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On the snout and oromandibular morphology of genus Garra, description of two new species from the Koladyne River basin in Mizoram, India, and redescription of G. manipurensis (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Abstract
Members of the genus Garra are divided into five species groups based on snout morphology, viz., a smooti snout species group; a transverse lobe species group; a rostral flap species group; a rostral lobe species group and a proboscis species group. Two new species are described from the Koladyne River basin in Mizoram, India Garra koladynensis, a member of the proboscis species group, is distinguished by the following combination o. characters: A prominent trilobed proboscis with three large-sized bi-to hexacuspid acanthoid tubercies on anteriol marginal aspect and two medium-to large-sized bi-to pentacuspid tubercles on anteroventral marginal aspect 30-31 + 3 lateral-line scales; 81/2 branched dorsal-fin rays; 51/2 branched anal-fin rays; mental adhesive disc mediall) positioned, extending anteriorly to three-fourths of length of lower jaw; and anterior and posterior halves of thc central callous pad equally rounded. Garra matensis, a member of the rostral flap species group, is distinguishec by the following combination of characters: A small rostral flap with 4-7 small conical tubercles; dorsolateral anc ventrolateral free margins of the rostral flap equally extended; 27-28 + 3 lateral-line scales; 61/2 branched dorsal-fir rays; 41/2 branched anal-fin rays; mental adhesive disc anteriorly positioned, extending anteriorly half length o lower jaw; anterior half of central callous pad more rounded than posterior half of central callous pad; caudal fir with a distinct W-shaped black band; and dorsal fin with a distinct black submarginal band. Garra 1nanipurensi is redescribed and a note on G. rakhinica is given based on the specimens from the Koladyne River basin anc G. vittatula is regarded as a junior synonym of C. lnanipurensis.
... Based on snout morphology, Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017) classified members of the genus Garra into five groups: smooth snout, transverse lobe, rostral flap, rostral lobe, and proboscis species groups. While conducting an ichthyological survey in the Zubza River, a headwater of the Brahmaputra River basin in the Kohima district of Nagaland, north-eastern India (Fig. 4 & 5), four specimens of Garra belonging to the proboscis species group were obtained. ...
... Diagnosis. A member of the proboscis group of Garra sensu Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017). Garra zubzaensis sp. ...
... Garra zubzaensis is compared with 33 valid species of the proboscis species group distributed in four river basins, i.e., Brahmaputra, Chindwin, Barak, and Kaladan draining the Northeastern parts of India and adjoining regions in Bhutan, and Tibet (China). Among these, 22 species: G. arunachalensis Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013), G. biloborostris , G. binduensis Das, Kosygin & Panigrahi (2016), G. bimaculacauda Thoni, Gurung & Mayden (2016), G. birostris Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013) Shangningam & Vishwanath (2015), and G. tezuensis Thoidingjam, Ngangbam, Linthoingambi & Singh (2023) from the Chindwin River basin; two species: G. paratrilobata Roni, Chinglemba, Rameshori & Vishwanath (2019), and G. substrictorostris Roni & Vishwanath, 2018, from the Barak River basin; and one species, G. koladynensis Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017), from the Kaladan River basin. Garra zubzaensis differs from all members of proboscis species group by lacking both a transverse groove and a transverse lobe on the anterodorsal surface of snout. ...
A new species of Garra (Labeoninae) is described from the Zubza River, a headwater of the Brahmaputra River basin, in Kohima district of Nagaland, North-eastern India. The new species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: a black spot located on the principal ray and first three branched rays of the dorsal (upper) lobe distal part, as well as a black submarginal V-shaped band on the principal ray and whole branched rays of the ventral (lower) lobe of caudal fin; snout with weakly-developed proboscis represented by slightly upwards elevated hump, with no transverse groove and no transverse lobe, and with 10–12 small tubercles on anterodorsal marginal aspect; 34 lateral-line scales including two pored scales on caudal fin; absence of scales on chest and presence of poorly developed scales on belly; relatively shorter caudal peduncle (10.7–12.5 % SL), and snout (34–35 % HL); and relatively larger eye (31–32 % HL).
... This study mainly focused on the few genera in the Labeoninae having oromandibular discs, including Ageneiogarra, Ceratogarra, Discogobio, Discocheilus, Garra, Placocheilus, Sinigarra, and Vinagarra. The identification and terminology of the elements of the oromandibular disc follow Zhang and Zhou [4], Zhang et al. [20], and Nebeshwar and Vishwanath [21]. We used the subtribe in the classification of groups under the Labeoninae. ...
... Measurements followed Nebeshwar and Vishwanath [21], and Kottelat [22]. All measurements were taken point to point with digital calipers connected directly to a data recording computer, and data were recorded to the nearest 0.1 mm. ...
... Remark. Nebeshwar & Vishwanath [21], Tangjitjaroen et al. [4] designed Garra incisorbis as Ageneiogarra incisorbis. However, neither of the two papers presented strong morphological or molecular evidence to support their idea, but only [5]. ...
The aim of this study was to understand the systematic relationships between certain fish genera with oromandibular discs in the Labeoninae. At the same time, this was an opportunity to clarify the taxonomic status of certain species in the genera Ageneiogarra, Garra, Placocheilus, and other taxa distributed in China. Morphological comparison and molecular analysis were used in the study. The results showed that the genera with oromandibular discs had no recent common ancestor and that their oromandibular discs were the result of convergent evolution in different evolutionary lineages. Due to the homogeneity of their habitats, these fish have evolved oromandibular discs with similar appearance and structure. Both morphological and molecular evidence suggests that (1) Placocheilus cryptonemus distributed in the Nu-Jiang (the Upper Salween River Basin), Yunnan, China, represent a new genus, here described as Pseudoplacocheilus, and (2) Garra micropulvinus occurring in the Panlong-He (the upper portion of the Lo River, a branch of the Red River Basin) from Wenshan, Yunnan, represents another new genus, here described as Supradiscus.
... Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013) further classified the general shapes of proboscis as quadrate, triangular, bilobed, or trilobed, and anteriorly rounded or truncate. Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017) elucidated the variable structures present on the snout and demonstrated different shapes and degrees of development. Based on the aspects of snout morphology, i.e., smooth snout and snout structures: transverse lobe, proboscis, rostral flap, and rostral lobe, species of Garra from India, Sri Lanka, China, and Southeast Asia are currently divided into five species groups: (1) smooth-snout species group, (2) transverse lobe species group, (3) proboscis species group, (4) rostral flap species group, and (5) rostral lobe species group (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017). ...
... Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017) elucidated the variable structures present on the snout and demonstrated different shapes and degrees of development. Based on the aspects of snout morphology, i.e., smooth snout and snout structures: transverse lobe, proboscis, rostral flap, and rostral lobe, species of Garra from India, Sri Lanka, China, and Southeast Asia are currently divided into five species groups: (1) smooth-snout species group, (2) transverse lobe species group, (3) proboscis species group, (4) rostral flap species group, and (5) rostral lobe species group (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017). Sun et al. (2018) also provided additional information on varied shapes of the proboscis. ...
... Discussion. The new species, Garra hexagonarostris belongs to the 'proboscis species group' of Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017) characterized by a unilobed, hexagon-shaped proboscis, with large conical acanthoid tubercles on proboscis and transverse lobe. The new species is compared with 28 valid species of the 'proboscis species group' distributed in four river basins (Brahmaputra, Chindwin, Barak, and Kaladan) draining Northeast India and adjoining regions in Bhutan, Tibet (China), and Bangladesh. ...
Garra hexagonarostris, a new member of the ‘proboscis species group’, is described from the Chakpi River of Chindwin basin in Manipur, India. The new species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: a prominent hexagon-shaped unilobed proboscis with five large-sized conical tubercles on anterior margin, and three or four medium-sized conical tubercles on anteroventral region; transverse lobe with 13−35 small- to medium-sized conical tubercles; lateral surface of snout swollen with 8−18 small- to medium-sized conical tubercles; 31−32 lateral-line scales including three pored scales on caudal fin; and a large arch-shaped black spot on each side of opercle, immediately anterior to upper angle of gill opening. The taxonomic status of several species of Garra from Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram, is reviewed and accordingly Garra minimus is considered as a junior synonym of G. quadratirostris; G. nigricauda as a junior synonym of G. arunachalensis; G. alticaputus and G. kimini as junior synonyms of G. birostris; and G. tyao as a junior synonym of G. rakhinica.
... The Labeoninae group of the genus Garra is a highly diversified cyprinid with various morphological modifications on the snout region, varying shapes, and distribution patterns of tubercles which aid in species distinction (Nebeshwar and Vishwanath, 2013). Nebeshwar and Vishwanath (2017) categorized this genus into five groups on the basis of snout morphology, viz., a) smooth snout, b) a transverse lobe, c) a proboscis with transverse lobe, d) a pair of rostral flaps with or without a transverse lobe, and e) with a pair of rostral lobes. G. lungongza belongs to the member of smooth snout group. ...
... lissorhynchus" complex. Hence, G. abhoyai, G. dampaensis (Lalronunga et al., 2013), G. lissorhynchus, G. matensis (Nebeshwar and Vishwanath, 2017), G. ngatangkha Arunkumar and Moyon, 2019, G. nambulica, G. namyaensis (Shangningam and Vishwanath, 2012), G. paralissorhynchus (Vishwanath and Shanta Devi, 2005), G. rupecula, G. tyao (Arunachalam et al., 2014) belong to this complex. This distinctive character is absent in Garra lungongza. ...
... presence) of contrasting dark bands from head to caudal fin base. Arunachalam, 2013 described four species from Arunachal Pradesh, among which G. alticaptus, G. minimus and G. nigricauda are similar to Garra lungongza in having smooth snout, but differs in having rostral lobe, however, Nebeshwar and Vishwanath (2017) commented that original descriptions of these species are ambiguous and are closely similar to G. birostris, G. quadratirostris and G. kimini, and G. arunachalensis and respectively. ...
Garra lungongza sp. nov., is described from the Dei-thung Shumang River, Nagaland. It belongs to the member of "smooth snout" group. It differs from its congeners in having the following characteristics: head strongly depressed; snout tip with 23-34 rounded hollow pits; Gular disc elliptical; torus crescentic; labellum covered by lateral distal margin of rostral cap; pre-dorsal scales irregularly arranged with 12-14 scale rows; lateral line with 37+ 2(1)-3(5) scales.
... Diagnosis: Garra can be divided into five species groups based on the snout morphology as suggested by Nebeshwar and Vishwanath (2017): 1) smooth snout species group, 2) transverse lobe species group, 3) rostral flap species group, 4) rostral lobe species group, and 5) proboscis group. Garra tezuensis belongs to "smooth snout with poorly developed transverse depression". ...
... Etymology: Name after its type locality, Tezu, Lohit District, Arunachal Pradesh, India Discussion: -Morphology of the snout and the shape and distribution patterns of tubercles on the snout is of taxonomic significance in distinguishing species of Garra (Nebeshwar and Vishwanath 2017). The genus had been divided from five species group in which Garra tezuensis belongs to smooth snout group. ...
... Arunachalam et al (2013) described four species of Garra from the upper Brahmaputra River drainage of Arunachal Pradesh. Nebeshwar and Vishwanath (2017) indicated the likely synonymy of these four nominal species: G. nigricauda to G. arunachalensis, G. minima to G. quadratirotris and G. kimini and G. alticaputus to G. birostris. ...
The present work is a result of a Preliminary survey on the fish diversity of two major rivers of Arunachal Pradesh i.e Siang river and Lohit river at Pasighat and Tezu. A total of 24 species belonging to 5 families of Cyprinidae, Siluridae, Sisoridae, Belonidae and Bagridae were collected. Among them, Barilius, Garra, Tariqilabeo, Glyptothorax were commonly found in both the rivers. While in Lohit River of Tezu a greater number of species of the genera Raiamas, Xenentodon, Pterocryptis, Pseudocheneis, Schizothorax, Batasio, Puntius, Wallago were collected. A new species of garra is also reported belonging to "Smooth snout group", having prominent, regular scales on abdomen, moderately large gular disc, broader than long (length 37.4% HL,55.3 width % HL), anus posteriorly positioned, a black spot at upper angle of gill opening.
... It is diagnosed by the presence of a labial fold forming a gular disc that displays a variation in the snout (Kottelat, 2020). This genus is divided into five groups based on snout morphology: a smooth snout species group, a transverse lobe species group, a proboscis species group, a rostral flap species group, and a rostral lobe species group (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017). ...
... nov. belongs to the "proboscis with transverse lobe" group of Nebeshwar and Vishwanath, 2017. This group further consists of "incipient or weakly developed, unilobed, bilobed or trilobed proboscis". ...
... G. chingaiensis like G. chindwinensis are a specialized rheophilic species among the species of the genus since it developed an additional papillated adhesive transverse lobe at the anterior region of the callous pad, which is demarcated posteriorly from the remaining portion by a transverse groove. Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017) during their extensive report on snout and oromandibular structure of the genus Garra claimed that the shapes of proboscis in them may change during ontogeny and may differ between the sexes. G. bimaculacauda has its smallest reported size upto 66.2mm SL and is said to have weak proboscis with poorly developed tubercles. ...
A new species of the genus Garra is described from the Chalou River in Manipur, northeastern India. The new species, Garra chingaiensis, belongs to the "proboscis with a transverse lobe species group". It further belongs to the unilobed proboscis group and can be distinguished from its congeners in having a combination of the following characters: a prominent 3-4 unicuspid tubercles on the unilobed proboscis, a transverse lobe with an irregular 11-13 unicuspid tubercles, lateral surface of the snout with 2-3 minute tubercles; a narrow black 5 stripes, laterally more distinct towards caudal peduncle, 3 stripes below the lateral line and 2 stripes above lateral line; black stripes in the middle of caudal fin; chest and belly scaled; 12 circumpeduncular scales; 34-35 lateral scales; 8 ½ branched dorsal fin rays; and 5 ½ branched anal fin rays.
... Garra simbalbaraensis was described by Rath et al. (2019) from the Simbalbara River in Himachal Pradesh, India. The species is a member of the 'snout with a proboscis' species group (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath 2017) and is characteristic in having proboscis unilobed, short, thick and rounded, strongly projecting downward above the transverse groove; lateral line scales 32−33; transverse scale rows 4/1/3½; predorsal scales 9−11 and total vertebrae 32. ...
... Rath et al. (2019) described Garra simbalbaraensis from the Simbalbara River in Himachal Pradesh, India. The species belongs to the snout with a proboscis species group of Nebeshwar and Vishwanath (2017). It is characterized by a combination of characters as mentioned above. ...
... However, Nebeshwar and Vishwanath (2013) redescribed and designated a neotype for Garra gotyla from the Tista River at Rangpo (Ganga basin), Sikkim, India. Furthermore, based on the snout morphology, Nebeshwar and Vishwanath (2017) divided the genus Garra from South and Southeast East Asia into five species groups: (i) smooth snout species group; (ii) transverse lobe species group; (iii) proboscis species group; (iv) rostral flap species group; and (v) rostral lobe species group. ...
... The identification of the elements of the gular disc partly follows Zhang et al. (2002) (followed, e.g., by Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017, Stiassny & Getahun, 2007, but the terminology is revised, see under Discussion and Fig. 3. The main terms used here are pulvinus (central pad or central callous pad of authors), torus (anteromedian fold of authors), labrum (lateroposterior flap of authors) and labellum (anterolateral lobe of authors). ...
... Reid (1985: 44-45) described and figured the position of different fields where tubercles are located on the snout in labeonines, and provided a terminology. The diversity of tubercles and their position in Garra sensu lato was described and figured by Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017), who did not mention Reid's work. They recognised a number of types of organisation of tubercles, but none similar to that observed in Ceratogarra. ...
... After a global (but much outdated) revision by Menon (1964), research on garras has been geographically restricted. The oral morphology and tuberculation pattern of most South, Southeast and East Asian species have been reviewed by Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017). Chinese species have been reviewed by Zhang et al. (2000); several additional species have been described since. ...
Ceratogarra is established as genus name for Garra cambodgiensis and G. fasciacauda. Besides molecular characters, Ceratogarra shares with Paracrossochilus the presence of a large tubercle on each side of the tip of the snout, the colour pattern made of a bold black midlateral stripe and a red to black marginal or submarginal stripe along the upper and lower margins of the caudal fin. It is distinguished from Paracrossochilus by the presence of a gular disc. The oral and gular morphology of Paracrossochilus is described. The difference between lower lip and labial fold is discussed. The terminology used to describe the gular disc is reviewed and a new terminology is proposed. Conclusions of recent works on garra lineages are discussed, among others the homology of soft oral and gular structures and the reduction and absence (vs. loss) of the gular disc. While the absence or small size of the disc might result from loss or reduction in some species or lineages, there is no reason to accept a hypothesis that the presence of a structure as complex as the gular disc would be the plesiomorphic condition for the whole clade 'Labeonini minus Labeonina', followed by loss of the disc and followed by the evolution of new, different, very complex structures. It is at least equally parsimonious (and more logical) to hypothesise a simple structure as plesiomorphic, followed by the evolution (including parallel) of various complex modifications of the gular tissues, including discs (which develop in different ways). The putative homology between the disc of garras in separate lineages should be critically reexamined and genera within Garrina should be diagnosed by other characters than simply by a trivial statement of the presence or absence of the disc. The gross oversimplification (or misrepresentation) of 'morphology', and even its terminology, is a serious problem in many molecular phylo-genetic studies.
... Vertebral counts were made on micro-computed tomography scans, with the first caudal vertebra with its hemal spine posterior to the anterior-most anal-fin pterygiophore; counts of abdominal vertebrae include the Weberian complex (n = 4 vertebrae), and counts of caudal vertebrae include the urostyle complex (n = 1 vertebra). Descriptions of the snout follow Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017). Data on G. arunachalensis, G. chindwinensis, G. motuoensis, and G. yajiangensis were taken from Gong et al. (2018), Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013), Premananda et al. (2017), and Yu et al. (2016). ...
... Species of Garra in Southeast Asia with a proboscis and a transverse lobe on the snout in addition to G. surinbinnani are G. fuliginosa, G. salweenica and G. notata in the Salween basin, and G. cyrano in the Mekong basin (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017). Although Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017) reported G. notata to have a smooth snout, in the original description (as Platycara notata) Blyth (1860) noted that the species has characteristics typical of the genus as exemplified by Platycara nasuta (now Garra nasuta), which McClelland (1838) described as having "snout abruptly depressed between the eyes with a large pit between the nostrils." ...
... Species of Garra in Southeast Asia with a proboscis and a transverse lobe on the snout in addition to G. surinbinnani are G. fuliginosa, G. salweenica and G. notata in the Salween basin, and G. cyrano in the Mekong basin (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017). Although Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017) reported G. notata to have a smooth snout, in the original description (as Platycara notata) Blyth (1860) noted that the species has characteristics typical of the genus as exemplified by Platycara nasuta (now Garra nasuta), which McClelland (1838) described as having "snout abruptly depressed between the eyes with a large pit between the nostrils." The depression, pit and what appears to be a proboscis on G. nasuta are illustrated by McClelland (1838: pl. ...
Garra surinbinnani, new species, is described from the Mae Khlong basin of western Thailand. It is the fourth species of Garra known from the basin and occurs syntopically with the other three species in fast-flowing rocky riffles. Within the Mae Khlong basin, it is most similar to G. fuliginosa from which it differs most obviously in having a bilobed (vs. trilobed) proboscis on the snout and 12-13 (vs. 15-16) circumpeduncular scales. Garra surinbinnani is readily distinguished from other species of Garra with a proboscis in Southeast Asia-G. notata and G. salweenica in the Salween basin, and G. cyrano in the Mekong basin-in having 12-13 (vs. 15-16) circumpeduncular scales, and from all species of Garra outside Southeast Asia with a bilobed proboscis and 12-13 circumpeduncular scales by having 28-31 (vs. 34 or more) lateral-line scales.
... Garra exhibit substantial variation in the morphology of the snout. Based on snout morphology, Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017) classified the members of the genus from South and Southeast East Asia into five groups characterised by: (i) a smooth snout ; (ii) a snout with a transverse lobe; (iii) a snout with a proboscis; (iv) a snout with a rostral flap; and (v) a snout with a rostral lobe. Thirty-two species of Garra belonging to Group iii ('snout with a proboscis') are currently recogized from the Barak-Meghna, Brahmaputra, Cauvery, Chindwin-Irrawaddy, Indus, Kaladan and Krishna River drainages (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath 2017;Gong et al. 2018;Roni et al. 2019). ...
... Based on snout morphology, Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017) classified the members of the genus from South and Southeast East Asia into five groups characterised by: (i) a smooth snout ; (ii) a snout with a transverse lobe; (iii) a snout with a proboscis; (iv) a snout with a rostral flap; and (v) a snout with a rostral lobe. Thirty-two species of Garra belonging to Group iii ('snout with a proboscis') are currently recogized from the Barak-Meghna, Brahmaputra, Cauvery, Chindwin-Irrawaddy, Indus, Kaladan and Krishna River drainages (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath 2017;Gong et al. 2018;Roni et al. 2019). ...
... The new species is compared with the 32 valid species of the group distributed in the different drainages of neighbouring countries, viz., G. kangrae Prashad (1919) andG. montisalsi Hora (1921) in the Indus River drainage; G. arunachalensis Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013); G. biloborostris Roni & Vishwanath (2017); G. bimaculacauda Thoni et al. (2016); G. birostris Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013); G. clavirostris Roni et al. (2017); G. dengba Deng et al. (2018); G. gotyla (Gray 1832); G. kalpangii Nebeshwar et al. (2012); G. motuoensis Gong et al. (2018); G. nasuta (M ' Clelland 1838); G. parastenorhynchus Thoni et al. (2016); G. quadratirostris Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013); G. tamangi Gurumayum & Kosygin (2016) and G. yajiangensis Gong et al. (2018) in the Brahmaputra River drainage; G. koladynensis Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017) in the Kaladan River drainage; G. substrictorostris Roni & Vishwanath (2018) and G. paratrilobata Roni et al. (2019) in the Barak River drainage; G. bispinosa Zhang (2002) (2015); G. qiaojiensis Wu & Yao (1977); G. rotundinasus Zhang (2006) andG. surgifrons Sun et al. (2018) in the Chindwin-Irrawaddy drainage; G. bicornuta Rao (1920) and G. stenorhynchus (Jerdon, 1849) in the Krishna and Cauvery River drainages respectively. ...
Garra simbalbaraensis, new species, is described from the Simbalbara River, Himachal Pradesh, India. The new species is distinguished from its congeners in having a combination of following characters: a prominent short, thick, unilobed and rounded proboscis, distinctly projecting downwards above the transverse groove; a black spot at the upper angle of the gill opening, 32−33 lateral line scales and 32 total vertebrae.
... 4 However, recent works on Garra by Nebeshwar and Vishwanath highlighted the distribution of at least 79 species in China, South East Asia, India and Sri Lanka. 5 The possession of suctorial disc on the ventral surface of the head, just behind the mouth is an important character of the genus. 5 Most of the Garra species inhabit rapid running waters and adapt to the substratum by means of horizontally placed paired fins called the pectorals. ...
... 5 The possession of suctorial disc on the ventral surface of the head, just behind the mouth is an important character of the genus. 5 Most of the Garra species inhabit rapid running waters and adapt to the substratum by means of horizontally placed paired fins called the pectorals. 1 Species belonging to the genus Garra have been recorded from different locations of Mizoram by different authors including the description of new species. ...
... 1 Species belonging to the genus Garra have been recorded from different locations of Mizoram by different authors including the description of new species. [5][6][7][8][9] The present study aim to highlight a comprehensive report of Garra species from the Kaladan drainage of Mizoram, their distribution and conservation status. ...
Ginger soft rot disease caused by fungal pathogens have become one of the most serious problems causing reduced production around the world. It has also caused a major problem among farmers of Mizoram state in India resulting in a huge decline in rhizome yield. However, the exact causative agents of this disease have not been identified in the state. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to isolate and characterized the causative agents of ginger soft rot disease from the diseased plants collected from five different villages of Aizawl district, Mizoram. Isolated fungi were cultured and morphological and molecular identification were done using internal transcribed spacer of rDNA. Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Plectosphaerella cucumerina were identified in ginger samples from five villages. Fusarium spp. were the most common and seem to be the major causative agents. It is suggested that further investigation is required to explore the diversity of ginger soft rot pathogenic fungi in the whole state which could be helpful in introducing effective and eco-friendly disease management programme.
... 4 However, recent works on Garra by Nebeshwar and Vishwanath highlighted the distribution of at least 79 species in China, South East Asia, India and Sri Lanka. 5 The possession of suctorial disc on the ventral surface of the head, just behind the mouth is an important character of the genus. 5 Most of the Garra species inhabit rapid running waters and adapt to the substratum by means of horizontally placed paired fins called the pectorals. ...
... 5 The possession of suctorial disc on the ventral surface of the head, just behind the mouth is an important character of the genus. 5 Most of the Garra species inhabit rapid running waters and adapt to the substratum by means of horizontally placed paired fins called the pectorals. 1 Species belonging to the genus Garra have been recorded from different locations of Mizoram by different authors including the description of new species. ...
... 1 Species belonging to the genus Garra have been recorded from different locations of Mizoram by different authors including the description of new species. [5][6][7][8][9] The present study aim to highlight a comprehensive report of Garra species from the Kaladan drainage of Mizoram, their distribution and conservation status. ...
The present study was carried out on the diversity of fish under the genus Garra from the Kaladan River and its tributaries of Mizoram, northeast India. The study reported the occurrence of seven species viz. Garra flavatra, G. cf. koladynensis, G. cf. matensis, G. nigricolis, G. rakhinica, G. manipurensis and G. khawbungi. Key to Garra species from Kaladan River drainage of Mizoram and their brief descriptions are given.
... This genus comprises bottom dwelling fishes usually found in swift-flowing rivers or mountain streams and these fishes are characterized by an elongate and subcylindrical body, a crenulated rostral fold on the upper lip, and a mental adhesive disc on the ventral side of the head (Talwar & Jhingran 1991;Chen et al. 2009). Species of Garra exhibit diverse morphological variations in oromandibular structures, proboscis aspect, and distributional patterns of tubercles on the snout, all of which have been used as the basis for species delineation within the group (Chu & Cui 1987;Nebeshwar & Vishwanath 2017). ...
... Roni & Vishwanath (2007) described G. biloborostris from the Kanamakra River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River in India. Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017) described G. koladynensis and G. matensis from the Kaladan River drainage in India. Roni & Vishwanath (2018) described G. substrictorostris from the Leimatak River, a tributary of the Barak River in India. ...
... In the adjacent river drainages (i.e., the Barak-Meghna River, the Kaladan River, the Chindwin-Irrawaddy River drainages, and some small coastal rivers between), there are 31 Garra species recognized. Based on snout morphology, Garra can be divided into five species groups as suggested by Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017): 1) smooth snout species group, 2) transverse lobe species group, 3) rostral flap species group, 4) rostral lobe species group, and 5) proboscis species group. The 51 aforementioned species could be assigned to the five groups according to their snout aspects (Table 1). ...
Two new species of the fish genus Garra (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) are described from the lower Yarlung Tsangpo River drainage in southeastern Tibet, China. Garra motuoensis, a member of the proboscis species group, is primarily distinguished from the members of this group by having a prominent, quadrate, and slightly bilobed proboscis; 6-20 small to middle-sized unicuspid tubercles on the anterior region of the proboscis, some middle-sized unicuspid tubercles on the transverse lobe of the snout, and several small unicuspid tubercles on the lateral surface of snout; the anus situated slightly closer to the anal-fin origin than to the pelvic-fin origin (distance from anus to anal fin 36-46% of pelvic-anal distance); 36-37 lateral-line scales; and 12 circumpeduncular scales. Garra yajiangensis, a member of the proboscis species group, is primarily distinguished from the members of this group by having a prominent, quadrate, and slightly bilobed proboscis, covered with 2-7 middle-sized unicuspid tubercles, including two large-sized tubercles on anterior margin of each lobe; some small unicuspid tubercles on the transverse lobe and the lateral surface of snout; the anus situated substantially closer to the anal-fin origin than to the pelvic-fin origin (distance from anus to anal fin 19-24% of pelvic-anal distance); 34-36 lateral-line scales; and 12 circumpeduncular scales. The validities of these two new species were also corroborated by molecular phylogenetic analysis based on Cyt b gene sequences.
... The data utilized by Zhang & Chen (2002) for G. kempi was from Menon (1964). The updated information about this species is available in both Nebeshwar et al. (2009) and Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017). According to this information, G. kempi is a deep-bodied species (depth 20.7-23.1% of SL) which develops a weakly developed transverse lobe delineated posteriorly by a shallow transverse groove and no proboscis on the snout; 7-8 and 5 branched dorsal-and anal-fin rays, respectively; and 40-42 perforated lateral-line scales. ...
... A prominent proboscis on the snout can be found in G. bispinosa, G. qiaojiensis, and G. orientalis (Zhang 2005: fig. 2) and also in G. arunachalensis, G. birostris, G. cornigera, G. gotyla, G. koladynensis, G. quadratirostris, and G. trilobata (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath 2017: fig. 4). ...
... vs 21.9-30.0% of SL), more perforated lateral-line scales (42-44 vs. less than 35), more predorsal scales (14-16 vs. no more than 12), and fewer circumpeducular scales (12-14 vs. 16). (2008) Garra dengba is so far known only from the Chayu-Qu, a tributary discharging into the Brahmaputra River basin where a total of 15 species from Garra have been identified as valid (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath 2017). Among them, seven species have a snout with a proboscis and a transverse lobe in common with G. dengba, namely G. arunachalensis, G. birostris, G. gotyla, G. kalpangii, G. nasuta, G. quadratirostris, and G. tamangi. ...
Garra dengba is here described from the Chayu-Qu, a tributary flowing into the Brahmaputra River, in Chayu County, eastern Tibet, China. It shares the presence of an incipient proboscis on the snout with G. arupi, G. elongata, G. gravelyi, G. kalpangi, and G. rotundinasus, but is distinguished from these five species in having, among other features, fewer branched dorsal- and anal-fin rays and more perforated lateral-line scales. Its validity was also confirmed by a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the cytochrome b gene.
... where the last two rays articulating on the same pterygiophore are counted as 1 1 2 . Snout morphology and terminology of oromandibular structures follow Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (14) . Identification and morphological comparisons were done by comparing specimens from the Pachhunga University Museum of Fishes (PUCMF). ...
... However, the interspecific distance of the species with other species from the same clade ranges from 9.5-12% suggesting that Garra sp. 1 and Garra sp. 2 may be undescribed species. (13,14) . ...
... The development of the proboscis, the distribution pattern of the tubercles and the transverse lobe on the snout are of taxonomic significance in unique species of the genus (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2013). The species of Garra found in southern and south-eastern Asia is divided into five groups based on snout morphology: smooth, transverse lobe, proboscis, rostral flap, and the rostral lobe (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017). The freshwater bodies of Northeastern India harboured 18 species of Garra with proboscis; G. nasuta is one of them, a unique species that inhabit only in the hill streams. ...
... Garra nasuta is characteristic in having a snout with a trilobed proboscis protruding downward above the transverse groove and tuberculated transverse lobe, and the presence of pit between nares. It belongs to the snout with proboscis and transverse lobe species group (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017). There are 21 valid species of Garra having proboscis and transverse lobe in the snout. ...
Garra nasuta (McClelland, 1838) is redescribed based on the specimens collected from two river basins in the Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. It was described as Platycara nasuta by McClelland in 1828 from Kasya mountains, Assam (now Khasi Hills, Meghalaya). The type specimens of G. nasuta do not exist, and its identity is not yet clear. The study has been based on morphological, anatomical, and osteological characteristics. A neotype has been designated to solve the taxonomic ambiguities of Garra nasuta. It is distinguished from other congeners in having a trilobed proboscis, a pitlike crease between nares, 33–34 lateral line scales, 9–10 pre-dorsal scales, and 16 circumpeduncular scales.
Keywords: Platycara nasuta, Garra, Khasi Hills, redescription, neotype
... The development of the proboscis, the distribution pattern of the tubercles and the transverse lobe on the snout are of taxonomic significance in unique species of the genus (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2013). The species of Garra found in southern and south-eastern Asia is divided into five groups based on snout morphology: smooth, transverse lobe, proboscis, rostral flap, and the rostral lobe (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017). The freshwater bodies of Northeastern India harboured 18 species of Garra with proboscis; G. nasuta is one of them, a unique species that inhabit only in the hill streams. ...
... Garra nasuta is characteristic in having a snout with a trilobed proboscis protruding downward above the transverse groove and tuberculated transverse lobe, and the presence of pit between nares. It belongs to the snout with proboscis and transverse lobe species group (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017). There are 21 valid species of Garra having proboscis and transverse lobe in the snout. ...
Garra nasuta (McClelland, 1838) is redescribed based on the specimens collected from two river basins in the Khasi
Hills, Meghalaya. It was described as Platycara nasuta by McClelland in 1828 from Kasya mountains, Assam (now
Khasi Hills, Meghalaya). The type specimens of G. nasuta do not exist, and its identity is not yet clear. The study has
been based on morphological, anatomical, and osteological characteristics. A neotype has been designated to solve the
taxonomic ambiguities of Garra nasuta. It is distinguished from other congeners in having a trilobed proboscis, a pitlike crease between nares, 33–34 lateral line scales, 9–10 pre-dorsal scales, and 16 circumpeduncular scales.
Keywords: Platycara nasuta, Garra, Khasi Hills, redescription, neotype
... The distribution of Garra ranges from western Africa to China, north to Turkey and Afghanistan, and south to Borneo. Five species of Garra Hamilton 1822 have been recorded from the Salween River basin: Garra notata described by Blyth (1860) from the Tenasserim Provinces of Myanmar and subsequently recorded in the Salween basin by Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017); G. imberbis described by Vinciguerra (1890) from Tao in Carin country (possibly Taunggyi District, Shan State-see Likhitrakarn et al. 2017), Myanmar; G. gravelyi described by Annandale (1919) from Inle Lake basin near Taunggyi, Shan State, Myanmar; G. salweenica described by Hora & Mukerji (1934) from the Salween River at Takaw, Kengtung [Shan] State, Myanmar; and G. nujiangensis described by Chen & Yang (Chen et al. 2009) from the upper Salween (Nujiang) River drainage, Zhenkang County, Yunnan Province, China. Chu & Cui (1989) reported Garra orientalis Nichols (1925) from the Salween basin in Yunnan Province, China, but Zhang (2005) found the material to be conspecific with G. salweenica. ...
... Five other species of Garra are known to occur in the Salween River basin: G. notata, G. imberbis, G. gravelyi, G. salweenica, and G. nujiangensis. Unlike G. panitvongi, G. imberbis and G. nujiangensis lack a proboscis on the snout, lack barbels (at least as adults), have >40 lateral-line scales, and appear to be restricted to the upper Salween basin (Menon, 1964;Talwar & Jhingran, 1991;Chen et al. 2009;Nebeshwar & Vishwanath 2017;Sun et al. 2018). The separation of G. nujiangensis from all other species of Garra in the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 2) parallels the result of Sun et al. (2018) in which G. nujiangensis was found to be sister to G. imberba and separated from all other species of Garra. ...
Garra panitvongi, new species, is described from the Ataran River drainage, Salween River basin, of southeastern Myanmar and western Thailand. It is the sixth species of Garra known from the Salween River basin and is readily distinguished from all congeners by the red-orange color of the body and caudal fin, and a pointed proboscis with a blue stripe on each side from the anterior margin of the orbit to the tip of the proboscis and with the stripes forming a V-shape. Garra panitvongi is known in the aquarium trade as the Redtail Garra. Descriptive information is provided on poorly known species of Garra in the Salween River basin, and Garra nujiangensis is transferred to Ageneiogarra.
... Members of the genus are elongate, small-to medium-sized, and inhabit fast-flowing rivers and oxygen-rich mountain streams by maintaining themselves against swift currents. The genus Garra is diagnosed from the labeonine genera in having the width of the crescentic anteromedian fold of the lower lip equal to or wider than the callous pad, the lateral end of the anteromedian fold on each side reaching the anterolateral lobe of the mental adhesive disc, and three rows of pharyngeal teeth (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath 2017). ...
... The genus Garra exhibits remarkable snout variations which form a significant character utilized for distinguishing species. Based on the snout morphology, Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017) divided species of the genus Garra from South and Southeast East Asia into five species groups: (i) smooth snout species group; (ii) transverse lobe species group; (iii) proboscis species group; (iv) rostral flap species group; and (v) rostral lobe species group. ...
A new species of the genus Garra is described from the Ranga River of the Brahmaputra basin, Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. Garra magnacavus, new species, differs from its congeners in having an incipient proboscis with a transverse lobe, 15−19 rounded large pits on the snout, weakly developed non-fleshy central callous pad, and an elongate body with 42 lateral-line and 14−16 predorsal scales.
... The presence or absence of a proboscis and transverse groove, along with the differences in the shape of the proboscis and the arrangements and nature of tubercles, are considered noteworthy characters for classifying species of Garra (Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017). The new species, G. magnarostrum, is categorized within the group of snout species that possess a proboscis and transverse lobe. ...
Garra magnarostrum sp. nov. is described from the Ranga River, Brahmaputra River drainage in Arunachal Pradesh, India. It is distinguished from congeners in the Indian sub-continent, Myanmar and China in having (vs. lacking) many small and budding tubercles on the ventral side of the transverse lobe of the snout. It further differs from congeners in having a combination of the following characters: a multilobed proboscis on the snout, a long head, a long snout, small eye, a deep caudal peduncle, a small gular disc, 14½ branched pectoral-fin rays, 33 lateral line scales, 11 predorsal scales, 13 circumpeduncular scales and presence of multicuspid tubercles on the snout.
... To identify potential species, we firstly checked the morphology of species following Kullander and Fang (2004), Qin et al. (2017), and Nebeshwar and Vishwanath (2017), and then we conducted species delimitation using five methods including Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP), General Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), Bayesian Poisson tree processes (bPTP), and multi-rate Poisson tree processes (mPTP). ABGD, while originally designed for single-locus data (Puillandre et al. 2021), proved effective for multi-locus data as well (Arrigoni et al. 2016). ...
Garra, a kind of small‐ to medium‐sized fish, is widely distributed from southern Eurasia to central Africa. As one of the most diverse genera of Cyprinidae, investigating the phylogeny and biogeography of Garra remains challenging. In this study, we combined sequences of Garra samples collected from Myanmar with sequences downloaded from GenBank to investigate the phylogeny, diversification, and biogeography of Garra on a global scale, with an emphasis on Southeast Asia. Species delimitation results indicated that there are at least 22 potential species, including eight undescribed species in Myanmar, suggesting that the diversity of Garra in this region have been largely underestimated. Diversification analysis suggested a relatively high diversification rate in the early branches of Garra. Ancestral distribution reconstruction results revealed that Garra originated from the Irrawaddy River basin in the late Eocene, approximately 34 million years ago, with subsequent dispersals across different drainages influenced by the uplift of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. Our study provided a new insight into the evolutionary history of Garra and the basis for further research on this genus.
... Measurements were made point to point using a digital caliper to the nearest 0.1 mm (only for specimens with SL>39 mm as measuring smaller fish produces significant error); counts are defined in Tables 2-5. The snout morphology and categorisation follow Nebeshwar and Vishwanath (2017). The terminology used for the external oral morphology and the gular disc (commonly referred to as mental disc or mental adhesive disc, e.g., in Hashemzadeh Segherloo et al. (2016)) followed Kottelat (2020). ...
We report the first finding of the stygobiotic form of the cyprinid fish Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843), discovered in a single locality in southwestern Iran, while the epigean form of the species is widely distributed in western Asia (Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Syria). We also report a new locality for its hypogean
congener, Garra tashanensis, about 5 km east of its type locality. The two species occur in syntopy in outflows of the Tang-e-Ban, a seasonal karstic spring that only has flowing water during winter and spring, when fish individuals are washed from the cave to the surface. Identification of the investigated samples was confirmed by morphological analyses, COI distances, and a phylogenetic tree. These findings suggest the existence of a large karst aquifer in the Tashan area that harbours several cave species of fish, crustaceans, and gastropods and may have considerable conservation implications.
... For example, a cyprinid barb, the Oman Garra (G. barreimiae), uses an adhesive disc composed of the rostral cap (anterior labial fold over the upper lip) and the shallow, elliptical mental disc, which is formed by the lower lip with a thick and ventroposteriorly extended fold of skin studded with keratinized micro-projections (i.e., unculi), to attach to substrates and climb several meters up natural waterfalls (e.g., Hora, 1922;Feulner, 1998;Pinky et al., 2002;Nebeshwar and Vishwanath, 2017). During climbing, G. barreimiae projects its lateroventrally inserted pectoral fins outwardly, and also twists its caudal fin and presses it against the substrate to maximize traction (e.g., Majeed et al., 2019). ...
... Garra jaldhakaensis was described by Kosygin et al. (2021) from the Jaldhaka River near Jhalong, Kalimpong district, West Bengal, Brahmaputra River Drainage, India. The species belongs to the snout with a proboscis species group of Nebeshwar and Vishwanath (2017) and is characteristic in having a snout with a conspicuously tuberculated unilobed proboscis protruding downward with 16-25 medium-to largesized multicuspid tubercles on the transverse lobe; 10-11 scales on the predorsal region, 33 scales on the lateral line series, scaled chest and belly. A fish lot collection from the Kosi River, Almora district, Uttarakhand, contains three specimens measuring 116.4-123.8 ...
The occurrence of Garra jaldhakaensis is recorded first in Uttarakhand, Northern India. The fish has been reported earlier only from the type locality Jaldhaka River near Jhalong, Kalimpong district, West Bengal, Brahmaputra River Drainage, India. The meristic counts, body measurements and descriptions are presented. The specimens have been compared with the type specimens and found out that the fish has a new distributional record from the Uttarakhand, Kumaon Himalayas, India.
... The genus Garra Hamilton 1822, the largest genus in the subfamily Labeoninae of family Cyprinidae, is a group of small to middle-sized benthic freshwater fishes widespread across tropical and sub-tropical waters from South China eastwards to West Africa westwards (Menon 1964). Species of this genus primarily inhabiting swift-flowing rivers and mountain streams, which are distinguished by the slender and subcylindrical body, crenulated rostral fold on the upper lip, and specialized mental adhesive disc on the lower lip (Chen et al. 2009;Nebeshwar and Vishwanath 2017). ...
Garra motuoensis, an endemic labeonine fish, was reported distributed in the lower Yarlung Tsangpo River drainage with little published biological information. Herein, we sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of G. motuoensis, which was 16,806 bp in length, containing 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, one light strand replication origin (OL), one control region (D-loop), and one replication region. Phylogenetic analysis based on 13 PCGs sequences revealed that G. motuoensis had a closest relationship with G. qiaojiensis. Then, both species clustered with other species of Garra, and next grouped with other genera of subfamily Labeoninae.
... G. matensis and G. kolodynensis. 34 Thus, the total number of Garra species in Mizoram sums up to 13. The diversity of species of the genus Garra in Mizoram is shown in Table 1, with their respective distribution. ...
The cyprinid genus Garra includes small to medium-sized, benthic fish species that are usually found in fast-flowing rivers and streams. Fish of this genus have a modified lower lip forming a mental adhesive disc and horizontally placed pectoral and pelvic fins with a flat ventral profile. The genus Garra is vast and wide with each species exhibiting various differences at the morphological and molecular level. Reports on the exploration and investigation of the genus in Mizoram are few and those that are reported need certain validation and clarifications. Re-collection and elaborated review of this genus are obligatory. Therefore, meticulous analysis of these freshwater fish using morphological as well as molecular methods is required to validate previous findings. Furthermore, the review paper will shed a light on the diagnosis of the fish, status of research, and research prospects in Mizoram.
... Garra are benthic algivores that exhibit multiple adaptations to life in fast-flowing waters (Lujan & Conway, 2015;Kottelat, 2020). They have depressed, fusiform bodies; unculiferous pads on the ventral surfaces of their wide, paired fins; an inferior mouth with the gular region modified to form an 'adhesive' or 'suctorial' disc; and lack-or possess only reduced or scattered-scales on their chest and belly (Stiassny & Getahun, 2007;Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017;Kottelat, 2020). Although G. ceylonensis exhibits all these specializations, it shows no preference for torrents or high-gradient streams, and occurs in a wide range of stream types (Pethiyagoda, 1991;results herein). ...
Despite exhibiting multiple morphological adaptations to living in swiftly flowing water (rheophily), Garra ceylonensis is one of the most widely distributed freshwater fish in Sri Lanka. It is thus an ideal organism to reconstruct the evolutionary history of a widespread, yet morphologically specialized, freshwater fish in a tropical-island setting. We analysed the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships of G. ceylonensis based on two mitochondrial and one nuclear genes. G. ceylonensis is shown to be monophyletic, with a sister-group relationship to the Indian species Garra mullya. Our results suggest a single colonization of Sri Lanka by ancestral Garra, in the late Pliocene. This suggests that the Palk Isthmus, which was exposed for most of the Pleistocene, had a hydroclimate unsuited to the dispersal of fishes such as Garra. G. ceylonensis exhibits strong phylogeographic structure: six subclades are distributed as genetically distinct populations in clusters of contiguous river basins, albeit with two exceptions. Our data reveal one or more Pleistocene extirpation events, evidently driven by aridification, with relict populations subsequently re-colonizing the island. The phylogeographic structure of G. ceylonensis suggests inter-basin dispersal largely through headwater capture, likely facilitated by free-swimming post-larvae. The Peninsular-Indian species G. mullya comprises two genetically distinct parapatric clades, which may represent distinct species. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: biogeography-dispersal-freshwater fish-Labeoninae-phylogeny-Pleistocene-torrent fish.
... Garra are benthic algivores that exhibit multiple adaptations to life in fast-flowing waters (Lujan & Conway, 2015;Kottelat, 2020). They have depressed, fusiform bodies; unculiferous pads on the ventral surfaces of their wide, paired fins; an inferior mouth with the gular region modified to form an 'adhesive' or 'suctorial' disc; and lack-or possess only reduced or scattered-scales on their chest and belly (Stiassny & Getahun, 2007;Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017;Kottelat, 2020). Although G. ceylonensis exhibits all these specializations, it shows no preference for torrents or high-gradient streams, and occurs in a wide range of stream types (Pethiyagoda, 1991;results herein). ...
Despite exhibiting multiple morphological adaptations to living in swiftly flowing water (rheophily), Garra ceylonensis is one of the most widely distributed freshwater fish in Sri Lanka. It is thus an ideal organism to reconstruct the evolutionary history of a widespread, yet morphologically specialized, freshwater fish in a tropical-island setting. We analysed the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships of G. ceylonensis based on two mitochondrial and one nuclear genes. G. ceylonensis is shown to be monophyletic, with a sister-group relationship to the Indian species Garra mullya. Our results suggest a single colonization of Sri Lanka by ancestral Garra, in the late Pliocene. This suggests that the Palk Isthmus, which was exposed for most of the Pleistocene, had a hydroclimate unsuited to the dispersal of fishes such as Garra. G. ceylonensis exhibits strong phylogeographic structure: six subclades are distributed as genetically distinct populations in clusters of contiguous river basins, albeit with two exceptions. Our data reveal one or more Pleistocene extirpation events, evidently driven by aridification, with relict populations subsequently re-colonizing the island. The phylogeographic structure of G. ceylonensis suggests inter-basin dispersal largely through headwater capture, likely facilitated by free-swimming post-larvae. The Peninsular-Indian species G. mullya comprises two genetically distinct parapatric clades, which may represent distinct species.
... 43, Width of pulvinus: Maximum width of pulvinus between lateral extremities. The terminology used for nuptial tubercles and grooves on the snout follows Nebeshwar and Vishwanath (2017) as described for Garra. ...
On the African continent, the genus Garra consists of several species often insufficiently separated from each other by diagnostic characters. Herein, a detailed morphological redescription of Garra makiensis from the Awash River drainage is presented, together with additional data on the type specimens of G. makiensis and G. rothschildi. Mitochondrial CO1 sequence data are also provided, including the historic paralectotype of G. makiensis, with a comparison to Garra species from Africa and the Middle East. Based on these sequences, G. makiensis clusters outside the group of African congeners and is a sister lineage to species from the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula. Although morphologically variable, G. makiensis is characterised by having a single unbranched pectoral-fin ray, a short distance between vent and anal-fin origin (7.3-19.7 % of pelvic-anal distance), chest and belly covered with scales, and a prominent axillary scale at base of pelvic fin (18.8-35.5 % of pelvic-fin length).
... It may be concluded that, though, belong to different drainage system, both the rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal where the mouths of Karnaphuli drainage and the west flowing streams of the Rakhine Yoma are very close to each other. Similar case was reported where some species of Rakhine Yoma extended to the adjacent river drainage, the Kaladan River (Nebeshwar and Vishwanath, 2017). Similarly, Schistura paucireticulata is recorded for the first time from the Karnaphuli drainage. ...
Garra ngopi sp. n., a new Labeoninae species, is described from the Tinam stream of the Tissa River (district Longding), which is a headwater of the Brahmaputra River basin in Arunachal Pradesh, North–Eastern India. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: smooth snout with 7–8 shallow pits forming a pseudo groove structure on anterior most of snout; 4–5 shallow pits on both sides of snout, 2 + 2 shallow pits on rostrum midst of snout; 11–13 shallow pits situated in between nares; dorsal, pectoral and pelvic fins spread with two to four smooth and shallow pits; caudal fin rays spread with numerous shallow pits are very distinct. Head without proboscis; 35–36 lateral line scales; 9–10 predorsal scales; absence of scales on chest and belly. Evidences of genetic analyses (genetic distance, phylogenetic clustering and species delimitation), on the basis of mitochondrial gene (cox1) indicated that the species was distinct from other known congeners.
Garra dohjei, a new labeonine fish with transverse lobe and incipient proboscis is described from the Ñiangdai, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River, Meghalaya, India. The new species is distinguished from its congeners with transverse lobe and incipient proboscis, in having a well-developed transverse lobe with around 9–12 minute tubercles, deep transverse groove between transverse lobe and incipient proboscis, black spot immediately anterior to upper angle of gill opening, 5–6 dark black stripes on caudal peduncle, 33–35 lateral line scales, 9–10 predorsal scales, 16–circumpeduncular scales, 15 branched pectoral-fin rays, and total vertebrae 33.
Nestled amidst the grandeur of the mighty Himalayas, Northeast India emerges as a realm of unique biodiversity in its flora and fauna. This study presents findings encompassing 414 species across 99 genera and 25 families, denoting a remarkable diversity within the region. Notably, the report excludes widely distributed species, concentrating instead on those exclusive to specific basins, highlighting the region's distinctiveness. Emphasizing the significance of integrative taxonomy, the report underscores the limitations of relying solely on morphology, as it sometimes fails to capture the distinguishing characteristics among different species. The notion that species can differ in identity while sharing strong similarities poses challenges within morpho-taxonomy. However, these enigmatic situations have often found resolution through molecular studies. Additionally, recognizing the importance of investigating the histology and biology of specific cultivable species is crucial. Undoubtedly, a collaborative approach involving biologists and taxonomists holds the potential to significantly enhance our understanding of the region's diversity. The report also provides the IUCN statuses of certain fish species, further contributing to the comprehensive understanding of the area's ecological landscape.
Garra triangularis Shangningam et al. [1] has been reported first from the Sakartod River at Khanvel, Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT), Western ghats, and then from Gajapati district of Odisha, Eastern Ghat. The present study reports it for the first time from Madhya Pradesh. The present specimen agrees with all the morphometric and meristic counts of the species, including the snout shape and the structure of tubercles on the proboscis. G. triangularis has a new distribution record from the State of Madhya Pradesh in India.
The occurrence of Garra triangularis Shangningam et al. (2021) is reported for the first time from Odisha, Eastern ghats. This fish has been reported earlier only from the type locality Sakartod River at Khanvel, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Western ghats. The meristic counts, body measurements and descriptions are presented and the specimens have been compared with the type specimens and found out that the fish has a new distributional record from the Eastern ghats.
2016 年 11 月，于西藏自治区墨脱县雅鲁藏布江支流哈果河中采集到一批墨头鱼属鱼类标本，经鉴定为一新种，命名为西藏墨头鱼（Garra tibetana sp. nov.）。该种曾一度被误认为 Garra kempi Hora 1921。经形态对比， 该新种与 G. kempi 及同属其他近似物种的主要鉴别特征包括：吻部具微弱额突，吻前端横叶及两侧有若干角质单尖棘突；胸腹部均有鳞片覆盖；背鳍分枝鳍条 7½ ~ 8½，臀鳍分枝鳍条 4½；侧线鳞 39 ~ 42，背前鳞 13 ~ 14，围尾柄鳞 12 ~ 13；体高为体长的 13.5% ~ 17.6%，尾柄高为体长的 8.8% ~ 11.0%，肛门至臀鳍起点为腹鳍起点至臀鳍起点距离的 47% ~ 56%。
Garra moyonkhulleni, a new labonine species, is described from the Chindwin drainage in Manipur, India. It is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: a weakly developed bilobe antrose proboscis, 1 acanthoid tubercle on each lobe of proboscis, 8 to 11 tubercles on transverse lobe, 3 to 6 tiny to medium tubercles on sublachrymal groove, distinct transverse groove and depressed rostral surface, base of the 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th and 6 th branched dorsal fin rays spotted with black; 5-6 narrow black stripes on lateral side of body and more distinct towards caudal fin.
Despite advances in biodiversity exploration, the origins of Sri Lanka's fauna and flora have never yet been treated in a synthetic work. This book draws together the threads that make up that fascinating 100-million year story. Encompassing the island's entire biota while emphasising the ecology, biogeography and phylogeography of freshwater fishes, it provides a comprehensive context for understanding how the island's plants and animals came to be as they are. The 258-page text contains more than 200 figures, photographs and maps. It provides a clear account of how, when and from where the ancestors of the plants and animals that now inhabit Sri Lanka came. For the first time, the island's unique biodiversity can be understood and appreciated in its historical and evolutionary context in this invaluable sourcebook, designed for scientists, students and biodiversity enthusiasts alike.
Garra jaldhakaensis sp. nov. (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) is described from the Jaldhaka River, Kalimpong district, West Bengal, India. The new species is distinguished from all its congeners in the Indian sub-continent in having a combination of the following characters: a prominent thick unilobed proboscis, protruding downward above the transverse groove; 10–11 predorsal scales, 33 lateral line scales and 16 circumpeduncular scales.
Garra chivaensis, a new labeonin species is described from the Chiva River at Chandel district, a headwater of the Chindwin River basin in Manipur, northeastern India. It can be distinguished from its congeners of northeastern India in having a unique combination of the following characters: snout without a proboscis and a transverse groove, 34-36 lateral line scales, 16 predorsal scales, 5.5/4.5 lateral transverse scales, absence of chest scales, presence of poorly developed belly scales, insertion of dorsal-fin NEW SPECIES ARTICLE Page33 NEW SPECIES close to the base of caudal-fin than to the tip of snout, 6 branched dorsal-fin rays and position of vent close to anal-fin origin than to pelvic-fin origin. A key of proboscis absent species of Garra from the Chindwin basin of Manipur, northeastern India is provided.
Garra chathensis, a new species, is described from the Chathe River, Nagaland, India. The new species is distinguished from its congeners in having a bilobed proboscis, a black spot at the upper angle of the gill opening, 3½/1/ 3 transverse scale rows, 16 circum peduncular scales, 9-10 predorsal scales and 32-33 lateral line scales.
A new species of Garra with a rostral proboscis is described from the Barak River drainage in Manipur, India. Garra paratrilobata, new species, is distinguished from its congeners in having the combination of the following characters: a prominent trilobed proboscis, the median lobe with 5–7 uni- to tricuspid tubercles on its anterior margin and 4–6 minute tubercles on its anteroventral margin; lateral lobe of the proboscis with 3–4 minute tubercles; lateral surface of the snout lobular, with 6–9 tubercles; 33–34 lateral-line scales; and the rostral surface concave, creased and depressed.
Garra substrictorostris, a new labeonine species, is described from the Barak River drainage in Manipur, India. It is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: a prominent unilobed antrorse proboscis, with 3–5 medium to large multicuspid tubercles on its anterior margin; 4–6 multicuspid tubercles on its anteroventral margin; a prominent transverse lobe with 14–20 multicuspid tubercles; the lateral surface of the snout slightly elevated, lobular with 7–11 small tubercles; 5½ transverse scale rows above the lateral line and 3½ or 4½ scale rows between lateral line and anal-fin origin.
The identity of Mastaceinbelus dayi is discussed and a lectotype is designated. Mastaceinbelus alboguttatus is a senior synonym of M. dayi and the valid name for this species. It grows up to at least 700 mm SL and is known from its type locality, the Sittang, large parts of the Chindwin and from the Ayeyarwaddy around Mandalay.
Vamnanenia orcicarn pus, new species, is described from the Nam Ngum drainage on the Plain of Jars, central Laos. It is distinguished from its congeners by its colour pattern consisting of a midlateral row of six blotches, a middorsal row of six saddles and vermiculations between the rows of blotches and saddles and on the rest of the flank. Furthermore, it has a slender caudal peduncle (depth 1.5 times in its length, 2.5 times in body depth) and 12-14 branched pectoral-fin rays.
Schistura titan, new species, is described from the Dakchung Plateau in southern Laos. It is distinguished by the presence of a large posterior chamber of the air bladder in the abdominal cavity, 8 + 7 branched caudal-fin rays; maximum known size 95 mm SL; 17 or 18 bars on flank; the nostril flap pointed, reaching the anterior margin of the eye; and 81/2 branched dorsal-fin rays. Dakchung Plateau lies at 800-1400 m asl; only 11 fish species are known from the plateau, of which four apparently are endemic.
Schistura systomos, new species, is described from the Bolaven Plateau in southern Laos. It is distinguished by having a very small mouth, possibly the smallest in the family. The mouth occupies only the median half of head width. The head is about circular in cross-section, its lower surface is flat only in middle, and the infraorbital area is not expanded laterally. The snout is blunt. The interorbital area, is deep and rounded, and the eyes are partly or almost visible in ventral view. Compared to other nemacheilids, the stomach is smaller and the intestine very thin. A dissected female 34.5 mm SL had an ovary with 14 large yellow ova, 1.2-1.4 mm diameter. It was found among blocks and stones downstream of a waterfall.
Garra tamangi, a new species of labeonine cyprinid fish is described from the Dikrong River, Brahmaputra River drainage in Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. Garra tamangi is distinguished from all its congeners in the Ganga-Brahmaputra River drainage in having roughly a triangular proboscis, trilobed with two small lobes that are more or less anteriorly free and a large median lobe anteroventrally tuberculated, moderately protruding forming a short horizontal notch between it and inferior side of the snout. Other distinguishing combinations of characters are given against its respective congeners in the discussion section.
This paper presented a checklist of the fish fauna of Tlawng river, Mizoram, based on present collection and those reported by the earlier workers. In total, sixty-four species of fishes representing thirty-four genera and fifteen families have been recorded from the river. Garra manipurensis Vishwanath & Sarojnalini and Tor barakae Arunkumar & Basudha are reported here for the first time from the Mizoram state and Glyptothorax telchitta (Hamilton) and Garra kempi Hora for the first time from the Tlawng river. Baes on the IUCN status, the fish fauna of the river includes one endangered, three vulnerable and two near threatened species. Highest species composition was observed in the cyprinidae family (53.1%) followed by cobitidae (7.8%) and sisoridae (7.8%). Fish fauna of the river is a mixture of endemic hill stream, Assamese and some widely distributed forms. Strategies for conservation of threatened fishes are suggested.
Salmo munzuricus, new species, is described from Munzur Stream (Euphrates River drainage), which flows through Munzur Valley National Park, in Turkey. It is distinguished from other Anatolian Salmo species by having a large adipose fin in male (almost as large as dorsal or anal fins in older males), with a very narrow white margin, then red submarginal band, then a white stripe or spots, then red again in males. It is also distinguished by having a silvery general body colour in life; numerous ocellated black spots on middle of flank but missing on the back, their number usually increasing with increasing size in both sexes; a few ocellated red spots on body, scattered on median part of the flank.
Three new species of Garra previously identified as G. gotyla are described from the eastern Himalayan foothills. They have a prominent proboscis, a transverse lobe on the snout with tubercles and black spots on the base of the dorsal-fin rays. Garra arunachalensis, new species, is distinguished in having a prominent quadrate proboscis with two large unicuspid acanthoid tubercles, one on each anterolateral marginal corner and one small tubercle in between; and in the absence of an anterolateral lobe. Garra birostris, new species, is distinguished in having a prominent bilobed proboscis with one large tri- or tetracuspid acanthoid tubercle on each lobe, and a distinct black spot at the upper angle of gill opening. Garra quadratirostris, new species, is distinguished in having a prominent quadrate proboscis with three or four small- to medium-sized tubercles on the anterior margin, and a faint blackish spot immediately anterior to the upper angle of the gill opening. Garra gotyla is redescribed based on materials from the Tista River in Sikkim. It is distinguished in having a prominent quadrate proboscis, its anterior region with 4-13 small- to medium-sized tubercles scattered on two or three rows; upper lip as a narrow band of papillae arranged in two transverse ridges; and a black spot at the upper angle of gill opening.
Garra robertsi is described from specimens collected from the Sungai Bongan and Tempassuk rivers in Sabah, Borneo. The species is differentiated from G. borneensis, its only congener on the island of Borneo, in having five (versus four) transverse scale rows above lateral line, the first branched dorsal-fin ray extending beyond the posterior-most extent of any other part of the dorsal fin when depressed (versus not extending posteriorly beyond last ray when depressed), breast with deeply embedded scales (versus exposed scales), fewer tubercles on snout, thin (versus thick) anteromedial fold on the lower lip, absence (versus presence) of a lateral stripe, absence (versus presence) of a stark, contrasting black stripe on lower caudal-fin rays, and other pigmentation characteristics.
Selected, little known taxa of northern and central Vietnamese freshwater fish species are reviewed. Nomenclatural acts are taken: Hemibarbus lehoai is placed in synonymy of H. maculatus, Paracobitis hagiangensis in synonymy of Schistura caudofurca. A neotype of Micronemacheilus bacmeensis is assigned. The name Channa hanamensis is treated as a nomen nudum. Two labeonine species described from China are nomenclaturally affected: Garra findolabium is transferred to Vinagarra and its specific epithet is treated as a noun in apposition; the specific epithet of Sinigarra napoense is corrected to napoensis.
Garra tengchongensis, a new cyprinid species from the upper Irrawaddy River basin in Tengchong county, Yunnan province, China, is differentiated from all other Chinese and Southeast Asian Garra species except G. kempi by having a combination of the following characters: two pairs of barbels, no proboscis on snout, 12 circumpeduncular scales and 37-42 lateral line scales. Garra tengchongensis is distinguished from G. kempi in having a cylindrical anterior body, a deeper body, a smaller mental adhesive disc, a scaled breast and belly, and a blunt snout
The supposed cyprinid genus 'Gonorhynchus McClelland, 1838' does not exist; the name refers to Gonorhynchus Cuvier, 1816, which is a junior objective synonym of Gonorynchus Scopoli, 1777. The correct family-group name, authorship and date are: Gonorynchidae Fowler, 1941 (1848). Tariqilabeo Mirza and Saboohi, 1990 is the valid genus name for the South Asian species earlier placed in Crossocheilus or 'Gonorhynchus'. The family-group names Garrae Bleeker, 1863 and Labeonini Bleeker, 1859 are declared nomina protecta and Platycarinae Macleay, 1841 is declared nomen oblitum
A species of Garra without proboscis
and transverse groove on the snout and with a
smoothly rounded snout tip, prominent triangular-
shaped rostral lobe with 10-11 strong, conical
tubercles; scales in the predorsal region, chest and
abdomen; two pairs of barbels, 31 lateral line
scales, 14 circumpeduncular scales; 3.5/1/3.5
transverse-scale rows; 9 gill rakers on first branchial
arch; 32 vertebrae; a broad black band near the
posterior margin of the dorsal fin and a distinct
W-shaped broad black band in the caudal fin.
A new garrain genus and species are described from the Zuo-Jiang of the Zhu-Jiang (Pearl River) drainage in Guangxi Province, South China. Sinigarra, new genus, is characterized by having the lower lip modified into a mental adhesive disc posteriorly discontinuous with the mental region. It is distinguished from all other disc-bearing genera, namely Garra, Placocheilus, Discocheilus and Discogobio, by having the anterior edge of the mental adhesive disc not modified to form an anteromedian crescentic fold, an upper lip present, but separated from the upper jaw, and indistinct papillae scarcely scattered over the rostral cap and lower lip or absent.
Akrokolioplax, new genus, is erected for the reception of Epalzeorhynchos bicornis Wu, 1977. It shares with the remaining species of Epalzeorhynchos what have usually been called "rostral lateral lobes" on the snout, which are non-homologous structures used to distinguish the two genera from all other Labeoninae genera. Akrokolioplax and Epalzeorhynchos differ in the position and structure of these lobes, and also in the morphology of the oromandibular structures. A detailed redescription is also provided for the type species of this monotypic genus, A. bicornis. It is presently known from the upper Salween River (=Nu Jiang in Chinese) basin in Yunnan (South China), Myanmar and Thailand.
Garra propulvinus, G. vittatula, G. rakhinica, G. flavatra and G. nigricollis are described from the western slope of the Rakhine Yoma, and G. spilota and G. poecilura from the eastern slope (Irrawaddy drainage). Garra propulvinus is distinguished by the linear arrangement of snout tubercles restricted to the rostral lobe, and the shape of the central pad of the lower lip, which is widest posteriorly. Garra vittatula is distinguished by its slender body shape and a distinct lateral band. Garra spilota is unique in the genus with a color pattern including a row of dark blotches along the side. Garra flavatra is unique in the genus with a contrasted pattern of dark brown vertical bars with yellowish interspaces. Garra rakhinica is similar to G. flavatra but grayish with a dark blotch at the end of the caudal peduncle and fins uniform. Garra poecilura has a distinctive pattern of black stripes and spots in the dorsal and caudal fins like G. flavatra, but does not have the distinct vertical bars of that species. Garra nigricollis is distinguished by a black band marking off the posterior margin of the head, and is distinguished among Rakhine Yoma Garra species for higher meristics (e.g., 33 vs. 27-31 lateral line scales) and larger size (to 128 mm SL vs. 76 mm SL).
A new cyprinid fish species, Garra nambulica is described from the feeder streams of the Nambul River (Chindwin basin) of Manipur, India. The new species has the following combination of characters: head squarish; no proboscis and transverse groove on snout; mental disc length 96.9% (92.8-102.7) its own width; predorsal scales irregularly arranged, its number 16-29 counted along row adjacent to the midline; chest and belly naked; post pelvic region scaled; gill rakers 10; caudal fin with a W-shaped blue black band. KEYWORDS Chindwin basin, fish, Garra nambulica sp. nov., India, Manipur, Nambul river Small sized, hill stream inhabiting fishes of the genus Garra Hamilton-Buchanan (Cyprinidae: Garrinae) are characterized by the possession of developed suctorial disc on the under surface just behind the mouth. The fishes maintain themselves against swift currents by clinging to the substratum with the help of their disc and the horizontally placed paired fins, especially the pectorals (Menon, 1964). There are some reports on the occurrence of Garra in Manipur and its neighbourhood. The following species have been described from Manipur: G. abhoyai and G. naganensis by Hora (1921), G. manipurensis by Vishwanath and Sarojnalini (1988), G. litanensis by Vishwanath (1993), G. compressus by Kosygin and Vishwanath (1998) and G. elongata by Vishwanath and Kosygin (2000). Vishwanath (1993) also recorded G. lissorhynchus, G. rupecula, G. kempi, G. nasuta, G. gravelyi and G. gotyla. Menon (1974) treated G. abhoyai (Hora) as a synonym of G. rupecula (McClelland). While collecting fresh water fishes of the streams draining to Nambul river, Chindwin basin in Manipur, specimens of Garra which do not fit into the so far described species of the genus have been found and are herein described as Garra nambulica sp. nov.
Garra magnidiscus, new species, is described from the upper Brahmaputra River basin in northeast India. It is distinguished from its Southeast Asian and Chinese congeners except G. rotundinasus in having a large mental adhesive disc, the posterior margin of which reaches to or very close to level of pectoral-fin origin; visible ventral gill opening groove short and deeply inclined from the pectoral-fin origin towards ventral mid-line, about half of the groove extends up to the base of the callous pad below the adhesive mental disc; a series of tubercles arranged along anterior field on snout; and in having the head U-shaped when viewed dorsally.
A new cyprinid fishGarra manipurensis is described from the Manipur River of Manipur State, India. The species differs fromG. annandalei Hora of Darjeeling Himalayas in the interorbital distance, number of rows of scales and position of vent. The fish is also
different fromG. lissorhynchus (McClelland) of the Brahmaputra Drainage and the Assam Himalayas in the coloration of dorsal and caudal fins and scales on
the belly.
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