Issues of gender and citizenship are highlighted in war, and an example from the early twentieth century is discussed. Since then, new approaches to citizenship have developed, with multiple forms recognized. Research in the field often centres on exclusions, old or new. It is important to ‘study up’, that is, examine, the major powerholders, generally characterized by a collective masculinity
... [Show full abstract] oriented to the exercise of privilege and power. A concentration of power in the global North is also found in the global economy of knowledge, where a kind of dependency is often found in the majority world. However notable theory also comes from the South, and an example is discussed. Practical solidarity work also needs a world perspective, and a dimension of utopian thinking.