‫ا ، DETECTION OF FUSARIUM GRAMINEARIUM IN MAIZE SEEDS AND DETERMENATION OF ISOLATES PRODUCED TOXIN AND EVALUATING THE ACTIVITY OF SOME COMPOUNDS AGAINST THE FUNGUS ON CULTURAL MEDIA

Abstract

. ABSTRACT This study was conducted to detect the fungus Fusarium graminearum in corn cereals, the capacity of fungus isolate to product zearalenone mycotoxion, and the activity of some compounds against fungal growth on culture media. Samples of corn seeds from; Babylon, Baghdad, Nineveh, and Wasit governorate were collected. The cereals were surface sterilized in sodium hypochlorite with sterilized distilled water. The cereal were dried on filter paper and distributed on potato sucrose Agar (PSA) medium in petriduhes of 9 cm diameter (10 seed / plate). The petridishes were incubated at 25 ± 2ºc for 5 days the fungi grow were identified to the genus. Results showed the presence of Fusarium graminearium with many other fungi including, Mucor spp. Alternaria spp. Penicillium spp. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Penicillium spp. Rhizoctonia spp. Trichoderma spp. associated with corn cereal. It was found that 9 of 13 isolates of F. graminearum produced zearalenone mycotoxin. The addition of urea at 5 %, Fylax at 0.16 % to the cultural medium inhibited completely the fungal growth (100 % inhibition). The magnetic and normal water caused an inhibition of 30.1 and 10.8 % to fungal growth respectively. No effect on the fungal growth was observed by activated bentonite to, kaolenite and Saccharomyas cerevisiae powder extract.

Full text



Fusarium graminearium




Fusarium graminearium






F. graminearium


Aspergillus flavus

A. niger

Allernaria spp

Rhizopus spp

Mucor spp

Penicillium spp

Rhizoctonia sp

Trichoderma sp


F. graminearium
F. graminearium



Saccharomyces cerevisiae


Hussein & Slomy , 2012210-Issue): 9543(2) (Special –The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences DETECTION OF FUSARIUM GRAMINEARIUM IN MAIZE SEEDS AND
DETERMENATION OF ISOLATES PRODUCED TOXIN AND EVALUATING THE
ACTIVITY OF SOME COMPOUNDS AGAINST THE FUNGUS ON CULTURAL MEDIA
H. Z. Hussein A. K. Slomy
Plant Protection Department / College of Agriculture / University of Baghdad
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to delect the fungus Fusarium graminearum in corn cereals, the
capacity of fungus isolalis to product zeralenon mycotoxion, and the activity of some
compounds against fungal growth on culture media. Samples of corn seeds from; Babel,
Baghdad, Nineue, and Waseete governorate were collected. The cereals were surface sterilized
in sodium hypochlite with sterilized distilled water. The cereal were dried on filter paper and
distributed on potato sucrose Agar (PSA) medium in petriduhes of 9 cm diameter (10 seed /
plate). The petridishes were incubated at 25 ± 2ºc for 5 days the fungi grow were identified to
the genus. Results showed the presence of Fusarium graminearium with many other fungi
including, Mucor spp. Alternaria spp. Penicillium spp. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Penicillium
spp. Rhizoctonia spp. Trichoderma spp. assouatid with corn cereal. It was found that 9 of 13
isolatis of F. graminearum produced zeralenone mycotoxin. The addition of urea at 5 %,
Fylax at 0.16 % to the cultural medium inhibited completely the fungal growth (100 %
inhibition) . The magnetic and normal water caused an inhibition of 30.1 and 10.8 % to fungal
growth respectively. No effect on the fungal growth was observed by activated bentonit to,
kaolenite and Sacchromyas cerevistae powder extract.








Zea mays L.





1






 (


 Fusarium 

Ear rot
Fusarium


Bankole
Adebanjo2003;www.fao.org/wairdocs

Fusarium 


Phenolic Resorcyclic


cerealis

Fusarium

F.culmorum
F.equisetiF.graminearum
Gibbreella zeaeF.semitectum
α-zearalenolß-
zearalenol

FSHLH















El-kadyEl-maraghy

 
 Fusarium

 











PSA










FuskeyFusarium
Fusarium












Fusarium


Fusarium


Wharman N 0.2














USDA , ARS, CG & PRU, P.O.Box
345, Stoneville MS 38776, USA
mg / ml
Misrosyringe
TLCWhatmann






UV prod INC. USA.

RF
RF

RF





TLCUV
TLC









Saccharomyces cerevisiae



















16
F.
graminum

Aspergillus flavusA.niger Aspergillus spp.
AlternariaFusarium sppsp

Mucor
Penicillium sppspp

RhizoctoniaRhizopus
sppspp

Trichoderma

Aspergillus40.6
A. flavus37.8A. niger2.1
Aspergillus spp.0.7Fusarium 
13.5
Penicilliium 4
Alternaria MucorRhizoctoniaRhizopus
Trichoderma2.30.3
0.61.231

A. flavus

Fusarium
Aspergillus

205206–2005

Aspergillusº26
º35
A. flavus
1248
ºLipids

A. flavusCouncil for
Agricultural Science and Technology)2003
FakhouryWoloshunk1999
FusariumA. flavus

Fusarium




Fusarium
F. verticilloides
Fusarium 1998
20052006

Rheeder1990
1













1





Aspergillus flavus
2 416
53 
37.8 
A.niger
5791214
8 
2.1
Aspergillus spp.

1681216
5 
0.7
Alternaria spp.
1381115
12
2.3 
Fusarium spp.

1111415
27
13.5
Mucor spp.

2 516
2 
0.3 
Penicillium spp.
13 121315
7 
 
Rhizopus spp.
6 81112
6 
1.2 
Rhizoctonia spp.

2 41014
4 
0.6 
Trichoderma spp.
2671113
3 
0.6 


Fusarium


TLC
Fusarium
Zen
Rf
Standard
WyllieMorhouse1977

69.2
1979)10
Fusarium15
66.61369.2
1979
Fusarium
171114




Caldwell1970Wolf
Mirocha1973
Perithecia
Gibberella zeaeF.
graminearum Zen
Dichloros
Zen


FCC1F. verticilloides

FB1
Fusarium


















Fusarium








A. flavusF.
moniliforme
F. moniliforme




30.1
pH 

pH




 H2O2 )

 Pan

Candida albicans


Anonymous
Agaricus bisporus
0.3PDA

33
Fungal Skin
DieseaseMarselisborg
 United States Patent 20010013495
Zen
F. graminearum
PDA

 

100 

100 




S. cerevisiae


30.1 

10.8 
L.S.D.
 0.01P
53.11

2002



 2005
T-2



1979



1986


2004
A

 1977





 1999

B1

 2000



 1998
B1
Fusarium moniliforme

 2000


 2006


 1979
Zearalenone

 1998



2006



a 1996
b 2006



16-Abbas,Hamed K . ; C . J .Mirochaand
Thomas Shier. 1984. Mycotoxin produced
from fungi isolated from foodstuff and soil :
comparision of toxicity in fibroblast and rat
feeding test. Appl.and environ.microbiol . 48 :
654 – 661 .
17-Adebajo , L . O .; O .Popoola .2003.
Mycoflora and mycotoxins in kolanuts during
storage. African Journal of Biotechnology 2 :
365 – 368 .
18- Anonymous , 2000 . Study on Biological
Effect of Magnetic field on Agricus bisporus
2796 . Acta laser biology sinica .(www.ilib.cn)
.
19-Barnett.H.L and B .B.Hunter .1972. The
Iustarated genera of imperfect fungi .3rd
edition , Burgess publishingcompany.
Minneaposis . minnesota .USA .
20-Bardi,Jason Socrates.2004.A time
honoured chemical reaction generates an
unexpected product.News and Reviews v.3
,issue:26.
21-Booth,C.1971.The genus Fusari-
um.Commonwealth Mycological Ins-
titute.Kew, Surrey .England.
22-Caldwell, W.Rodney, Jhon Tuite, Martin
Stob and Robert Baldwen . 1970. Zearalenone
Production by Fusarium Species.Applied
Microbiol- ogy. 20: 31-34.
23-Council for Agricultural Science and
Technology,2003 .Mycotoxin: Risks in
plant,animal and human system. ISBN 1-
887383-22-0. ISSN 0194-4088.Council for
Agriculture Science and Technology .Ames,
Iowa.USA.
24-Cullen, D . ; R . W .Caldwell and E .
B.Smalley.1983.susceptibility of maize to
Gibberella zeae . Ear rot :relationship to host
genotype , pathogen virulence and zearalenone
contamination . plant disease 67 : 89 – 91 .
25-Devegowda , G . ; K .L.Arvind ;Vittal
Kumar and L . K . Girish .2005.Impact of
mycotoxin on poultry industry and some
practicalsolutions. http./www.poulvet.com.
26-El – Kady , A . ; S . S . El-Maraghy
.1982.Screening of zearale- none producing
fusarium species in Egypt and chemically
defined medium for production of the toxin
.Mycopathologia 78 :25-29.
27-EFSA,2000.Opinion of the scientific panel
on contaminants in the food chain on a request
from the commission related to zearalenone as
undersirable substance in animal feed.EFSA
Journal 89 . p : 1 - 35. http.//www.efsa.eu.int.



28-European Commission ,2000. Opinion of
the scientific committee on food ,on Fusarium
Toxins .part 2 : Zearalenone.
29-Fakhoury , A . M . ; C . P .Woloshunk
.1999. Amyl , the α-amylase gene of
Aspergillus flavus : involvement in Aflatoxin
biosynthesis in maize kernels .
Phytopathology 89 : 908 – 914 .
30-F. A. O, 2004 . information division,
publishing management service , via delle
termi di Caracalla . Italy.
31-Fliud Energy Australia Report.
2000.Performance report on the application of
the TVS- SERIS VORTEX water energizer for
the leaf vegetable root and fruiting plants.
(Internet). Email : lanco@ bigpond .com. C.F.
Al- jotheri, Hayawe Ateya.2006. effect of
irrigation water quality and magnetized its
and levels of potash fertilizer on some
chemical soil characteristics and growth , yield
of maize . MSc . Thesis,
Agric.College.Baghdad university.
32-http//www.Fao.org/document .
33-Ishii,K.; M.Sawano;Y.Ueno and
H.Tsnnoda.1974.Distribution of zear- alenone
– producing Fusarium specie in Japan .
Appl.microbiol. 27: 625-628.
34.Luaren,D.R.;M.A.Ringrose.1997.determina
tion of the fate of three Fusarium mycotoxins
through wet milling of maize using an
improved HPLC analytical technique. Food
Additivesand Contaminants:14: 435-443.
35-Murell, G.A.C.1990. J.Biochem. P: 265-
659.
36-Pan, J.; Zhu, K.; Zhou, M. and Wang, Z.Y.
(2003). Low Resonant Frequency storage and
transfer in structured water cluster .IEEE
2003 SMC proceeding, 5: 5034- 5039.
37-Patrovsky, V. 1976. Hydrogen peroxide in
magnetically treated water . molecular
physics. 13: 1051- 1053.
38-Sakurai , katsutoshi ; Atsushi Teshima and
Katuzake Kyuma .1990.Changes in zero point
of charge (zpc),specific serface area(ssa) and
cation exchange capacity CEC of kaolinite and
montmorillonite and strongly weathered soil
caused by Fe and Al coatings.Soil Sci.Plant
Nutr.36:73-81.
39-Seifert , Keith . 1996 .Fuskey (Fusarium
Interactive Key) Agricul- ture and Agri - food
Canada . Cat No . A42 -66 / 1996 E - IN,
ISBN 0-662-24111-8 http.//www.res. agr.ca
/brd/fusarium/home1.html.
40-Siame , B . A . ; C . E . A . Lovelace . 1994
.effect of temperature of the simulataneous
production of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol
by Fusarium graminearum on maize. African
crop science journal . 2 : 189 - 195.
41-Shim , W . B . ; C . P . Woloshunk .
2001.Regulation of Fusarium B1 biosynthesis
and conidiation in Fusarium Uerticilloides by
acyclin - like (c-type)gene FCC1 . Appl .
environm. Microbial . 67 : 1607 -1612.
42-Rheeder,J.P.;W.F.O.Marasas and P.S.van
Wyk.1990.Fungal association in corn kernel
and effect on germination .Phytopathology 80:
131-134.43-Safefood Biotoxin Research
Network, Zearalenone group.Cork Institute of
Technology, Bishopstown , Cork, Ireland.
44-Smith , J . E . ; S . G . L . Solomons;
C.W.Lewis and Anderson .1994.Mycotoxin in
Human nutrition and health.Directorate
General XII, Science Research and
development.EVR.16048 EN.
45-United States Patent 20010013 495, Device
and a method for the treatment of tap water
and drinking water . Kind Code ; A1.
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/200100134
95.html .
46-Veldman . A ; G . J . Borggreve ; E . J .
Mmulders and Van de Laag- maat . 1992
.Occurence of mycotoxin Ochratoxin A ,
Zearal- enone and Deoxynivalenol in food
components . food additives and contaminants
(UK) . 9: 647 – 655 .
47-www.Fao.org/wairdocs2003.
48-Wolf , J . C . ; C . J .Mirocha . 1973.
Regulation of sexual reprodu- ction in
Gibberella zeae by F - 2 (zearalenone).
Can.j.microbiol. 19 : 725 - 734.
49-Wyllie , D . Thomas ; Laurence G
.Morhouse.1977.mycotoxicfungi,mycotoxins,
mycotoxicoses.an encyclopedia handbook
V1.Marcel Dekker .INC. NY.USA.
50-Williams , G . David. 2003 The many
benefits of hydrogen peroxide.
http.//www.educate-
yourself.org/cancer/benefitsofhydrogen
peroxide 17 jul 03 . shtml.
51-Zeines , Victor. 2000.A patients Giude To
Magnets. www. Natdent. com