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Primary Sources of Data and Secondary Sources of Data
Abstract
This paper examined primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data is an original and unique data, which is directly collected by the researcher from a source such as observations, surveys, questionnaires, case studies and interviews according to his requirements. As opposed to secondary data which is easily accessible but are not pure as they have undergone through many statistical treatments. Sources of secondary data are government publications, websites, books, journal articles, internal records
Supplementary resource (1)
... This study utilized both primary and secondary sources of data (Ajayi, 2017;Waring, 2021). Primary data was collected firsthand using interview guides and questionnaires administered to respondents (Ajayi, 2017), ensuring accuracy and direct relevance to the study's objectives. ...
... This study utilized both primary and secondary sources of data (Ajayi, 2017;Waring, 2021). Primary data was collected firsthand using interview guides and questionnaires administered to respondents (Ajayi, 2017), ensuring accuracy and direct relevance to the study's objectives. Secondary data, on the other hand, was sourced from existing literature, including published books, journals, internal reports, in-house magazines, and information from the internet (Perdana et al., 2015). ...
Human-wildlife conflict is a significant challenge in Uganda, particularly in areas where human populations and wildlife habitats overlap. This study examines the efficiency of various interventions aimed at mitigating human-wildlife conflicts in and around Lake Mburo National Park, a region renowned for its rich biodiversity and diverse ecosystems. Lake Mburo National Park is surrounded by agricultural and pastoralist communities that frequently experience crop raiding, livestock predation, and threats to human safety from wildlife. Various interventions, including physical barriers, deterrents, translocation of problematic animals, and community engagement initiatives, have been implemented to address these conflicts. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, including field observations, community surveys, and analysis of intervention outcomes. A total of 125 households were interviewed across several parishes of Rurambira, Rwamuhuku, Rwabarata, Kizimbi, Kashojwa and Rwetango in Kiruhura and Isingiro districts. The findings indicate that the majority of respondents have lived in the area for over 20 years, providing them with extensive knowledge of local wildlife interactions. The results highlight that hippos (76%) are the most problematic animals, primarily causing crop damage, which significantly impacts local livelihoods. The study reveals that guarding property (98%), though stressful and time-consuming, is the most effective and commonly used intervention. Other measures, such as strong shelters, trapping, translocation, and various deterrents, show varying degrees of effectiveness depending on the species involved. The study concludes that understanding the species-specific and context-specific effectiveness of these interventions is crucial for developing sustainable strategies to mitigate HWC. The insights gained from this research can inform future conflict mitigation strategies and contribute to the broader discourse on human-wildlife coexistence in Uganda and similar settings worldwide.
... This study will employ both primary and secondary data collection methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of the feasibility of Nyampih's BSF maggot farming project. Primary data is original and information that is gathered to solve a specific problem (Ajayi, 2017). For this study, the primary data was collected from the Nyampih financial plan, previous reports, and interviews with Nyampih's relevant personnel. ...
... For this study, the primary data was collected from the Nyampih financial plan, previous reports, and interviews with Nyampih's relevant personnel. Secondary data is data produced or gathered previously by others and used for different objectives in the past (Ajayi, 2017). Secondary data collection was collected from external reliable sources such as government data, journals, books, company benchmarks, and other relevant sources to support the additional data needed for the analysis. ...
The increasing amount of organic waste in Indonesia, which accounts for almost 50% of the total waste generated poses a significant challenge in waste management. This problem is worsened by the limitations of existing waste management models, particularly their real-world impact and economic benefits. The purpose of this study is to assess the financial feasibility of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggot farming as an innovative solution to Indonesia's organic waste problem. BSF maggots not only reduce organic waste but also generate economically valuable products such as animal feed and organic fertilizer. This study aims to assess the financial feasibility of a Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggot farming project undertaken by Nyampih, a waste-management startup based in Sumedang, West Java. The study utilizes internal data from Nyampih's financial plan, company reports, and interviews, along with external data from government data, industry benchmarks, and relevant research. The analysis is limited to ten-year projections and focuses on financial feasibility. This study finds that the project is feasible and potentially profitable, with a net present value (NPV) of IDR 2,905,018,264.74, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 41.20%, a payback period of 3.88 years, a discounted payback period of 4.87 years, and profitability index of 5.77. However, the project has financial risks, particularly concerning the sales and price of maggot flour, which is projected to have the highest sales volume and price. Operating costs, COGS, and dried maggot sales and pricing also show sensitivity to NPV fluctuations. This emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring and adjustment of marketing strategy, product proportions, pricing strategies, and cost structures to align with actual market conditions.
... Studies that employed secondary research methods in gathering data were excluded because they offered unreliable information to be used in making a critical judgment. According to Ajayi (2017), primary studies are more reliable than secondary studies because they provide factual as well as original data. Ajayi (2017) also notes that the focus of primary studies on the research problem makes them reliable in answering a clinical problem. ...
... According to Ajayi (2017), primary studies are more reliable than secondary studies because they provide factual as well as original data. Ajayi (2017) also notes that the focus of primary studies on the research problem makes them reliable in answering a clinical problem. Studies that failed to disclose the age of the participants were also excluded. ...
... This research utilized both primary and secondary data (Ajayi, 2017). Primary data included key texts such as Wallace's Buddhism and Science, which provides detailed discussions on the compatibility of Buddhist meditation practices with modern neuroscience. ...
This research explores the fundamental differences between Buddhism and science, focusing on their unique approaches to knowledge and reality. The study aims to investigate the challenges of reconciling these two fields while identifying potential areas of complementarity. Using a qualitative approach, the research employs a literature review method to analyze key theoretical frameworks and previous studies to identify philosophical, methodological, and epistemological tensions. The findings reveal three primary challenges: philosophical tensions arising from differing objectives—Buddhism focuses on liberation from suffering, while science emphasizes materialistic and empirical goals; methodological constraints, particularly the subjectivity and irreproducibility of Buddhist meditation practices; and epistemological differences, including Buddhism's emphasis on transcendental truths that resist empirical validation. Despite these challenges, the study highlights the potential for a complementary relationship, where Buddhism contributes ethical and moral frameworks to guide scientific and technological advancements, particularly in addressing ecological and mental health issues. This research contributes to the discourse by clarifying the boundaries between Buddhism and science while promoting mutual enrichment instead of total integration. The study is unique in emphasizing the epistemological challenges of reconciling transcendental and empirical knowledge systems and proposing practical steps to foster interdisciplinary collaboration.
... The data sourced in this research consists of primary and secondary data. According to [13] Primary data is obtained through interviews and the distribution of questionnaires, while secondary data is gathered from various sources such as books, journals, annual reports, literature, and other related documents relevant to the research topic. ...
Logistics in e-commerce is essential for efficient product delivery. Still, it faces challenges such as high shipping costs, inconsistent human resource performance, lack of transparency, and the need for improved efficiency. This thesis explores these challenges and strategies to enhance ecommerce supply chain efficiency. The study examines factors affecting e-commerce logistics performance, including shipping costs, service quality, and technological advancements, by reviewing relevant literature. Using case studies, surveys, and qualitative analysis, the research identifies effective strategies for improving logistics efficiency. Key findings highlight the benefits of focusing on the final delivery stage, adopting Forward Fulfilment, choosing appropriate thirdparty logistics (3PL) providers, and fostering industry collaboration. Specifically, Forward Fulfilment optimizes human resources by 20%, improves warehouse cost efficiency by 78%, and reduces shipping costs by 65% to Surabaya and 80% to Medan. These insights offer practical guidance for e-commerce companies and logistics providers to enhance performance and thrive in a competitive market.
... Research papers, manuscripts, journals, and dissertations serve as primary sources of information, valued for their originality and reliability (Ajayi, 2017). These sources provide firsthand insights into various subjects, making them essential for academic writing, particularly in literature reviews. ...
RISALIKSIK is an online research library developed from the platform carrd.co for the students and teachers of the Rizal National Science High School (RNSHS) to organize and provide access to academic resources for research writing. The website was made online to be accessible to students given the current pandemic situation. RISALIKSIK was sub-divided into three research areas, in which the RNSHS focuses on, namely: Life Sciences, Applied Sciences, and Descriptive Studies. The sample research manuscripts were gathered from Junior High School and Senior High School students. The website was evaluated by students, teachers, and ICT experts with corresponding factors. Convenience, reliability, and accuracy were evaluated by student and teacher respondents with respective overall mean values of 4.73 and 4.65 which interpreted as Highly Acceptable. Navigation, accessibility, security, and design were the factors evaluated by ICT experts with respective mean values of 4.86, 4.72, 4.30, and 4.64 which all interpreted as Highly Acceptable. The study concluded RISALIKSIK as an acceptable website for the community since there is no significant difference between the perceptions of student and teacher respondents in terms of the convenience, reliability, and accuracy factors.
... To address the research objectives, an in-depth interview was chosen for this study (Hox and Boeije 2005) as it provides a deeper insight into the factors influencing people's attitudes and behaviours (Ajayi 2017). An interview guide was developed based on existing literature about IC (Zhou and Ma 2022) to facilitate the semi-structured interview. ...
Aim
To explore nurses' perceptions of their role in leading nursing interventions for each domain of intrinsic capacity, based on the Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) framework to enhance care for older adults in acute settings.
Design
A qualitative descriptive design was adopted.
Methods
Conducted in a Singapore acute hospital from August to November 2023, recruited 21 inpatient nurses with at least 2 years of experience through purposive sampling. Data were collected via semi‐structured interviews with 20 participants and one pilot participant. Inductive thematic analysis identified themes from the responses.
Results
Four key themes emerged regarding nurses' roles in implementing the ICOPE framework: (1) Creating Awareness: emphasises communication to enhance understanding of ICOPE; (2) Providing Education: highlights structured educational initiatives; (3) Executing ICOPE: recognises nurses' role in interventions amid autonomy and workload challenges; and (4) Gathering Feedback: ensuring continuous input to enhance care quality.
Conclusion
The findings emphasise nurses' roles within the ICOPE framework, advocating for empowerment and collaboration to enhance care quality for older adults in acute settings.
Implications
This study highlights the need for nurses to understand their roles and independently lead nurse‐led interventions. Healthcare institutions should facilitate this empowerment by reviewing existing nursing assessments to avoid duplication and optimise nurses' integration into the framework.
Impact
This study demonstrates the feasibility of the ICOPE framework in Singapore, empowering nurses to initiate interventions that enhance older adults' care and intrinsic capacity.
Reporting Method
Adheres to the COREQ guidelines for qualitative research.
Patient or Public Contribution
None.
... One important aspect of the empirical data is the corroboration of information from various sources (Ajayi, 2017;Armstrong, 2021;Babin et al., 2021;Kipping et al., 2014). This study collates information, sometimes referred to as data, or a combination thereof, from publications of government, corporate, regulatory bodies, societal and community organisations, such as annual reports, research articles and journals, magazines, newspapers, broadcasts, releases and other channels that share outcomes of ongoing studies. ...
This study investigates the Gross Farming Income (GFI) sustainability of smallholder farmers in the Free State Province, South Africa, against the backdrop of declining contributions to both provincial and national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). While South Africa's agricultural sector has demonstrated growth in commercial GFI, smallholder farmers continue to face persistent challenges, including limited access to markets, un-inclusive financial instruments, and less relevant skills development programs. Using a mixed-methods approach with data from more than 385 respondents, the study explored demographic, operational, and market-related determinants of GFI. Quantitative analysis revealed strong associations between GFI and variables like farming practices and market linkages, while qualitative insights underscored the critical role of skills development and commercialisation strategies.
The research culminates in a proposed GFI Sustainability Framework tailored to the region, emphasising diversification, improved recordkeeping, and enhanced market access as pathways to sustainable income. Policy recommendations include targeted interventions to empower smallholders, bridging of infrastructural gaps, and unlocking of broader rural economic opportunities. This work contributes to the new knowledge on sustainability by providing a model that can be easily replicated for integrating smallholder farmers into South Africa's broader agricultural economy, with positive implications for food security, poverty alleviation, hunger reduction and removal, and finally rural development.
... Hence, the primary data was collected from 20 garment workers. Furthermore, the secondary data was collected from various key international journals, published books, authorized government and Nongovernment reports, National and international newspapers and authentic documents focusing garments industry of Bangladesh ( (Ajayi, 2017). ...
Bangladesh's ready-made garment industry, employing 4.22 million people, has experienced significant growth in job creation, foreign revenue, and GDP contribution. However, garment workers often face high stress levels, making it difficult to balance work and personal life. The study aims to explore the multifaceted challenges garment workers in Bangladesh face, which hinder their ability to balance their personal and professional lives. This study used a cross-sectional qualitative research approach, conducting 20 in-depth interviews with 10 male and 10 female garment workers, using purposive sampling to ensure balanced gender representation, and conducted a thematic analysis on the collected data. Economic constraints and lack of political rights push the
workers further into social isolation and marginalization. Workplace-specific challenges like job insecurity and unsanitary working environments compromise their overall wellbeing, resulting in worker burnout. The factors relating to workers' distress, including inadequate remuneration, extended working hours, and subpar working conditions, also lead to intensified stress, feelings of inferiority, and deteriorated family ties. This study emphasizes the need for reforms to promote work-life balance and enhance workers' well-being, ultimately leading to an ethical, equitable, and prosperous garment industry in Bangladesh.
... As stated, "Data collection is a crucial part of research," indicating that data collection is an essential part of any research (Karunarathna, 2024). The data in this study were obtained from two sources: primary data and secondary data (Ajayi, 2017). ...
This research is entitled "Application of the Problem Based Learning Model in Civics Learning on Central Government Structure Material Class IV Sdn Pabelan Kartasura" This research aims to analyze the application of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model in Civics Education (PKn) learning on Central Government Structure material in class IV SDN Pabelan, Kartasura. This research is motivated by the need to increase students' active participation and in-depth understanding of abstract material. The PBL model also encourages students to be more active in discussing, working together, and solving problems independently or in groups. The research results show that the application of the PBL model can increase student involvement in the learning process, critical thinking skills, and student learning outcomes. The research methods used are direct observation in class, interviews with teachers, and documentation. The observation results show that Civics learning in class IV at SDN Pabelan 03 has been implemented in accordance with the learning plan prepared. Teachers use lecture, question and answer and group discussion methods to improve students' understanding of the material. Learning evaluation is carried out through written tests and student attitude assessments. Obstacles found included limited time and lack of student involvement in several discussion activities. The conclusion from this observation is that Civics learning at SDN Pabelan 03 has gone well, but innovation is needed in learning methods and media to improve the quality of learning.
... This study employed a-library research, that is a method of gathering data from various literature sources to analyze and answer research problems without doing fieldwork and focus on theories, principles, and ideas from existing literature (Zafira et al., 2022). Data sources of library research are divided into primary sources and secondary sources (Ajayi, 2017). The primary source was original work of the KIM strategy proponent, Kristen Vibes (1970), entitled K.I.M. -A highly effective strategy to build vocabulary across any content area. ...
The focus of teaching English at schools, especially for beginners, is to build vocabulary knowledge and language skills and components. To achieve the goal, the KIM Strategy can be implemented, which is the topic of this paper. Hence, this paper aims to review the related literature on the implementation and implication of KIM Strategy for vocabulary teaching. This is a library research, in which two types of data were presented. They were primary and secondary data. The primary data was obtained from the original work of Kristen Vibas (1970), the proponent of the KIM Strategy, entitled KIM: A highly effective strategy to build vocabulary across any content area. Whilst, the secondary data were collected from journal articles published in the past 10 years, 2014-2024. The results revealed that the KIM Strategy effectively improves students' vocabulary knowledge due to its teaching principles supporting various principles of inquiry learning, self-directed learning, and social learning. The KIM Strategy is also a strategy for enhancing logical, convergent, and divergent thinking skills.
... Compared to secondary sources, primary data collection sources such as the questionnaire, interviews, experiments, direct observation and focus groups have certain advantages . Such advantages of primary sources of data collection include they provide data specific to the researcher's needs, they are more accurate and reliable, have higher levels of control, and they provide up-to-date information as data are collected in real-time (Ajayi, 2017;Sindin, 2017;Valcheva, 2018). ...
Organizational team spirit should not be regarded as an end in itself for as old employees leave an organization and are replaced with new ones, organizational team spirit dynamics changes. Organizations should rather strive for team spirituality-an organization-wide consciousness to continuously cultivate, nurture and sustain team spirit within the organization. Hence the need to understand factors that affect and are affected by team spirituality within organizations. As misunderstanding among organizational members occasioned by miscommunication can have adverse organizational consequences, this study examined the correlation between communication patterns and team spirituality. Intrapersonal communication and extrapersonal communication constituted communication patterns dimensions while supervisor support, mentoring, co-worker support and selflessness were measures of team spirituality, with corporate culture as a moderating variable. The study population comprised private secondary school teachers in Government-approved private secondary schools in Bayelsa and Rivers States of Nigeria. Using stratified random sampling technique, copies of researcher-designed questionnaire were distributed to a total sample size of 561 teachers from private secondary school teachers in Bayelsa and Rivers State, which was determined with the Taro Yamane (1967) formula. Nine research questions and nine hypotheses were posed for the study in line with the study objectives; descriptive statistics were used to analyze the responses to the questionnaire questions while Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient (r) was employed as the inferential statistics to test the research hypotheses. Findings of the study showed that Intrapersonal communication positively and significantly correlated to team spirituality dimensions of supervisor support, mentoring, co-worker support and selflessness; that extrapersonal communication positively and significantly correlated to team spirituality dimensions of supervisor support, mentoring, co-worker support and selflessness ; and that corporate culture does moderate the relationship between communication patterns and team spirituality. Hence the need for organizations to increase interactions amongst employees and between employees and supervisors so as to engender team spirituality.
... Secondary data were previously gathered by other investigators, or organisations [34] and enabled an analysis of trends over time. Monitoring climate data from weather stations is critical for identifying and tracking trends and patterns in extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and cold spells. ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of climate change on smallholder farmers in South Africa, particularly focusing on the relationship between agriculture and weather patterns. Understanding this connection is crucial for helping farmers adapt to changing climate conditions and improve their resilience and sustainability. This research analyses 33 years of climate data (1990–2023) from the Belfast weather station to identify long-term climate trends, seasonal shifts, and the frequency of extreme weather events. Statistical analysis, including the Mann–Kendall test, revealed significant changes in temperature, rainfall, and the intensity of extreme weather events, indicating that climate change is already affecting the region. Specifically, the research highlighted significant damage to agricultural infrastructure, such as greenhouses, due to climate-related wind events. This study emphasises the importance of using digital technologies to monitor weather patterns in real-time, aiding in decision-making, and enhancing agricultural efficiency. Additionally, it calls for further research into the social impacts of climate variability, including its effects on community cohesion, migration, and access to social services among smallholder farmers. These findings provide a foundation for developing effective interventions to support the resilience of smallholder farming communities in the face of climate change. Future studies need to consider how climate variability affects farmers’ abilities to access markets, both in terms of transport and product quality.
... Document analysis involves reviewing existing literature, policy documents, and archival records to gather historical and contextual information. This method is particularly valuable for understanding the evolution of policies over time (Ajayi, 2017). Additionally, secondary data sources such as government reports, academic publications, and statistical data are utilized to supplement primary data, providing a robust foundation for analysis. ...
This study meticulously examines the intricacies of trade and industrial policy implementation, focusing on identifying strategic opportunities for enhancement and deriving actionable recommendations. Anchored in a qualitative framework and employing thematic analysis, the research evaluates policy relevance, fidelity, and effectiveness. Through a detailed comparative analysis of policies across different nations, the study highlights the successes and challenges inherent in current practices. The findings reveal that while certain policies have achieved economic growth, others have faltered due to implementation gaps and insufficient adaptability to emerging socioeconomic challenges. The study concludes that robust monitoring and evaluation frameworks are crucial for the success of trade and industrial policies. Furthermore, the integration of advanced analytical techniques is recommended to enhance the precision and reliability of policy assessments. Policymakers are urged to prioritize flexibility and resilience in policy design, ensuring that policies can adapt to dynamic conditions. The study advocates for enhanced collaboration between government agencies, private sector entities, and academic institutions to foster a holistic approach to policy development. These insights provide a foundation for future policy initiatives aimed at fostering sustainable economic growth and development.
... In this study, the sampling technique used was purposive sampling and snowball sampling. While the research instrument used is the researcher himself as the primary research instrument, the researcher will go directly to the field to meet the informants, conduct interviews in person or by telephone, then collect research data, analyze the data to make conclusions for data collection techniques using techniques such as those conveyed in (Ajayi, 2017) namely interviews and observations. However, in this study, researchers will only use interview and observation techniques and add one documentation variable to support the validity of the research. ...
Gojek and Tokopedia are now giants in the start-up industry in Indonesia. Tokopedia was the largest E-Commerce in Indonesia for the last few years before the presence of Shopee, which became Tokopedia's main competitor. Meanwhile, Gojek is the largest online transportation company in Indonesia. Combining the two is believed to create a unique ecosystem because it combines e-commerce, on-demand services and financial services in one system. This research aims to find out the welfare impact for Gojek drivers after the Gojek Tokopedia Merger. The method used in this research is qualitative research by interviewing randomly selected informants in Serang Regency, Serang City and Cilegon City. The study was conducted in June 2021, involving ten informants, all of whom were Gojek drivers. This research uses qualitative research methods. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The instrument is the researcher himself as the primary research instrument. The researcher goes directly to the field to meet the informants, conducts interviews now, collects research data, analyzes the data to make conclusions. This study concluded that the Merger between Gojek and Tokopedia, in general, did not affect the welfare of Gojek Drivers, both positive and negative effects
... Primary data in general are the data that is being collected by the researcher by himself (Ajayi, 2017). In this context, all the primary data are being collected by the researcher through the selected platform which is being integrated with the research questionnaires. ...
The aim of this research is to identify the key elements of the medical employees' motivation and performance and to study its prevalence among the contract for service and permanent healthcare workers at Hospital Teluk Intan. The research was carried out to acknowledge the key elements required to establish job motivations and identify the gaps, which can help the administration to conduct necessary actions and corrective actions which able to enhance the performance of the workers during the Covid-19 Pandemic. To achieve the objective a total of 330 respondents were selected at Hospital Teluk Intan which involves both contracts for service and permanent employees with various academic backgrounds and subsequently the data were provided to the higher management for further actions to establish a motivation program among the workers. The primary source of the data is the research questionnaires which had been developed by the researcher himself and the validity and reliability were verified. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version 2015) was used to interpret the results of the questionaries. Based on the analysis, we concluded about the level of motivation and the effect on the performance among the contract for service and permanent medical staff at Hospital Teluk Intan. It had been identified that the Contract of the Service Employees had higher motivational and performance perceptions compared to the permanent employment employees at the healthcare facility. The study shows significant evidence of the performance of the contract of service medical employees during the Pandemic Covid-19.
... Based on the source, the data are divided into two, namely primary and secondary data. Primary data is original and unique data collected by the researchers directly from the first-hand source or study object, while secondary data is data obtained by author from published articles on the internet, journals, periodicals, or sites related to study conducted (Ajayi, 2017). Methods of data collection employed in this study included: ...
The community of Catur Village in Kintamani aims to initiate a community-based tourism program (CBT) based on the potential tourist attractions the village possesses, namely coffee plantations, unique culture, and captivating nature in the central mountains of Bali. This study seeks to identify the tourism potentials in Catur Village based on ‘4A’ (Attraction, Accessibility, Amenity and Ancillary Services), and identify the challenges in starting CBT by using PESTLE Analysis. This study utilizes descriptive analysis with qualitative approach. The findings of this study indicate several highly potential tourism attractions in Catur Village. The first is the potential for agro-tourism in the coffee, orange and marigold plantations. There is also potential for eco-tourism in Segeha Waterfall and the hills surrounding the village. Catur Village also has potential culture tourism attractions with the existence of the unique blend of Balinese and Chinese Peranakan cultures in Banjar Lampu and Pura Pebini that has intimate relation with the legend of Dewi Danu and Jaya Pangus. But those attractions are not yet supported with adequate aspects of accessibility, amenity and ancillary services, particularly in terms of accommodation and other supporting facilities.Keywords: tourism, tourist destination, development, village, community-based tourismABSTRAKMasyarakat Desa Catur, Kecamatan Kintamani mencanangkan program pariwisata berbasis masyarkat dalambentuk desa wisata berdasarkan potensi wisata yang ada di desa tersebut, terutama perkebunan kopi, budaya yang unik, dan pemandangan alam yang indah di wilayah pengunungan yang terletak di tengah-tengah pulau Bali. Artikel ini membahas potensi wisata di Desa Catur berdasarkan konsep ‘4A’ (Atraksi, Aksesibilitas, Amenitas, dan Ancillary Services), serta mengidentifikasi tantangan yang dihadapi dalam memulai program desa wisata dengan mengunakan alat analisis PESTLE, dengan melakukan analisis deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Temuan dalam penelitian ini mengindentifikasikan beberapa potensi wisata yang menjanjikan di Desa Catur, antara lain wisata agro berupa perkebunan kopi, jeruk, dan bunga gumitir. Di samping itu, Desa Catur juga memiliki potensi ekowisata di Air Terjun Segeha dan perbukitan di sekitar desa, yang dilengkapi dengan penggabungan budaya Bali dan budaya Peranakan Tionghoa yang unik di Banjar lampu, serta wisata rohani di PuraPebini yang memiliki hubungan erat dengan legenda Dewi Danu dan Jaya Pangus.Namun potensi wisata tersebut belum didukung oleh aspek-aspek lain termasukakses, amenitas, dan ancillary services yang memadai, terutama dalam halakomodasi bagi pengunjung.Kata kunci: pariwisata, desa wisata, destinasi wisata, pariwisata berbasismasyarakat
... Secondary data are usually less expensive and faster to acquire, but may not be as relevant or accurate to the specific research question at hand. For more information see, e.g., Ajayi (2017). and industry trends (Hague et al., 2004;McGivern, 2013). ...
This chapter describes and reflects on official and non-official statistics as data sources for media economics research. To this end, it outlines and lists different types of data source, their informative value, and their potential limitations. The focus is on industry associations, market research firms, and financial databases as non-official sources and on the peculiarities of data generation and statistical processing by official sources. In addition, a distinction is made between a market and an industry perspective of media economic research, since the media can be quantified at different levels and to different extents depending on the approach chosen, and correspondingly different questions can be addressed. By considering the potential and the limitations of both official and non-official statistical data, and concluding with some premises that should be considered when using them, this chapter provides researchers with an overview of resources that are potentially relevant to their specific research.
... For easier identification of these, they can be found in experiments, questionnaires, interviews and others. On the other hand, secondary sources deal with data and information already collected by organizations or agencies, being written in the past and represented by magazine articles, websites, government publications and others (Ajayi, 2017). Alderman (2014) considers that Tertiary sources most often help identify primary and secondary sources by the simple fact that they are based on summaries, indexes, databases, the first two being able to cover magazines or newspapers, but also other truthful sources. ...
The primary, secondary and tertiary sources are all reliable in the field of psychology, as Ajayi (2017) and Alderman (2014) claim, and the best rated publishing houses in psychology are clear proof in Al-Abbas & Saab (2021) view. So, all these sources are valuable in psychological training and practice.
... Secondary data in this study secondary data is literature such as journals, books, and other sources that support it. The validity test is carried out to see the extent to which a measuring instrument used measures what you want to measure (Ajayi, 2017). This study shows that with a significance level of 5% and a sample of 30 people, the Corrected Item-Total Correlation value of each question is greater than the r-table value of 0.361 (r-count> r-table). ...
Micro, small, and medium enterprises are the main pillars of economic development. The existence of MSMEs in Medan City is still vulnerable to various factors that affect performance. MSMEs often need help with entrepreneurial competence, entrepreneurial orientation, and utilization of information technology, which impact low competitive advantage. This research aims to analyze entrepreneurial competence, entrepreneurial orientation, and utilization of information technology on business performance through competitive advantage in handicraft businesses assisted by the Office of SME Cooperatives, Industry and Trade of Medan City. This study uses a quantitative approach as a research method. The population in this study were handicraft business actors assisted by the Office of SME Cooperatives, Industry, and Trade of Medan City, totaling 95 respondents—data analysis using descriptive statistical analysis techniques and path analysis using Smart PLS. The results showed that Entrepreneurial Competence, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Information Technology Utilization on Performance through Competitive Advantage in Handicraft Businesses Assisted by the Office of Cooperatives, SMEs, Industry, and Trade of Medan City all research variables have a positive and significant influence variables.
... Data collection and analysis are necessary for the generation of data that serves as a decision-making tool (Ajayi, 2017). The information utilized in this desk research came from secondary sources. ...
The ability of leaders to drive change and make significant, quantifiable contributions to the improvement of education has led to the recent global emphasis on educational leadership. Since education reform affects all parties involved in different ways, it is considered a long-term and difficult project. Thus, through community interaction, this desktop research investigated the connection between the leadership role and changes in education.
... Sumber data adalah subjek dari data yang diperoleh, proses dari hal yang diamati. Data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer dan data sekunder (Ajayi, 2017 (Ombudsman, 2022). Dengan adanya evaluasi pelaksanaan pelayanan publik tahun 2022 ini, maka negara bagian dan kotamadya harus didorong untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan publik dalam hal pemenuhan standar pelayanan, infrastruktur, kompetensi penyelenggara pelayanan dan penanganan pengaduan (Hakim, 2015). ...
This research is used to see a comparison of the assessment of public service delivery in 2021 with 2022. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods to explain the developed public service delivery assessment. An ombudsman institution in Indonesia assesses public service delivery called the Ombudsman RI. The results of this study found that there was indeed a comparison of the assessment of public service delivery in 2021 with 2022. First, the results of public services in 2022 will result in a Public Service Supervision Opinion, while 2021 only divides it into compliance zones. Second, the assessment method in 2022 will be more varied, ranging from interviews, data collection, and documentary evidence supporting services to observation. Interviews will be divided into service officer interviews and community interviews. If in 2021, only physical observation. Third, the locus of assessment of public service delivery in 2022 is broader than in 2021. Fourth, institutional assessments are divided into two categories: non-vertical and vertical institutions.
Heroism is the pinnacle of greatness in human beings, heroes demonstrate the courage to act with moral fortitude and put the needs of others before their own or above their own needs. Many films use the theme of war heroism. Hacksaw Ridge, one of the heroic films which tells the story of Desmond Doss, the heroic warrior. Desmond Doss, the main character. This research aims to analyze how the heroism represented by Desmond and the Hero's Journey experienced by the protagonist. Hero experienced by the main character. The method used in this research This research is descriptive qualitative methods, while the sampling technique used is with purposive sampling method. Data analysis uses data reduction, data display, and conclusions and verification. This research was analyzed with the elements of heroism and the Hero's Journey theory. The theory in question is Joseph Campbell's Hero's Journey theory. The data found were taken by analyzing the scenes in the film which were then validated using theoretical triangulation. The data validation is carried out using theoretical triangulation. Based on research, the author found 32 data on heroic characteristics and 17 data on the Hero's Journey. From these data, it can be concluded that Desmond can be called a hero because he has 5 elements of heroism and he has passed the Hero's Journey phase.
Climate change is threatening the resilience of smallholder agroecosystems in semi‐arid areas. Wetland agroecosystems provide critical life support and positive outcomes for people, nature and climate in semi‐arid areas. Wetland shrinkage, degradation, species extinction and habitat loss have threatened livelihoods and ecosystems across the globe. The study aimed to determine climate change impacts on farmer‐managed wetland agroecosystems and evaluate resilience‐building strategies in semi‐arid rainfall marginal areas, focusing on Nyororo wetland in Mberengwa district. A mixed method approach informed data collection and analysis, influenced by interpretivism and objectivism research philosophical underpinnings. The mixed methods approach enabled the study to benefit from multiple knowledge domains, including professional ecological knowledge (PEK), scientific ecological knowledge (SEK), bureaucratic ecological knowledge (BEK), technological ecological knowledge (TEK) and local ecological knowledge (LEK). Information gathered through semi‐structured questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, secondary data, remote sensing and scientific measurements was synthesised to bring the resilience picture around wetland‐based agroecosystems. The study findings on wetland degradation and climate change impacts on wetland agrobiodiversity included wetland shrinkage, an increase in invasive floral species by 25%, declining groundwater, reduced dryland cereal (Zea mays) production by 77.16% over a 41‐year period, and the occurrence of crop pests and animal diseases, which had negative outcomes on wetland provisioning, regulatory services and ecosystem health. Resilience‐building strategies, including adopting seasonal livelihood programmes, ecosystems‐based adaptation (EbA) strategies such as wetland farming, protection of wetland water sources, harvesting wetland goods for selling and anticipatory action planning (AAP), including planting drought‐tolerant, short‐seasoned food crops, proved effective in the sustainable management of wetlands agroecosystems. The study recommended that financial mechanisms be tailored to suit the needs of local communities’ conservation and resilient livelihoods. The study recommends that stakeholders swiftly implement the promising wetland agroecosystem resilience‐building strategies that bring positive outcomes for people, nature and climate.
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused worldwide chaos and panic. The shipping industry was one of the firstindustries affected by the outbreak, with crew members reporting cases of COVID-19 on the ship. This widespread pandemic has launched a major burn for seafarers’ sign-on and sign-off globally. There is no standardised procedure for the crew change process used globally. All countries have their own rules and regulations. Thus, seafarers who act as the middle person between respective authorities were severely affected by this situation. Therefore, this research article aims to study the impact of the seafarers working onboard and waiting for vessels to join during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, we will explore what changes might have occurred in seafarers’ sign-on and sign-off process during the outbreak. This article reveals three main categories: Perceptions duringthe COVID-19 outbreak, changes that could occur in the crew manning sector during the COVID-19 outbreak, and insight into the seafarers’ occupation during the COVID-19 outbreak. A qualitative approach is used in this research. Hence, the semi-structured interview method is conducted involving mariners who are working in this industry. The data were collected through online interviews and thematic analysis was conducted to identify similarities and differences between the respondents. This study will enlighten the challenges and potential solutions for improving the crew change process during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The general objective of this research was to find out the effect of project management practices on performance of Tubura Project in Nyanza District, Rwanda. Specifically the study was guided by the following objectives: finding out the effect of project planning on performance of Tubura Project in Nyanza District, determining the effect of project implementation on performance of Tubura Project in Nyanza District and assessing the effect of project monitoring and evaluation on performance of Tubura Project in Nyanza District. This research was guided by Goal Setting Theory, Theory of Change and Resource Based View Theory.The researcher conducted both descriptive and correlational studies. Descriptive survey research use surveys to collect information on a variety of issues and correlational studies research design examined at the links that exist between variables under the study. The population of this study was 321 people including Tubura Project staff, District staff, Sector staff, Project cell committee and One acre fund employees in Nyanza District. Using Slovin's formula, the researcher estimated how big of a sample was needed to get reliable findings. The researcher relied on document analysis and questionnaire methods to collect data. The researcher more easily displayed the findings in the form of numbers and statistics, giving the reader a more holistic understanding of the findings. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used in the study. The findings presents a summary of a regression model, indicating a very strong positive correlation (R = 0.922) between the predictors (Project monitoring and evaluation, Project planning, Project implementation) and the performance of Tubura Project in Nyanza District. Specifically, for each unit increase in Project planning, the performance of Tubura Project in Nyanza District is expected to increase by 0.318 units (β=0.318, t=5.915, p=0.000). Similarly, project implementation, with a coefficient of 0.293, indicates that an increase in this variable is associated with a 0.293 unit increase in the performance of Tubura Project in Nyanza District (β=0.293, t=5.138, p=0.000). Project monitoring and evaluation, with a coefficient of 0.382, indicates that an increase in this variable is associated with a 0.382 unit increase in the success of Tubura Project in Nyanza District (β=0.382, t=8.061, p=0.000). In this case, this study concluded that project planning, project implementation and, project monitoring and evaluation significantly contribute to predicting the success of Tubura Project in Nyanza District. It was recommended that Tubura Project staff should be integrated Continuous capacity building and training programs into the project implementation strategy to ensure that the team is equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to address evolving challenges and opportunities.
This study investigates the impact of strategic optimization practices on organizational performance in the pension industry in Zimbabwe, with a focus on how these practices can enhance financial outcomes amidst evolving regulatory landscapes. The research aims to evaluate the effects of strategic optimization on pension fund performance, particularly in light of recent regulatory changes that influence operational practices and effectiveness. The study employs a mixed-methods research, adopting a pragmatic philosophy and utilizing an explanatory research design. The study is underpinned by the Resource-Based View (RBV), the Stakeholder Theory and the Systems Theory. The sample size consists of 209 staff members from NSSA, employing both stratified random sampling and purposive non-probability sampling methods for data collection. Structured questionnaires and interview guides will be used to gather data, analyzed through IBM SPSS for analysis, while Microsoft Excel will facilitate descriptive statistics and visualization. Qualitative data was analyzed through thematic analysis. The objectives include assessing how strategic optimization affects performance metrics, exploring regulatory impacts, evaluating the role of employee engagement as a mediator, and quantifying the financial implications of these optimization strategies. Preliminary findings are expected to reveal a strong correlation between strategic optimization practices and organizational performance, akin to the relationship identified in the banking sector regarding digitalization and competitive advantage. The study will highlight the importance of employee engagement and adaptability to regulatory changes as pillars of effective strategic implementation. Recommendations will focus on developing frameworks for strategic optimization that leverage employee engagement and align with regulatory requirements, ultimately driving sustainable growth and enhanced performance in Zimbabwe's pension industry.
Purpose
Strategic leveraging of Mobile Commerce (M-commerce) holds immense potential for augmenting firm performance within the realm of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. This study seeks to unravel the important role played by specific factors, namely, relative advantage, security, complexity, firm performance, organizational competence, M-commerce knowledge, competitive pressure, customer value and information intensity in influencing M-commerce adoption and its subsequent impact on SME performance. Drawing on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, the study posits that technological factors (relative advantage, security and complexity), organizational factors (organizational IT competence and M-commerce knowledge) and environmental factors (competitive pressure, customer value and information intensity) collectively shape M-commerce adoption, thereby influencing SME performance.
Design/methodology/approach
The study employs a quantitative approach, engaging SME owners in Malaysia as participants, with a sample size of 150 selected through an online survey. Analysis was conducted using Smart PLS, revealing crucial insights.
Findings
The investigation revealed a positive relationship between relative advantage, security, complexity, competitive pressure, customer value and information intensity, and the adoption of M-commerce within SMEs in Malaysia. Moreover, a positive relationship was identified between M-commerce adoption and firm performance among Malaysian SMEs. Intriguingly, there was no discernible relationship between Organizational IT competence, M-commerce knowledge and the adoption of M-commerce.
Originality/value
This research contributes to the scant literature exploring SMEs’ inclination toward M-commerce for performance enhancement. The proactive adoption of M-commerce stands poised to empower SMEs in Malaysia, enabling them to play a more substantial role in the national economic structure. Consequently, it emphasizes the need for effective communication of government policies pertaining to M-commerce adoption, particularly among SME stakeholders.
Entrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as a critical driver of economic development, job creation, and innovation. Recent research has shown that individual demographic factors, particularly gender and family background, play an influential role in shaping entrepreneurial intentions. This study aims to explore the effects of various demographic variables, including gender, age, and the father’s occupation, on entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, it seeks to identify how family support, particularly from entrepreneurial fathers, impacts individuals’ motivations to pursue entrepreneurship. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis based on a quantitative survey conducted among 140 participants, offering significant insights into how gender and family environments affect entrepreneurial choices.
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices have gained increasing attention among companies in Malaysia as they strive to meet the expectations of stakeholders, especially investors. This study aims to environmental, social and governance (ESG) practice reported in the public-listed companies and the similarities among the industry sectors and to investigate the relationship between environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices and corporate financial performance. Grounded in Stakeholder Theory, this study employs descriptive and correlation analysis to assess the correlation between independent and dependent variables. A comprehensive content review of secondary data from the annual reports of selected public-listed companies in Malaysia was conducted, with data thoroughly documented in a meticulously prepared checklist. The sample consists of 41 public-listed companies across 10 distinct industry sectors. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 29. The findings revealed that Malaysian public-listed companies typically implemented structured environmental, social and governance practice (ESG) practices in Malaysia which are perceived to influence corporate financial performance. The analysis demonstrates an insignificant weakly negative relationship between environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices and corporate financial performance. Despite several limitations, this study offers recommendations for future research and practice.
This internship report focuses on the study of air ticketing reservation systems, with a particular emphasis on Global Distribution Systems (GDS), which are essential tools in the travel and aviation industry. GDS platforms, including Amadeus, Sabre, and Galileo, are integral to the process of booking airline tickets, connecting service providers (airlines) with travel agencies and customers worldwide. The study aims to explore the operational mechanisms of GDS, their role in enhancing efficiency in air ticket reservations, and their influence on customer service and personalization. Through practical experience gained during the internship, key tasks such as air ticket bookings, flight information retrieval, fare comparisons, seat selection, and reservation management using GDS platforms were explored. Additionally, the study highlights how GDS systems integrate with other reservation technologies and how they streamline the booking process for travel agents and customers alike. Challenges faced during the use of GDS systems, such as interface complexity and limited automation features, are discussed, along with recommendations for improving the user experience and operational efficiency. This report concludes by underscoring the significant role GDS systems play in modernizing air travel, improving accuracy, and providing real-time information in air ticketing. The internship has provided valuable insights into the evolution of air ticketing reservations and the essential role GDS systems play in facilitating seamless global travel operations.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact that organizational culture has on employee well-being within a case-study organization. The study employed a quantitative research design and adopted the use of a questionnaire to collect the necessary data from the 20 participants. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis. The findings of the study indicated that the organization operates mainly on a hierarchy culture with the elements of other culture types of notably culture clan and market culture mixed into the overall organizational culture. It was inferred that these culture types exist as a subculture within the overarching culture of the organization. The findings suggest that employee well-being is not a point of critical concern for the organization. This suggests that within the case study organization, employee well-being is perceived as a moral obligation as against a strategic factor that can yield considerable benefits to the organization. The findings also indicated that organizational culture exerts a degree of influence on employee well-being. Organizational culture has an impact on employee well-being, therefore improving employee well-being can ensure optimal productivity and performance of employees.
This study investigated the predictors of credit risk in rural and community banks (RCBs), and the effects of rural banking in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The study examined the correlation between credit risk as the dependent factor and a set of 8 systemic and unsystemic factors of credit risk as independent variables. The systemic variables were GDP growth rate, interest rate, inflation rate and unemployment rate. The unsystemic factors analyzed were branch network, total assets, return on assets and capital adequacy ratio. Secondary data was collected from 15 RCBs which were selected through purposive sampling, stratified random sampling and simple random sampling. Data collected was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and STATA software applications. Dataset ranged from the year 2008 to 2017. Descriptive statistical analysis, correlational analysis and regression analysis were undertaken. The study found that, return on assets, branch network and size were the significant unsystemic predictors of credit risk whilst interest rate, inflation and unemployment were the significant systemic predictors of credit risk in RCBs in Ghana. Furthermore, the study revealed that RCBs have had considerable positive impact on the communities where they operated. Managers of RCBs must consider pursuing a strategy of branch expansion and improving efficiency of staff because of the moderating effects of these factors on credit risk. This study contributed to the understanding of the relationship between unsystemic predictors of credit risk and systemic predictors of credit risk in RCBs, as intervening variables.
This research aimed to evaluate the difficulties SMEs face in obtaining credit from banking institutions. Using a descriptive research design, primary data was collected from various SME respondents through a structured, self-administered questionnaire. The literature review, sourced from journals and other materials, provided a deeper understanding of the subject. Data analysis was conducted using frequency tables and descriptive graphics with the assistance of SPSS for data entry, coding, and analysis of quantitative data from closed-ended questions. The findings revealed that while access to credit positively influenced SME performance by enabling proprietors to increase business stocks or acquire assets, significant challenges impeded access to credit. These challenges included inadequate collateral, limited borrowing capacity, high interest rates and processing fees, and stringent terms and procedures. These barriers hindered SMEs' ability to expand, improve cash flow for reinvestment, and ultimately reduced profitability. To address these issues, the researcher recommended that the government, through the Bank of Zambia, consider capping interest rates for SMEs or providing subsidized loans. Additionally, they suggested strengthening the Zambia Credit Guarantee Scheme Limited to offer loan guarantees for SMEs, recognizing their crucial role in the economy. The study recommended that Government create interest Rate Caps where the government should work with the Bank of Zambia to establish an interest rate ceiling for SMEs, making loans more affordable and promoting business growth and stability. Develop subsidized loan programs for SMEs to lessen the impact of high interest rates and processing fees, thereby helping them secure the capital needed for expansion and operational improvements. Enhancing the Credit Guarantee Scheme requires you to improve the structure and operations of the Zambia Credit Guarantee Scheme Limited to provide SMEs with easier access to loan guarantees, addressing issues related to inadequate collateral and limited borrowing capacity.
Undoubtedly, infrastructure and teaching-learning materials are the backbone of formal education. Ghana free education policy has led to huge increment in student's enrollment. Managing large students' numbers required supply of additional infrastructure and teaching-learning materials to schools. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of Ghana's free educational policy on infrastructure and teaching-learning materials in public senior high schools in Tamale Metropolis. The study formulated four objectives: to examine the availability of infrastructure; to examine the availability of teaching-learning materials; to identify the challenges; to investigate the effect of Ghana's free educational policy on infrastructure and learning materials in public senior high schools. The study used the mixed method and data was collected using pre-tested questionnaire and observation. This study found the available infrastructure in senior high schools to include classrooms; teachers' quarters; dormitories for boys and girls; assembly halls; dining halls; kitchens, classroom doors and windows; hand-washing
The study investigated the relationship between organizational working environment and teachers' commitment in catholic based schools, a case study of secondary schools in Nakaseke Catholic Parish, Kasana Luweero Diocese, Uganda. The objectives of the study examined the relationship between the rewards programs and commitment of teachers, determined the effect of the school infrastructure on commitment of teachers and examined the relationship between the training and commitment of teachers in Catholic Based Secondary Schools. A descriptive cross-sectional survey research design was adopted using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study targeted 70 respondents but 67 returned the survey questions, indicating a response rate of 95.7%. The study used a simple random sampling technique to select teachers and a purposive sampling to select the Board of Governors, Head teachers and Deputy Head teachers. The study analyzed data using frequencies, percentages and inferential statistics such as correlations and the coefficient of determination. Findings revealed a significant positive relationship (r=0.881, sig=0.000) between rewards programs and teachers' commitment; a positive relationship (r=0.235, sig=0.000) between school infrastructure and teachers' commitment; and a significant positive relationship (r=0.476, sig=0.000) between training and teachers' commitment. It was therefore concluded that rewards programs, school infrastructure and training positively affected the teachers' commitment performance of employees in catholic based secondary schools in one way or the other. The study recommends that school management need to cooperate to ensure that teachers are rewarded accordingly, catholic based schools need to widen their revenue base so as to improve infrastructure and there is also a need for a review on its selection criterion for training. Background of the Study According to Kusuma et al. (2022) employee loyalty and commitment declined since the late 20 th century. This situation has led to corporate reorganization and downsizing in some organizations. Jacklyn (2017) indicates that employee commitment depends on various factors like individual's characteristics, age, nature of the job, training, career development programs, teamwork, salary increment, and human resource policies. This implies that in order to increase employees' commitment, organizations have to provide workers opportunities for training, promotion, and a good work environment. According to Urshie et al. (2010) the principals in Japan use participative higher cognitive processes to influence teachers' commitment. Panda and Mohanty (2003) suggested the factors that hinder teachers' commitment; among the main issues that Panda and Mohanty (2003) realized were poor infrastructure, low salaries and lack of teachers' involvement in decision-making. In addition, Kusuma et al. (2022) and Jacklyn (2017) also noted that some schools in the United Kingdom treat their junior staffs rudely, the management lacked recruitment policies and the brilliant ideas from the new teachers were ignored. In addition to that Panda and Mohanty (2003) noted that school principals in Japan ignored the effort teachers made towards the success of the institutions. These behaviors decrease teachers' morale to work in such schools which are not valuing and appreciating their efforts.
Although cocoa production in Ghana sustains the economy, its quantity has not been stable. This instability in the amount of cocoa produced can be attributed to climatic conditions and other human-induced factors such as Galamsey. In the Sefwi Akontombra cocoa district, one leading cause of the reduction of cocoa is the infestation of the Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus Disease (CSSVD). Farmers Business School has been one medium through which farmers are educated on how to make farming a business however, various factors seem to limit farmers decisions to adopt these additional livelihoods. Hence, the main objective of the study was to explore the various factors that hindered farmers' decision to adopt additional livelihoods. Employing the simple random sampling method, 410 farmers were selected for the study. A binary Logistic regression model was employed to establish relationships between Additional Livelihoods and the various factors that hinder its adoption. The study revealed that Good Agronomy Practices such as annual pruning, annual fertilizer application, and annual pollination were practiced by farmers. Regardless of this GAP, the quantity of cocoa beans produced annually per hectare has been reduced from 2017 to 2021. The study also revealed that farmers who have adopted additional livelihoods have their income level increased, food security, and general livelihood increased. Most of the farmers (70.7%) were not regular at Farmers Business School which seems to be a reason why the m ajority have not adopted additional livelihoods. Other factors such as environmental, socio-cultural, and economic were significant at 0.05 significant level. However, personal factors were not significant at either 0.1, 0.05, or 0.01. The study recommends that farmers should be frequent participants in Farmers Business School.
The paper enlightens the drawbacks and prospects of shrimp cultivation of the Southwestern part of Bangladesh and also the ecological status of the Sundarbans. Shrimp cultivation is the process of growing shrimps in closed enclosures like ponds to marketable by providing them, feed, aeration, and maintaining a healthy environment. This research was conducted in Munshiganj Union, Shyamnagar, Satkhira. In order to perceive the current circumstances of the Shrimp owner, Labor, Faria and Depot owner and to descry the impact of shrimp cultivation on environment as well as the ecological conditions of the Sundarbans as a Ecologically Critical Area, the first-year students of the Department of Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka conducted a 4-day field work in the Munshiganj Union of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira. Mixed Research methodology were used in this study, which includes both the Qualitative and Quantitative research method. Primary data was collected through Questionnaire Survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and observation. Secondary data was collected from journal, Article and documents. The main focus of conducting this research is to locate the major problems of not getting loan as well as virus problems and weak Shrimp seed by Shrimp Owner, shortage of Shrimp occasionally by Faria, electricity problem by Depot owners and low wages by labor. The impact of Shrimp cultivation on the Sundarbans and the local people and also the effect of climate change on the Shrimp cultivation is also observed in this study.
The present study was carried out to analyze the socioeconomic state of the ethnic community of Asham Bosti, adjacent to Rangamati District. In order to highlight district-level variations in quality of life and detect variance among the primitive tribal households in the research region, numerous socioeconomic variables have been examined and compared. Data were acquired by the well-structured questionnaire survey. A total of 306 inhabitants of the research region were selected randomly for interviews. The study's findings discovered some intriguing facts and indicated most of the individuals were Chakma (35.9%), Bengalee (25.2%), and Marma (24.5%), who follow Buddhism (63.1%) and belong to the age range of 21-30 years (24.2%). Almost 13.3% of the respondents were illiterate, whereas only 27% had primary education and got medical help mainly from registered doctors (85%). It was found from the investigation that most of the houses were semi-brick-built (31%), with well-maintained sanitation facilities (91.2%). To cope with adverse situations, most of them (70.5%) take loans from any microlending association. The community fuel source is gas, the electricity source is rural electricity (94%), and the drinking water source is a tube well (85.6%). Lack of educational quality and electricity have been the most common problems in the area. Therefore, the local people need to be trained to actively engage to productive activities.
The accessibility of appropriate land for private development has become of significant concern to, essentially, residential property developers. With Ampabame in view, the aim of this study is to examine the prevalent challenges pertaining to the acquisition of land; the high-land-value effect of land service delivery on residential development; and the role of relevant agencies in land service delivery, as well as its impact on residential development. The sample for this study includes some land owners at Ampabame, the Lands Commission, and the Land Use and Spatial Planning Authority. Among the findings, lack of cooperation (and coordination), among, and/or between, all the relevant stakeholders in the community (fundamentally, residential property developers and utilities and services providers), has the most adverse impact on the development of residences. It is, therefore, recommended that there should be coordination among relevant stakeholders and institutions; such as the Lands Commission, the chiefs and elders, family heads, and the district assembly. Moreover, this study has shown that land delivery for residential development is expensive, creating a hostile atmosphere for such developments. So, there must be the existence of a more dedicated Lands Commission to regulate the cost of land. Also, given that residential property developers have been found to, often, complain about inaccessible, and/or poor, land service delivery (propelled) by state institutions, which affects residential development unfavourably, this research proposes strict enforcement, and enactment, of the reforms in the Lands Act 2020; to ensure the cohesive development of residences in Ghana.
This study aimed to investigate what Instagram features that help students in learning English listening comprehension, and to find out the students’ perceptions towards Instagram as a media to learn the subject. Mixed method was used for this study, specifically in the form of a case study in one secondary school in Cimahi, West Java, Indonesia. Ten secondary school students aged between 15 and 18 years were chosen as participants of this study. The researchers tried to create Instagram content that would help the students learn the subject, combined with the use of questionnaires, classroom observation, and students’ interview to obtain data. Data from questionnaires were analyzed using percentage calculation, data from classroom observation were analyzed based on the activities in the classroom and displayed in the form of table, while students’ interview were analyzed based on deductive thematic data analysis. The result shows that the students are familiar with Instagram Story, Post, Reel, and Live. These Instagram features were used as tools for learning English Listening comprehension. The students perceived that the use of Instagram features for listening English comprehension could help them develop their potencies, make the learning materials more interested, assist them to learn and be more creative.
This article underscores the significance of accessing trustworthy sources for effective documentation and practicing within the psychology field. It highlights the pivotal role of specialized organizations like the American Psychological Association (APA), along with widely-used academic databases such as Web of Science (WoS) and PsycInfo, in providing evidence-based information, ethical guidelines, and critical publications essential to the profession. The distinction between primary and secondary sources is underscored,showing the importance of choosing works published in peer-reviewed scientific journals to ensure credibility and quality. Additionally, the paper acknowledges the invaluable contributions of esteemed publishers like Springer, Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press in offering high-quality materials and resources for psychological training and professional practice. Ultimately, it advocates for a meticulous approach to source selection, advocating reliance on reputable sources and publishers to maintain standards of quality and integrity in psychological practice.
The aims of this study was to know the ways or the stages use by the English teachers to design Merdeka Belajar lesson plan and to find out the difficulties face by the English teachers in designing the Merdeka Belajar lesson plan. The method of this study was qualitative descriptive method. The techniques of collecting data was using triangulation, which are observation, interview and also documentation. The interview conducted with three English teachers at SMK PGRI 2 of Palembang. After the data was obtained, the next step that the process of reducing the data occurring repeatedly. The results showed that for the first year, teachers were still confused about implementing Merdeka Belajar curriculum. So, teachers at SMK PGRI 2 Palembang have already join In House Training (IHT), in 2021 and 2022. Although the teacher faced some difficulties and obstacles such as lack of experience, inadequate infrastructure facilities from school, and there are some still confused about the learning system. To overcome that difficulties, teacher’s at SMK PGRI 2 of Palembang learn from the Merdeka Mengajar platfrom and collaborate with each teacher.
This paper analyzes the distinctive settings in Derek Kolstad's John Wick movie, emphasizing its unique portrayal of the Continental Hotel in the USA and its reflection of contemporary American society. Using qualitative research methods, the study examines both primary data from the movie script and secondary data from relevant sources. The findings highlight the film's use of physical, time, and social environment settings. The physical setting unfolds in a fictional, gritty version of urban settings, primarily New York City. Time setting is conveyed through markers like continuous action, character development, and visual cues. The social environment setting explores family dynamics, social institutions, and the presence of law enforcement. The analysis concludes by summarizing the film's use of setting to create atmosphere, act as a dominant element, and contribute to the overall narrative, enhancing our understanding of its acclaimed intense action sequences and exploration of a life immersed in violence.
The cash conversion cycle (CCC) is a crucial indicator in determining how efficiently a firm can turn its inventory into sales and subsequently into cash. Data from 43 firms listed in Bursa Malaysia from 2016 to 2019 were used to study the relationship between the CCC and profitability. The determinants for CCC are the days sales outstanding (DSO), days payables outstanding (DPO), and days inventory outstanding (DIO) while profitability is represented by the return on assets (ROA) of the firms. The data were collected from the published annual reports and audited financial statements of the local plantation firms and analyzed using EViews version 10. The result reported that DSO positively influences profitability significantly. DIO also reported a positive influence on profitability but the relationship is insignificant. On the other hand, DPO has an adverse effect on profitability and the relationship is insignificant. The findings provide useful information for the Malaysian government, investors, and policymakers in developing effective policies, rules, or regulations to promote economic productivity, growth, and the best plantation financing decision.
Sources of data". Retrieved on
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Douglas, M. (2015). "Sources of data". Retrieved on 22nd September, 2017 from
http://www.onlineetymologydictionary/data