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Research in: Agricultural & Vet. Sci.
Vol.1, No.2, 2017, pp.116-134
116
BIOSYSTEMATIC APPROACH: TO INVENTORIZATION OF
UBIQUITIOUS MYIASIS CAUSING FLIES OF VETERINARY
IMPORTANCE IN INDIA
Abesh Chakraborty1*, Goutam Kumar Saha2, Dhriti Banerjee1
1Zoological Survey of India, Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change
(MoEF & CC, Government of India), Kolkata, India
2Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
Abstract. Dipterans are a diverse order of insect of which Calliphorids and Sarcophagids are the most
ubiquitous, as several species of these families immature stages have been known to cause a deleterious
condition of human and animal tissue, viz., collectively termed as myiasis. Therefore it is essential to
gather information and to setup a biosystematic species inventory on the common and most ubiquitous
myiasis causers along with their synonyms and notes on type localities to generate information about their
distribution and substrate preferences for causing myiasis. The current study reveals, a total of 21 species
of flies which are responsible for causing myiasis in India, out of which 17 species cause myiasis in
animals, out of which 8 species belong to the family Calliphoridae and 9 species belong to the family
Sacrophagidae, respectively. The present study provides a synopsis of the regional biosystematic and
taxonomical work carried out until now, and can serve as a baseline data for future studies.
Keywords: medico-legal entomology, Myiasis, Calliphoridae, Sacrophagidae, India.
Corresponding Author: Abesh, Chakraborty, Zoological Survey of India, Ministry of Environment,
Forests & Climate Change (Government of India), M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053, India, Mob:
990342474, e-mail: abeshc1@gmail.com
Manuscript received: 19 April 2017
1. Introduction
India is one of the world’s most biodiverse regions with a total area of about
3,287,263 km2. The faunal diversity of India is rich and diversified because of a variety
of ecozones ranging from deserts to high mountains and tropical to temperate forests.
The Indian myiasis causers, especially the family Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae has
been poorly known as most species were described in the 19th century; apart from
treatment by (Senior White et al, 1940) [77].
This taxonomically and medico legally important faunal group have been
neglected till date. The study indicates that most of the species have been collected in
selected regions of India, typically from West Bengal. The term "myiasis," was
introduced by Hope in 1840, is now in general use to indicate the condition resulting
from the invasion of tissues or organs of man or animals by dipterous larvae. Somewhat
earlier; Kirby and Spence, had proposed the name "scolechiasis" for such invasions by
insect larvae in general. Hope proposed to limit the term "scolechiasis" by proposing
"myiasis" for dipteran larvae; "scolechiasis" for lepidopterous larvae and "canthariasis"
for coleopteran larvae [17].
Patton in 1921 extended the use of the term myiasis to include all stages of Diptera
including that eggs, pupae, and even adults may occasionally be found in the human or
A. CHAKRABORTY et al.: BIOSYSTEMATIC CHECKLIST OF MYIASIS CAUSING …
117
animal body. Thus the need for a species inventory or a general guide to the subject
became evident, only after the progress of World War II in Europe and America [42,
43]. But no such study was conducted in India.
The family Calliphoridae and Sacrophagidae flies are the most ubiquitous due to
their trade mark appearance on wounds and dead bodies. The family Calliphoridae is
represented currently in the world by 1,520 species and out of which 59 species has
been recorded from India and the family Sacrophagidae is represented currently in the
world by 3,079 species and out of which 126 species are recorded from India [33, 34].
The current interest in these flies is due to the fact that these flies wreck havoc on
cattle health, by both in terms of product quality and quantity, viz., deterioting cattle
biomass there by tremendously reducing the quantity and quality of meat, milk, wool
and leather in ungulates. Therefore the current study is important in the fact that it will
provide a list of all the myiasis causing flies of the two most ubiquitous groups, which
are taxonomically distinctly different but ecologically similar on basis of utilization of
similar resources.
The current study focuses on the generation of base line data for India, which is so
far not been attempted yet and this will seemingly be the pioneering study to generate a
species inventory of myiasis causing Calliphorids and Sarcophagids in India of
veterinary importance, also synonyms are given to avoid misidentification and
distribution is given in this biosystematic checklist.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Status survey
Taxonomic nomenclature used for the checklist follows (Evenhius, 2014). Indian
distribution and elsewhere are also given; along with synonyms of the species. The
study is based on the available literature rather than on extensive new taxonomic work.
Most of the names of the described species presented are in accordance with the most
recent Stratiomyidae classification following Systema Dipterorum (Woodley, 2001 and
Pape and Evenhuis, 2013).
2.2. Museum survey
Dipterans collected from tissues of animals (adults and/or immature) and stored in
the repository of National Zoological Collection in the Zoological Survey of India,
Kolkata, were studied and utilized for the preparation of the checklist. The registration
numbers of the flies are from 2080/H6 to 2364/H6, 2374/H6 to 4140/H6, 4321/H6 to
4647/H6 and 6935/H6 to 7836/H6.
2.3. Literature survey
Taxonomic literatures were reviewed for extracting out Indian species of the
medico-legally important dipteran from internet resources and other relevant literatures
such as Catalog of Life (updated on September, 2016) [55], Systema Dipterorum
(updated on June, 2013) [40], Oriental catalog [28], Fauna of British India [77] and
Catalog of Diptera from Australasian and Oceania regions [10], Zoo records series
(2011 to 2016) and State fauna series and Open search for papers on myiasis causing
dipterans and allied disciplines from the Internet, were consulted for extraction of the
RESEARCH IN: AGRICULTURAL & VET. SCI., V.1, N.2, 2017
118
current taxonomic position of the myiasis causing species, for the preparation of
biosystematic inventory and proper in-hand identification of the specimens as all the
synonyms are clubbed under the current taxonomically accepted name, their
biogeographic distribution and thereby ultimately curving all these data into the first of
its kind checklist of Indian dipteran species of medico legal (veterinary) interest, the
work, especially mentions the species from West Bengal. Besides this other major
contributors of the field along with their contributions are cited and current status of the
Indian variety is elucidated along with survey locations.
2.4. Descriptive statistics
Basic numerical taxonomy a classification system in biological systematics which
deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their
character. It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster analysis
rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties. This is achieved by dividing
on criteria basis and utilizing graphs to visualize data [69]. This will gave us an idea of
the types of groups that are encountered due to substrate preference.
2.5. Biometric analysis and AHC
Previous collections (from National Zoological Collection, General Diptera
Collection were taken) and microscopic measurements of the genital capsules of the
various specimens of these myiasis causing flies were undertaken in Lecia M 205 and
Lecia EZ4 HD microscopes. Based on the body biometrics (length of genital capsule of
n = 10 individuals of each species) and current nomenclature AHC was done to see
relation between the various levels of taxa to assess phylogenetic relationships between
species, using the length of genital capsule. This method uses comparative statistical
analyses that assumes the independence of data points and phylogenetically independent
contrasts (Felsenstein, 1984), in Wards method [3, 12, 16, 14, 27, 30].
3. Results
The list is arranged systematically to subgenus and genus level and alphabetically
thereafter, to make the search easier for a given taxon. Main references to the original
distribution and host preference are listed. The acronyms used for collections follow the
standard of the Systema Dipterorum (Woodley, 2001 and Pape and Evenhuis, 2013),
and their equivalents are as follows; Calliphora (Calliphora) vicina Robineau-
Desvoidy, 1830: CV; Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830) : LC; Lucilia illustris
(Meigen, 1826): LI; Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) : LS ; Chrysomya albiceps
(Wiedemann, 1819): CA; Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve, 1914 : CB; Chrysomya
megacephala (Fabricius, 1794): CM; Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart, 1843): CR;
Wohlfahrtia nuba (Wiedemann, 1830):WN; Sarcophaga (Bellieria) melanura Meigen,
1826: SBM; Sarcophaga (Liopygia) argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830):SLA;
Sarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficornis (Fabricius, 1794): SLR; Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga)
dux Thomson, 1869: SLD; Sarcophaga (Parasarcophaga) albiceps (Meigen, 1826)
SPA; Sarcophaga (Parasarcophaga) hirtipes (Wiedemann, 1830): SPH; Sarcophaga
(Parasarcophaga) macroauriculata (Ho,1932): SPM; Sarcophaga (Parasarcophaga)
misera (Walker,1849): SP.
A. CHAKRABORTY et al.: BIOSYSTEMATIC CHECKLIST OF MYIASIS CAUSING …
119
Checklist of myiasis causing flies of India (based on immature stage
development model)
ORDER Diptera (Linnaeus, 1758)
SUBORDER Brachycera (Macquart, 1834)
INFRAORDER Muscomorpha (Woodley, 1989)
SECTION Schizophora (Becher, 1882)
SUB SECTION Calyptratae (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)
SUPER FAMILY Oestroidea (Leach, 1815)
FAMILY Calliphoridae (Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889)
SUB FAMILY Calliphorinae Brauer & Bergenstamm 1889
TRIBE Calliphorini Lopes, 1968
GENUS Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy
SUB GENUS Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
1. Calliphora (Calliphora) vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830.
Distribution in India: Chandīgarh (Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Haryāna (Singh & Sidhu,
2004), Himāchal Pradesh (Bharti & Singh B., 2017; Singh & Sidhu, 2004), [Shimla
(Senior-White, Aubertin & Smart, 1940; Sinha & Nandi, 2004)], Punjab (Aggarwal,
2005; Bharti & Singh B., 2017; Bharti & Singh D., 2002; Singh & Bharti, 2000; Singh
& Sidhu, 2004), Sikkim (Senior-White, Aubertin & Smart, 1940; Singh & Sidhu, 2004)
[Mangan, Phensang (Sinha & Nandi, 2004)], Uttaranchal (Singh & Sidhu, 2004) [Dehra
Dun (Senior-White, Aubertin & Smart, 1940); Nainital (Sinha & Nandi, 2004)], Uttar
Pradesh [Mussooree (Senior-White, Aubertin & Smart, 1940)], Cherat? (Senior-White,
Aubertin & Smart, 1940)] West Bengal (Singh & Sidhu, 2004) [Alipurduar, Birpara,
Darjeeling, Ghoramara I., Kalimpong, Kurseong, Rajabhatkhawa (Sinha & Nandi,
2004); Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (Sinha, Ghosh & Nandi, 2002; Sinha & Nandi,
2004)].
Host: Sheep (14). TRIBE Luciliini Shannon 1924
GENUS Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
2. Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830).
Synonyms
Lucilia amica Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Lucilia argyricephala Macquart, 1846
Lucilia dorsalis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Lucilia elegans Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Lucilia leucodes Frauenfeld, 1867
Lucilia nigricornis Senior-White, 1924
Lucilia pseudosericata Gaminara, 1930
Lucilia pubens Macquart, 1843
Lucilia usta Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Musca fucina Walker, 1849
Musca serenissima Walker, 1853
Musca temperata Walker, 1853
Musca varians Wiedemann, 1830
Phaenicia pallescens Shannon, 1924
RESEARCH IN: AGRICULTURAL & VET. SCI., V.1, N.2, 2017
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Somomya pallifrons Bigot, 1877
Strongyloneura nigricornis Senior-White, 1924
Distribution in India: Assam [Sadiya], Arunachal Pradesh [Pasighat], Chandīgarh
(Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Haryāna (Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Himachal Pradesh [Shimla],
Jammu & Kashmir [Gulmarg], Rajastan (Singh & Sidhu, 2004; Singh & Singh, 2002),
Sikkim [Jorethang] (Senior-White, Aubertin & Smart, 1940), Karnataka (Valandikar,
1982), West Bengal (Aloke, Roy & Dasgupta, 1989; Singh & Sidhu, 2004) [Burdwan,
Coochbehar, Dhabalhat, Shibpur, Rajabhatkhawa, Ranaghat, Shibpur Botanical Garden
(Sinha & Nandi, 2004)].
Host: Sheep (22).
3. Lucilia illustris (Meigen, 1826).
Distribution in India: Haryāna (Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Himachal Pradesh (Senior-
White, Aubertin & Smart, 1940; Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Punjab (Bharti, 2009; Shah &
Sakhawat, 2004; Singh & Bharti, 2000; Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Uttaranchal (Singh &
Sidhu, 2004; Singh & Singh, 2002).
Host: Canine (foxes and dogs).
4. Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826).
Synonyms
Pyenosonia sericata (Meigen, 1826).
Lucilia barberi Townsend, 1908
Lucilia capensis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Lucilia flavipennis Macquart, 1843
Lucilia frontalis Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891
Lucilia giraulti Townsend, 1908
Lucilia lagyra Walker, 1849
Lucilia latifrons Schiner, 1861
Lucilia pruniosa Meigen, 1838
Lucilia sayi Jaennicke, 1867
Musca lagyra Walker, 1849
Musca nobilis Meigen, 1826
Musca tegularia Wiedemann, 1830
Phaenicia concinna Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863
Distribution in India: Almost throughout India” (Sinha, 2014), Himachal Pradesh
(Bharti & Singh B., 2017), Jharkhand (Sinha, 2014), Punjab (Senior-White, Aubertin &
Smart, 1940; Singh & Singh, 2002), West Bengal [Bamankhali, Darjeeling, Ganga
Sagar, Ghoramara I., Kalimpong, Malda, Siliguri, Sukna, Takvar (Sinha & Nandi,
2004)]
Host: Sheep (22).
SUB FAMILY Chrysomyinae Roback, 1951
TRIBE Chrysomyini Shannon 1923
GENUS Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
5. Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819).
Synonyms
Chrysomyia indica Patton, 1934
Compsomyia flaviceps Seguy, 1927
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121
Compsomyia mascarenhasi Seguy, 1927
Lucilia arcuata Macquart, 1851
Lucilia testaceifacies Macquart, 1851
Musca bibula Wiedemann, 1830
Musca elara Walker, 1849
Musca emoda Walker, 1849
Musca felix Walker, 1853
Musca himella Walker, 1849
Paracompsomyia verticalis Adams, 1905
Somomyia annulata Brauer, 1899
Somomyia arussica Corti, 1895
Somomyia nubiana Bigot, 1877
Distribution in India: Kerala (Radhakrishnan et al., 2012), Punjab (Bharti, 2014),
Uttaranchal (Singh & Singh, 2002), West Bengal (Sinha, Mondal & Mahato, 2016).
Host: Bovine (22).
6. Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve, 1914.
Distribution in India: widespread (Bharti, 2014; James, 1947; Chhabra & Pathak,
2008; Krajewski, Allen, Hoss, Patel & Chandawarkar, 2009; Lane & Crosskey, 1993;
Norris & Murray, 1964; Singh & Singh, 2002; Sood, Kakar & Wattal, 1976; Verves,
2005), ); Andhra Pradesh (Norris & Murray, 1964): Kadapa (Kumar, 2012), Assam
(Nene et al. 2015), Calicut (Joseph et al., 2014), Chandīgarh (Singh & Sidhu, 2004),
Chhattisgarh (Norris & Murray, 1964), Dadra & Nagar Haveli (Norris & Murray,
1964), Delhi (Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Goa (Internet state fauna series), Haryana (Kumar
& Ruprah, 1984), Himāchal Pradesh (Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Jammu (Katoch et al.,
2014), Karnataka (Norris & Murray, 1964; Sharma, A. & Hedge, 2010), Kerala (Norris
& Murray, 1964; Radhakrishnan et al., 1994, 2012), Madhya Pradesh (Norris &
Murray, 1964; Thomas, Nair, Hegde & Kulkarni, 2010), Maharashtra (Kulkarni et al.,
2012; Norris & Murray, 1964): Puna (Sowani et al., 2004), New Delhi (Sachdev,
Kumar, Roop, Arora & Dada, 1990), Odisha [=Orissa] (Norris & Murray, 1964),
Pondicherry (Gopalakrishnan, Srinivasan, Saxena & Shanmugapriya, 2008;
Radhakrishnan et al., 1994), Punjab (Singh, A. & Sing, D. 2007; Singh, A. & Sing, D.
2006, 2007, 2016; Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Rajasthan (Internet), Tamil Nadu (David,
Rupa, Mathai & Nair, 1996; Gopalakrishnan, Srinivasan, Saxena & Shanmugapriya,
2008; Norris & Murray, 1964; Sankari & Ramakrishnan, 2010), Uttar Pradesh
(Aggarwal et al., 2014; Ahamd & Khan, 2012; Husain, A., Husain, S., Malaviya &
Bahadur, 1993; Rathore et al., 2016; Sharma, Dayal & Agrawal, 1989), West Bengal
(Norris & Murray, 1964).
Host: Bovine (16, 17, 18, 19).
7. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794).
Synonyms
Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794).
Pyenosonia flaviceps (Berg)
Lucilia flaviceps Macquart, 1843
Chrysomya duvaucelii Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Chrysomya gratiosa Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Lucilia flaviceps Macquart, 1843
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Musca bata Walker, 1849
Musca combrea Walker, 1849
Musca dux Eschscholtz, 1822
Musca remuria Walker, 1849
Pollenia basalis Smith, 1876
Somomya cyaneocincta Bigot, 1888
Somomya pfefferi Bigot, 1877
Somomyia cyaneocincta Bigot, 1887
Somomyia dives Bigot, 1887
Somomyia saffranea Bigot, 1877
Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar (Sinha, 2014), Calcutta (Das
et al., 1978), Chandīgarh (Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Delhi (Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Haryāna
(Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Himāchal Pradesh (Bharti & Singh, 2017; Singh & Sidhu, 2004;
Verves, 2005), Jammu & Kashmīr (Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Jharkhand (Sinha, 2014;
Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Karnataka (Valandikar, 1982), Kerala (Bharti & Singh, 2017),
Maharashtra (Abd-AlGalil & Zambare, 2015), Meghalaya, Orissa (Sinha, 2014), Punjab
(Aggarwal, 2005; Bharti & Singh B., 2017; Bharti & Singh D., 2002; Singh & Bharti,
2000; Singh & Singh, 2002; Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Rājasthān (Singh & Sidhu, 2004),
Sikkim (Sinha, 2014), Tamil Nadu (Ramaraj et al., 2014; Sinha, 2014), Tripura (Datta
& Parui, 2000; Sinha, 2014), Uttaranchal (Singh & Sidhu, 2004), West Bengal (Aloke,
Roy & Dasgupta, 1989; Dey, Bhattacharya, Pal, Das & Pal, 2012; Mondal, Biswas,
Banerji, Bose, Biswas & Mandal, 2014; Mondal, Mahato, Chakraborty. & Sinha, 2015;
Sinha, Mondal & Mahato, 2016) [Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (Sinha, Ghosh &
Nandi, 2002); Alipurduar, Bamankhali, Begnakhali, Bijanbari, Chandanpiri, Ghoramara
I., Jaigaon, Kalyani, Kurseong, Madarihat, Panitanki, Rajabhatkhawa, Ranaghat,
Shibpur, Singala Bazar, Siliguri (Sinha & Nandi, 2004)].
Host: Animal, generally canine (25).
8. Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart, 1843).
Distribution in India: Andaman Is. (Sinha, 2014), Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal
Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandīgarh (Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Goa, Haryāna (Singh &
Sidhu, 2004), Himāchal Pradesh (Singh & Sidhu, 2004; Verves, 2005), Jammu &
Kashmīr (Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Jharkhand (Sinha, 2014), Karnataka, Kerala (Bharti &
Singh, 2017), Madhya Pradesh (Verves, 2005), Maharashtra (Abd-AlGalil, F. M. A.
& Zambare, S. P., 2015; Verves, 2005), Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland (Verves, 2005),
Nicobar Is. (Sinha, 2014), Orissa, Pondicherry, Punjab (Aggarwal, 2005; Bharti &
Singh, 2017; Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Rājasthān (Singh & Sidhu, 2004), Sikkim (Sinha,
2014), Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh (Vernma, 2013), Uttaranchal (Singh &
Sidhu, 2004), West Bengal (Aloke, Roy & Dasgupta, 1989; Séguy, 1941; Singh &
Singh, 2002) [Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (Sinha, Ghosh & Nandi, 2002);
Alipurduar, Bamankhali, Begnakhali, Bijanbari, Chandanpiri, Ghoramara I., Jaigaon,
Kalyani, Kurseong, Madarihat, Panitanki, Rajabhatkhawa, Ranaghat, Shibpur, Singala
Bazar, Siliguri (Sinha & Nandi, 2004)].
Host: Sheep (22).
SUBORDER Brachycera (Macquart, 1834)
INFRAORDER Muscomorpha (Woodley, 1989)
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SECTION Schizophora (Becher, 1882)
SUB SECTION Calyptratae (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)
SUPER FAMILY Oestroidea (Leach, 1815)
FAMILY Sarcophagidae Haliday, 1853
GENUS Wohlfahrtia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889
9. Wohlfahrtia nuba (Wiedemann, 1830)
Synonyms
Tachina nuba Wiedemann, 1830
Wohlfahrtia volucris Seguy, 1941
Wohlfahrtia nuba Rohdendrof, 1956
Distribution India: Punjab (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Pape, 1996; Verves, 1985),
Rajastan (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002).
Host: Bovine and Canine (29).
SUB FAMILY Sarcophaginae Schiner 1861
GENUS Sarcophaga Meigen, 1826
SUB GENUS Bellieria Robineau-Desvoidy 1863
10. Sarcophaga (Bellieria) melanura Meigen, 1826
Synonyms
Sarcophaga melanura Meigen, 1826
Distribution India: Bihar (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Verves, 2001), Jammu & Kashmir
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Rohdendorf, 1937), Tamil Nadu (Chakraborty et al., 2017;
Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001).
Host: Avian, Bovine and Canine (12, 13, 23).
SUB GENUS Liopygia Enderlein, 1928
11. Sarcophaga (Liopygia) argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)
Synonyms
Sarcophaga barbata Thomson, 1869
Distribution India: Gujarat (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001),
Haryana (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Maharashtra (Khan, L.,
Zambare & Fahd, 2016), Rajasthan (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves,
2001), Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves,
2001).
Host: Sheep (12, 13).
12. Sarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficornis (Fabricius, 1794)
Synonyms
Parasarcophaga ruficornis (Fabricius, 1794)
Distribution India: Andaman Is. (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves,
2001), Andhra Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Assam
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Bihar (Chakraborty et al., 2017;
Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Dādra and Nagar Haveli (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi,
2002; Verves, 2001), Dehli (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Goa
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Gujarat (Chakraborty et al.,
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2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Haryana (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002;
Verves, 2001), Himachal Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves,
2001), Karnataka (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Kerala
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Lakshadweep Is. (Chakraborty
et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Madhya Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017;
Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Maharashtra (Abd-Algalil, Zambare & Mashaly, 2016;
Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Manipur (Chakraborty et al.,
2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Meghalaya (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002;
Verves, 2001), Mizoram (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001),
Nagaland (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Orissa (Chakraborty et
al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Pondicherry (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi,
2002; Verves, 2001), Punjab (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Rohdendorf, 1930;
Singh, A. & Singh, D., 2016; Verves, 2001), Rajastan (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi,
2002; Verves, 2001), Tamil Nadu (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves,
2001), Uttar Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), West
Bengal (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001): Sundarbans Biosphere
Reserve (Sinha, Ghosh & Nandi, 2002).
Host: Dog & Poultry, Bufo melanostictus (12, 13, 22, 29).
SUB GENUS Liosarcophaga Enderlein, 1928
13. Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) dux Thomson, 1869
Synonyms
Sarcophaga dux. var harpax Pandelle,1896
Sarcophaga subtuberosa Parker,1917
Distribution India: Andaman Is. (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves,
2001), Andhra Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001),
Arunachal Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Assam
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 1982, 2002; Verves, 2001), Bihar (Chakraborty et al.,
2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Chandigarh (Verves, 2001), Delhi (Chakraborty et
al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Goa (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002;
Verves, 2001), Gujarat (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Jammu
& Kashmir (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Karnataka
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Kerala (Chakraborty et al., 2017;
Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Lakshadweep (Chakraborty et al., 2017), Madhya Pradesh
(Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Maharashtra (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Fahd & Zambare
2016; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Manipur (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002;
Verves, 2001), Meghalaya (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001),
Mizoram (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Nagaland
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Orissa (Chakraborty et al., 2017;
Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Punjab (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves,
2001), Rajastan (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Tamil Nadu
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Tripura (Chakraborty et al.,
2017; Datta & Parui, 2000), Uttar Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002;
Verves, 2001), West Bengal (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001):
Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (Sinha, Ghosh & Nandi, 2002).
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125
Host: Bovine (Cows, Camels and Bullocks) (12, 13, 22).
SUB GENUS Parasarcophaga Johnston &Tiegs, 1921
14. Sarcophaga (Parasarcophaga) albiceps (Meigen, 1826)
Distribution India: Andaman Is. (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves,
2001), Andhra Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Senior-White, Aubertin
& Smart, 1940; Verves, 2001), Arunachal Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi,
2002; Senior-White, Aubertin & Smart, 1940; Verves, 2001), Assam (Chakraborty et
al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Senior-White, Aubertin & Smart, 1940; Verves, 2001), Bihar
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Senior-White, Aubertin & Smart, 1940; Verves,
2001), Chandigarh (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002), Dādra & Nagar Haveli
(Nandi, 2002), Damān and Diu (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002), Delhi
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Goa (Chakraborty et al., 2017;
Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Gujarat (Chakraborty et al., 2017), Haryana (Chakraborty
et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Himachal Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017;
Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Jammu & Kashmir (Verves, 2001; Nandi, 2002),
Jharkhand (Sinha, 2014), Karnataka (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves,
2001), Kerala (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Laccadive Is.
(Parui & Datta, 1991; Verves, 2001; Nandi, 2002), Madhya Pradesh (Chakraborty et al.,
2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Maharashtra (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002;
Verves, 2001), Manipur (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001),
Meghalaya (Verves, 2001; Nandi, 2002), Mizoram (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi,
2002; Verves, 2001), Nagaland (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001),
Nicobar Is. (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Orissa (Chakraborty
et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Pondicherry (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi,
2002), Punjab (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Rajastan
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Sikkim (Chakraborty et al.,
2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Tamil Nadu (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002;
Verves, 2001), Tripura (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Datta & Parui, 2000; Nandi, 2002;
Verves, 2001), Uttar Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001),
West Bengal (Aloke, Roy & Dasgupta, 1989; Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 1982a, b,
2002; Verves, 2001) [Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (Sinha, Ghosh & Nandi, 2002)]
Host: Bovine (Bull) (12, 13, 22).
15. Sarcophaga (Parasarcophaga) hirtipes (Wiedemann, 1830)
Synonyms
Sarcophaga hirtipes.var orchidea Bottcher,1913
Distribution India: Andaman Is. (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves,
2001), Andhra Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Bihar
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Delhi (Chakraborty et al., 2017;
Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Gujarat (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves,
2001), Haryana (Nandi, 2002; Pape, 1996; Verves, 2001), Jharkhand (Sinha, 2014),
Karnataka (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Kerala (Chakraborty
et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Madhya Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017;
Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Maharashtra (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002;
Verves, 2001), Manipur (Verves, 2001), Mizoram (Verves, 2001), Nagaland (Verves,
RESEARCH IN: AGRICULTURAL & VET. SCI., V.1, N.2, 2017
126
2001), Orissa (Sinha, 2014), Punjab (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves,
2001), Rajastan (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Tamil Nadu
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 1988, 2002; Verves, 2001), Tripura (Sinha, 2014),
Uttar Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 1990, 2002; Verves, 2001), West
Bengal (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Joseph & Pauri, 1980; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001).
Host: Sheep (12, 13).
16. Sarcophaga (Parasarcophaga) macroauriculata (Ho,1932)
Distribution India: Manipur (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001),
Meghalaya (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Nagaland
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Sikkim (Chakraborty et al.,
2017; Nandi, 1990, 2002; Verves, 2001), Uttar Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017;
Nandi, 1990, 2002; Verves, 2001), West Bengal (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Dasgupta,
Roy & Guin, 1972; Nandi, 2002; Senior-White, Aubertin & Smart, 1940; Verves,
2001).
Host: Feline (12, 13).
17. Sarcophaga (Parasarcophaga) misera (Walker,1849)
Distribution India: Andaman Is. (Nandi, 2002), Andhra Pradesh (Chakraborty et al.,
2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Arunahal Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi,
2002; Verves, 2001), Assam (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001),
Bihar (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 1988, 2002; Verves, 2001), Chandigarh
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Dādra and Nagar Haveli (Nandi,
2002), Damān and Diu (Nandi, 2002), Delhi (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002;
Verves, 2001), Goa (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Gujarat
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 1992 a, b, 2002; Verves, 2001), Haryana (Chakraborty
et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Himachal Pradesh (Chakraborty et al., 2017;
Nandi, 1990 a, b, 2002; Verves, 2001), Jammu & Kashmir (Chakraborty et al., 2017;
Nandi, 1992 a, b, 2002; Verves, 2001), Jharkhand (Sinha, 2014), Karnataka
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Kerala (Chakraborty et al., 2017;
Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Laccadive Is. (Nandi, 2002), Madhya Pradesh
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Maharashtra (Chakraborty et al.,
2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Manipur (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002;
Verves, 2001), Meghalaya (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001),
Mizoram (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Nagaland
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Nicobar Is. (Sinha, 2014), Orissa
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Pondicherry (Nandi, 2002),
Punjab (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Rajasthan (Chakraborty
et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Sikkim (Nandi, 2002), Tamil Nadu
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), Tripura (Chakraborty et al.,
2017; Datta & Parui, 2000; Nandi, 1992 a, b, 2002; Verves, 2001), Uttar Pradesh
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 1988, 1990 a, 2002; Verves, 2001), West Bengal
(Chakraborty et al., 2017; Nandi, 2002; Verves, 2001), [Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve
(Sinha, Ghosh & Nandi, 2002)].
Host: Domesticated & Poultry animals, sheep (12, 13).
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Biometric analysis and AHC
The biometric data was run through AHC which yielded 5 distinctly different
groups, as specific biometric lengths points to specific substrate preference. As shown
below. The bovine sub group consisting of CV, LC, CS, CB, WN, SBM, SLD, SPA and
the feline sub group SPM, seems to have diverged from a common stock and the canine
sub group consist of LI, CM; the caprine and ovine sub group consist of
LS,CR,SLA,SPH and lastly the non specific sub group consists of SLR, SP.
CV LC CS CB WN SBM SLD SPA LI CM SLR SP
SPM LS CR SLA SPH
Bovine
group
Caprine and ovine
group
Canine
group
Feline
group
Non specific
group
Fig. 1. AHC of the Sarcophagids and Calliphorids of Veterinary importance in India
3. Conclusion
The current study shows that the genus Sarcophaga is the major contributor to
myiasis in India, as per previous literatures, as they amount for 44% (8 species) of the
myiasis cases in India. The genus Chrysomya and Lucilia seems to be 22% (4 species)
of the myiasis cases in India, as is the second largest contributor. The genus Wohlfahrtia
and Calliphora amounts for 6% (1 species) of the myiasis cases in India, as is the third
largest contributors, each cases of myiasis each in India (Fig.2, 3).
We show that the taxonomically less studied species designated as NMF (No
mention found) on sub genus is the largest contributor to myiasis in India, with an
astounding 44% (8 species), which re establishes the belief that taxonomic study along
with biosystematic studies are needed for generation of base line data for these myiasis
causing flies on the sub genus level. The sub genus Parasarcophaga amounts for 17% (3
species) of the myiasis cases in India, as is the second largest contributor. The sub genus
Liopygia amounts for 11% (2 species) each of the myiasis cases in India, as is the third
largest contributor. The sub genus Bellieria, Bercaea, Liosarcophaga and Prionophalla
amounts for 6% (1 species) each. The sub genus Squamatodes and Calliphora amounts
for 5% (1 species) each. (Fig. 4, 5).
RESEARCH IN: AGRICULTURAL & VET. SCI., V.1, N.2, 2017
128
Fig. 2. The % of Genus of various flies in their contribution to myiasis cases in India
Fig. 3. The number of species of Genus of various flies in their contribution to myiasis cases in India
6%
22%
22%
6%
44%
Genus
Calliphora
Lucilia
Chrysomya
Wohlfahrtia
Sarcophaga
1
4
4
1
8
0
2
4
6
8
10
Calliphora
Lucilia
Chrysomya
Wohlfahrtia
Sarcophaga
No. of members
Genus
A. CHAKRABORTY et al.: BIOSYSTEMATIC CHECKLIST OF MYIASIS CAUSING …
129
Fig. 4. The % of Genus of various flies in their contribution to myiasis cases in India
Fig. 5. The number of species of Sub genus of various flies in their contribution to myiasis
cases in India
5%
5%
6%
6%
11%
6%
17%
44%
SUB GENUS
Calliphora
Squamatodes
Bellieria
Bercaea
Liopygia
Liosarcophaga
Parasarcophaga
NMF
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
No. of members
SUB GENUS
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Fig.6.a. Show the hosts and family of myiasis causers and their hosts in myiasis cases
Fig.6.b. The types of hosts and their substrate preference of the two families
It seems bovine is equally preferred for both families at 45% each, while ovine and
caprine is more preferred by Calliphoridae at 33%, than Sarcophagidae at 22%, canine
is specifically preferred by Calliphoridae at 22% and feline is specifically preferred by
Sarcophagidae at 11%, also Sarcophagidae at 22% of sometimes tend to be non specific
also, thereby showing flexibility in substrate utilization.
8
5
2
1
2
4
2
0
1
2
4
3
2
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
bovine
ovine &
caprine
canine
feline
NSG
No. of Species
Host
Host and family
TOTAL
SARCOPHAGIDAE
CALLIPHORIDAE
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Preference level
reference no. as per checklist
Heat map
amphibian
avian
canine
feline
caprine
ovine
bovine
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131
Conflict of interest: None
Source of Funding: None
Acknowledgement. We authors are grateful to the Director of Zoological Survey of
India, Kolkata and Head of Dept. of Zoology, University of Calcutta, for providing the
infrastructural facilities to carry out the present work. And also to all the anonymous
reviewers for their constructive comments.
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