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African Journal of Economic and Management Studies
Agripreneurship development: a strategy for revamping Nigeria’s economy from
recession
Innocent Otache,
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Innocent Otache, (2017) "Agripreneurship development: a strategy for revamping Nigeria’s economy
from recession", African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, Vol. 8 Issue: 4, pp.474-483,
https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-05-2017-0091
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Agripreneurship development:
a strategy for revamping Nigeria’s
economy from recession
Innocent Otache
Department of Business Administration and Management,
Federal Polytechnic Idah, Idah, Nigeria
Abstract
Purpose –The purpose of this paper is to explore agripreneurship development as a strategy for economic
growth and development.
Design/methodology/approach –Though a few related literature were reviewed, this paper relies
heavily on the author’s viewpoint regarding how Nigeria can grow and develop its economy through
agripreneurship development.
Findings –The present economic challenges that Nigeria is facing are blamed on overdependence on the oil
sector, bad governance, corruption, leadership failure, policy inconsistency, overdependence on imported
goods and ostensible neglect of the agricultural sector. Also, policymakers, economic analysts and the
government have advocated strongly for diversification of the economy. Besides, there is a consensus among
scholars, economic analysts and policymakers that “agriculture is the answer.”
Research limitations/implications –This paper addresses specifically one sector of the economy –the
agricultural sector. On the other hand, economic crisis needs to be addressed holistically by resolving specific
issues that confront different sectors of the economy.
Practical implications –This paper has some insightful policy and practical implications for the Nigerian
Government and Nigerians. The government and Nigerians need to take practical steps to grow and develop
the economy. On the part of the government, apart from the need to transform the agricultural sector by
allocating enough funds to it, the government should establish well-equipped agripreneurship development
centers and organize periodically agripreneurship development programmes for the main purpose of training
and developing both current and potential agripreneurs who will be able to apply today’s agricultural
techniques and practices which involve a great deal of creativity and innovation for a successful agribusiness.
The federal government should integrate agripreneurship education into Nigeria’s education system.
Similarly, the Nigerian people, particularly the youths or graduates should be encouraged to choose
agribusiness as a career.
Originality/value –While previous papers have offered different solutions to the current economic crisis
that Nigeria is experiencing, ranging from economic to structural reforms, this paper differs significantly
from others by recommending specifically agripreneurship development as a strategy for revamping
Nigeria’s economy from its current recession. Moreover, there is a dearth of literature on agripreneurship and
agripreneurship development. This paper therefore fills the literature gap.
Keywords Agriculture, Entrepreneurship, Agribusiness, Economic recession, Agripreneurship,
Agripreneurship development, Agripreneur
Paper type Viewpoint
1. Introduction
Geographically speaking, Nigeria is an African country which shares borders with the
Gulf of Guinea, Republic of Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. Aside from being a
developing nation and an emerging market in Africa, it is richly endowed with both human
and natural resources. Its population is estimated at 171 million people (UNICEF, 2013).
Also, it can boast of a number of mineral resource deposits which include but not limited to
limestone, iron ore, salt, bitumen, zinc, gold, petroleum and coal. Its land mass is estimated at
about 98.3 million hectares out of which 82 million hectares are agricultural or arable land.
Available statistics shows that only 34 million out of the 82 million hectares of Nigeria’s
arable land are cultivated presently. This suggests that 48 million hectares of Nigeria’s
agricultural land are uncultivated or unexplored. This also suggests that there are prospects
African Journal of Economic and
Management Studies
Vol. 8 No. 4, 2017
pp. 474-483
© Emerald Publishing Limited
2040-0705
DOI 10.1108/AJEMS-05-2017-0091
Received 10 May 2017
Revised 10 May 2017
Accepted 10 May 2017
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at:
www.emeraldinsight.com/2040-0705.htm
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for agribusinesses in Nigeria, even on a large scale. Moreover, agribusiness is a lucrative
venture (Nwibo et al., 2016).
Nigeria’s economy is facing serious economic challenges at this point in time. There is no
doubt that Nigeria’s economy is in the state of recession. Recession is an economic situation
in which most macroeconomic variables or factors such as gross domestic product (GDP),
inflation rate, income inequality, interest rate, exchange rate and unemployment rate show
unfavorable growth. In such an economic situation, GDP declines negatively; inflation,
interest and unemployment rates increase uncontrollably; exchange rate fluctuates
persistently; and income inequality heightens sharply. More importantly, when a country
records negative growth in its GDP for two consecutive quarters, it can be concluded that
the country’s economy is in recession (Lee and Goldblatt, 2012; Ulla et al., 2016). Officially,
Nigeria’s economy plunged into full recession when GDP showed negative growth in the
first and second quarters (−0.36 and −2.06, respectively) of 2016. As a matter of fact,
Nigeria’s GDP showed negative growth throughout the four quarters of 2016
(RTC Advisory Services Ltd, 2016). It should be noted that the journey by a country into
economic recession usually starts years before the signs of recession begin to manifest fully.
As a business or an economic cycle, it normally follows a period of boom as in the case of
Nigeria. For instance, the price of Nigeria’s crude oil at the international market throughout
2014 and first quarter of 2015 was $100 per barrel on the average. Certainly, that was a
period of boom to Nigeria. The crash of the price of crude oil at the international market
toward the end of 2015, no doubt, contributed in no small measure to the economic
challenges that Nigeria is facing currently. To put it succinctly, the current economic
recession that Nigeria is experiencing is blamed on factors such as overdependence on the
oil sector, policy inconsistency, leadership failure, corruption, bad governance,
overdependence on imported goods and ostensible neglect of important economic sectors
such as the agricultural and manufacturing sectors.
To revamp Nigeria’s economy from its present state of recession, policymakers,
economic analysts and the government have advocated for diversification of the economy.
In this regard, there seems to be a common understanding and agreement among scholars,
policymakers, economic analysts and the government that “agriculture is the answer.”
Interestingly, agriculture is regarded as the backbone of the economy of many countries
(Bairwa et al., 2014; Marichamy, 2016; Vyavahare and Bendal, 2012). Indisputably,
agriculture provides raw materials for the industries, income for the farmers, employment
opportunities for the people, food for human consumption and revenues for the government.
The agricultural sector is one of the important economic sectors that contributes
significantly to the economic growth of different countries (Eddine, 2010). In Pakistan, the
agricultural sector contributed 23.4 percent to GDP in 2015 (Usman, 2016). In Malaysia and
India, the agricultural sector contributed 28.8 and 17.4 percent to GDP in 2015, respectively
(Abdkadir and Tunggal, 2015; KPMG, 2016). In Nigeria, the agricultural sector, despite its
neglect, contributed 19.7 percent to GDP in 2015 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2015).
To further underscore the importance of agriculture with respect to the current economic
challenges that Nigeria is facing, extant literature has demonstrated that virtually all
important economic sectors are in recession except the agricultural and telecommunications
sectors (RTC Advisory Services Ltd, 2016).
While the place of agriculture in the economic growth of a nation is not debatable, it is
informative to point out that today’s agriculture has gone increasingly sophisticated
(Ahmed et al., 2011; Nagalakshmi and Sudhakar, 2013; Palanivelu and Madhupriya, 2013).
In this regard, new agricultural machinery has been produced. Likewise, improved seeds,
fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides have been developed. Besides, new farming techniques
and practices have emerged in the recent past. Consequently, there is the need for
agripreneurship development. People who are already into agriculture (whether subsistence
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or commercial) or those who would like to go into agriculture in the future must keep abreast
with the modern agricultural techniques and practices. No doubt, that requires a great deal
of creativity and innovation. More specifically, both present and potential agripreneurs
must acquire modern agripreneurial competencies and skills that are required for a
successful agribusiness.
The concept of agripreneurship in the fields of entrepreneurship and agriculture is
relatively new. It is still evolving. As a result, there is a dearth of literature on
agripreneurship and agripreneurship development. This paper therefore fills the literature
gap. It adds to the few existing literature on agripreneurship. Additionally, regarding the
current economic recession that Nigeria is experiencing, previous papers have offered
different solutions, ranging from economic to structural reforms. This paper however differs
significantly from others by recommending specifically agripreneurship development as a
strategy for growing and developing Nigeria’s economy. Nigeria will be the first beneficiary
of this paper as it offers practicable solutions that could help revamp its economy from
recession. More specifically, this paper has some insightful policy and practical implications
for the Nigerian Government and Nigerians. The Nigerian Government and Nigerians
should take practical steps to grow and develop the economy. Similarly, other nations that
are currently facing similar economic crisis or those that may find themselves in a similar
economic situation in the future will find this piece a workable solution.
The purpose of this paper is to explore agripreneurship development as a strategy for
economic growth and development. To achieve the purpose, the remaining part of this paper
is organized as follows: first, it begins by clarifying key terms such as agribusiness,
agripreneur, agripreneurship and agripreneurship development that are often used in this
paper for proper understanding by the readers. It goes further to examine the benefits and
challenges of agripreneurship development. Next, it itemizes viable business opportunities
in agriculture that people could venture into. And finally, the paper is concluded and
practicable recommendations are put forward.
2. Agripreneurship development
2.1 What is agripreneurship development?
Before we discuss agripreneurship development, there is the need to explain briefly the
following terms: agribusiness, agripreneur and agripreneurship.
Agribusiness is formed from two words: agriculture and business. Agriculture is
defined as the cultivation of land for the production of crops and rearing of animals for
human and industrial use. Business, on the other hand, is defined as any human effort
or activity that is directed at the production and distribution of goods and services that
are capable of satisfying human needs for a profit. Thus, agribusiness as a conflation
simply means agricultural business. It is the application of business methods and
principles to agriculture.
According to Aleke et al. (2011), an agripreneur is defined “as a business owner who is self
employed and seeks to create wealth within the agricultural industry”(p. 70). Agripreneur is a
person who identifies viable business opportunities in agriculture, gathers resources, establishes
and manages the resulting agricultural enterprise(Carr,2016).Toputitsimply,heorsheisan
individual who owns an agricultural business (agribusiness) (Bose, 2013; Nagalakshmi and
Sudhakar, 2013). Agripreneurs are also called agripreneurial farmers or agricultural
entrepreneurs. Agripreneurs (like entrepreneurs) are self-confident, creative, innovative,
proactive, independent, determined and hardworking (Bairwa et al., 2014; Nwibo et al., 2016).
Agripreneurship has its root in the fields of agriculture and entrepreneurship
(Nwibo et al., 2016). Hence, it is coined from two different words: agriculture and
entrepreneurship. Agriculture is already defined. Entrepreneurship, on the other hand,
consists of initiative taking, organization of resources and acceptance of risks in exploring and
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exploiting business opportunities (Kuratko, 2009). Therefore, agripreneurship can be defined
as the ability and willingness of a person to recognize viable agricultural business
opportunity, gather resources, establish and manage the resulting agribusiness successfully.
Agripreneurship development therefore is defined as the process whereby people are
taught agripreneurial knowledge, skills and competencies that are required to start and
manage an agribusiness successfully. Agripreneurship development, in the context of this
paper, is also called agripreneurship education. Basically, the main purpose of
agripreneurship development is to create agripreneurs (Uneze, 2012). It helps to inculcate
agripreneurship culture into people and to motivate them to choose agribusiness as a career.
In other words, it influences people’s intentions and behaviors toward choosing
agribusiness as a career, by making agriculture attractive. Agripreneurship development
equips people with the agripreneurial skills, competencies and the insight that they need to
identify, explore and exploit viable business opportunities in agriculture.
2.2 Benefits of agripreneurship development
Agripreneurship development is beneficial to both the nation and the individuals, especially
those who are trained and developed entrepreneurially in agriculture (Marichamy, 2016;
Mukembo and Edwards, 2015). The following are the benefits of agripreneurship development.
The importance of agriculture goes beyond the provision of food for human
consumption; it provides job opportunities for the people. The purpose of agripreneurship
development is to train and develop people to become agripreneurs. Agripreneurship
development therefore enhances people’s proclivity to establish agribusiness. It means that
people who own and manage agribusinesses have provided jobs for themselves and will, in
turn, have the opportunity to provide jobs for others.
Usually, businesses generate income for their owners and agriculture is regarded as a
dependable source of livelihood. People who go into agribusiness will make money from it.
Equally, the employees will make a living from the salaries they receive. Thus, both the
owners and the employees of agribusiness become economically empowered and their
standard of living will improve.
Agripreneurship development helps to reduce poverty (Lourenco et al., 2013).
Agribusiness generates income for its owner(s) and the employees. When a greater
percentage of a country’s population is engaged in agribusiness, the level of poverty will be
reduced significantly.
It guarantees food security. When people are trained and developed entrepreneurially in
agriculture, their capacity will be enhanced, and consequently, agricultural productivity will
increase. Increased agricultural productivity guarantees food security for the individuals as
well as for the nation at large.
Generally, agriculture contributes to the economic growth of a nation. Specifically, the
agricultural sector is one of the economic sectors that contributes significantly to a country’s
GDP. When people are developed entrepreneurially in agriculture and their capacity
increases, agricultural productivity will be boosted. This suggests that there will be enough
agricultural output for national consumption and exports. In all, the contribution of the
agricultural sector to GDP will increase.
2.3 Challenges to agripreneurship development
A lot of challenges can impede successful agripreneurship development. Some of the
challenges are.
Lack of or insufficient funds can impede agripreneurship development. On the part of the
government, this could mean lack of or inadequate funds to establish agripreneurship
development centers (ADCs) or to organize agripreneurship development programmes
(ADPs) for the purpose of training and developing both current and potential agripreneurs.
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Similarly, on the part of the trained agripreneurs, it could imply lack of or insufficient funds
to start an agribusiness of their choice.
People’s attitude toward agriculture and agribusiness is another challenge. Many people,
particularly the youths, do not see or would not like to choose agribusiness as a career.
Many graduates have abandoned agriculture for white collar jobs. Some people erroneously
think that agriculture is meant for the people in the rural areas.
Lack of or poor agricultural infrastructure can work against successful agripreneurship
development. The agricultural infrastructure referred to are: agricultural machinery, storage
facilities, improved seeds and agrochemicals, irrigation facilities, energy, transportation and
marketing infrastructure.
Lack of agricultural-related policies and laws can obstruct agripreneurship development.
Many countries do not have agricultural-related policies and laws that encourage people to
go into agriculture and agribusiness.
Dearth of agricultural experts with the modern agripreneurial knowledge, skills and
competencies can militate against agripreneurship development. Let it be reiterated that
agriculture has developed tremendously lately. Thus, people who are already into
agriculture or those who would like to go into it in the future need to be equipped with the
knowledge about the modern farming techniques and practices. Where people are willing to
be trained, the unavailability or shortage of professionals with modern agripreneurial
expertise can impede their training.
2.4 Agricultural business opportunities
A lot of business opportunities exist in agriculture (Nwibo et al., 2016). Below are the
examples of such agricultural business opportunities that people could venture into:
(1) apple plantation business;
(2) beans farming business;
(3) bees farming business;
(4) carrot farming business;
(5) cashew plantation business;
(6) cassava farming business;
(7) cattle rearing business;
(8) cocoa farming business;
(9) cotton wool farming business;
(10) fish farming business;
(11) flower farming business;
(12) goat and sheep rearing business;
(13) grass cutter farming business;
(14) groundnut farming business;
(15) maize farming business;
(16) mango plantation business;
(17) mushroom farming business;
(18) onion farming business;
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(19) orange orchard business;
(20) palm tree (fruits) plantation business
(21) pig farming business;
(22) pineapple plantation business;
(23) poultry farming business;
(24) rabbit rearing business
(25) rice farming business;
(26) rubber plantation business;
(27) snail farming business
(28) sugarcane plantation business;
(29) sweet and Irish potatoes farming business;
(30) vegetable farming business; and
(31) yam cultivation business.
3. Conclusions and recommendations
This paper explores agripreneurship development as a strategy for revamping Nigeria’s
economy from recession. The existence of an unfavorable growth of macroeconomic factors or
variables such as decline in GDP, high inflation rate, high interest rate, high income inequality
and high unemployment rate indicate that the country’s economy is in the state of recession.
As stated at the introduction section, Nigeria’s economy officially slipped into full recession
when GDP showed negative growth consecutively in the first and second quarters of 2016.
Though the Nigerian Government has initiated different economic policies and structural
reforms to steer the economy out of recession, policymakers, economic analysts and
renowned scholars have advocated for diversification of the economy. More specifically,
many people and institutions have suggested agricultural transformation as one of the ways
Nigeria can revamp its economy from recession. As stated earlier, agriculture has
undergone a lot of developments in the recent past. Unfortunately, Nigeria’s agricultural
sector, which is supposed to be one of the major contributors to GDP, had suffered
ostensible neglect in the past by successive Nigerian Governments. Similarly, the Nigerian
youths, particularly graduates, have abandoned agriculture for white collar jobs whose
demands far outweigh its supplies, thereby resulting in mass unemployment.
It is no longer news that Nigeria’s economy is in the state of recession. Rather, what
Nigerians and the world at large would like to hear is that Nigeria has recovered from its
economic recession. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that recovering from an economic
recession does not happen by chance. The Nigerian Government and Nigerians must take
certain practical steps to steer the economy out of recession. In this regard, while agriculture is
regarded as the vehicle that a country can use to move out of economic recession,
agripreneurship development is the engine that actually propels the wheel of steering the
economy out of recession. Therefore, considering the benefits of agripreneurship development
already discussed, this paper stresses the need for agripreneurship development as a strategy
for revamping Nigeria’s economy from its present state of recession.
It should be emphasized that Nigeria has a vast area of agricultural land (about 48 million
hectares) that is uncultivated or unexplored. This implies that there are bountiful
opportunities such as export earnings and career or employment opportunities that abound in
the agricultural sector that could be exploited for economic growth and development.
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To exploit fully the opportunities, the Nigerian Government should embark on an aggressive
agripreneurship development. It takes agripreneurial farmers who are creative and innovative
to exploit fully the opportunities in the agricultural sector and for the agricultural sector to
contribute significantly to the economic growth and development. In view of the foregoing, the
following practicable recommendations are made:
(1) The federal government should assess Nigeria’s agripreneurship readiness and the
development capacity in this area. To this end, the following issues should be resolved:
•What resources (in terms of funds, qualified agricultural experts and facilities)
do Nigeria need to evolve and implement a comprehensive and realistic
agripreneurship development strategy?
•What resources do Nigeria currently have that can be mobilized and deployed to
design and implement a realistic ADP?
•What resources are not available? How and from where can they be obtained?
Resolving the above issues will enable the federal government to set specific
agripreneurship development goals and develop appropriate strategies to
achieve them. It will reveal where Nigeria is with respect to agripreneurship
development, where it wants to be in the future and how it will get there.
More importantly, assessing such readiness and capacity to engage in an
agripreneur-driven economic growth and development is crucial for nation
building. This could be the most strategic way to get started by exploring and
exploiting Nigeria’s current opportunities in this area.
(2) The Nigerian Government, at the federal, state and local levels, should establish
functional ADCs, with different units for specific areas of agribusiness, where both
current and potential agripreneurs can be trained and developed. The centers should
be well equipped and agricultural experts with the knowledge of modern farming
techniques and practices should be employed to train agripreneurs. Aside from
establishing ADCs, the government should also organize at regular intervals ADPs
to train different categories of agripreneurs based on their needs. Agripreneurs
should be equipped with the agripreneurial skills, competencies and the insight that
they need to identify, explore and exploit viable business opportunities in
agriculture. As stated earlier, agriculture has developed greatly in the recent past.
New agricultural techniques and practices have emerged. As a result, agripreneurs
should be equipped with today’s agripreneurial knowledge, competencies and skills
that are required to establish and manage an agribusiness successfully. Establishing
ADCs or organizing ADPs to train and develop agripreneurs will increase their
capacity and boost agricultural productivity. The implication is that when
agricultural productivity increases, there will be enough for exports and that will
enhance appreciably the contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP.
(3) The federal government should integrate agripreneurship education into Nigeria’s
education system, particularly at the primary and secondary education levels.
The curriculum for the agripreneurship education should be essentially practical
oriented. This will help to inculcate agripreneurship culture into the students.
In addition, as a matter of policy, the government should mandate all primary and
secondary schools to establish school farms, where students will be exposed to
modern agricultural techniques and practices. It will help to increase their
disposition toward choosing agribusiness as a career in the future.
(4) The Nigerian graduates should be encouraged to choose agribusiness as a career.
Instead of allowing them after graduation to expend their energy and time in
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searching for jobs that are not available, they should be encouraged to go into
agribusiness. To this end, the government should incorporate ADP into the one-year
compulsory national service program, that is, National Youth Service Corps for the
purposes of training and developing graduates to become agripreneurs.
For example, graduates should be allowed to choose any agribusiness of their
choice and be trained. In addition to equipping them with agripreneurial skills and
competencies related to the agribusiness of their choice, the government can
encourage them by providing financial assistance at the end of the training program
to enable them start their own agribusinesses. By going into agribusiness, it means
that they have provided jobs for themselves and will, in turn, have the opportunity
to provide jobs for other people. Certainly, they will make money from the
agribusiness and their standard of living will be enhanced considerably. This means
that the rate of unemployment will be reduced significantly. The implication is that
when people are economically empowered, their demands for goods and services will
increase. Consequently, business organizations will increase production and more
people will be employed in order to meet increased customers’demands. In the end,
economic activities will be stimulated.
(5) To realize fully the place of agriculture in the economic growth of the country, the
Nigerian Government, particularly the legislative body should formulate
agricultural-related policies and laws that will make agriculture and agribusiness
lucrative. More specifically, the government can address this by creating tax
incentives or holidays for agripreneurs. Besides, the government can grant
temporary duty waivers to agripreneurs to import agricultural inputs such as
tractors, improved seeds and agrochemicals. The implication is that when
agriculture or agribusiness is made lucrative, people will go into it willingly. In the
long run, they will become economically empowered, poverty level will be reduced
significantly, unemployment rate will be reduced considerably and food security will
be guaranteed. Above all, economic activities will be stimulated.
(6) There are certain cultural issues that could impede agripreneurship development. One
of the cultural issues is risk-taking culture. Generally, businesses involve taking risks.
Many people do not always believe that making mistakes is acceptable in business.
As a result, they are afraid to take risks. The government should create an environment
that will make agripreneurs to know that there are challenges or failures in the pursuit
of laudable success. The government can educate agripreneurs on the possible risks
that are associated with certain agribusinesses. In this regard, provision of timely,
relevant and accurate data such as weather forecast by the government is crucial.
Another important cultural issue that is worth mentioning is some cultural norms that
forbid women from taking part in some activities, particularly in some parts of Africa.
Such cultural beliefs (where they exist) should be dispelled by the government. In fact,
women should be encouraged to go into any agribusiness of their choice.
(7) Most agricultural activities are undertaken by people in the rural areas. Thus,
the government should ensure that agripreneurs in the rural areas have access to the
basic agricultural infrastructure like their counterparts in the urban areas.
The infrastructure that should be made available to rural agripreneurs includes
storage facilities, banking services, energy, irrigation facilities, good transportation
systems and effective communication network. Besides, the government should
initiate and implement programs that will increase the rural agripreneurs’
awareness of and access to new markets. More importantly, the government should
assist rural agripreneurs in developing strong skills that will help them in
identifying market opportunities and assessing the feasibility of such opportunities.
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(8) The government should provide agripreneurs access to financial capital beyond
what the commercial and microfinance banks can provide. To do this, the
government can set aside certain amount of money to be given to agripreneurs in the
form of soft or short-term loans at a zero or reduced interest rate through designated
banks or agencies. Similarly, the government through the apex bank, the Central
Bank of Nigeria, can mandate all commercial banks to reserve certain amount of
money to be given specifically to small-scale agripreneurial farmers at a reduced
interest rate and with less stringent conditions.
(9) The government should subsidize agricultural inputs such as tractors, feeds, improved
seeds and agrochemicals for the agripreneurs. In recent times, farming has become
capital intensive. Agripreneurs need a huge amount of capital to be able to start a
particular agribusiness. The government can assist agripreneurs by subsidizing
certain agricultural inputs with a view to boosting agricultural productivity.
(10) Although the government may not be directly involved in agriculture or
agribusiness, it is its responsibility to provide the enabling environment for
agriculture or agribusiness to flourish. Specifically, the government should invest
massively in agriculture. Thus, the government in its budgeting system should
allocate enough funds to the agricultural sector. This will enable it to provide the
necessary infrastructure such as good road network, functional irrigation system
and adequate storage facilities to assist agripreneurs.
(11) Lastly, there is a widespread apathy among Nigerians toward agriculture.
The Nigerian Government should initiate and execute enlightenment programs that
will help to change people’s attitude toward agriculture. Nigerians, particularly the
youths should be made to see agriculture as a reliable source of livelihood.
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of Statistics, pp. 1-15.
Corresponding author
Innocent Otache can be contacted at: otache2@gmail.com
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