Clinical importance of aloe vera: Review

Abstract

John Goodyew translated first reference from term ‘Dioscorides Medical treatise De Materia Medica’ into English terminology as use of Aloe vera in A.D. 1655; moreover, in early 1800s it used as laxative whereas in the mid 1930s successful treatment was introduced for chronic and severe radiation dermatitis. Since, several cultures of the history have been showed impression of foot print for use of Aloe vera, major includes Greece, Egypt, India, Mexico, Japan and China. Egyptian queens Nefertiti and Cleopatra regularly involved it in their beauty regimes whereas Alexander the Great, and Christopher Columbus used it to treat soldiers’ wounds. Aloe vera is well known plant not only in tribal community but modern lookout also make it therapeutic important. Since it is used in Ayurvedic, Homeopathic and Allopathic medicine because various research support that it contains vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, natural sugar and other bioactive compounds. Although therapeutic use of Aloe vera covered wide range of activity major includes emollient, purgative, antimicrobial, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-helmenthic, antifungal, antiseptic and cosmetic, its benefits so myriad and astounding that no part in human body remains uninfluenced by its healing touch; all these make it plant of wonder. The modern therapeutic approach for beauty enhancer also list Aloe vera as most favorable plant in cosmetic industries. In this review we are trying to approach and underlying every possible corner associated with medicinal use of Aloe vera.

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Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 8(1): January –June 2017
30
ISSN 0976- 2981 (Print) www.anvpublication.org
2321-5844 (Online)
REVIEW ARTICLE
Clinical importance of aloe vera: Review
Akhilesh Gupta1*, Swati Rarawt2
1Surgycare Lifescience, Sendhwa (MP), India.
2SND College of Pharmacy, Yeola (MS) India
*Corresponding Author E-mail: 81.akgupta@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
John Goodyew translated first reference from term ‘Dioscorides Medical treatise De Materia Medica’ into English
terminology as use of Aloe vera in A.D. 1655; moreover, in early 1800s it used as laxative whereas in the mid 1930s
successful treatment was introduced for chronic and severe radiation dermatitis. Since, several cultures of the history
have been showed impression of foot print for use of Aloe vera, major includes Greece, Egypt, India, Mexico, Japan
and China. Egyptian queens Nefertiti and Cleopatra regularly involved it in their beauty regimes whereas Alexander
the Great, and Christopher Columbus used it to treat soldiers’ wounds. Aloe vera is well known plant not only in tribal
community but modern lookout also make it therapeutic important. Since it is used in Ayurvedic, Homeopathic and
Allopathic medicine because various research support that it contains vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids,
natural sugar and other bioactive compounds. Although therapeutic use of Aloe vera covered wide range of activity
major includes emollient, purgative, antimicrobial, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-helmenthic,
antifungal, antiseptic and cosmetic, its benefits so myriad and astounding that no part in human body remains
uninfluenced by its healing touch; all these make it plant of wonder. The modern therapeutic approach for beauty
enhancer also list Aloe vera as most favorable plant in cosmetic industries. In this review we are trying to approach
and underlying every possible corner associated with medicinal use of Aloe vera.
KEYWORDS: Aloe vera, Wound healing agent, Antioxidant, Laxative, Anticancer, Anti stress, Antidiabetic,
Antidiabetic, Nutrient.
Received on 12.07.2017 Accepted on 10.10.2017
©A&V Publications all right reserved
Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 8(1): Jan.-June 2017 page30-39
DOI:
INTRODUCTION:
Aloe vera, is a perennial, drought-resisting, succulent
plant, botanically known as Aloe barbadensis Miller,
belonging to the Lily (Liliaceae) family. Till the current
time there is more than 300 varieties has been identified
around the world. Medicinally important part of Aloe
vera is leaves, morphological characterize as stiff grey-
green lanced shaped that contains clear gel in their
central mucilaginous pulp. Because of its therapeutic
importance, Aloe vera famous by various names likes
‘the wand of heaven’, ‘heaven’s blessing’ and ‘the silent
healer’. Commercial value of Aloe vera depends on
product collected viz the dried exudates, which excreted
from the aloin cells present in the zone of the vascular
bundle; the gel or mucilaginous juice present in the

Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 8(1): January –June 2017
31
centre of the leaf and the oil that extracted by organic
solvents1. Oil recovered from solvents that is reach
source of fatty fraction; however, frequently used in
cosmetic preparations as pigment carrier and soothing
agent while dried exudates used as bitter in alcoholic
beverages. Gel component is clear jelly like substance
obtained from the parenchymal tissue present in the inner
portion of the leaves of Aloe vera (L) Burm. f.
(Liliaceae). Previous researches have been reported its
anti-bradykinin activity and inhibition of prostaglandin
production toward anti-inflammatory activity with gel
component2-5 John Goodyew translated first reference
from term ‘Dioscorides Medical treatise De Materia
Medica’ into English terminology as use of Aloe vera in
A.D. 1655; moreover in early 1800s it used as laxative
whereas in the mid 1930s successful treatment was
introduced for chronic and severe radiation dermatitis6.
Since, several cultures of the history have been showed
impression of foot print for use of Aloe vera, major
includes Greece, Egypt, India, Mexico, Japan and China.
Egyptian queens Nefertiti and Cleopatra regularly
involved in their beauty regimes whereas Alexander the
Great, and Christopher Columbus used it to treat
soldiers’ wounds. Aloe vera is well-known plant not only
in tribal community but modern lookout also make it
therapeutic important. Since it is used in Ayurvedic,
Homeopathic and Allopathic medicine; because various
research support that it contains vitamins, minerals,
enzymes, amino acids, natural sugar and other bioactive
compounds. Although therapeutic use of Aloe vera
covered wide range of activity mainly emollient,
purgative, antimicrobial, anti- inflammatory,
antioxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-helmenthic, antifungal,
antiseptic and cosmetic, its benefits so myriad and
astounding that no part in human body remains
uninfluenced by its healing touch; all these make it plant
of wonder. Aloe vera acts against all sorts of infection as
natural fighter, provide an efficient anti-oxidant effect,
helps in treating all kind of digestion related problems,
heartburn, arthritis, stress, diabetes, rheumatism pain,
asthma, cancer even proved its efficacy in patients with
AIDS. The modern therapeutic approach for beauty
enhancer also list Aloe vera as most favorable plant in
cosmetic industries. Aloe latex contains the
anthraquinone glycosides aloin A and B, B-sitosterol,
mucopolysaccharides (MPS) and chromones.. In the
various researches the representative compounds of
medicinal importance were isolated from three different
species of Aloe are Aloesin (I), Aloeresin A (II), and
Barbaloin (IV), Aloenin (III), arborescens and Aloeresin
E (V)7-8.
Fundamentals of Aloe Vera Muco-polysaccharides
The mucopolysaccharide (MPS) present in Aloe vera
comprised of mannose and glucose moieties and their
number determines their biological importance. As it
found in reported publication range of MPS from 50-600
molecules reduce inflammation; thus, used in ulcerative
colitis, arthritis, and gastric reflux even also found to
reduce blood sugar with type I and II diabetes. MPS
ranging up to 1,500 molecules: Whereas vitamins and
minerals can only function outside the cells,
mucopolysaccharides are very effective intracellular
antioxidants and free radical scavengers -very important
in preventing and treating arteriosclerosis, heart disease
and Parkinson’s disease. With the ever increasing
pollution on the planet and loss of nutrients in the soil,
the increase in free radicals and loss of cellular oxygen
will only become worse with time. This makes Aloe vera
mucopolysaccharides even more important than ever.
1. Large up to 5,000 molecules: Has a direct anti-
bacterial and anti-viral effect. Important with all the new
infectious diseases cropping up and the older ones
becoming more virulent from long term use of
antibiotics.
2. Very Large up to 9,000 molecules: The very large
molecules are immune modulating, which have a
powerful healing effect on AIDS, cancer and many
different immune system disorders. It is also this large
molecule that causes the body to produce a natural
chemical, tumor necrosis factor, that functions to shut off
the blood supply to tumors9.
Nutritional properties of Aloe Vera
An analysis of Aloe vera reveals some of the magic
behind its miraculous healing powers. The plant contains
a multitude of essential vitamins and minerals such as:
Vita- mins A, B1, B 2 , B3, B6, B12, C, E, folic acid,
choline, calcium, phosphorous, potassium, iron, sodium,
magnesium, manganese, copper, chromium, and zinc.
Aloe also contains a wealth of amino acids: isoleucine,
leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine,
valine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, arginine,
cystine, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, proline,
serine, and tyrosine. Lu peol and salicylic acid are known
as effective painkillers. Aloe also contains three anti-
inflammatory fatty acids: cholesterol, campersterol and
β- sitosterol (plant sterols). These agents are the source
for aloe’s effectiveness in treating all kinds of internal
and external inflammations including burns, cuts,
scrapes, acid indigestion, ulcers and other inflammations
of the liver, kidney, colon and pancreas, among others.
Additionally, β-sitosterol is a powerful agent in helping
to lower bad cholesterol levels. Finally, aloe contains at
least 23 polypeptides (immune stimulators), which can
help to explain aloe’s potency in helping to control a
broad spectrum of immune system diseases. Free
monosaccharides consisted ofD-mannose and D-glucose
in a molar ratio of 5:4 and trace amounts of xylose,
hamnose, galactose and either arabinose or fucose was
found. Mannose 6 phosphate is a major sugar component
in Aloe vera10. Aloe vera contains 75 potentially active
constituents: vitamins, enymes, minerals, sugars, lignin,

Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 8(1): January –June 2017
32
saponins, salicylic acids and amino acids. Additional
minerals found in Aloe vera include copper (important
for red blood cells, skin and hair pigment), iron (involved
in oxygen transportation and making of hemoglobin in
red blood cells), potassium (helps in fluid balance),
phosphorus (helps in building bones and teeth, assists in
metabolism and maintains body pH) and sodium
(regulates body liquids, helps in nerve and muscle
performance, and helps in delivering nutrients to body
cells). Aloe vera also contains the trace minerals rhodium
and iridium used in cancer and tumor research
experiments. Another component of Aloe vera consists
of the lignins, a major structural material of cellulose
content that is helpful for penetrative properties and
beneficial for skin problems such as eczema and
psoriasis. Aloe vera, an anti oxidant rich plant, contains
vitamins such as A, C and E acting as natural antioxidant
along with the minerals zinc and selenium. Anti-oxidants
help boost the immune system and combat free radicals
in the body. These free radical fighters get rid of the
toxins and carcinogenic elements in human bodies from
the pollution and poor quality foods 11-12.
Phyto-chemical properties of Aloe Vera
The aloe plant contains flavonoids, terpenoids, lectins,13-
14.fatty acids, cholesterol, anthraquinones, chromones (8-
C-glucosyl-7-O-methylaloediol, 8-C-glucosyl-
noreugenin, isoaloeresin-D, iso-rabaichromone,
neoaloesin -A)15-16 mono and polysaccharides (pectins,
hemicelluloses, glucomannan, acemannan and mannose
derivatives),17-18 tannins, sterols (lupeol, campesterol and
β sitosterol), salicylic acid, organic acids, enzymes,
saponins, vitamins, minerals,19 aloin, anthrone, aloe
modin (3-hydroxylmethyl -chrysazin), aloetinic acid,
choline and choline salicylate, complex
mucopolysaccharides similar to hyaluronic acid,
sapogenins and enzymes such as catalase, amylase,
cellulase and alliinase. Aloe veraleaves contain a range
of biologically active compounds, the best -studied being
acetylated mannans, polymannans, anthraquinone C-
glycosides, anthrones and anthraquinones, and various
lectins20 The ten main areas of chemical constituents of
Aloe vera include: amino acids, anthraquinones,
enzymes, minerals, vitamins, lignins, monosaccharide,
polysaccharides, salicylic acid, saponins, and sterols. It
is also reported that the main enzymes found in Aloe vera
include amylase (breaks down sugars and starches),
bradykinase (stimulates immune system), analgesic,
anti-inflammatory), catalase (prevents accumulation of
water in the body), cellulase (aids cellulose digestion),
lipase (aids fat digestion), oxidase, alkaline phosphatase,
proteolytiase (hydrolyses proteins into their constituent
elements), creatine phosphokinase (aids metabolism),
and carboxypeptidase21 Other constituents of Aloe vera
would include prostaglandins, tannins,
magnesiumlactate, resins,mannins, proteins such as
lectins, monosulfonic acid and gibberellins22.
Medicinal properties of Aloe Vera
Aloe Vera and Healing properties
Topical administration ofAloe Vera gel is generally safe.
It may help reduce radiation-induced skin changes, but
clinical trial results are inconsistent23-25. Aloe vera gel
has been studied for immune-stimulatoryactivities. Aloe
Vera promoted wound healing26-27. Aloe Vera Gel is
widely used for the external treatment of minor
wounds28-30 and inflammatory skin disorders31. Clinical
investigations suggest that Aloe Vera Gel preparations
accelerate wound healing32.In vivo studies have
demonstrated that Aloe Vera Gel promotes wound
healing by directly stimulating the activity of
macrophages and fibroblasts. Fibroblast activation by
Aloe veraGel has been reported to increase both collagen
synthesis and proteoglycan synthesis, thereby promoting
tissue repair33. It is presently believed that some of the
beneficial effects of aloe result from inhibition of
bradykinin by a contained carboxypeptidase. Aloe is also
believed to hinder the formation of thromboxane, the
activity of which is detrimental to burn wound healing.
Some of the active principles appear to be
polysaccharides com-posed of several monosaccharides,
predominantly mannose. It has been suggested that
mannose 6-phosphate, the principal sugar component of
Aloe vera, may be partly responsible for the wound
healing properties of the gel Furthermore, acemannan, a
complex carbohydrate isolated from Aloe leaves, has
been shown to accelerate wound healing and reduce
radiation-induced skin reactions34-35. Wound healing is a
dynamic process, occurring in 3 phases. The first phase
is nflammation, hyperaemia and leukocyte infiltration.
The second phase consists of removal of dead tissue. The
third phase of proliferation consisting of epithelial
regeneration and formation of fibrous tissue36.Aloe vera
is often called the “Natural healer”. Aloe gel is excellent
for healing first degree burns, relieves inflammation and
accelerates healing. The aloe gel stimulates cell division
due to presence of wound healing hormones. Aloe
veragel has a nti -bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral and
antiseptic properties and helps to heal minor wounds.
Aloe vera juice when taken orally enhances immunity
and increases cell repair capacity by inhibiting
infestation of micro -organisms. It reduces painful effects
of shingles, reduces symptoms of psoriasis and eases
heartburns and ulcers. Aloe vera has high water content
(96%). This prevents wound desiccation and increases
migration of epithelial cells. The microcirculation of
wound is enhanced by aloe, through increasing
oxygenation. The catecholamines have wound retardant
effect. Aloe blocks action of catecholamines, thus
increases epithelisation37-38. Aloe vera increases
vascularisation of the wound, which removes the dead
tissue and makes wound healthy66. Aloe may also
increase cross linking of collagen and collagenisation by

Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 8(1): January –June 2017
33
stimulating macrophage cytokine production and
acemmannan acts as a macrophage stimulator. Aloe vera
may also block some wound healing inhibitors like
sterols and amino acids through the growth factors
present in it39. The ascorbic acid in Aloe vera enhances
the synthesis of collagen and counter balances collagen
breakdown40. Further studies have shown that Aloe vera
is used for treatment of herpes simplex infection, lichen
planes, gingivitis41-43. The healing effect of aloe results
from its ability to prevent injury to epithelial tissues, and
promote healing of injured tissues . Aloe gel is perhaps
the most widely recognized herbal remedy in the United
States today; it is used to relieve thermal burn, sunburn
and promote wound healing. It is also effective in wound
healing due to the presence of some components like
anthraquinones and hormones44-45 which posses
antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. Evidence
on the effects of its sap on wound healing, however, is
limited and contradictory. Some studies, for example,
show that Aloe vera promotes the rates of healing46.
while, in contrast, other studies show that wounds to
which Aloe vera gel was applied were significantly
slower to heal than those treated with conventional
medical preparations47. A more recent review concludes
that the cumulative evidence supports the use of Aloe
vera for the healing of first to second degree burns48 and
helps to remove skin disorders of all kinds49 due to anti-
bacterial, anti -viral, and analgesic properties. The
anthraquinones in Aloe vera breakup residue, pus and
lifeless cells, bring blood to the region and flush out
material from the ounds and ulcers. It is also used in
variety of skin ailments such as mild cuts, insect stings,
bruises, poison ivy and eczema. It has antibacterial and
antifungal qualities, and increases blood flow to
wounded areas. It stimulates fibroblasts, the skin cells
responsible for wound healing an d the manufacture of
collagen, the protein that controls the aging process of
the skin and wrinkling. Aloe vera is now widely used on
face tissues, where it is promoted as a moisturizer and
anti-irritant to reduce chafing of the nose of users who
suffer hay fever or cold50. However, Aloe vera appears to
be ineffective for treating sunburn and may actually be
detrimental for second degree burns51-52 .
Aloe Vera and Psoriasis Lesions
In a double blind, placebo-controlled study published in
Tropical Medicine and International Health, 60 patients
with chronic psoriasis were given a 0.5% aloe Vera
extract in a mineral oil cream. The ointment was applied
three times daily for five consecutive days (15
applications total per week) for four weeks.When
patients were checked after eight months, far more
psoriasis skin lesions had healed in the aloe group
(82.8%) than in the placebo group (7.7%). Further,
83.3% of the aloe group was considered cured of their
psoriasis compared to only 6.6% of the placebo group53.
According to a double-blind study that enrolled 60 men
and women with mild to moderate symptoms of
psoriasis, Aloe vera cream may be helpful for this
chronic skin condition. Participants were treated with
either topical Aloe vera extract (0.5%) or a placebo
cream, applied 3 times daily for 4 weeks. Aloe treatment
produced significantly better results than placebo, and
these results were said to endure for almost a year after
treatment was stopped54.
Aloe Vera and Seborrhea
Seborrhea is a fairly common skin condition, leading to
oily, red, and scaly eruptions in such areas as the
eyebrows, eyelids, nose, ear, upper lip, chest, groin, and
chin. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of 44
individuals found that 4 to 6 weeks of treatment with aloe
ointment could significantly reduce symptoms of
seborrhea55.
Aloe Vera and Anti-inflammatory properties
The anti-inflammatory activity of Aloe vera Gel has been
revealed by a number of in vitro and in vivo studies56-58.
Aloe Vera Gel appears to exert its anti-inflammatory
activity through bradykinase activity and thromboxane
B2 and prostaglandin F2 inhibition59.
Lupeol, one of the sterol compounds found in Aloe vera,
was the most active and reduced inflammation in a dose-
dependent manner. These data suggest that specific plant
sterols may also contribute to the anti-inflammatory
activity of Aloe Vera Gel. The active ingredient
mucopolysaccharides (MPS) which are long chain sugar
molecules are effective in the treatment of inflammation,
AIDS, and cancer 2. The anti-inflammatory quality of B-
sitosterol found in A. vera has been tested extensively. In
an ear swelling assay, A. vera extracts decreased
inflammation by 29.2% when applied topically. In
another study, A. vera appeared beneficial in an acute
inflammatory model involving rats, but demonstrated no
significant effect on chronic inflammation. It has been
recognized for many years that some aloe-derived
products have significant anti-inflammatory activity.
Published evidence has shown that this is mediated, at
least in part, by inhibition of prostanoid production in
damaged tissue. Studies conducted at Texas A and M
University and Texas Children's Hospital by Drs. Bob
Bowden and Wayne Smith have now demonstrated that
aloe extracts mediate a second anti-inflammatory
mechanism by blocking certain integrins60
Aloe Vera and Burn healing
The gel is used in the treatment of minor skin irritations,
including burns, bruises, and abrasions61. Another study
comparing the healing effects of Aloe vera gel to
commercial products found that in all trials the aloe gel
was more effective in the treatment of burns as noticed
by the better histological appearance and reduced
bacterial contamination. In another study, burns covering

Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 8(1): January –June 2017
34
the body surface in canines were examined. It was found
that when an A Aloe vera cream was used, it not only
reversed the damage caused by the burns due to
prostaglandins, but also wiped out a bacterial infection in
animals with over a 35% burn. Various data from this
study affirm the bactericidal and antiprostaglandin effect
of Aloe vera cream in the canine species .A study on the
Relationship between antibacterial activity of aloe and its
anthaquinone compounds concluded that Anthraquinone
compounds are the active antibacterial components in
aloe and aloin is the main active compound. The
glycoside makes it easy for aloin to invade cells and
enhances its activity62.
Aloe Vera and AIDS
Acemannan present in Aloe verajuice is having anti-viral
and immune-modulating properties. A daily dose of
minimum 1200 mg of active ingredients of Aloe vera
showed substantial improvement in AIDS symptoms. Its
healing powers extend to soothing internal wounds and
burns such as the damage done to the internal organs by
high-potency drugs of AIDS63.Aloe vera contains
glucomannan, a special complex polysaccharide
composed largely of the sugar mannose. It interacts with
special cellsurface receptors on those cells which repair
damaged tissues, called fibroblasts, stimulating them,
activating their faster growth and replication. An extract
of mannose, one of the sugars in Aloe vera can inhibit
HIV- 1, the virus associated with AIDS. Researchers
found that Aloe vera stimulates the body’s immune
system, particularly T4 helper cells –white blood cells
that activate the immune response to infection. The
medicinal uses of Aloe vera extend to protection against
radiation burns96. Acemannan improves cellular
metabolism by normalizing cellular function and
regulating the flow of nutrients and wastes in and out of
the cells. In some AIDS patients, it even protected the
immune system from the toxic side effects of AZT45.
Carrington Laboratories in the United States have
separated the acemannan from Aloe vera. The product is
sold as “Carrisyn” and is being used for treatment of
AIDS and Feline leukemia64.
Aloe Vera and Cancer
Aloe vera juice enables the body to heal itself from
cancer and also from the damage caused by radio and
chemotherapy that destroys healthy immune cells crucial
for the recovery. Aloe vera acts as radiation protectors
and inhibits testicular damage from gamma radiation and
reduces cancer. Aloe vera leaf contains anthraquinones,
saccharides, vitamin E and C, zinc, enzymes, acetyl
salicyclic and others. Acemannan is the major
carbohydrate fraction obtained from Aloe vera leaf. This
fraction promotes wound healing, has antiviral,
anticancer and immune stimulation effect65. The active
ingredient mucopolysaccharides (MPS) which are long
chain sugar molecules are effective in the treatment of
AIDS, and cancer66 Aloe. vera contains very large
mucopolysaccharides of up to 9,000 molecules that can
treat AIDS . In a clinical trial conducted in the 1980's,
patients who took oral mucopolysaccharides showed a
70% improvement in symptoms within three to four
months6. When 20 ounces of Aloe vera juice was orally
administered to 69 AIDS patients per day, eighty-one
percent of these patients showed eventual disappearance
of their symptoms67.Aloe vera produces
mucopolysaccharides, emodin, and lectins that aid in
fighting cancer. Aloe mucopolysaccharides are
phagocytized by macrophages that release cytokines68.
This immune effect contributes to the prevention and
healing of malignant neoplasms. Some of the
components extracted from Aloe vera have been shown
to have anticancer effects in vitroand in animals69.Some
studies have indicated that aloe vera may have anticancer
effects. Emodin, an extract of aloe vera, can inhibit cell
proliferation and induce apoptosis in human liver cancer
cell lines through p53- and p21-dependent pathway
Acemannan, a carbohydrate fraction derived from aloe
vera leaf, can stimulate cytokine production in mouse
macrophage cell line70 This component also has
immunomodulating activities by inducing maturation of
dendritic cells Another in vitro study has indicated
aloeride, a polysaccharide obtained from aloe vera juice,
as a potent immunostimulator by increasing NF-kappa B
activities 71.
Aloe Vera and Diabetes
Type II diabetes is one of the leading causes of death
worldwide. Studies have shown that diabetics appear to
have decreased antioxidant defense capability with lower
levels of specific antioxidants such as vitamin C and E or
reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes. Researchers
have found that aloe plant polysaccharides have the
potential to control blood sugar, stimulate the body’s
own antioxidant production and even lower
cholesterol89. It lowers glucose and tri-glycoside levels
in diabetic patients. Aloe polysaccharides improve the
property of immune cells and are also very effective to
eliminate waste and other toxins. Aloe vera juice
enhances absorption of nutrients and maintains the sugar
balance in blood by improving digestive functioning.
Aloe vera may enhance the action of the drugs or herbal
preparations used with insulin for a diabetic45. Aloe vera
extracts may be useful in the treatment of wound and
burn healing, minor skin infections, sebaceous cyst,
diabetes, and elevated blood lipids in human72. Studies
have demonstrated possible efficiency in glycemic
control in diabetic patients73-77 as well as for reducing
blood lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidaemia [78] In
a study by Ghannam N et al. it was concluded that aloes
contains a hypoglycaemic agent which lowers the blood
glucose by as yet unknown mechanisms. Some research
has shown decreasing fasting blood sugar in diabetic

Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 8(1): January –June 2017
35
animals given aloe. Further studies are needed to explore
these issues in human79.
Aloe vera in heart disease
Aloe vera juice taken by angina pectoris patient’s results
in marked reduction of serum cholesterol and
triglycosides levels and increases HDL levels.
Researchers have found that Aloe vera easily stimulates
the fibroblasts for making new tissues. When fibroblasts
are stimulated, proteoglycans, collagens are formed and
thus risk of cardio vascular disorders decreases.
However, studies suggest that the ingestion of Aloe vera
gel may have a beneficial effect to the accumulation of
blood lipids associated with the disease. Test groups
given Aloe vera showed a decrease in total cholesterol,
triglyceride, phospholipids and onesterified fatty acid
levels, each of which, when elevated, seem to accelerate
the accumulation of fatty material in large and medium
sized arteries, including the coronary arteries of the
heart80-81.
Aloe vera and hepatitis
Oral use of aloe juice helps in maintaining and restoring
stomach acid balance, beneficial for liver, helps in
recovery of chronic hepatitis patients. In addition to
topical use in wound or burn healing, internal intake of
Aloe vera has been linked in preliminary research with
improved blood glucose levels in diabetics, with lower
blood lipids in hyperlipidaemic patients, and it is also
associated with acute hepatitis (liver disease)93. The
fresh juice obtained from the cut bases of the leaves is
cathartic and cooling and used to treat liver, spleen and
muscular pain 82-83.
Aloe vera protector of Human immune system
Aloe vera helps to improve immunity and protects heart,
brain and other vital organs of body.The whole leaf
extract galvanizes the cells of immune system. The
phagocytes of human body increase their scavenging
activities, thus cleaning the body and giving a whole
cascade of protective actions, which strengthen
immunity. Aloe vera, a great immune stimulant, contains
90 per cent rhodium and iridium (trace minerals) in the
acemannan which is one of the polysaccharides which
dramatically increases the white blood cells or
macrophages and T cells. The most important are the
long chain polysaccharides, comprising glucose and
mannose, known as the glucomannans. The
polysaccharides are absorbed completely and appear in
the blood stream unchanged hence they act as
immunomodulators84-85. The bitter aloes consist of free
anthraquinones and their derivative: barbaloin,
aloeemodin-9-anthrone, isobarbaloin, anthrone-C-
glycosides and chromones. In large amounts these
compounds exert a powerful purgative effect, but when
taken in smaller amounts they appear to aid absorption
from the gut, are potent antimicrobial agents86-87 and
possess powerful analgesic effects. They also reduce the
formation of melanin and any tendency to hyper-
pigmentation88-89. Lignin with their penetrative ability
facilitates to carry other active ingredients deep into the
skin to nourish the dermis90.Aloe vera extracts when
consumed (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) respectively for 5
days, there was a significant increase in the total white
blood cell count and macrophages with the engulfed
SRBC with increase in concentration. This shows the
immunomodulatory property of the extract91. Davis
(1997) in his experiment sees a promising role for this
natural broad spectrum healing plant because of its
immunodulatory properties can also act as an immune
stimulant. Acemannan, a chemical compound found in
Aloe vera acts as a powerful immunost92 imulant in
animals,particularly in cats93. The Aloe vera gel
polysaccharide can boost the working of the
macrophages in the intestines allowing the immune
system to improving the activity of T-Lymphocytes by
up to 50 per cent for penetrate the bad bacteria, viruses,
tumor cells and various pathogens94-95.
Aloe vera and Arthritis
Aloe vera juice plays a very important role in treating
arthritis patients. Aloe juice is a stimulant to the immune
system due to presence of different enzymes. It is a
powerful anti-inflammatory agent, analgesic, is able to
speed up cell growth, thus it repairs arthritis damaged
tissue. Aloe vera juice when taken orally and applied
externally helps in repair process by regenerating cell
and detoxifying the affected area. Aloe vera is believed
to reduce severe joint and muscle pain associated with
arthritis, as well as pain related to tendonitis and injuries.
When applied directly to the area of pain, Aloe vera
penetrates the skin to soothe the pain. Studies have also
found that ingestion ofAloe vera on a daily basis can help
prevent and cause a regression of adjutant arthritis96-98.
Aloe vera and Fights stress
In the modern scenario many people suffer from stress.
Today’s fast stressful life causes some bio- chemical and
physiological changes in the body, making us susceptible
to diseases and dysfunction of organ systems. Aloe juice
is helpful in smooth functioning of the body machinery2.
It reduces cell-damaging process during stress condition
and minimizes bio-chemical and physiological changes
in the body. Oxidative stress refers to chemical reactions
in which compounds have their oxidative state changed.
In the simplest case, oxidation describes the loss of
electrons by a molecule, which then becomes what are
termed as free radicals. This result in a pro oxidative shift
in cellular balance which has been implicated in the
cause of many serious diseases, including cancer,
cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and
artherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases such as
Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's dementias,
diabetes, ischemia/ reperfusion injuries, rheumatoid

Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 8(1): January –June 2017
36
arthritis, and even the process of aging. However, nature
has evolved elegant regulatory mechanisms for
countering this free radical damage. These primarily
involve antioxidant reducing agents that can slow or stop
oxidation reaction. Some antioxidants are part of the
body's natural regulating machinery while other dietary
antioxidants are derived from diet sources. Aloe vera is
an excellent example of a functional food that plays a
significant role in protection from oxidative stress99.
Aloe Vera and Dentistry
The dental uses of Aloe Vera are multiple. It is extremely
helpful in the treatment of gum disease; it reduces the
bleeding of the gums; it is powerfully antiseptic in gum
pockets and its antifungal properties help greatly in the
problem of denture stomatitis. The dental uses of Aloe
Vera are multiple. It is extremely helpful in the treatment
of gum disease –gingivitis and periodontitis. It reduces
swelling of the soft tissues and consequently this reduces
the bleeding of the gums. It is powerfully antiseptic in
gum pockets where normal cleaning is difficult. Its
antifungal properties help greatly in the problem of
denture stomatitis, ie., red and sore mucous membranes
which are permanently covered by a denture –this is a
form of thrush. Cracked and split corners of the mouth
are also subject to fungal infection and this can be cured
by Aloe. Its antiviral properties help in the treatment of
cold sores (Herpes Simplex) and shingles (Herpes
Zoster). It is a powerful healing promoter and when
inserted into extraction sockets is very beneficial. It can
be used in any surgical wound. It has a use in root canal
treatment as a sedative dressing, healing promoter and
file lubricant. In an article of this length and nature, it is
not possible to go into greater detail100.
Aloe Vera and Cosmetics
Aloin and its gel are used as skin tonic against pimples.
Aloe vera is also used for soothing the skin, and keeping
the skin moist to help avoid flaky scalp and skin in harsh
and dry weather. Aloe vera may also be used as a
moisturizer for oily skin. Studies show that Aloe vera
improves the skin's ability to hydrate itself, aids in the
removal of dead skin cells and has an effective
penetrating ability that helps transport healthy substances
through the skin. Each of these factors makes Aloe vera
an ideal ingredient in cosmetic and dermatological
products. In fact, Aloe vera is currentlyone of the most
important ingredients in the cosmetics industry, being
utilized in over 95 per cent of the dermatologically
valuable extracts manufactured worldwide. The aloe
sugars are also used in moisturizing preparations. Mixed
with selected essential oils, it makes an excellent skin
smoothening moisturizer, sun block lotion plus a whole
range of beauty products. Due to its soothing and cooling
qualities, Maharishi ayurveda recommends Aloe vera for
a number of skin problems. Aloe vera extracts have
antibacterial and antifungal activities, which may help in
the treatment of minor skin infections, such as boils and
benign skin cysts and have been shown to inhibit the
growth of fungi that causetinea101.
Aloe Vera and Others
Aloe latex contains the anthraquinone glycosides aloin A
and B, which are potent laxatives102 Laxative effect of
aloe juice and aloe latex is caused by anthraquinone
glycosides aloin A and B103. Odes HS and Madar Z.
carried out a study, the aim of which was to evaluate the
effect of a novel laxative preparation, composed of
celandin, aloevera and psyllium in patients with chronic
constipation. The results of this study show that the
preparation is an effective laxative in the treatment of
constipation. The anthroquinones and anthrones in the
aloe latex probably produce their laxative effect by
increasing colonic peristalsis and increasing the
intestinal water content by opening chloride channels of
the colonic membrane to cause a net reduction of liquid
absorption by the colon104.The anthroquinone glycosides
reach the colon mostly undigested, although some are
metabolized by enzymes produced by intestinal bacteria.
The result includes more frequent stools with softer
consistency. Miller et al. compared the therapeutic
effects of systemic pentoxifylline and topical aloe vera
cream in the treatment of frostbite on the ears of 10 white
rabbits. The four treatment groups included untreated
controls, treatment with aloe cream, treatment with
pentoxifylline, and treatment with aloe cream +
pentoxifylline. All treatment groups had significantly
improved tissue survival compared with the control ears
(p<0.05) . Studies have demonstrated possible efficiency
in reducing ulcerative colitis105. Phytogenic agents have
traditionally been used by herbalists and indigenous
healers for the prevention and treatment of peptic ulcer.
Among herbal drugs, liquorice, aloe gel and capsicum
(chilli) have been used extensively and their clinical
efficacy documented106.
CONCLUSION:
Hence there is no wonder in considering Aloe vera as the
‘Wonder plant’. It’s uses are multiple -from being an
antiseptic, anti-inflammatory agent, a curing agent for
heart problems, helps in relieving the symptoms of
severe illnesses like cancer and diabetes, being a beauty
enhancer and improves health. This Ancient Indian herb
has been known from centuries for its unique medicinal
properties, but now it has been rediscovered, recognized
and is benefiting the people. The active ingredients
hidden in its succulent leaves have the power to soothe
human life and health in a myriad ways. Aloe vera is
undoubtedly, the nature’s gift to humanity and it remains
for us to introduce it to ourselves and thank the nature for
its never-ending gift.
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