of “Salse di Nirano” (C) from Castaldini et al., 2005 [6].
Figure 1.
Localization of the study site (
A
,
B
) and geomorphological map of the Regional Natural
Reserve of “Salse di Nirano” (C) from Castaldini et al., 2005 [6].

J. Imaging 2017,3, 42 3 of 10
2. Materials and Methods
In this study, several measurement instruments were used to obtain different kind of data for
comparison and analysis.
Total Station Theodolite (TST) and GPS receivers have been used to obtain precise elevation and
coordinate position data measuring fixed points both inside and outside the area interested by volcanic
activity. The used instrument is a Trimble 5603, a robotic total station with distances measurements
accuracy of
±
3mm on a range of 5–200 m (with or without reflector) while a triple frequency and
full time RTK Leica RX1200 (Leica Geosystems, Heerbrugg, Switzerland) was utilized for the GPS
measurements. Other 3D measurement tools as Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAV) were used to get high-resolution 3D modelling of the volcanic complexes.
The laser scanner used to monitor the Nirano mud volcanoes complex is a Leica HDS7000
(Leica Geosystems, Heerbrugg, Switzerland) (Figure 2), a phase-difference scanner provided with
an external camera (Canon D7000 with wide angle lens) (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) necessary to take
photographs used to colour the point clouds.
TLS offer a series of advantages with respect to the traditional survey instruments, particularly
operational speed, accuracy, high number of measured points on long distances, and the possibility
to use the laser reflectance value for surface analysis is very important especially for geological
purposes [
7
]. The three volcanic complexes were scanned individually using standard settings:
12 mm
resolution, time per-scan of 3:40 min, use of the external camera and 4 circular targets positioned for
each scan used in order to improve scans alignment and common workflows for data preparation
and analysis.
In order to monitor the three main areas of the Nirano mud volcanoes through TLS, two different
campaigns were carried out (the first in June 2015, the second in May 2016), performing a total
of 41 scans and 328 photographs (8 from each scan position) for the first, while 39 scans and
312 photographs were performed for the second campaign.
The integration of different measurement systems have helped to obtain several types of data
to monitor both the variations in height of the volcanic areas considered on a large scale, such as the
study of the mechanism of micro-fracturing and the evolution of mud flows with very high details by
point clouds surface analysis.
Data elaboration was mainly performed with the software Leica Cyclone, which allows to import
the scans, proceed with their alignment and assign RGB values directly on the point clouds (Figure 3)
by the photos taken during the survey, while other operations such as surface analysis, 2D and 3D
poli-line extrapolating and drawings in order to realize plans and sections, were performed with other
softwares such as Auto-CAD 2014 and CloudCompare (ver. 2.6.2), an open source software that allow
to visualize and work with point cloud and meshes.
In addition to the laser scanning surveys, the use of UAV allowed us to obtain detailed images
performing several flights at altitudes of 40–70 m from the ground over the three main volcanic fields
of the Nirano Regional Natural Reserve. From the photographs it was possible to compare pictures
taken at different times, as well as to produce accurate 3D models using software for structure from
motion and derive geo-referenced ortophotos and digital terrain models (DTMs) [8].

J. Imaging 2017,3, 42 4 of 10
J. Imaging 2017, 3, 42 4 of 10
Figure 2. The Leica HDS7000 laser scanner during the operations on field. Photo: Santagata T.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Point cloud from terrestrial laser scanning visualized with RGB values (a) and intensity
value (b).
The UAV used is a carbon fibre frame quad-copter equipped with GPS system (NAZA-M),
compass altimeter and barometer, propellers of 16cm in diameter and 4 cells batteries lipo (5000 Mah),
which usually guarantee 25–30 min of fly with the camera mounted on (Canon Power Shot S110) that
have allowed us to obtain more than 350 overlapping and geo-tagged images.
Two different campaigns were performed to obtain photogrammetric 3D models with UAV of
the three main areas of the Nirano mud volcano field (August 2015 and June 2016).
Figure 2. The Leica HDS7000 laser scanner during the operations on field. Photo: Santagata T.
J. Imaging 2017, 3, 42 4 of 10
Figure 2. The Leica HDS7000 laser scanner during the operations on field. Photo: Santagata T.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Point cloud from terrestrial laser scanning visualized with RGB values (a) and intensity
value (b).
The UAV used is a carbon fibre frame quad-copter equipped with GPS system (NAZA-M),
compass altimeter and barometer, propellers of 16cm in diameter and 4 cells batteries lipo (5000 Mah),
which usually guarantee 25–30 min of fly with the camera mounted on (Canon Power Shot S110) that
have allowed us to obtain more than 350 overlapping and geo-tagged images.
Two different campaigns were performed to obtain photogrammetric 3D models with UAV of
the three main areas of the Nirano mud volcano field (August 2015 and June 2016).
Figure 3.
Point cloud from terrestrial laser scanning visualized with RGB values (
a
) and intensity value (
b
).
The UAV used is a carbon fibre frame quad-copter equipped with GPS system (NAZA-M),
compass altimeter and barometer, propellers of 16cm in diameter and 4 cells batteries lipo (5000 Mah),
which usually guarantee 25–30 min of fly with the camera mounted on (Canon Power Shot S110) that
have allowed us to obtain more than 350 overlapping and geo-tagged images.
Two different campaigns were performed to obtain photogrammetric 3D models with UAV of the
three main areas of the Nirano mud volcano field (August 2015 and June 2016).

J. Imaging 2017,3, 42 5 of 10
3. Data Analysis
The researches realized for this study were performed over a period of one year between May
2015 and June 2016. During this period, several topographic measurements campaigns were carried
out using different measurement instruments.
Data derived by TST and GPS were compared mainly to verify variations in height, measuring
the same fixed points that were also used as Ground Control Point (GCP) to geo-reference the 3D
models obtained from UAV images and as control points for the scans alignment.
The information obtained from both laser scanning and photogrammetric tools are the first
results of a series of operations in the field, but also the interim data which lead to further
elaborations according to the needs and research purposes. The main goal of the project was to
compare the evolution trendings of the mud volcanic complexes for the security of the Reserve,
but considering type of data, especially the derived from TLS and UAV, it was possible to realize
further geo-morphological analysis.
3.1. Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data
After completing the process of coloration and scans union, the result was a coloured 3D point
cloud on which it was possible to perform drawings and data analysis.
Due to the morphological conformation of the Nirano Natural Reserve (which includes three
separate volcanic complexes) it was necessary to scan the volcanic complexes individually and create
3 separated workflow areas that were analysed among with the same processes.
The software used to import the point cloud and build the model spaces is the Leica Cyclone
(version 9.1), which consists of a series of modules necessary to acquire the point clouds, register and
work with the scans using several tools.
To colour the point cloud, it was used the software PT-Gui to create panoramic and cubic photos,
that were merged with the point cloud to colour each scans using the appropriate tools “appereances”
and “edit photo” in Cyclone, which allows to colour a point cloud by selecting three common points
on the cubic photos and on the point cloud.
Before to proceed with the registration of the model spaces, it was necessary to check the error
of scans union (which was on average of 4 mm based on aligment of circular targets used during the
scans and on the fixed points measured also with TST and GPS), than it was possible to start with the
drawing operations using the model space tools, that allows the visualization of the point clouds with
the possibility to manually draw and extract automatically 3D poli-line that could be exported directly
in other software for further analysis.
Auto-CAD and Cloud Compare LT were used to draw topographic 2D plans and sections of the
detected areas and to calculate point cloud roughness [
9
]. The data obtained from the two surveys,
performed in June 2015 and May 2016, were processed with the software Cyclone and 3DReshaper
and exported as dxf (for Auto-CAD) and pts (for CC) file formats for further geological analysis.
3.2. UAV Photogrammetry Data
In the last few years, photogrammetry from UAV’s has opened up new possibilities in the domain
of the close range plane for the creation of three-dimensional information on the ground and has
emerged as a valid complementary solution to the land acquisition. Moreover, the possibility to obtain
3D models from aerial photographs have been greatly improved thanks to the use of software for
“Structure From Motion” (SFM), that through specific algorithms allows the reconstruction of 3D
geometry and camera position of an object from a sequence of two-dimensional images captured from
multiple viewpoints [10].
In this study, after the acquisition of photographs, the useful frames were selected and divided
depending on the areas of the three main volcanic sectors of the Nirano field to have more defined
data with a faster processing, and then were processed using the software Capturing Reality to create

J. Imaging 2017,3, 42 6 of 10
3D textured point clouds and geo-referenced by entering points with known coordinates, also using
the measurements derived by TST and GPS on the fix wood pickets as Ground Control Point (GCP),
obtaining an average pixel-size ground resolution of 0.042 m.
Data derived from photogrammetry were exported as form of point cloud, geo-referenced
orthophotos and DEMs (Digital Elevation Models). As results, the point cloud obtained were imported
in Cyclone, with which it was possible to create TIN meshes and compare these data with those derived
by TLS.
The data derived by the two different campaings were also compared as form of ortophotos and
Digital Terrain Models, and used for the digitization of mud flows (Figure 4).
J. Imaging 2017, 3, 42 6 of 10
the measurements derived by TST and GPS on the fix wood pickets as Ground Control Point (GCP),
obtaining an average pixel-size ground resolution of 0.042 m.
Data derived from photogrammetry were exported as form of point cloud, geo-referenced
orthophotos and DEMs (Digital Elevation Models). As results, the point cloud obtained were
imported in Cyclone, with which it was possible to create TIN meshes and compare these data with
those derived by TLS.
The data derived by the two different campaings were also compared as form of ortophotos and
Digital Terrain Models, and used for the digitization of mud flows (Figure 4).
Figure 4. UAV photogrammetry comparison of the ortophotos obtained by the two survey campaigns
realized.
4. Results
The main objective of this project was to study the mud volcanic complexes of the Nirano
Natural Reserve using technologies such as terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetric
techniques, that are increasingly used to track the evolution of natural surfaces in 3D with very high
resolution and accuracy.
In this study, the information obtained with these techniques were used to analyse surface
changes by the comparison of point clouds.
4.1. Digitization and Surfaces Interpretation
Digitization is considered one of the best solution to export precise data from 3D point clouds,
but in most cases this operation must be performed manually and may be interpreted in different
ways.
There are several tools that allows to extract digitized features from a point cloud using the
software Leica Cyclone, one of which is the possibility to digitize directly with 3D CAD poli-line
some parts of interests and export them to derive geometric features [11].
The derived data were subsequently elaborated with CAD software to carry out bi-dimensional
maps (plans and sections) (Figure 5) with detailed information and subdivision of the type of cones
based on their activity and diameter. Digitization tools were also used to compare the data obtained
from the laser scanning surveys performed in 2015 and in 2016 extrapolating topographic sections
Figure 4.
UAV photogrammetry comparison of the ortophotos obtained by the two survey campaigns realized.
4. Results
The main objective of this project was to study the mud volcanic complexes of the Nirano
Natural Reserve using technologies such as terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetric techniques,
that are increasingly used to track the evolution of natural surfaces in 3D with very high resolution
and accuracy.
In this study, the information obtained with these techniques were used to analyse surface changes
by the comparison of point clouds.
4.1. Digitization and Surfaces Interpretation
Digitization is considered one of the best solution to export precise data from 3D point clouds,
but in most cases this operation must be performed manually and may be interpreted in different ways.
There are several tools that allows to extract digitized features from a point cloud using the
software Leica Cyclone, one of which is the possibility to digitize directly with 3D CAD poli-line some
parts of interests and export them to derive geometric features [11].
The derived data were subsequently elaborated with CAD software to carry out bi-dimensional
maps (plans and sections) (Figure 5) with detailed information and subdivision of the type of cones
based on their activity and diameter. Digitization tools were also used to compare the data obtained
from the laser scanning surveys performed in 2015 and in 2016 extrapolating topographic sections

J. Imaging 2017,3, 42 7 of 10
along specific directions. In some particular cases, this type of comparison showed very well the
morphological variations of the volcanic cones (Figure 6).
J. Imaging 2017, 3, 42 7 of 10
along specific directions. In some particular cases, this type of comparison showed very well the
morphological variations of the volcanic cones (Figure 6).
Figure 5. Topographic map and sections of one of the three main volcanic fields derived from
digitization of point clouds.
Figure 6. Measurement of the angular variations of one of the main cone of the Niranofield (located
in the Area 3) by digitization of laser scanning point cloud.
Figure 5.
Topographic map and sections of one of the three main volcanic fields derived from
digitization of point clouds.
J. Imaging 2017, 3, 42 7 of 10
along specific directions. In some particular cases, this type of comparison showed very well the
morphological variations of the volcanic cones (Figure 6).
Figure 5. Topographic map and sections of one of the three main volcanic fields derived from
digitization of point clouds.
Figure 6. Measurement of the angular variations of one of the main cone of the Niranofield (located
in the Area 3) by digitization of laser scanning point cloud.
Figure 6.
Measurement of the angular variations of one of the main cone of the Niranofield (located in
the Area 3) by digitization of laser scanning point cloud.

J. Imaging 2017,3, 42 8 of 10
4.2. Mud-Cracks Analysis
The terrain in the surrounding areas of mud volcanic buildings is generally made up by regular
small ground fractures of variable size caused by the dessecation related to drying and wetting
cycles processes.
Thanks to the use of TLS instruments it was possible to acquire a large amount of data on the
detected mud-crack surfaces and proceed with their analysis. The most interesting observations are
related to their size, shape and position, but other useful data could be easily revealed by measuring
the extent of their gap and surface detachment.
These information may be put in relation with other physical external parameters (i.e., temperature
or humidity) and with the grade of activity of mud volcanoes, in order to understand what are the main
mechanisms of dissecation and mud-crack development related to the evolution of mud volcanoes.
4.3. Roughness Analysis
Terrain roughness is an important input for several applications such as morphological studies
and natural processes modelling [
9
]. This type of analysis can be computed with open-source software
such as Cloud Compare LT, which allows to import a large variety of laser scanner format or point
clouds and mesh derived from software for structure from motion and estimate roughness value by
calculating the distance between each point and its best fitting plane computed on the nearest point.
For this type of analysis only the data derived from TLS have been compared in different parts of the
volcanic structures.
The obtained results have highlighted different values due to the presence of fluids in some parts
of the volcanic buildings (especially in the surrounding parts of the emission cones) and also depending
on the height of the structures between the lower cones (characterized by planar morphologies) and
the highest (characterized by vertical cone shape forms) (Figure 7).
J. Imaging 2017, 3, 42 8 of 10
4.2. Mud-Cracks Analysis
The terrain in the surrounding areas of mud volcanic buildings is generally made up by regular
small ground fractures of variable size caused by the dessecation related to drying and wetting cycles
processes.
Thanks to the use of TLS instruments it was possible to acquire a large amount of data on the
detected mud-crack surfaces and proceed with their analysis. The most interesting observations are
related to their size, shape and position, but other useful data could be easily revealed by measuring
the extent of their gap and surface detachment.
These information may be put in relation with other physical external parameters (i.e.,
temperature or humidity) and with the grade of activity of mud volcanoes, in order to understand
what are the main mechanisms of dissecation and mud-crack development related to the evolution
of mud volcanoes.
4.3. Roughness Analysis
Terrain roughness is an important input for several applications such as morphological studies
and natural processes modelling [9]. This type of analysis can be computed with open-source
software such as Cloud Compare LT, which allows to import a large variety of laser scanner format
or point clouds and mesh derived from software for structure from motion and estimate roughness
value by calculating the distance between each point and its best fitting plane computed on the
nearest point. For this type of analysis only the data derived from TLS have been compared in
different parts of the volcanic structures.
The obtained results have highlighted different values due to the presence of fluids in some parts
of the volcanic buildings (especially in the surrounding parts of the emission cones) and also
depending on the height of the structures between the lower cones (characterized by planar
morphologies) and the highest (characterized by vertical cone shape forms) (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Roughness point cloud analysis performed with Cloud Compare on the Area 3 of the Nirano
Natural Reserve.
4.4. Data Comparisons and Interpretation
3D models derived from laser scanning and photogrammetry were compared with different
methods.
DEM comparison is considered one of the most common methods of data analysis derived from
point cloud used in the context of geomorphological applications. In this work, laser scanning and
photogrammetry DEM have been compared to highlight variations of the height of the cone, and it
was also possible to compare the mud flows that have shown the most significant changes.
The software 3D Reshaper allowed the elaboration of different types of terrain models that have
been used to compare the mud volcanic areas, highlighting the variation of the upper part of the
cones (especially on the main cone of Area 1), presence of vegetation and mud flows (Figure 8).
Figure 7.
Roughness point cloud analysis performed with Cloud Compare on the Area 3 of the Nirano
Natural Reserve.
4.4. Data Comparisons and Interpretation
3D models derived from laser scanning and photogrammetry were compared with
different methods.
DEM comparison is considered one of the most common methods of data analysis derived from
point cloud used in the context of geomorphological applications. In this work, laser scanning and
photogrammetry DEM have been compared to highlight variations of the height of the cone, and it
was also possible to compare the mud flows that have shown the most significant changes.
The software 3D Reshaper allowed the elaboration of different types of terrain models that have
been used to compare the mud volcanic areas, highlighting the variation of the upper part of the cones
(especially on the main cone of Area 1), presence of vegetation and mud flows (Figure 8).

J. Imaging 2017,3, 42 9 of 10
J. Imaging 2017, 3, 42 9 of 10
(a)
(b)
Figure 8. Levelness (a) andDigital Elevation Models (b) comparison of the terrain of Area 1 derived
from terrestrial laser scanning data.
Using the software Leica Cyclone it was also possible to import the 3D point clouds obtained
from both laser scanner and photogrammetry techniques, and convert into meshes in order to
calculate contour lines [12].
The 3D models elaborated from UAV images were analysed with the same parameters of the
scans, obtaining comparable data even if on different levels of detail.
5. Discussion
As described, the use of different measurement instruments requires different methods of
working approach for field operations as well as for data processing and analysis.
The most important advantage of the use of tools such as laser scanner and UAV is the possibility
to obtain a large amount of data with very high grade of precision and resolution in a very short time
[13].
Moreover, these information can be merged together with those derived from other “classical”
survey techniques that in this study were very important to define coordinate and altitude position
of nails and pickets. In this way, it was possible to compare different methodologies having greater
control on the quality of the acquired data.
6. Conclusions
The aim of this article is to demonstrate how the use of laser scanning and photogrammetry
ensures a good solution for monitoring rapidly evolving geological structures. In integration with
total station and GPS, 3D measurement instruments obtained through TLS can guarantee the
acquisition of a large amount of data that could be used to draw detailed topographic maps and work
on specific analysis for geological purposes.
In this study, the topographic surveys made during this first campaign of the “Salse di Nirano
monitoring” project allowed to obtain important information for future monitoring. Data acquired in
this period have been compared on a short period of about one year. For this reason, it will be
interesting to acquire new data in future to integrate the dataset and compare the results.
Figure 8.
Levelness (
a
) andDigital Elevation Models (
b
) comparison of the terrain of Area 1 derived
from terrestrial laser scanning data.
Using the software Leica Cyclone it was also possible to import the 3D point clouds obtained from
both laser scanner and photogrammetry techniques, and convert into meshes in order to calculate
contour lines [12].
The 3D models elaborated from UAV images were analysed with the same parameters of the
scans, obtaining comparable data even if on different levels of detail.
5. Discussion
As described, the use of different measurement instruments requires different methods of working
approach for field operations as well as for data processing and analysis.
The most important advantage of the use of tools such as laser scanner and UAV is the possibility
to obtain a large amount of data with very high grade of precision and resolution in a very short
time [13].
Moreover, these information can be merged together with those derived from other “classical”
survey techniques that in this study were very important to define coordinate and altitude position
of nails and pickets. In this way, it was possible to compare different methodologies having greater
control on the quality of the acquired data.
6. Conclusions
The aim of this article is to demonstrate how the use of laser scanning and photogrammetry
ensures a good solution for monitoring rapidly evolving geological structures. In integration with total
station and GPS, 3D measurement instruments obtained through TLS can guarantee the acquisition of
a large amount of data that could be used to draw detailed topographic maps and work on specific
analysis for geological purposes.
In this study, the topographic surveys made during this first campaign of the “Salse di Nirano
monitoring” project allowed to obtain important information for future monitoring. Data acquired

J. Imaging 2017,3, 42 10 of 10
in this period have been compared on a short period of about one year. For this reason, it will be
interesting to acquire new data in future to integrate the dataset and compare the results.
Supplementary Materials:
The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/3/4/42/s1,
Video S1
: The Nirano mud volcanoes—Photogrammetry & terrestrial laser scanning point cloud—Author:
T. Santagata, Video S2: Riserva Naturale delle Salse di Nirano—Author: T. Santagata.
Acknowledgments:
Author is very grateful to the members of the “Salse di Nirano monitoring” working group,
in particular to: Albarello D., Castaldini D., Coratza P., Papazzoni C., Vezzalini M.G. (University of Modena and
Reggio Emilia), De Nardo M. T. (SSGS, Emilia Romagna Region), Martinelli G. (ARPA Reggio Emilia),
Dadomo A.
,
Galli P., Camorani M.C. and Studio Laserscangst of Reggio Emilia for providing the measurement instruments
used for this work, the Natural Reserve of Salse di Nirano and the municipality of Fiorano Modenese.
Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.
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