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Primary Sources of Data and Secondary Sources of Data
Abstract
This paper examined primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data is an original and unique data, which is directly collected by the researcher from a source such as observations, surveys, questionnaires, case studies and interviews according to his requirements. As opposed to secondary data which is easily accessible but are not pure as they have undergone through many statistical treatments. Sources of secondary data are government publications, websites, books, journal articles, internal records
Supplementary resource (1)
... Data collected and analysed for a research study, can be obtained through primary and secondary sources (Ajayi, 2017). Primary sources of data can be seen as the researcher being the first person to obtain the data and secondary sources is where the researcher obtains data that has already been collected by other sources, for example data that has been disseminated/published in a peer-reviewed, scientific journal (Ajayi, 2017). ...
... Data collected and analysed for a research study, can be obtained through primary and secondary sources (Ajayi, 2017). Primary sources of data can be seen as the researcher being the first person to obtain the data and secondary sources is where the researcher obtains data that has already been collected by other sources, for example data that has been disseminated/published in a peer-reviewed, scientific journal (Ajayi, 2017). The sources used for data collection play an important role in the analysis thereof. ...
... The sources used for data collection play an important role in the analysis thereof. Ajayi (2017) emphasises the importance that the specific sources of the study should align with what the research question posed at the beginning of a research study. In doing so, the identified sources will lead to data collection that will ultimately answer the research question (Ajayi, 2017). ...
... Ten SACCOs were also liquidated and their depositors refunded by the Government in December 2016. Of the 472 MFIs operating in Rwanda, 17 have limited liability company status; 455 are SACCOs: these include 416 Umurenge SACCOs and 39 non-Umurenge SACCOs. The MFI sector balance sheet continued to expand in 2016, with total assets of the sector increasing by 6.6% in December 2016 to FRW 223 billion. ...
... The term is used in contrast with the term secondary data. The techniques used by the research to collect primary data are: Questionnaire, Structured interview, and personnel observations (Oluwatosin, 2017). For this research, primary data was collected using a questionnaire ...
This research assessed the effect of credit risk management on loan performance among microfinance institutions using a case of RIM Ltd Kibuye Branch during past five years (2015- 2019). A sample of 97 respondents was calculated using Yamane formula and randomly selected from a total population of 4334 clients of RIM Ltd including 2777 men and 1557 women, and 9 staffs. Quantitative approach was applied using a questionnaire designed in form of five levels Likert scale and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23; Qualitative approach was applied through open questions, interview and participant observation. The main findings of the research are: (i) Client appraisal exercise high effect on loan performance of RIM Ltd (overall μ = 4.87; σ =0.325); (ii) Credit risk control exercise high effect on loan performance of RIM Ltd (overall μ = 4.74; σ = 0.381); (iii) Collection policy exercise high effect on loan performance of RIM Ltd (overall μ =5.00; σ =0.000); (iv) Terms of credit exercise high effect on loan performance of RIM Ltd (overall μ =4.65; σ =0.407). The main challenges to effective credit risk management outlined by the research include: Deviation of the projects where the loan is used for a project that it was not requested for; Fluctuation of business climate; Some clients do not want working in solidarity; Clients having loans in SACCOs and RIM Ltd at the same time; and Poor entrepreneurship skills. Overall μ = 5.00; σ =0.000). The research recommended: (i) establishing special penalties for client who deviate the project; (ii) requesting guarantee for agricultural loans; (iii) improving RIM policy imposing solidary groups for accessing the loan; (iv) provision of clearance for loan applicants; (v) developing a culture of customer care whereby planning trainings for members; but also using trainings on entrepreneurship as a marketing strategy.
... This study used primary data to answer the research questions. According to Ajayi (2017) primary data is firsthand data collected by the researcher through sources such as surveys, observations, questionnaires, and interviews. A Qualtrics survey was completed by a target population of active-duty service members of the United States military who met the criteria of currently serving full time in any military branch of the United States. ...
... Active-duty service members' commitment to military service is defined as the This study used primary data to answer the research questions. According to Ajayi (2017) Quantitative research is used to figure out the true answer by testing hypothesis in an objective and impartial scientific manner (Davies & Fisher, 2018). Based on Ahmad et al. intentions through the mediating mechanism of job stress. ...
The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine if and to what extent the dimensions of destructive leadership construct (arrogant, unfair; threats, punishments, over-demands; ego-oriented, false; passive, cowardly; and uncertain, unclear, messy) and constructive leadership construct (exemplary model; individualized consideration; and inspiration and motivation) have an effect on predicting service members’ likelihood of commitment to military service for US military active-duty service members. The Destructive-Constructive Leadership (DCL) model, developmental leadership model, and Net Promoter Score provided the theoretical foundation for the study. The study examined the extent to which the dimensions of the destructive leadership construct and constructive leadership construct separately and together have an effect on predicting service members’ likelihood of commitment to military service for US military active-duty service members. A Qualtrics survey was completed by a sample target population (N = 963) of active-duty service members of the United States military who met the criteria of currently serving full time in any military branch of the United States. The study used a quantitative methodology, correlational design, and ordinal logistic regression for data analysis. The results indicated that the dimensions of constructive leadership, exemplary model (p = .001) and inspiration and motivation (p < .001) predict active-duty service members’ likelihood of commitment to military service in the United States military. The other dimensions were not statistically significant.
Keywords: Destructive leadership, constructive Leadership, commitment.
... Untuk mengenali kasus yang pernah terjadi sebelumnya, faktor penyebab, dan lain sebagainya, dilakukan pengumpulan data kualitatif yaitu telaah dokumen sebagai sumber data sekunder [8]. Victor O.A (2017) menjelaskan bahwa sumber data sekunder merupakan sekumpulan data yang didapatkan oleh pihak di masa lampau [9]. Data sekunder dapat bersumber dari publikasi pemerintah, buku, jurnal penelitian, serta data internal. ...
... Secara garis besar, ketika ada pihak X (oknum) ingin mengakses akun A (calon korbangenuine) dan telah ISSN 2407-4322 Vol. 9 Meskipun terdapat satu responden yang secara tidak sadar melanjutkan langkah yang diminta fraudster, responden tersebut tidak mengalami kerugian secara finansial. Mengecek sumber promosi, hasil undian, atau e-mail orang tidak dikenal secara mandiri (baik secara online maupun dengan kenalan) 4,897 2,339 7 ...
Perkembangan digital di Indonesia memberikan dampak serta kontribusi secara signifikan, baik positif maupun negatif. Ketika disalahgunakan, berbagai macam kejahatan dalam dunia siber (cybercrime) mulai bermunculan, salah satunya dengan teknik Social Engineering. Menggunakan berbagai penelitian terdahulu sebagai acuan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Social Engineering adalah teknik penyerangan mekanisme sosial atau interaksi manusiawi (bujukan, pengaruh, dan interaksi lainnya), bertujuan untuk mengontrol aksi korban dalam melakukan sebuah tindakan, baik secara sadar maupun tidak sadar. Dikarenakan sifat dari kasus Social Engineering adalah kelalaian pengguna, maka tidak seluruh perusahaan memiliki kebijakan untuk mengganti kerugian. Di sisi lain, pengguna/konsumen merasa dirugikan akibat “celah” yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh fraudster. Alhasil citra perusahaan (public image) akan berkurang atau bahkan menghilang di mata mereka. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk eksplorasi kasus Social Engineering, mulai dari pengertian, mekanisme, studi kasus Social Engineering terdahulu, beserta perilaku masyarakat Indonesia terkait pengamanan siber dengan menyebarkan e-angket. Kata kunci: rekayasa sosial, keamanan siber, serangan siber, pencegahan penipuan
... This is called "primary data". According to Ajayi, "primary data is an original and unique data, which is directly collected by the researcher from a source such as observations, surveys, questionnaires, case studies and interviews according to his requirements" [105]. It is more valid, authentic, objective, and reliable for the research compared to secondary data [106]. ...
... It is more valid, authentic, objective, and reliable for the research compared to secondary data [106]. Other benefits of this approach are that primary data is real-time and factual and aims to address the specific research problem at hand [105]. Based on the above benefits, the questionnaire was deemed a suitable method to approach the Greek social media community and directly retrieve data for analysis. ...
The issue of deepfakes and their illicit use has recently become increasingly prominent.
Developments in technology and Artificial Intelligence have caused a breakthrough in
the manipulation of audio-visual content. Additionally, social media and the Internet
have provided a fertile environment for malicious deepfakes to spread quickly. The
technology for deepfake synthesis is becoming cheaper and more accessible. Malicious
actors are utilising latest technological advances to increase the sophistication of their
deception and cases where malicious deepfakes are being used against individuals or
organisations are increasing. As a result, the concerns of governments, legislative
bodies, private sector, and Internet users are growing, and the topic is a current area of
discussion by cybersecurity experts in Greece. This study focuses on the current
deepfakes landscape in Greece and examines in detail the current legislation to address
the threat it presents. It also investigates the societal perceptions of the Greek online
community and aims to measure their exposure to malicious deepfakes and the
implications their cybersecurity. In addition, the study contributes to the research on
deepfakes detection by presenting two novel detection methods implemented in Greece.
The findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of this cyber threat.
These results could be taken into consideration by policy and law makers to assess the
level of the deepfake threat in the Greek cyber domain. They also offer a contribution
to the development of a future deepfakes strategy and options for the prevention and
mitigation of malicious deepfakes in the Greek online domain.
This thesis is written in English and is 89 pages long. It includes 9 chapters, 50 figures,
and 77 tables. It also contains 4 Annexes.
... (Ogbeide, (2015). Ajayi (2017) described primary data to be data collected through surveys, observations, experiments, questionnaire, personal interview etc. The data for this study, being a survey research is generated from primary sources which include; questionnaires, oral interviews and discussions with cooperative societies' administrators, executives and members as well as personal observations. ...
Cooperative societies engage in many activities, one of which is the provision of housing loans for members. This has helped in making the policy of housing for all in Nigeria achievable by the government and low- income earners are having access to house of their own. This study analyses the Contributions of Cooperative Societies to Housing Delivery in Edo State. The main objective was to highlight the contributions of cooperative societies to housing delivery in the state. The study adopted survey design and 433 respondents were used in the study and two instruments - questionnaire and in-depth interview were employed to collect the required information. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Findings from study show that Cooperative Societies under study have significantly contributed to housing delivery by helping members to procure building materials, getting housing loans from cooperative societies, land allocation to cooperators, getting fund for large scale business by which they raise money for building construction and supply of furniture and fittings. The study recommended that in order for cooperative societies to encourage housing provision, government should direct deposit money banks to grant cooperative societies zero interest rate loan purposely for housing projects as this will engender mass housing delivery in the state.
... Primary data is collected directly by the writer, such as interviews and surveys. While secondary data is easily accessible, such as websites, journals, books, etc (Ajayi, 2017). The source of data of this study is collected from secondary sources, which is obtained from website article entitled Enola Holmes 2020 movie script that is published on 2020 with duration 123 minutes. ...
This study uses Enola Holmes movie script 2020 to reveal the types of grammatical cohesions. The theories used are the theory of Hasan and Halliday (1976). This study uses qualitative approach. The technique of data collection of this study is documentary. This study is analysed by using document as the data that are already transcribed. Based on the finding and data analysis, the writer finds 107 data of all the types of grammatical cohesion, they are: reference (81), substitution (3), ellipsis (12), and conjunction (11). The most dominant grammatical cohesion types used in the movie script is demonstrative reference “this” that occurs 17 times.AbstrakPenelitian ini menggunakan naskah film Enola Holmes 2020 untuk mengungkapkan jenis-jenis kohesi gramatikal. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori Hasan dan Halliday (1976). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian ini adalah dokumentasi. Berdasarkan temuan dan analisis data, penulis menemukan 107 data dari semua jenis kohesi gramatikal, yaitu; referensi (81), substitusi (3), elipsis (12), dan konjungsi (11). Jenis kohesi gramatikal yang paling dominan digunakan dalam naskahfilm adalah referensi demonstratif “this” yang muncul sebanyak 17 kali.
... The structure should be fabricated by additive manufacturing technology [28] It should be made of polymeric materials The structure is made of a specific material, not a composite This structure might be subject to different applied deformation The concerned field is the mechanical field The potential design problem(s) linked to the concerned field are: ...
Design parameters are a crucial element of the product design process. However, design parameter models are often used to solve specific design problems. Generalizing design parameters is an approach to tackle more design problems. This study contributes to resolving certain limitations associated with modeling and representing the design parameters. This paper presents a generalized table of parameters (GTP) for modeling system parameters. This table is linked to a contextual database based on data and information collected from scientific databases, experts' interviews, and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Finite Element Modeling (FEM) software analysis and usage. The proposed representative table shows the robustness of integrating multiple sources of information to present a holistic and generalized view of the design system. The quality of the provided data in the table is assessed by applying certain evaluating dimensions and indicators. A case study will be presented on the lattice structure within a specific context in the mechanical field.
... In this study, using confirmatory factor analysis to test validity by considering Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (Priyatno, 2014) and saturated samples. There are 14 statements on competency variables, 13 statements on role conflict variables, 8 statements on work motivation variables and 8 statements on perceived productivity (Ajayi, 2017). ...
The purpose of this study is to explain the impact of transformational leadership and flexible work arrangements. The purpose of this study is to explain the effect of competence and role conflict on perceived productivity with work motivation as an intervening variable for general practitioners at Type A Hospital. Data collection was done using survey methods and online and offline questionnaires. The population in this study were general practitioners at the Type A Special Hospital in West Jakarta, who had been appointed as hospital employees. Instrument test for the validity of the questions and reliability using Product Moment Correlation Coefficient from Pearson and Alpha Cronbach. Data analysis technique is Path Analysis (path analysis). The results of the study show that there is an influence of competence and role conflict on work motivation and perceived productivity. Competence and role conflict through work motivation on perceived productivity. The suggestion from this study is that a leader must be able to inspire and motivate his employees towards the quality of work according to the vision and mission that the Hospital has made in achieving the Hospital's goals to improve the quality of service to patients.
... The research design serves as a comprehensive plan for collecting and analyzing data based on the study's research questions and goals (Hassan & Khairuldin, 2020). It focuses on examining the relationship between supply chain management and the environmental performance of freight forwarding businesses in Malaysia.The primary data collection method utilized in this study is the administration of a questionnaire (Ajayi, 2017). ...
... Secara umum dipakai untuk mengetahui apakah usaha yang di lakukan menghasilkan keuntungan atau tidak. Untuk menghitung pendapatan bersih suatu usaha, digunakan persamaan 1, 2 dan 3 (Soekartawi, 2007;Ajayi, 2017 ...
Huhate, juga dikenal sebagai Pool and Line, adalah alat tangkap ikan yang banyak digunakan oleh nelayan tradisional di perairan pesisir Maluku. Faktor pembiayaan operasional dan biaya transaksi merupakan hal penting dalam penangkapan ikan dengan alat ini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis (1) tingkat pendapatan unit penangkapan pole and line terhadap ikan cakalang (2) mengetahui besaran biaya transaksi pemasaran hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang (3) membandingkan pendapatan dengan biaya transaksi pemasaran hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang. Metode yang di gunakan adalah metode survey, analisis pendapatan dan model analisis biaya transaksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa unit penangkapan pole and line menghasilkan pendapatan sebesar Rp. 1.031.248.000, dengan rata-rata penerimaan setiap unit usaha adalah sebesar Rp. 257.812.000. Besaran biaya transaksi seluruh unit penangkapan pole and line yaitu sebesar Rp. 59.640.000, untuk seluruh unit penangkapan, atau rata-rata setiap unitnya adalah Rp. 14.910.000. Perbandingan biaya transaksi dan pendapatan unit penangkapan pole and line adalah sebsar 5% dari pendapatan unit penangkapan, atau rata-rata per unit penangkapan adalah sebesar 1,25 % per musim penangkapan.
... Observation will be made by observing and carrying out the student learning process (Butarbutar et al., 2022). The type of data used in this study is primary data, as secondary data support the primary data (Ajayi, 2017). Primary data sources are facilitators and students of Lombok Tourism Polytechnic. ...
This study had two goals: (1) to provide an overview of student entrepreneurship interest as an indicator of opportunities to establish a business incubator at the Lombok Tourism Polytechnic, and (2) to provide a contribution of thought and enrichment in the field of study and enrichment of the tourism business incubator as input and reference for future studies. (3) used as information and input for stakeholders in developing entrepreneurship. This study gathered primary data through a questionnaire distributed to 63 students from four different study programs. The data collection technique is purposive sampling, and the data analysis technique is descriptive responses. It was provided by respondents in the questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that: (1) flexibility, indicating the intention of respondents, 22% strongly agree (2) In terms of innovation, indicating the intention of respondents, 44% strongly agree. (3) social prestige, indicating the intention of respondents to engage in entrepreneurship. 48% strongly agree. (4) A personal challenge, indicating the intention of respondents 60% strongly agree. (5) Leadership, indicating the intention of respondents 45% of respondents agree on the benefits of leadership, indicating their intent. 51% strongly agree. (7) Being in charge, with 36% of respondents strongly agreeing.
... In all the groups both the control and the intervention group had proportion of female more than male similar to a study 28 where females were over three times more than males which reflects the gender distribution of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria as revealed by other studies 29,30 . Additionally, it has been shown that women are particularly vulnerable to HIV infection because of inter-relationships among complex biological, cultural and socioeconomic factors, the female natural biological design predisposes women to HIV more than men during heterosexual contact because they have greater area of mucous membrane exposed during sex and are exposed to higher viral content of male sex fluids 31 . ...
Medication adherence and antiretroviral therapy retention are required for successful durable, virologic suppression and treatment outcomes among youths. The use of peer-led health education in increasing medication adherence and antiretroviral therapy retention has been advocated. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of peer education on medication adherence and antiretroviral-therapy retention practices among Youth Living with HIV in Niger state, Nigeria. The study was a quasi-experimental design in two selected hospitals. One hospital was assigned to a one-hour peer-led health education session for six weeks, and the 2nd served as the control group. Data were collected at baseline, immediate post-intervention, and at the sixth-week follow-up. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at a 0.05 level of significance. Majority of respondents practice Islam and are within the ages of 20-24 years (control: 100%, 89%; intervention: 83%, 73%), from the Hausa Ethnic group (control: 62%; intervention: 56%). Majority of respondents in the control group have Islamic education (50%) and Secondary education (50%), while the majority of those in the intervention group have primary education (35%), secondary (29%), tertiary (19%) and Islamic (17%) respectively. Medication adherence and ART retention was higher in the intervention group (27%, 16%) compared with the control (17%, 9%). A significant association between knowledge and perception due to peer education on medication adherence was found (24%, 80%) in the intervention group and (11%, 36%) in the control group. Subsequently, the 6th week follow-up sustained findings from the intervention period on medication adherence and ART retention (27%, 16%) in the intervention group compared with control group (17%, 9%). Similarly, knowledge and perception follow-up post intervention was sustained (24%, 80%) in the intervention group and (11%, 36%) in the control group. Interventions leveraging peer-led health education enhanced HIV medication adherence and antiretroviral therapy retention practices among youths. Thus, we recommend scale-up of the structured peer-led curriculum and integration into the health systems to improve health outcomes among HIV positive youths, achieve epidemic control and accelerate progress for the UNAIDS 95:95:95 goals.
... In all the groups both the control and the intervention group had proportion of female more than male similar to a study 28 where females were over three times more than males which reflects the gender distribution of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria as revealed by other studies 29,30 . Additionally, it has been shown that women are particularly vulnerable to HIV infection because of inter-relationships among complex biological, cultural and socioeconomic factors, the female natural biological design predisposes women to HIV more than men during heterosexual contact because they have greater area of mucous membrane exposed during sex and are exposed to higher viral content of male sex fluids 31 . ...
Medication adherence and antiretroviral therapy retention are required for successful durable, virologic suppression and treatment outcomes among youths. The use of peer-led health education in increasing medication adherence and antiretroviral therapy retention has been advocated. Therefore, this study
investigated the effect of peer education on medication adherence and antiretroviral-therapy retention practices among Youth Living with HIV in Niger state, Nigeria. The study was a quasi-experimental design in two selected hospitals. One hospital was assigned to a one-hour peer-led health education session for six weeks, and the 2nd served as the control group. Data were
collected at baseline, immediate post-intervention, and at the sixth-week follow-up.
Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at a 0.05 level of significance.
Majority of respondents practice Islam and are within the ages of 20-24 years (control: 100%, 89%; intervention: 83%, 73%), from the Hausa Ethnic group (control: 62%; intervention: 56%). Majority of respondents in the control group have Islamic education (50%) and Secondary education (50%), while the majority
of those in the intervention group have primary education (35%), secondary (29%), tertiary (19%) and Islamic (17%) respectively. Medication adherence and ART retention was higher in the intervention group (27%, 16%) compared with the control (17%, 9%). A significant association between knowledge and perception due to peer education on medication adherence was found (24%,
80%) in the intervention group and (11%, 36%) in the control group.
Subsequently, the 6th week follow-up sustained findings from the intervention period on medication adherence and ART retention (27%, 16%) in the intervention group compared with control group (17%, 9%). Similarly, knowledge and perception follow-up post intervention was sustained (24%, 80%) in the intervention group and (11%, 36%) in the control group.
Interventions leveraging peer-led health education enhanced HIV medication adherence and antiretroviral therapy retention practices among youths. Thus, we recommend scale-up of the structured peer-led curriculum and integration into the health systems to improve health outcomes among HIV positive youths, achieve epidemic control and accelerate progress for the UNAIDS 95:95:95 goals.
... The requirement gathering process entails the 'what' rather than the 'how'(Javaria M. 2016). Presentation of the data collection tools varies depending on the type of data being collected: primary or secondary data (Ajayi, 2017). The tools used ought to make the data collected unique until the research is published. ...
Data collection constitutes a methodological process of collecting, collating, and analyzing information to present solutions that are relevant to research questions. There are a myriad of data collection methodologies (Schick-Makaroff et al., 2016). The data collection aspect of research is mutual to all fields of research including Information Technology (IT). While the data collection methods vary, they are founded on some basic data collection tools and focus on capturing accurate data that remains the same (Kabir, 2016). The objective of all data collection/requirements determinations is to get access to quality evidence that leads to quality data analysis and permits the development of credible and convincing answer to research questions or solutions (Goertzen, 2017). Regardless of the area or preference of study, either quantitative or qualitative, accurate requirements, accurate requirements gathering methods and analysis techniques are critical to ensuring the integrity of research. In this paper, robust data collection methods and analysis techniques in Information Technology are unveiled.
... The data generated from interviews were audio recorded, enhancing the rich formation of themes from continuously played audio voices as the researcher wrote notes creating the themes while double checking the written down information with the continuous playing of the audio responses, thereby creating two sources of information to base on. The process enhanced the gleaning of differences and similarities of the obtained data, as experienced by 465 Ajayi (2017). Data were analyzed qualitatively using the inductive, exploratory method, which Nassaji (2015) describes as involving data exploration to identify recurring themes, patterns, or concepts while describing and interpreting those approaches. ...
Several business failures culminated in the necessity to improve overall risk management for different corporates. Educational organisations also began to realise the exigency for efficient risk management in the sector and embarked on tracking Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) related advances in the corporate world and seeking ways to apply these for higher education. This study sought to assess the involvement of internal auditors in ERM in Zimbabwean public universities. This study is quantitative and employed a survey to collect data from heads of internal audit sections in public universities. The main findings of the study indicated that 64.78 percent of the internal auditors were performing their core and permissible roles as promulgated by the Institute of Internal Audit in risk management while 35.22 percent were performing some prohibited roles. The study recommends engaging qualified internal auditors who are aware of their specific roles in risk management or providing some training for the officers in the internal audit sections. The study further recommends that these universities should institute risk management sections headed by qualified Chief Risk officers to complement internal auditors’ efforts and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of ERM in Zimbabwean public universities. Chief Risk officers should become champions of risk management in these institutions to avoid tempering the internal auditors’ objectivity.
... The data generated from interviews were audio recorded, enhancing the rich formation of themes from continuously played audio voices as the researcher wrote notes creating the themes while double checking the written down information with the continuous playing of the audio responses, thereby creating two sources of information to base on. The process enhanced the gleaning of differences and similarities of the obtained data, as experienced by 465 Ajayi (2017). Data were analyzed qualitatively using the inductive, exploratory method, which Nassaji (2015) describes as involving data exploration to identify recurring themes, patterns, or concepts while describing and interpreting those approaches. ...
This study examined feedback in South African university first-year accounting classes. Teachers' complex approaches are based on their subject matter and pedagogical competence and their views about learning. Among the many approaches is feedback teaching. Feedback is providing performance-related information during or after class sessions or tasks. Feedback improves teachers and students and restructures knowledge. Accounting education found cognitively determined feedback strategies that promote information retention. Cognitivism underpins this paper. Cognitivism and accounting education share intellectualism, critical thinking, deep learning and information retention, long-term memory, and complicated problem-solving. Accounting feedback improves fundamentals. Cognitivism dominates accounting education. This work used exploratory qualitative research. This study selected three first-year accounting professors from different campuses. Participants' feedback knowledge, practices, and challenges were collected through semi-structured interviews. Participant reactions validated the findings. Thematically evaluated data. The study examined feedback comprehension, implementation techniques, and challenges. Accounting professors use feedback differently, which affects teaching and learning. Participants also listed many challenges to their practice.
... While, secondary data should be based on the document and text [33] , collected from the previous study, journal, books, and any material data from the official statistic, government administrative, etc., which is relevant to the research [20] . Accordingly, secondary data could be collected from the publication, website, books, articles, records, government documents, etc., [1] . Thus, this paper will use primary data through field observation which conducted from April to May 2021in Tanjung Kelayang, another primary data also collected through the in-depth interview with related stakeholder, ten participants were interviewed using face-to-face interview, five participant are from Belitung government as a key stakeholder which concern regarding tourism development, while the other five participant are from the local enterprise and local community surround Tanjung Kelayang. ...
Tourism is a complex and prominent sector in Indonesia that involved many stakeholders. Led by the success story of Bali tourism development which able to grow beyond all expectation, helping to improve public and private infrastructure, including the birth and growth of small-medium enterprises, led the Indonesian government to distribute and spread the development all over Indonesia through Ten New Bali concept. One of these is Tanjung Kelayang, located in Belitung Island. Despite Bali success stories, negative impacts of Bali tourism development on environmental sustainability appeared, such as land-use change, soil and water degradation, pollutions, waste mismanagement, etc. Reflected from Bali negative tourism impact, this paper will identify and analyse Tanjung Kelayang tourism development as a New Bali using sustainable tourism destination criteria to create baseline data. A qualitative approach using both primary data by on-site observation and in-depth interview with related parties, and secondary data by identifying the Local Official Tourism Development Master Plan (RIPPARKAB) year 2014 and other studies in regards with Tanjung Kelayang tourism development by using GSTC-D V2 as a tool to reflect sustainability commitment was occurred on this paper. The result of compliance shows that only 19% for Sustainable Management, 4% for Socio-Economy Sustainability, 11% for Cultural Sustainability, and 0% for Environmental Sustainability. Thus, it shows the gap of Tanjung Kelayang tourism development in regards with sustainable destination concept. Hence, a commitment, communication, and cooperation from all related parties is necessary to be in place to achieve a sustainable tourism destination development in Tanjung Kelayang.
... Based on the above broad approaches to data gathering, Kumar (2010) remarks that data can be classified as either primary or secondary data. The primary data are data that are collected for the first time by the researcher using a questionnaire, interviews, experiments, and other methods, while secondary data are data that have already been collected or produced by other researchers, such as census, government publications, service records, and more (Ajayi, 2017). The research approach used in a study usually determines the selection of data collection tools because data collection tools may yield either qualitative or quantitative data. ...
The chapter is about the adoption of a multi-methods in a quantitative case study of retaining knowledge in the cross-border mergers of the telecommunications industry of Lesotho. The chapter explains how multi-method was applied in the study and also provides reasons for that. This study triangulated questionnaires and interviews as the instruments of data collection, and the aim was ensure validity and reliability. Using multi-methods study is advantageous because of its ability to counterbalance the weaknesses of a single method. The limitations of a single method are usually the strengths of another method.
... The sounds were approximately 20 -30 votes for each letter spoken. This study employed primary data-data directly obtained by the researchers [5]. The voice data were retrieved using a smartphone voice recorder. ...
Problems in learning due to the Covid-19 pandemic have occurred in several activities e.g. teaching in Taman Pendidikan Al-Qur’an (TPA). In carrying out its activities, TPA relies heavily on the teacher to make a learning pattern on how to pronounce the Arabic alphabet of 28 letters adequately. It requires a unique approach due to the various types of sound pronunciation in reading the Qur’an. In view of health protocol rules by the World Health Organization, face-to-face meetings are replaced with online sessions, thereby affecting the learning quality. To solve this problem, a system has been developed which consists of a deep learning model. Voice data were collected for TPA students and pre-processed before the voice data were used to develop the deep learning model. Four techniques were tested to identify the best technique for pre-processing the voice data. The techniques were Spectrogram, Padding, Mel-Spectrogram, and Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient techniques. The pre-processing process is to prepare the training and testing data for the deep learning stage. Test questions were later appeared with an application designed with Tkinter to lay out the exam questions. Once the user pronounced a letter, the voice is recorded and pre-processed to be predicted with a deep learning model. The quality and similarity of pronunciation of the letter is validated an Arabic speech grading algorithm. Results showed that the used of Padding technique in the pre-processing stage provides the best classification accuracy for the Arabic letter pronunciation.
... Saunila (2017) used a similar approach to quantify business excellence. The researcher preferred primary data for uniqueness and originality based on the study requirements (Victor, 2017). Data collection was mainly online due to the target firms' geographical position and the global health crisis (the Covid-19 pandemic at the time). ...
The researcher formulated four objectives and related hypotheses to guide the present study. In
particular, the study investigates bank-imposed conditions and the business environment's three
different effects on firm performance. These are the direct, indirect, and conditional effects,
particularly on small and medium-sized firms in Kenya over three years. The indirect effect
is through two factors, namely external finance requirements and innovation activity level. Still,
BE and BIC’s indirect and conditional effects stem from three moderators: ownership type,
firm age, and owner-manager perception of future finance availability. Structural equation
modelling through the R program and Process Macro Pathway Analysis tests the study’s
hypotheses.
... [4] Moreover, the informational index is partitioned into two areas, which are utilized by scientists: 1) essential information, which is the sole information gathered by the analyst from a source, for example, perceptions, studies, surveys, case records, and meetings to address the analyst's issues; and 2) auxiliary information that comes from true archives, websites, books, diary articles, and regulatory reports, and is effectively accessible and has gone through various factual treatments. [1] Moreover, as indicated by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-ASA), the Philippines' environment is subdivided into two principal seasons: (1) the rainy season, which changes from June to November, and (2) the dry season, which fluctuates from December to May.[13] ...
Food security and supportability are significant issues in this day and age, with rapid urbanization, land deficiencies,
and an irrepressible populace driving interest for expanded food creation and development. Subsequently, aquaponics
(AP) frameworks add to the solution; however, because of synergetic retention and arrival of emanating waste from
fish to plants, standard checking of an AP system is planned to guarantee the framework's drawn-out solidness. Along
these lines, the researchers of this study come up to improve a maintainable, and effective smart indoor AP
frameworks with practically independent control and checking framework, worked through IoT frameworks controlled
by solar energy, to additional upgrade the capability of conventional AP frameworks through Smart Solar-Powered
Indoor Aquaponics (SIA) for the future of urban farming. The study is restricted to refined Black Nile Tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) and Chinese White Cabbage (Brassica rapa subspecies), otherwise called pechay which are
the fish and vegetables used in the research. Also, a true-experimental research design was used, as well as efficient
instruments such as observation through hypothesis testing and a survey to investigate the acceptability of SIA in
terms of accuracy, functionality, and reliability.
Results showed that the Smart Solar-Powered Indoor Aquaponics framework is practical and has a tremendous
distinction from customary hydroponics frameworks during both the rainy and dry seasons, which presumes both
water pH and water temperature straightforwardly affect plant and fish advancement after executing the study
evaluation. Also, in general, the overall survey result shows that SIA is appropriate for use with regards to accuracy,
usefulness, and unwavering quality.
... The primary data obtained in this research were primary data. Primary data is data collected directly by researchers regarding certain research problems encountered by using procedures that are most appropriate to the objectives and research problems (Ajayi, 2017). Primary data is collected to address the problem at hand in this study. ...
Notwithstanding the perceived global potentiality, how big data enhances decision-making quality prompts an intriguing inquiry, especially in an increasingly competitive banking environment in developing economies. Building on an industry data-driven framework, this study strives to understand the state of implementing big data in the Indonesian banking sector. A deductively organized descriptive method employing in-depth interviews was conducted with subject matter experts representing Indonesian banking-related areas. The result and the following analysis show the modest status of big data implementation across three major banks and two complementary companies, as indicated by many elements of the framework phases that were found during the early adoption stage. This denotes a steady buy-in across banking business processes as particularly reflected in the framework’s four phases – continuing push to meet the variety aspect (intelligence), structured data architecture domination (design), limited choice of performance indicator for big data value (choice), and customer–corporate vision decoupling (implementation). While Indonesian banks have evidently initiated the big data implementation, further improvement remains imperative for the decision-making process. Accordingly, big data should be tightly coupled with a strong data-driven vision that drives decision-making across intra-firm actors. Handling data omnipresence shall be viewed as the embodiment of a data-driven vision.
... Therefore, e=0.05, N=31,605, hence n=31,605/1+31,605(0.05) 2 =395.Data was collected using Likert scale questionnaire that was developed by the researcher (Oluwatosin, 2017). The researcher physically delivered the questionnaires to the respondents and picked them after they were filled. ...
The study investigated the effect of Relational Transparency on the performance of employees of commercial banks in Kenya. Relational Transparency was measured using four independent variables, namely: openness, truthfulness, self-disclosure and mutual trust. Performance of employees had four indicators, which included efficiency, productivity, turnover and quality of work output. The theory underpinning the study is Social Exchange Theory. A cross-sectional descriptive research design was used. The population was 31,605 employees of 38 commercial banks in Kenya. The study sample was 395 respondents, which was attained using proportionate stratified sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from respondents. The study formulated the null hypothesis and tested it using the spearman correlation coefficient aided by the statistical package for social sciences. The results showed that relational transparency has a statistically significant influence on the performance of employees of commercial banks in Kenya. The findings would be useful to commercial banks in Kenya and other organizations in evaluating their leaders ‘relational transparency in order to improve performance of their employees.
... The data that the researcher collects himself, is known as the first-hand data and it is defined as the primary data. Because the researcher is collecting the data himself, so he only collects the data according to his needs, which makes primary data particular to the researcher's needs as told by (Ajayi, 2017). To collect the data for analysis, we took help of questionnaire, because it is easy for the respondents to understand, handle, and react to it because the format is familiar to most respondents, and it is not mandatory for them to respond right away, they can take their time to do so. ...
Purpose: Freelancing has really become popular in the recent years due to unemployment and also due to other benefits which people enjoy from freelancing, like flexible timings, good quality work, working on your own terms, work-life balance. The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting career satisfaction of freelancers among the youth of Hyderabad. Design/Methodology/Approach: Due to restrictions placed by covid, data was collected by online survey. Data was collected from a sample of 210 potential freelancers and currently working freelancers of Hyderabad. Convenient sampling was used to collect the data. Multiple regression analysis in SPSS Statistics 25 was used to analyze the collected data. Findings: According to the results of hypothesis testing, proactive personality, self-efficacy (personal factors) and digital technology support (environmental factor) have a positive and significant effect on career satisfaction of freelancers. Implications/Originality/Value: Freelancing has become popular not only globally but also in Pakistan, but only few studies have been performed in Pakistan and none in Hyderabad. In order to people for a successful freelancing career, the authors recommend awareness on freelancing, motivational sessions, career counselling, creation of business incubators and individuals should focus on the above mention personal factors to be successful in the field.
... The descriptive quantitative research method was employed to conduct this study [15]. The data in this study was processed using primary data, which is material that isn't already in the public domain [16]. Data was collected by sending online questionnaires via Google Forms, which were then shared on social media. ...
To achieve client satisfaction, every company must be able to do its best. Companies must be able to provide services that meet or surpass their consumers' expectations to achieve customer satisfaction. As a result, the goal of this research is to look at client satisfaction with the Sales Engineer services that have been delivered. Reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangible customer satisfaction at PT XYZ are the characteristics used in this study. 150 consumers who were served by Sales Engineers provided the data for this study. To perform data processing, this research used SERVQUAL and Factor Analysis for determining customer satisfaction. Based on the findings of the data processing with SERVQUAL, it has been determined that two variables, Assurance, and Empathy, are capable of bringing consumer satisfaction. Based on the overall analysis using Factor Analysis, it can be concluded that the majority of the services provided by the Sales Engineer are able to meet the expectations of customers, particularly in terms of the most important factor in the emergence of customer satisfaction, to encourage these customers to be loyal to the company. Customers, as well as being responsible for and the ultimate action taken by sales in response to consumer complaints.
... Generally, data is collected and analyzed by a researcher (Ajayi, 2017). Data of the following study is collected by using different reading strategies like skimming, scanning, and critical reading. ...
When society is divided, based on social class, conflicts arise within society. People have person vs.person conflict, and they cannot have a proper relationship with other members of their society. Due to issues with other members, they cannot move forward and become alienated through the self-imaginative world. Such self-centeredness gives rise to person vs. self-conflict. People suffer mentally, physically, and psychologically.They always question their existence and are confused about life. They try to find an escape in different illusions.The solution lies in humanity. People must be treated on a human basis, then, people will live a happy life.
... Primary data is defined as one which is collected for the first time by the researcher and it is factual and original. Meanwhile, the primary data is collected with an aim for getting solution to the problem (Ajayi, 2017). There are some sources in primary data like surveys, observations, experiments, questionnaire,etc. ...
Recently, the interest in applying new forms of assessment are tremendously different from the traditional assessment. New forms of alternative assessment. The main objective of this paper is to determine the main reseaons behind increasing instructors unwillingness to use alternative assess- ment. To fulfill this aim, questionnaire have been distributed among 250 teachers in order to figure out the main resons behind their unwillingness, and only 200 forms answered proplerly. The result reveals that lack of time, facilities, economics and methods of teaching are main causes of increasing teachers’ unwillingness to use alternative assessment, eventhough it is considered as a significant way to involve students’ in the learning process.
... This data uses primary data as it is taken from the source directly. The main data according to Ajayi, (2017) are factual and original data, while primary data are firstly collected by the researchers. Some types of primary sources data collection tools include surveys, observations, experiments, questionnaires, personal interviews, transcripts, etc. (Pardede and Herman, 2020). ...
The artcile aims to clarify what types of code mixes are used in TV advertisements and why code mixing is used because a trend or style of speech in society, particularly among young people has evolved in the phenomenon of mixing code and changing code. Bilingualism always involves the use of code mixing in the daily conversation of people. This research was carried out with a qualitative description. The research used transcript by note as an instrument, for the purpose of this research. Note that the video transcription method was used. The information is 30 ads. Data from this research were all published on Tuesday, 1 June 2021, through Saturday 6 June 2021, by the 30 television ads selected by the researchers. The result is a compatible lexicalization and insertion which appears as types of code mixing in the advertising. and 4 reasons were found, namely talking on a specific subject, interjection, intention to clarify the content of the speech and group identity expression. Keywords: Sociolinguistic, Code Mixing, Advertisement Analysis
Firm growth has various connotations which can describe it in the perspective of market share change, sales growth, employment growth, total assets growth and also level of community participation. This study was purposed to investigate the effect of firm growth on stock performance of non-financial firms quoted at the Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya. The general objective of this study was to assess the effect of firm growth on stock performance of non-financial firms quoted in the Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the effect of revenue change on stock performance and establish the effect of total assets change on stock performance of non-financial firms quoted at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. The study concluded that firm growth has a positive effect on stock performance of listed non-financial firms in Kenya. The study revealed that revenue change has a positive impact on stock performance and also total asset change has a positive effect on stock performance
This study aims to reveal Lana's character development in the novel The Day I Fell into a Fairytale written by Ben Miller. To reveal the objective, this study is using new criticism theory based on direct and indirect characterization that is depicted in the story. Besides, close reading is utilized in the process of analysis, thus descriptive-qualitative strategy will be applied in this study. The data in this study were taken from the novel, mainly gathered from words, phrases, sentences, and symbolism. Furthermore, the writer found that Lana’s character development is highly influenced by her experience jumping into Grimm’s Fairytale world which symbolized her action reading Grimm’s fairytale.
This study aims to determine the effect of linguistic competence on the speaking performance of secondary students in learning English. The research method used a qualitative descriptive. data collection techniques used Observation , Questionnaires, Interview based on the results of the analysis it can be said that students have problems in speaking analyzed there are 24 students who know or know about linguistic competence, 10 students didn't did not know about linguistic competence and 2 students did not fill out the questionnaire because they take the test.
The aim of this study was to examine the effects and advantages experienced by teachers and students when utilizing interactive animation. The research problem in this study focused on the perceptions of teachers and students regarding the impact of interactive animation on enhancing students' abilities as well as the benefits associated with its use. The study employed a descriptive qualitative method, and data was gathered through triangulation using questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The data analysis revealed that animated videos facilitated easier comprehension of narrative texts for students. The videos effectively portrayed moving objects accompanied by sound, captivating students' attention and fostering their enthusiasm during the learning process. The students demonstrated active engagement and attentiveness to the storyline. Utilizing animated videos as a teaching tool for narrative texts was found to be an effective approach. Finally, it is essential for teachers to address the basic English skills of their students as they navigate the challenges associated with this teaching method.
Decades after the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm declared environmental education (EE) an essential tool to mitigate environmental challenges, the implementation of EE still faces many obstacles. Accordingly, innovative, and solution-oriented approaches remain vital to enable environment-driven pedagogy in formal and non-formal education settings. This paper, which is located within the context of a case study that was conducted with the aim to investigate the application of distributed leadership in the teaching of EE in South Africa, reports on hierarchical power relations as impediments to curriculum transformation and implementation and, by extension, a hindrance to the infusion of EE in pedagogy. The results of this study suggest that hierarchical power relations in the schooling system hamper the involvement and participation of various stakeholders in key decision-making responsibilities, particularly, curriculum management. Accordingly, processes such as curriculum modification which are essential to enable the implementation of EE are impeded. The researchers of the current study argue that, based on its marked successes in various spaces, especially in the realm of education; distributed leadership could be one of the viable agencies to enable EE implementation.
This study examines the effect of macroeconomic variables on stock market performance in Malaysia from January 2015 to December 2021. The macroeconomic variables included in this study are inflation rate, real effective exchange rate, m2 money supply and short-term interest rate. Johansen Cointegration Test has been utilized if the variables have long-term impact on Malaysian stock market performance; whereas regression analysis will quantify the impact. The results show that the real effective exchange rate has a moderate positive effect on KLCI index. Secondly, the inflation rate and overnight-policy rate have long-term positive effect on the KLCI index. M2 money supply has a long-term negative effect on the KLCI index. This study extends previous studies by examining the effect of macroeconomic variables on stock market performance in emerging market.
This paper reviews about The Students’ Perception towards Using Mobile Application for Business English Learning that the writer consider, may contribute to the overall effectiveness of the learning process of Business English Learning. The focus of the study is to know the implementation of Using Mobile Application for Business English Learning. The problem of this research is about “What is student’s perception mobile application for Business English Learning? In line with focus of research is to know student’s perception toward the mobile application for Business English Learning. It is necessary to describe the weaknesses and strengths in Using Mobile Application for Business English Learning into the mobile application: WhatsApp and Google Classroom. In this study, the writer used qualitative method, the writer provided questionnaires. The questionnaire was given by the writer to 39 students. They were told by the writer to answer the questions to find out the students perception toward English business learning using Mobile Application. Based on the findings and discussion, using the mobile application (Google classroom & WhatsApp) in Business English learning online classroom is the best choice due to pandemic COVID-19. In term of students perceptions toward using mobile application the writer concluded that it clearly shows the students have perceptions in English learning during the pandemic COVID-19 while using mobile application (Google classroom & WhatsApp); such as learning English using a mobile application makes it easier to learn and they understand learning using a mobile application, but sometimes students understand better if they learn face-to-face. In term of the students perceptions toward strengths and weaknesses in using mobile application for English learning, the writer conclude that it clearly shows that the strengths and weaknesses of using mobile applications for learning English, most of the answers of students in the strengths of a mobile app is to simplify the learning process due to the covid-19 pandemic. The weaknesses is that learning will be difficult when the internet connection has problems and slow.
The aim of this research was to find out the struggle of life in Between The World And Me Novel by Ta-Nehisi Coates. The data was gotten from Between The World And Me Novel published in 2015. The problem of this study was what the struggle of life found in Between The World and Me novel? The primary data source was the novel and the secondary data sources were the books and the journals. A qualitative descriptive method was used in this study to classify and analyze sentences of struggle from the novel. The data in this research was collected by some steps 1) the researcher read the sentences in Between The World And Me Novel. 2) the researcher find out the words which contain struggle of life to get the data, The result of the study show that there are seven struggle in the novel 1) struggle to fight the bad things caused by racism 2) struggle to make blacks equal to whites 3) struggle to change the notion that black people 4) struggle for legal justice in America 5) struggle to seize his right to return 6) struggle to make black people safer in America 7) struggle to get black people not to be afraid to do anything.
Cambodia's population is rising day by day, and the urbanization rate also rises every year. Moreover, the rate of the middle class has also been growing steadily since 2009. The changing lifestyle of Cambodian customers from traditional to modern retail increased yearly due to the modern retail that offers a well-listed, hygienic environment, air-conditioned stores, and high-quality offerings. The Cambodia retail industry has appeared as one of the fastest-growing markets in the region. These days, customers are willing to pay a 10 - 20% premium over prices at small convenience stores for clean stores and higher quality goods (Cambodia Constructors Association, 2018). The above leads the researchers to conduct the study of convenience stores in the modern retail industry.
This research investigates factors influencing customer satisfaction towards convenience stores in Phnom Penh. The researchers study six independent variables: facilities, location, price, product quality, process1, and service quality; one dependent variable is customer satisfaction. The researchers use a quantitative approach to study the whole population of Phnom Penh for generalized findings and results. The researchers use purposive and convenience sampling by conducting physical and online Google Forms surveys that consist of 43 items of questionnaire and have descriptive, correlation, and regression analysis through Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS with the valid responses of 495 convenience stores' customers. Throughout the finding, the data shows that facilities and process have the most significant impact on customer satisfaction, followed by price, service quality, and location. Surprisingly, product quality has the least significant impact on customer satisfaction.
This paper aims to shed limelight on the Pakhtun tribal resistance in the North-West Frontier region (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) against the colonial masters of British India. The purpose of this research is to highlight the induction of the British troops into the North-West Frontier tribal areas in the form of different war campaigns and the local Pashtun tribes' responses in the form of armed resistance. This subject is essential for the researchers to know the reality of the Pashtun tribes and, more importantly, different wars fought between British India's army and the Pashtun tribes on different battlefields. The methodology adopted for this research is a descriptive study, and the data collection is based on secondary data, which is analysed through content analysis techniques. The period from 1862 to 1888 is taken under consideration, and the causes that triggered the clashes, such as the Siege of Malakand (North Camp), the Ambeyla Campaign (near Buner) and the Black Mountain Expedition (Hazara areas). The findings of the study are that the Yousafzai tribe presented massive resistance and proved their effectiveness in the wars.
Consumer behavior is the key to a successful marketing campaign. The consumer purchasing process is a complex issue, as several internal and external factors affect consumers' purchasing decisions. The marketer's ultimate goal is to float a service that generates revenue and ensures customer satisfaction. A question that is often explored and examined by marketers is what causes consumers to choose a particular product relative to others. Research on the market can no longer determine what customers want. People have access to goods and services in dimensions which have never been thought before. The internet had changed the way of shopping. Marketers need to have better understanding of young generation particularly tertiary students, because 90% of International Corporation targeted on young audience as marketing influencer. However, most retailers outsource their logistics segments to third party agencies to take responsibility for all elements of the supply chain which cause major impact on customer satisfaction. Changing consumer behavior challenge the marketers to understand the attempts to remain competitive. Hence, this research study the predominant factor that influence Malaysian university students’ purchasing behavior towards online shopping and the difference between the most influential factor public and private institutions purchasing behavior towards online shopping. From the population of two institutions, 384 respondents were chosen for this study through convenient sampling. The study indicates 100% of total respondents are involved in online purchasing. The reliability of influencing factor in this study are significantly reliable and has significant relationship with dependent and independent variables. Study concluded that website influence the Malaysian university students’ purchasing behavior. Among the influencing factor between public and private universities, price ranked high impotency to public university students, however the later ranked convenience as the influencing factor. It is believed that this research would be able to guide the future studies focus in the area of online shopping. Customers’ perception always changes, therefore, the influencing variables should monitor as time goes and researcher should adopt and update of relevant factors.
Abstract
Orientation: Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, organizations sought immeasurable techniques to enhance the performance of human resources. Thus, in contemporary the most forward-thinking businesses of today no longer view certain human resource practices as necessary costs but rather as strategic weapons in the fight for competitive advantage. Purpose: This study seeks to explore the determinants of a successful transfer of training. Design/Method/Approach: This study relied entirely on secondary sources of information. Secondary information was collected via the use of many online search tools and specialised journals. Books and articles that related to the topic were read to aid the investigation. Findings: The main findings of the study are that the determinants of a successful transfer of training are organizational level (characteristics of the work environment), learning field level (characteristics of the training measure) and individual level (characteristics of participants). The transfer is aided when trainees are taught both the skills and the fundamental norms and philosophical ideas that frame the training. Transfer can take a variety of forms. Successful transfer of training leads to improved employee and organizational performance. Theoretical implications: There is a lack of both theoretical and empirical studies on the transfer of training. Thus, this study suggests that more research on the transfer of training be conducted to expand the subject matter. Practical implications: Organizations must offer an environment that is conducive enough to allow a successful transfer of training to take place in the workplace. Originality/Value: Findings from this research will expand the understanding of the science behind training transfer. Research Limitation & Implications: This study was limited to secondary data and the limited available scholarly work on the transfer of training. Paper Type: Review Paper.
The study was aims to examine the determinants of passenger brand preference decision in a case of long-distance public transport service in Bahir Dar City station. Specifically, the study sought to address the influence of price, availability of a facility, brand name awareness, brand attributes (comfort, customer care, and safety measures), perceived service quality, and employee service on passengers' brand preference decisions. The study used a positivism research paradigm with a deductive research approach and an explanatory research design to investigate the significance level and the direction of its determinant. In this study, a convenience sampling method was employed to select the sample respondents. The collected data through questionnaire was analysed by the ordinal logistic regression model. In accordance, the finding of this study showed that except the availability of facility, all other predictor variables (price, brand name awareness, brand attributes (comfort, customer care/ safety measures), perceived service quality and employee service) have a strong positive effect on passengers’ brand preference decision. To survive the present competitive pressure and to take the bus as the preferred brand in the industry, the Road transport firms should be required to manage and give more attention to the price charged, increase the level of awareness, creation of comfort, customer care, and safety measures, provide a better quality of service, and improve employees’ hospitality of service
Tuak is one of the Balinese alcoholic drinks that is recognized and protected by the Regulation of the Governor of Bali No 1 Tahun 2020 concerning Tata kelola Minuman Fermentasi Dan/Atau Destilasi Khas Bali. Tuak as a traditional beverage has been consumed from generation to generation, the consumption habits blended with the community. Among the three types of Tuak, Tuak Jake Karangasem is the most popular. Aimed of this research is in order to acknowledge the consumer's assessment of the quality of Tuak Jake Karangasem in terms of taste, aroma, color, alcohol content, price, quantity of product and product availability. Respondents in this research were 100 who were consumed, enjoyed and tasted Tuak Jake Karangasem. The conclusion of this research are that the consumer's assessment of the quality of the Tuak Jake beverage that gets a very good interpretation value is the indicator of the sweet taste of Tuak Jake, the aroma of fresh Tuak Jake, the attractive color of Tuak Jake, the affordable price of Tuak Jake, the easy to get Tuak Jake because there are many who sells it and Jake Tuak is always available in fresh condition. And the indicators with a good interpretation assessment are indicators of the acidity taste of Tuak Jake, the tannin taste of
Tuak Jake, the aroma of Tuak Jake does not strong and astringent, the alcohol content contained in Jake Tuak and the amount or volume of Tuak Jake obtained according to the price.
Keyword : alcoholic beverage, product quality, Tuak Jake, consumer assessment.
As a positive response to the dynamics of economic recovery efforts in Indonesia which until now is still facing a crisis related to the Covid-19 Pandemic situation, sea transportation policies also face very significant implementation problems. Indonesia, must certainly find a new format of thinking to improve practices and innovation within the framework of the implementation of the current slow-growing sea transportation policy. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the effect of economic, social, and political conditions on efforts to implement sea transportation policies in Riau Islands Province. The research uses qualitative design and presents descriptive analysis concerning economic conditions, social conditions of the community, and political conditions. The results explained that the eksternal conditions between various parties involved in the implementing sea transportation policies process in Riau Islands Province, the situation is prone to defense and security, especially for the smooth implementation of marine transportation services in the border region, as well as the low central government and local governments political will.
Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) have been impacted to the decrease in poultry product demand in Indonesia which leads to cause oversupply and declining in this industry margin. As one of the companies that promote digital transformation in Indonesia, Indonesian ICT company develops a new subsector in its digital agricultural platform to solve the problem. This company created Minimum Viable Product (MVP) to develop its current digital platform in subsector poultry (digital smart poultry). It consisted of several features such as funding, partnership, and B2B/B2C marketplace. After planning the MVP, the problem is mainly focused on determining the market readiness for smart poultry digital platform and how to create the most suitable marketing strategy to enter the market. They also had not specified the target segment to sell the products yet. This research is aimed to explore more whether the poultry farmers need the smart poultry digital platform to solve the problem, the market readiness, and formulate the marketing strategy and implementation plan for the smart poultry digital platform that targeted on poultry farmers.
To validate the issue in the poultry industry, the authors conduct a preliminary survey by interviewing poultry farmers in West Java. Next, to gain in-depth insight into the product necessities and market readiness, the author did an environmental analysis (internal and external) as the base to formulate the SWOT-TOWS analysis. The internal analysis that has been used for this research consists of Business Model Canvas (BMC) and VRIO analysis. The author used PESTEL, Porter's Five Forces, competitor, and consumer's analysis for the external analysis. According to the analysis, the poultry farmers as the targeted consumers are considered ready and necessary to use the product. After formulating SWOT-TOWS based on the environment analysis, the author used QSPM analysis to determine the most suitable business and marketing strategy to be implemented. The author proposed several strategies and implementation plans that consisted of 1) Increase the smart poultry digital platform capabilities (especially in IoT to help solve the poultry farmers' problem). Optimize digitalization for business development and marketing (SO2), 2) Optimize the service marketing (ST1), and 3) Maximize the use of integrated marketing strategy to maximize promotion (WT3).
Travel industry is one of the worst industry who affected by the impacts of covid19. During the covid 19 period, Bali has received many direct lessons from the process
of change before and after the covid 19 pandemic. Prior to covid 19, Bali tourism
experienced a period of positive growth with a population growth rate of 80% relying on
its economy from the tourism sector. And during the Covid-19 period, Bali's economy
was the worst compared to other provinces in Indonesia. The impact of the growth travel
industry also impact on activities and business of events. Starting March 7, 2022, the
opening of international flights in Bali began to open. It is mean international tourists
began to visit Bali. In the future, Bali is open to bringing back international tourists in
greater numbers than the previous year before the COVID-19 pandemic.
This paper aims to answer the question on how tourism and travel industries in
destination response the Bali tourism open. And what strategy of Bali government used
to response of the crisis of travel industry and regulation during the air policy to Bali. In
this article, some cases will develop from the literatures related research aspects. Result
will show that Bali has their own policy, strategy and reputation in travel businesses and
industries trust.
Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) have been impacted to the decrease in poultry product demand in Indonesia which leads to cause oversupply and declining in this industry margin. As one of the companies that promote digital transformation in Indonesia, Indonesian ICT company develops a new subsector in its digital agricultural platform to solve the problem. This company created Minimum Viable Product (MVP) to develop its current digital platform in subsector poultry (digital smart poultry). It consisted of several features such as funding, partnership, and B2B/B2C marketplace. After planning the MVP, the problem is mainly focused on determining the market readiness for smart poultry digital platform and how to create the most suitable marketing strategy to enter the market. They also had not specified the target segment to sell the products yet. This research is aimed to explore more whether the poultry farmers need the smart poultry digital platform to solve the problem, the market readiness, and formulate the marketing strategy and implementation plan for the smart poultry digital platform that targeted on poultry farmers. To validate the issue in the poultry industry, the authors conduct a preliminary survey by interviewing poultry farmers in West Java. Next, to gain in-depth insight into the product necessities and market readiness, the author did an environmental analysis (internal and external) as the base to formulate the SWOT-TOWS analysis. The internal analysis that has been used for this research consists of Business Model Canvas (BMC) and VRIO analysis. The author used PESTEL, Porter’s Five Forces, competitor, and consumer’s analysis for the external analysis. According to the analysis, the poultry farmers as the targeted consumers are considered ready and necessary to use the product. After formulating SWOT-TOWS based on the environment analysis, the author used QSPM analysis to determine the most suitable business and marketing strategy to be implemented. The author proposed several strategies and implementation plans that consisted of 1) Increase the smart poultry digital platform capabilities (especially in IoT to help solve the poultry farmers’ problem). Optimize digitalization for business development and marketing (SO2), 2) Optimize the service marketing (ST1), and 3) Maximize the use of integrated marketing strategy to maximize promotion (WT3).
To achieve Qatar's vision for 2030, Qatar's educational direction is moving enthusiastically towards implementing STEM-based curriculum integration. Qatar's Vision for 2030 is based on striving for development at all levels, especially human development. Qatar University's (QU) vision is aligned with the 2030 vision. QU is seeking to build up students-teachers teaching philosophies, which can be reflected on their daily lesson plans of STEMS and STEAM as these approaches have proven their effectiveness in other developed countries ("Qatar university," 2019).
However, little to no research has been done to study the attitudes and perceptions of applying pre-service teachers in Qatar to implement the STREAMS approach to encourage reading and writing among schools. Facing these challenges, the student's teacher's preparation program is encouraged to implement PBL as an innovative instruction to teach the students' teachers about a different aspect of the STREAMS approach. Higher education courses tend to teach education theories and best practices passively with little effort to assist in learner assimilation of those theories in practice. The project-based learning (PBL) approach was introduced in pre-service education at Qatar University. PBL was introduced as a foundation of good instruction when planning and using the STREAMS approach (Science, Technology, Reading, Engendering, Arts, Maths, and Social).
To foster authentic learning through applying PBL instruction. Moursund (2003) advocates for project-based learning, saying that it has a high level of "authenticity" (p. xi). STREAMS approach assisted PBL lesson is considered an opportunity for pre-service teachers to learn in an authentic multidisciplinary environment, reflect on STREAMS approach process, designing, planning and different way of integrating subjects. Develop self-reliance when applying the STREAMS approach in schools and learn to work in a group, individually with less guidance. Therefore, the study explores student teachers' perception of the STREAMS approaches through applying PBL instruction. Methodologically, the study will employ data from interviewing the students and surveys. This paper describes the process, assignments, and challenges while introducing the PBL in teacher education at a university level.
Sources of data". Retrieved on
- M Douglas
Douglas, M. (2015). "Sources of data". Retrieved on 22nd September, 2017 from
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