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Beneficial health applications and medicinal values of Pedicularis plants: A review
Abstract
Pedicularis plants (Orobanchaceae), popularly known as lousewort, are found in Asia, Europe, and North America, and have been used in Sowa-Rigpa, the Himalayan art of healing and a traditional system of medicine for treating various ailments in humans. A comprehensive compilation on this valuable medicinal plant is not available, however. The present extensive review provides insight into the salient medicinal properties of Pedicularis plants with respect to various health issues and diseases. Our previous studies on Pedicularis plants from the Changthang region of Ladakh (India) and research advances leading to new developments in this field have prompted this review. The information presented here has been compiled and analyzed from authenticated published resources available on Medline, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Science Direct, and other scientific databases. The Pedicularis genus consists of approximately 600 species (83 of which are found in India), with commonly reported species being Pedicularis longiflora Rudolph, P. bicornuta Klotzsch, P. oederi Vahl, P. cheilanthifolia, and P. pectinata. The major phytoconstituents of the Pedicularis sp. are phenols, phenylethanoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, iridoids, lignans, and alkaloids, among others. The existing literature highlights that these compounds possess antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, antitumor, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, muscle-relaxing, antifatigue, diuretic, antipyretic, antithrombus, antihemolysis, and DNA-repairing properties. This medicinal herb is used in the treatment of leucorrhoea, fevers, sterility, rheumatism, general debility, collapse, and urinary problems, and for revitalizing the blood circulation, improving digestion, and maintaining vitality. This review emphasizes the various medicinal aspects of Pedicularis sp. plants containing a variety of phytoconstituents. Besides phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, lignans, tannins, iridoid, and phenylpropanoid glycosides are among the active constituents responsible for multiple health effects. However, further extensive research is required to characterize the various phytoconstituents of Pedicularis to explore their modes of action at a molecular level and identify other beneficial applications that can exploit the tremendous medicinal potential of this important herb.
... Unlike conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, plant-based COX-2 inhibitors exert their pain-relieving effects over a longer period. Flavonoids and phenols regulate the activities of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, prostanoids, leukotrienes, cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules, as well as enzymes like tyrosine and serine-threonine protein kinases involved in signal transduction, cell activation, and inflammation (YATOO et al., 2017). They inhibit all isoforms of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. ...
... The anti-inflammatory effects of Pedicularis plant phytoconstituents are achieved through blocking the production of proinflammatory mediators like TNF-α and interferongamma, inhibiting the actions of enzymes like cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and kinases, and encouraging the production of anti-inflammatory mediators like interleukins-4 and 10. The NF-κB signaling pathway controls these effects, but it's also important to investigate alternative pathways controlled by flavonoids and phenols (YATOO et al., 2017). ...
... Phenylethanoid glycosides act as potent natural antioxidants and possess neuroprotective properties. They inhibit neuronal damage caused by various harmful stimuli, including alcohol, scopolamine hydrobromide, sodium nitrite, hypobaric stress, and free 97 radicals such as nitric oxide (YATOO et al., 2017). Pedicularis plant species are used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. ...
Modern pharmacotherapy is based on chemical substances derived from plants and herbal medicine from the past. Pedicularis L. is one of the largest genera of hemiparasitic flowering plants, with over 500 species known. It is mostly found in the cold highlands of the northern hemisphere. Numerous endemic Pedicularis species may be found in the Balkans, demonstrating their significance in plant endemism. However, several of these species may face conservation issues due to human activities like habitat fragmentation, agricultural development, and other pressures. Monitoring their numbers, protecting their habitat, and increasing public understanding of their significance are the goals of conservation initiatives. By conducting field surveys and molecular analysis to comprehend their evolutionary relationships, researchers are still working to improve the taxonomic classifications of Balkan Pedicularis species. The chemicals from Pedicularis plant species that have been identified so far have been shown to have anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, and diuretic properties in research published in the literature. This paper provides an overview of previous research in the Western Balkans.
... Pedicularis longiflora is a plant widely found in the Himalayan regions of Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, at an altitude of approximately 2700 m above mean sea level [223]. This plant is valued for its medicinal properties, particularly its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [224]. It contains phytochemicals such as flavonoids and phenols, which reduce lipid peroxidation by scavenging superoxide radicals. ...
... It contains phytochemicals such as flavonoids and phenols, which reduce lipid peroxidation by scavenging superoxide radicals. Moreover, Pedicularis longiflora enhances the activity of CAT and SOD, further contributing to its antioxidant activity [224]. ...
Oxidative stress, driven by reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur species (ROS, RNS, RSS), poses a significant threat to cellular integrity and human health. Generated during mitochondrial respiration, inflammation, UV exposure and pollution, these species damage cells and contribute to pathologies like cardiovascular issues, neurodegeneration, cancer, and metabolic syndromes. Lifestyle factors exert a substantial influence on oxidative stress levels, with mitochondria emerging as pivotal players in ROS generation and cellular equilibrium. Phytochemicals, abundant in plants, such as carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherols and polyphenols, offer diverse antioxidant mechanisms. They scavenge free radicals, chelate metal ions, and modulate cellular signalling pathways to mitigate oxidative damage. Furthermore, plants thriving in high-altitude regions are adapted to extreme conditions, and synthesize secondary metabolites, like flavonoids and phenolic compounds in bulk quantities, which act to form a robust antioxidant defence against oxidative stress, including UV radiation and temperature fluctuations. These plants are promising sources for drug development, offering innovative strategies by which to manage oxidative stress-related ailments and enhance human health. Understanding and harnessing the antioxidant potential of phytochemicals from high-altitude plants represent crucial steps in combating oxidative stress-induced disorders and promoting overall wellbeing. This study offers a comprehensive summary of the production and physio-pathological aspects of lifestyle-induced oxidative stress disorders and explores the potential of phytochemicals as promising antioxidants. Additionally, it presents an appraisal of high-altitude medicinal plants as significant sources of antioxidants, highlighting their potential for drug development and the creation of innovative antioxidant therapeutic approaches.
... In the same context, phytochemicals such as phenols, phenylethanoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, iridoids, lignans, and alkaloids were obtained from Pedicularis species. (Yatoo et al. 2017). An essential oil containing lavandulol as a major constituent was obtained from Tanacetum gracile in Ladakh (Kitchlu et al. 2006). ...
... Berberidaceae Fruits Kidney disorder, constipation -- Ballabh et al. 2008, Singh 2013 Polygonatum verticellatum (L.) All. Kitchlu et al., 2006;Venditti et al., 2016;Yatoo et al., 2017Peganum harmala Nitrariaceae Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, tannin, steroid, terpenes Fatma et al., 2016 Lamiaceae (E)-9-dodecenal, octadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexane, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, lupeol, octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, eicosane and tetradecane, phenolics and flavonoids Ashraf et al., 2014;Avasthi et al., 2016 Podophyllum hexandrum Berberidaceae Podophyloresin, podophyllotoxin, epipodophyllotoxin, podophyllotoxone, flavonoids Chaurasia et al., 2012;Anand et al., 2022 Rhodiola imbricata Crassulaceae Polyphenols, flavonoids, monoterpenes, fatty acids, tocopherols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and ethers Tayade et al., 2013 Rosa webbiana Rosaceae Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycoside, quercetin, kaempferol, ascorbic acid Sharma and Gulati, 2023; Rubia cordifolia Rubiaceae Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes, phenols Gupta, 2017 Rubia tibetica Rubiaceae Tannins, saponins, flavonoid, alkaloid Raj et al., 2010 Stachys tibetica Lamiaceae Tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, saponin, glycosides and carbohydrates Bhat, 2014 Tanacetum gracile Asteraceae Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycoside, steroids, terpenoids Sinha et al., 2015;Bhat al., 2016Waldheimia tomentosa Asteraceae Alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannin, triterpenoids, anthraquinones, Avasth et al., 2016Bhatnagar et al., 2017 Threat status and conservation strategies for the regions' plant resources The distribution of snow starts at around 4,500 m and continues to the highest altitudinal point in the region. There is an apparent difference in the distribution of the floral diversity between the mountain's slopes facing south and north positions, mainly caused by solar radiation and precipitation (Behera et al. 2014). ...
Abstract
Background: Ladakh, located in the Trans-Himalayan region, is characterized by a sparse distribution of plant and animal life that has adapted to the arid and high-altitude environment. Ladakh's unique vegetation provides various benefits to the local population, including medicine, phytochemicals, food, fodder, fuelwood, and many other vital services. Over the years, there have been significant developments and changes in the ethnobotanical knowledge in Ladakh. One of the most notable changes is the extensive documentation and research carried out by researchers to systematically record the traditional knowledge held by local communities. The present study aims to report the expedition of wild floral diversity in Ladakh for their exploration, distribution, ecosystem services, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical extraction, conservation strategies, challenges, and knowledge gaps in research.
... There are a number of feed additives used in poultry feed, such as antibiotics, probiotics, oligosaccharides, enzymes and organic acids (Bin-Jumah et al., 2020; Elgeddawy et al., 2020;Hussein et al., 2020;Windisch et al., 2008) [17,28,44,78] . They are included in the diet of poultry and animals for promoting growth through their potential effect in increasing feed intake (FI; Demir et al., 2003;Mahrose et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2019;Yatoo et al., 2017) [24,56,76,79] . Also, low levels of additives in poultry feed can contribute ...
... There are a number of feed additives used in poultry feed, such as antibiotics, probiotics, oligosaccharides, enzymes and organic acids (Bin-Jumah et al., 2020; Elgeddawy et al., 2020;Hussein et al., 2020;Windisch et al., 2008) [17,28,44,78] . They are included in the diet of poultry and animals for promoting growth through their potential effect in increasing feed intake (FI; Demir et al., 2003;Mahrose et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2019;Yatoo et al., 2017) [24,56,76,79] . Also, low levels of additives in poultry feed can contribute ...
... Flavonoids have been proved to be effective antioxidants for their abilities to clean reactive oxygen species, inhibit lipid peroxidation and protect free radical-induced damage to DNA (8,9) . More than 5000 flavonoid compounds have been described, and they can be divided into six major subclasses, namely, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins and isoflavones (8) . ...
... When the activated NF-κB translocates into the nucleus and binds to NF-κB-responsive genes, an inflammatory cascade is triggered and CRP is subsequently produced (37) . Flavonoids are thought to inhibit the formation of CRP by blocking the activation of NF-κB and to inhibit the binding with genes (9,38,39) . ...
Although the intake of specific flavonoid-rich foods may reduce C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, the association between dietary flavonoid intakes and CRP is inconsistent. We aim to describe dietary flavonoid intakes in a Taiwanese nationally representative sample and to investigate the association between flavonoid intakes and CRP. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on 2592 adults from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 2005-8. Flavonoid intakes were estimated by linking the 24-h dietary recall with the U.S. Department of Agriculture flavonoid database and divided into quartiles. Adjusted estimates of the flavonoid intakes for the continuous and binary (elevated CRP: >0⋅3 mg/dl) variables were performed by using general linear and logistic regression. We found that tea, orange, tofu and sweet potato leaves/water spinach constituted the major food items of the total flavonoid intake. The total flavonoid intake was lower among women and elderly. Compared with the lowest total flavonoid intake quartile, participants in higher quartiles were associated with a lower CRP status (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 0⋅61, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0⋅44-0⋅86 for the highest quartiles). The trends were similar for flavonol and flavan-3-ol intakes. Compared with non-consumers, tea consumers were likely to have a lower CRP status (adjusted OR: 0⋅74, 95 % CI: 0⋅57-0⋅97). In brief, a higher total flavonoid intake and tea consumption were inversely associated with CRP levels, indicating that a high-flavonoid diet may contribute to anti-inflammatory effects. A Taiwanese flavonoid content table is necessary for conducting further studies related to flavonoids in Taiwan.
... Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is a common mycoplasma-associated respiratory disease of goats Yatoo et al. 2018;Muheet et al. 2019;Parray et al. 2019;Yatoo et al. 2019a, b) causing heavy morbidity (100%) and mortality (80-100%) in affected goats, resulting in severe loss to farmers besides reducing the production potential of surviving untreated goats (Rurangirwa and McGuire 1996;Spickler 2015;OIE 2017;Yatoo et al. 2018;Parray et al. 2019). Outbreaks of CCPP disease have been noted in Pashmina goats of Changthang valley of Ladakh region in Jammu and Kashmir (India) causing heavy morbidity (70%) and considerable mortality (12%), hence affecting economy of Pashmina farming in this trans-Himalayan region, where farmers are solely dependent on Pashmina farming for livelihood (Yatoo et al. 2014;Shabir et al. 2017;Yatoo et al. 2017aYatoo et al. , b, 2018Parray et al. 2019;Yatoo et al. 2019a, b). Therefore, proper therapeutic management of CCPP is of utmost importance as vaccines are currently lacking in this region. ...
... The level of oxidative stress can serve as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker in mycoplasma infected goats as has been quoted in other infections (Kizil et al. 2007;El-Deeb and Elmoslemany 2016;Jarikre et al. 2017;Joshi et al. 2018) and accordingly an antioxidant management can enhance recovery by stabilizing levels of oxidants and antioxidants (Jarikre et al. 2017). Nevertheless, persistent oxidative stress can lead to or aggravate already existing inflammatory cascade (Kizil et al. 2007;Xue et al. 2015;Li et al. 2016;Biswas 2016;Yatoo et al. 2017a;Yatoo et al. 2017b;Yatoo et al. 2019a) which is main pathogenic alteration in mycoplasma pneumonia like CCPP mediated through inflammatory mediators (Kizil et al. 2007;Xue et al. 2015;Li et al. 2016;Biswas 2016). ...
Therapeutic management of contagious caprine pleuroneumonia (CCPP) involves mostly the use of oxytetracycline followed by enrofloxacin and rarely tylosin. In many parts of the world including India, the former antibiotics are commonly available than the latter. Therefore, prolonged use of the same leads to the development of antibiotic resistance and decreased efficacy of drug. Besides, inflammatory and allergic pathogenesis of CCPP envisages combination therapy. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the combination therapy using different antibiotics (oxytetracycyline @ 10: group I, enrofloxacin @ 5 group II, and tylosin: group III, @ 10 mg/kg body weight), along with anti-inflammatory (meloxicam @ 0.5 mg/kg) and anti-allergic (pheneramine maleate @ 1.0 mg/kg) drugs. These drugs were given intramuscularly at the interval of 48 h for four times in three test groups (n = 10) of Pashmina goats, viz. groups I, II, and III, respectively, affected with CCPP. Group IV (n = 10) was kept as healthy control when group V (n = 10) treated with oxytetracycline @ 10 mg/kg alone was used as positive control. Clinical signs, clinical parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)), and oxidative stress indices (total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS)) were evaluated at hours 0, 48, 96, and 144 of experimental trial. Tylosin-based combination therapy resulted in a rapid and favorable recovery resulting in restoration of normal body temperature (102.46 ± 0.31 °F), respiration rate (16.30 ± 0.79 per minute), and heart rate (89.50 ± 2.63 per minute) compared to the oxytetracycline (102.95 ± 0.13, 21.30 ± 1.12, 86.00 ± 2.33, respectively) and enrofloxacin (102.97 ± 0.19, 21.00 ± 1.25, 90.00 ± 2.58, respectively) treated groups. By hour 144, all the groups showed restoration of clinical parameters of normal health and diminishing signs of CCPP, viz. fever, dyspnea, coughing, nasal discharge, weakness, and pleurodynia. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in levels of TNF-α and non-significant (P > 0.05) decrease in levels of TOS and an increase in levels of TAS were noted from hour 0 to 144 in all the test groups. Within the groups, no significant (P > 0.05) change was noted in TNF-α, TOS, and TAS levels; however, TNF-α levels were comparatively lower in group III. Hematological parameters did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). From these findings, it can be inferred that tylosin-based combination therapy is relatively better for early, rapid, and safe recovery besides minimizing inflammatory and oxidative cascade in CCPP affected Pashmina goats compared to oxytetracycline- and enrofloxacin-based therapies.
... The pharmacological effects of Aucubin are characterized by a wide range of processes that are complex and varied [4]. Aucubin has been shown to regulate many molecular targets and signaling pathways associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and immune response modulation, and It interacts with enzymes, receptors, and transcription factors, exerting its effects via several modes of action [5]. Aucubin is synthesized in plants via the mevalonate pathway, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids [6]. ...
The structural and electronic properties of Aucubin, a bioactive iridoid glycoside, were thoroughly investigated using Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Geometry optimization, energy computations , and electronic characteristics were determined, yielding an ultimate energy value of −1261.3556 Hartree. Natural atomic charges (NAC), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps were examined to elucidate the compound's reactivity and stability. Additionally, simulation-based spectroscopic analyses, including FTIR, UV-Vis, and NMR, were performed to characterize the vibrational and electronic transitions of Aucubin. The findings indicate a narrow HOMO-LUMO gap (0.16189 a.u.), suggesting significant chemical reactivity and potential applicability in photonic communication devices. This comprehensive study enhances our understanding of Aucubin's structural and electronic properties, paving the way for future applications in pharmaceutical and photonic fields.
... In the realm of traditional Tibetan medicinal practices, the herb known as Pedicularis oederi Vahl occupies a prominent position, predominantly thriving in the elevated terrains of Tibet, along with the provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, and Gansu within China [1]. Research has validated its efficacy in addressing numerous forms of ailments, such as hepatic inflammation, gallbladder inflammation, edema, spermatorrhea, and ear ringing [2]. Phenylpropanoid glycosides, the primary bioactive compounds identified within this plant, exhibit a spectrum of pharmacological effects. ...
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are mixtures of organic compounds displaying excellent solvent properties while keeping an ecofriendly character. In this study, DESs have been applied to the extraction of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl, successively separated by means of counter-current chromatography. Firstly, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology, and the results showed phenylpropanoid glycosides could be well extracted under the optimized extraction conditions with deep eutectic solvents. Then, the sample was separated by counter-current chromatography using ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol (6:6, v/v) as the solvent system. In about 360 min, four phenylpropanoid glycosides, including 31.6 mg of echinacoside, 65.3 mg of Jionoside A1, 28.9 mg of Forsythoside B, 74.1 mg of verbascoside, and 21.2 mg of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside were obtained from about 900 mg of the sample. It revealed deep eutectic solvents could be well employed as a green solvent for the extraction and counter-current separation of natural products.
... As medicinal plants grow and develop in the field, medicinal plants are faced with various environmental threats [4,5]; plants have evolved a diverse array of protective mechanisms that lead to metabolic changes, transcriptional factors (TFs), and genes [6][7][8]. Therefore, studying metabolites and TFs, the genes of plants growing in natural habitats under different environmental variables, is crucial for a broader understanding of metabolite biosynthesis. ...
Background: Plants of Nitraria, belonging to the Zygophyllaceae family, are not only widely distributed at an altitude of about 1000 m but also at an altitude of about 3000 m, which is a rare phenomenon. However, little is known about the effect of altitude on the accumulation of metabolites in plants of Nitraria. Furthermore, the mechanism of the high–altitude adaptation of Nitraria has yet to be fully elucidated. Methods: In this study, metabolomics and transcriptomics were used to investigate the differential accumulation of metabolites of Nitraria berries and the regulatory mechanisms in different altitudes. Results: As a result, the biosynthesis of flavonoids is the most significant metabolic pathway in the process of adaptation to high altitude, and 5 Cyanidins, 1 Pelargonidin, 3 Petunidins, 1 Peonidin, and 4 Delphinidins are highly accumulated in high–altitude Nitraria. The results of transcriptomics showed that the structural genes C4H (2), F3H, 4CL (2), DFR (2), UFGT (2), and FLS (2) were highly expressed in high–altitude Nitraria. A network metabolism map of flavonoids was constructed, and the accumulation of differential metabolites and the expression of structural genes were analyzed for correlation. Conclusions: In summary, this study preliminarily offers a new understanding of metabolic differences and regulation mechanisms in plants of Nitraria from different altitudes.
... In the last 20 years, approximately one-third of the drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration have been developed from medicinal plants and their derivates [3]. In addition, the use of various medicinal plant extracts as prescription drugs has gradually expanded in developed countries [4][5][6]. Considering the complex nature of disease progression, drugs containing a single active compound may be ineffective. Natural products for which historical records of therapeutic efficacy are available afford significant advantages in terms of the development of innovative medicines, and recent advances in scientific technologies that can be utilized in profiling analyses of active components, computational prediction, and in vitro/in vivo disease models have reduced the time required to develop innovative drugs based on natural products. ...
Natural products have long served as potential sources of therapeutic drugs [...]
... Natural products derived from plants and animals have long been a primary source for drug discovery, particularly in the development of anticancer and antimicrobial agents [26,27]. In recent decades, there has been a notable increase in the use of medicinal plants for health promotion and disease treatment, with various plant extracts now being integrated into prescription drugs in several countries [28][29][30]. Galega officinalis is a summer-flowering perennial herb found in most temperate regions and used in diabetes treatment for centuries [31]. It was later found that guanidine compounds in Galega officinalis were the primary components responsible for lowering blood glucose levels, leading to the discovery of metformin, which is now the first-line medication for treating type 2 diabetes [32]. ...
Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a promising therapeutic target for metabolic disorders. Current pharmacological interventions targeting CTSL have demonstrated potential in reducing body weight gain, serum insulin levels, and improving glucose tolerance. However, the clinical application of CTSL inhibitors remains limited. In this study, we used a combination of artificial intelligence and experimental methods to identify new CTSL inhibitors from natural products. Through a robust deep learning model and molecular docking, we screened 150 molecules from natural products for experimental validation. At a concentration of 100 µM, we found that 36 of them exhibited more than 50 % inhibition of CTSL. Notably, 13 molecules displayed over 90 % inhibition and exhibiting concentration-dependent effects. The molecular dynamics simulation on the two most potent inhibitors, Plumbagin and Beta-Lapachone, demonstrated stable interaction at the CTSL active site. Enzyme kinetics studies have shown that these inhibitors exert an uncompetitive inhibitory effect on CTSL. In conclusion, our research identifies Plumbagin and Beta-Lapachone as potential CTSL inhibitors, offering promising candidates for the treatment of metabolic disorders and illustrating the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in drug discovery.
... Thus, there is a growing interest in the development of new bioactive compounds. The Orobanchaceae family has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat DM, and several studies have documented the antihyperglycemic activity of some species belonging to this family [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. ...
... Roughly, 65-80% of the world's populace in developing nations essentially utilize medicinal plants for their healthcare [3]. The practice of medicinal plants is growing rapidly due to low prices, limited accessibility of modern medicine, and the influence of cultural or social beliefs [4][5][6]. However, this traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is vulnerable to being degraded by the modern-western paradigm [7][8][9]. ...
... In particular, for anticancer and antimicrobial medicines, natural compounds from biodiversity have been the preferred repository of medications [7][8][9][10]. Although contemporary therapy has supplanted conventional medicine as a technique for treating human illness [11][12][13], the application of herbal remedies for illness prevention and treatment has expanded during the past few decades in many countries, including developed nations [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Many therapeutic plant extracts are currently utilized as prescription medications in a number of developed silica gel. ...
Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (Family: Asteraceae) is a tropical Asian medicinal plant found in Thailand, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam. It has long been utilized to treat a variety of health concerns in numerous countries around the world, such as renal discomfort, constipation, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, and hypertension. The chemical investigation resulted in the isolation and characterization of six compounds from the methanol (MeOH) extract of the leaves of Gynura procumbens, which were identified as phytol (1), lupeol (2), stigmasterol (3), friedelanol acetate (4), β-amyrin (5), and a mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol (6). In-depth investigations of the high-resolution ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopic data from the isolated compounds, along with comparisons to previously published data, were used to clarify their structures. Among these, the occurrence of Compounds 1 and 4 in this plant are reported for the first time. The crude methanolic extract (CME) and its different partitionates, i.e., petroleum ether (PESF), chloroform (CSF), ethyl acetate (EASF), and aqueous (AQSF) soluble fractions, were subjected to antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, and anti-diabetic activities. In a DPPH free radical scavenging assay, EASF showed the maximum activity, with an IC50 value of 10.78 µg/mL. On the other hand, CSF displayed the highest cytotoxic effect with an LC50 value of 1.94 µg/mL compared to 0.464 µg/mL for vincristine sulphate. In a thrombolytic assay, the crude methanolic extract exhibited the highest activity (63.77%) compared to standard streptokinase (70.78%). During the assay for anti-diabetic activity, the PESF showed 70.37% of glucose-lowering activity, where standard glibenclamide showed 63.24% of glucose-reducing activity.
... Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and production has also been demonstrated for flavonoids [28,29]. By preventing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) from being activated and by inhibiting the binding with genes, flavonoids are hypothesized to prevent the production of CRP [30][31][32]. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort (EPIC) in 2020 on the general population from 10 European countries demonstrated that higher plasma concentration of polyphenols is associated with lower odds of hs-CRP. ...
Background
The evidence shows that obesity is associated with chronic inflammation in obese subjects. Polyphenols are a complex group of plant secondary metabolites that may play a role in reducing the risk of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Given the scarcity of evidence on the association between inflammatory markers and dietary polyphenols intake in overweight/obese Iranian women, the current study aims to investigate this link.
Method
The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 391 overweight and obese Iranian women aged 18–48 years (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m²). A 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intake, as well as anthropometric indices including weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) and biochemistry parameters including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (Chole), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), galactin-3 (Gal-3), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin-1 beta (IL_1β), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PA-I), serum leptin concentrations, and C-reactive protein of high sensitivity (hs-CRP) in all participants. The inflammatory markers were assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Result
The findings revealed a significant negative association between flavonoids intake and MCP-1 (P = 0.024), lignans intake and MCP-1 (P = 0.017), and Gal-3 (P = 0.032). These significant associations were observed between other polyphenols intake and IL_1β (P = 0.014). There was also a significant positive association between other polyphenol intake and TGF-β (P = 0.008) and between phenolic acid intake and TGF-β (P = 0.014).
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that a high polyphenol intake may help individuals to reduce systemic inflammation. Further large studies involving participants of different ages and genders are highly warranted.
... In the last few decades, the total world population have shown increasing interest in plant research that is recognized as a source of discoveries of health improving agents (Yatoo et al., 2017, Khabour & Hassanein, 2021Hameed et al., 2022). Among such agents are essential oils, which are volatile, natural, complex compounds formed by aromatic plants as secondary metabolites (de Groot & Schmidt, 2016;Uma et al., 2017;Baghalpour et al., 2021). ...
... Traditional herbal remedies are prepared in several ways, some of which are infusions, decoctions, tinctures, or macerations. The increased interest for the benefits of using medicinal plants has led to the expansion of the fields of use, such as phytotherapy, aromatherapy, perfumery, manufacture of products for personal care, gastronomy, cosmetology [13,14], or as bioinsecticides [2,15,16]. ...
Accelerating heavy metal pollution is a hot issue due to a continuous growth in consumerism and increased activities in various global industries. Soil contamination with heavy metals has resulted in their incorporation into the human food web via plant components. Accumulation and amplification of heavy metals in human tissues through the consumption of medicinal plants can have hazardous health outcomes. Therefore, in this critical review we aim to bring together published information on this subject, with a special highlight on the knowledge gaps related to heavy metal stress in medicinal plants, their responses, and human health related risks. In this respect, this review outlines the key contamination sources of heavy metals in plants, as well as the absorption, mobilization and translocation of metal ions in plant compartments, while considering their respective mechanisms of detoxification. In addition, this literature review attempts to highlight how stress and defensive strategies operate in plants, pointing out the main stressors, either biotic or abiotic (e.g., heavy metals), and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in stress answers. Finally, in our research, we further aim to capture the risks caused by heavy metals in medicinal plants to human health through the assessment of both a hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI).
... In traditional medicine of Ladakh, P. gracilis is reported to treat various human ailments (Yatoo et al. 2017). Pedicularis gracilis contains phytochemicals like tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides (Karanjit et al. 2007). ...
We report Pedicularis gracilis var. brunoniana (Wall. ex Pennell) T. Husain & Arti Garg (Orobanchaceae) for the first time from Ladakh, a region of Trans-Himalaya in India. This variety is most similar to P. gracilis var. macrocarpa but differs in having out-curved galea, long calyx lobes with hairy margin. Detailed morphological notes along with photographs are provided to validate this report and facilitate the field identification of this taxon. As we observed only small populations of this variety, strategies are likely required for its conservation in this Himalayan region.
... Plant supplements are a good alternative to antibiotics and other chemicals. [11][12][13][14] Resveratrol (Trans 3, 4, 5trihydroxystilbene) has been found in some fruits like red grapes, grape products, raspberries, raspberries, and vines. 15 Overall, it is a polyphenolic and monoactive plant compound capable of scavenging free radicals of oxygen and lipids, 16 and protects DNA from oxidation. ...
This research aimed to determine the impact of in ovo resveratrol (RV) (Trans.3, 4, 5-trihydroxystilbene) injection on performance, carcass weights, and blood constituents in Cobb chicks. A total of 300 fertile broiler breeder eggs were divided into five treatments as 60 eggs in each group, with 6 replicates (10 eggs each). The groups were as follows: (1) negative control (without additive), (2) positive control (saline injection), (3) 1.5 mg RV, 4) 3.0 mg RV, and (5) 4.5 mg in ovo RV injections. Significant changes were found in the amount of forage consumed per day, and the feed conversion ratio between treatment groups. RV injection significantly altered the parameters of the complete lipid profile, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, and very low-density lipoproteins, in plasma. RV injection significantly affected blood biochemical parameters, including total protein, albumin, and globulin in broiler chicken plasma. Liver and kidney functions were influenced by the injection of RV eggs into broiler chickens. The antioxidant enzymes also changed significantly after RV injection. Moreover, in egg injection from RV the immunogenicity (IgG and IgM) in broiler chickens were significantly altered. In conclusion, in ovo injection with RV significantly improved liver and kidney functions, antioxidant activity, and immune function in Cobb broilers.
... Natural products are important sources of compounds for drug discovery. The use of medicinal plants in the management and mitigation of diseases is gaining momentum in different parts of the world, including the developed countries [13,14]. For example, approximately one quarter of drugs approved for health promotion in the last 2 decades by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medical Agency are from natural products or their derivatives [15,16]. ...
IntroductionTrypanosomiasis is a neglected disease of humans and livestock caused by single-celled flagellated haemo-protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma.PurposeWidespread resistance to trypanocidal drugs creates urgent need for new, more effective drugs with potential to inhibit important trypanosome molecular targets.Methods
Nine column chromatographic, partially purified leaf fractions of Azadirachta indica (AIF) were subjected to trypanosome alternative oxidase (TAO) inhibition assay using ubiquinol oxidase assay. The potent TAO inhibitors were evaluated for trypanocidal activities against T. congolense in rat model using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays. Complete cessation or reduction in parasite motility was scored from 0 (no parasite) to 6 (greater than or equal to 6 × 107 trypanosomes/milliliter of blood), and was used to evaluate the efficacy of in vitro treatments.ResultsOnly AIF1, AIF2, and AIF5 significantly inhibited TAO. AIF1 and AIF5 produced significant, dose-dependent suppression of parasite motility reaching score zero within 1 h with EC50 of 0.005 and 0.004 µg/µL, respectively, while trypanosome-laden blood was still at score six with an EC50 of 44,086 µg/µL. Mice inoculated with the concentrations at scores 0 and 1 (1–2 moribund parasites) at the end of the experiment did not develop parasitaemia. The two fractions significantly (p < 0.05) lowered parasite burden, with the AIF5 exhibiting highest in vivo trypanocidal effects. Packed cell volume was significantly higher in AIF1 (p < 0.05) and AIF5 (p < 0.001) groups compared to DMSO-treated group. Only AIF5 significantly (p < 0.05) lowered malondialdehyde.ConclusionAIF1 and AIF5 offer prospects for the discovery of TAO inhibitor(s).
... mg QE/g). Invarious species of Pedicularis the total phenolic and flavonoid amount by using different solvents have been described(Yatoo et al., 2017).High flavonoid amounts in methanol may be due to more solubility of these bio-compounds in a respective solvent. Our findings are in good agreement with Howlader, Ahmed, Kubra, and Bhuiyan(2016)andWu et al. (2006) they mention that methanol as a best solvent for phenolic and flavonoid contents and have good antioxidant capacity. ...
Pedicularis groenlandica is one of the most important medicinal plant of Deosai Plateau (Gilgit‐Baltistan) Pakistan. The present study was aim to evaluate the micromorphological features, phytochemical screening and pharmacological potential of P. groenlandica by using multiple microscopic techniques. Six different solvents were used to prepare P. groenlandica extracts. Phytochemical and antioxidant activities were determined calorimetrically. To investigate antidiabetic, α‐amylase inhibition assay was performed. Cytotoxicity was tested using brine shrimp assay. Anti‐leishmanial via MTT assay. Disc‐diffusion assay was used for protein kinase inhibitory, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Palyno‐anatomical study showed significant variation for the authentication and correct identification of this highly therapeutic plant by using light and scanning electron microscopic techniques. All extracts were found rich in phytochemicals, significant amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents were found in methanol extract (PGM) 95.78 mg GAE/g and 66.90 mg QE/g. Highest DPPH scavenging potential with IC50 88.65 μg/mL, total antioxidant capacity (60.33 mg AAE/g sample) and total reducing power (83.97 mg AAE/g) were found for PGM. Disc‐diffusion method showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities. Noticeable growth inhibition in L. tropica was displayed by n‐hexane extract (IC50 112 μg/mL). Brine shrimp with highest LD50 (67.65 μg/mL) in ethyl‐acetate extract. Ethanol extract gives persuasive protein kinase inhibition (26 mm) against Streptomyces 85‐E hyphae. Highest alpha‐amylase inhibition (74.10%) was found in n‐hexane extract. In conclusion, our findings scientifically support the ethno‐medicinal and biological potential of P. groenlandica. In future, the plant needs to be explored for further identification and isolation of bioactive compounds to develop new drugs to treat several aliments.
... Over the years, modern medicine has overshadowed the use of extracts and concoctions from plants human diseases treatment (Tansaz and Tajadini, 2016;Yuan et al., 2016). Recent interests in natural products and the use of medicinal plants in disease treatment stems from the lack of efficacy of purified compounds used in drug discovery (Banjari et al., 2017;Thomford et al., 2016a,b,c;Yatoo et al., 2017). In many countries worldwide medicinal plant extracts are now available over the counter or are used in combination with prescription drugs (Ji et al., 2017;Ruhsam and Hollingsworth, 2017). ...
A paradigm shift in the way drug are designed and developed is needed to curb the rise in new infectious diseases and also drug resistance. Innovative ways to develop new drugs are needed. To achieve this, innovative strategies based on inspiration from natural products have helped in the designing and development of many compounds that are potential drugs. In this regard, technological advances have allowed profiles of complex compounds to be studied, resulting in many compounds being designed and synthesized. Indeed, many compounds and other blockbuster drugs have already been developed from natural products or from compounds derived from natural products. This makes natural products central to drug discovery and with recent trends in technological advances, will aid in increasing the success rate of new therapeutic moieties. Overall, natural products will remain a major contributor to drug development and in our effort to curbing global
health challenges as well as achieving sustainable development goals on health.
... Feed supplements and additives have been effectively used in poultry rations for increasing the productivity and improving the general health and wellbeing (Yatoo et al. 2017;Mohamed et al. 2019;Alagawany et al. 2020aAlagawany et al. , 2020b. Many recent technologies are being widely used in improving poultry production in terms of quantity and quality, such as the use of nanoparticles (Sahoo et al. 2016;El-Rayes et al. 2019;Nabi et al. 2020;Reda et al. 2020). ...
... Feed supplements and additives have been effectively used in poultry rations for increasing the productivity and improving the general health and wellbeing (Yatoo et al. 2017;Mohamed et al. 2019;Alagawany et al. 2020aAlagawany et al. , 2020b. Many recent technologies are being widely used in improving poultry production in terms of quantity and quality, such as the use of nanoparticles (Sahoo et al. 2016;El-Rayes et al. 2019;Nabi et al. 2020;Reda et al. 2020). ...
... Feed supplements and additives have been effectively used in poultry rations for increasing the productivity and improving the general health and wellbeing (Yatoo et al. 2017;Mohamed et al. 2019;Alagawany et al. 2020aAlagawany et al. , 2020b. Many recent technologies are being widely used in improving poultry production in terms of quantity and quality, such as the use of nanoparticles (Sahoo et al. 2016;El-Rayes et al. 2019;Nabi et al. 2020;Reda et al. 2020). ...
A total of 200 1-week-old Japanese quails were randomly allocated into five treatment groups,
each consisting of 40 unsexed birds (five replicates, eight birds each). Quails were reared in traditional cages (90� 40� 40 cm), and feed and water were made available throughout the 5-week
trial. The treatment groups were as follows: the 1st was fed basal diet, whereas the 2nd, 3rd,
4th, and 5th groups were fed with ration supplemented with nano zinc (Zn-NPs) at doses of 0.1,
0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 g/kg diet, respectively. Results showed that, a significant (p .0001) improvement in body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio was observed in birds
fed diets supplemented with 0.2 g/kg of Zn-NPs. Supplementation of Zn-NPs at doses of
0.1–0.3 g/kg diet demonstrated a positive impact on the activity of ALT, AST, and LDH. The liver
profile parameters were not statistically influenced (p > .05) by dietary biological nano zinc, with
the exception of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Also, dietary supplementation of biological Zn-NPs at concentrations of 0.1–0.3 g/kg
diet demonstrated a positive impact on superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase
(GPX), malondialdehyde (MDA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM). Dietary
supplementation of Zn-NPs led to an increase in beneficial microbial populations. From the
obtained results, Zn-NPs supplementation at 0.2 g/kg diet had a positive effect on the performance and physiological status of growing Japanese quails.
... 123,124 Dietary intake of balanced foods along with nutritional supplements including vitamins, trace elements, probiotics, herbs, and nutraceuticals have been proposed to be effective for COVID-19 due to their potent role in immune functioning and acting as immunity boosters. 125,126 Various phytochemicals/phytocompounds present in medicinal herbs have shown proven immunomodulatory and antiviral potentials, and are presently being exploited for their prophylactic and therapeutic values in management of COVID-19 patients. 4,[127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135] These include Withania somnifera (Indian ginseng, Ashwagandha), [136][137][138] Curcuma longa (curcuma/turmeric), 130,138 Allium sativum (garlic), 132 Camellia sinensis (green tea), 139 Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), 130,133,140 Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi), 141 and others. ...
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created havoc worldwide. Due to the non-availability of any vaccine or drugs
against COVID-19, immunotherapies involving convalescent plasma, immunoglobulins, antibodies (monoclonal or polyclonal), and the use of immunomodulatory agents to enhance immunity are valuable
alternative options. Cell-based therapies including natural killer cells, T cells, stem cells along with cytokines and toll-like receptors (TLRs) based therapies are also being exploited potentially against
COVID-19. Future research need to strengthen the field of developing effective immunotherapeutics and immunomodulators with a thrust of providing appropriate, affordable, convenient, and cost-effective
prophylactic and treatment regimens to combat global COVID-19 crisis that has led to a state of medical emergency enforcing entire countries of the world to devote their research infrastructure and manpower in tackling this pandemic.
... Herbs are considered an important part of traditional medicine and they have a long history of use in therapy around the world [1]. Herbal treatments have been used worldwide for thousands of years for easy accessibility and restricted side effects. ...
... Over the years, modern medicine has overshadowed the use of extracts and concoctions from plants human diseases treatment (Tansaz & Tajadini, 2016;Yuan, Ma, Ye, & Piao, 2016). Recent interests in natural products and the use of medicinal plants in disease treatment stems from the lack of efficacy of purified compounds used in drug discovery (Banjari et al., 2017; N. E. Thomford, C. Awortwe, et al., 2016; N. E. N. E. Thomford, B. Mkhize, et al., 2016;Yatoo et al., 2017). In many countries worldwide medicinal plant extracts are now available over the counter or are used in combination with prescription drugs (Ji et al., 2017;Ruhsam & Hollingsworth, 2017). ...
Emerging threats to human health require a concerted effort in search of both preventive and treatment strategies, placing natural products at the center of efforts to obtain new therapies and reduce disease spread and associated mortality. The therapeutic value of compounds found in plants has been known for ages, resulting in their utilization in homes and in clinics for the treatment of many ailments ranging from common headache to serious conditions such as wounds. Despite the advancement observed in the world, plant based medicines are still being used to treat many pathological conditions or are used as alternatives to modern medicines. In most cases, these natural products or plant-based medicines are used in an un-purified state as extracts. A lot of research is underway to identify and purify the active compounds responsible for the healing process. Some of the current drugs used in clinics have their origins as natural products or came from plant extracts. In addition, several synthetic analogues are natural product-based or plant-based. With the emergence of novel infectious agents such as the SARS-CoV-2 in addition to already burdensome diseases such as diabetes, cancer, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, there is need to come up with new drugs that can cure these conditions. Natural products offer an opportunity to discover new compounds that can be converted into drugs given their chemical structure diversity. Advances in analytical processes make drug discovery a multi-dimensional process involving computational designing and testing and eventual laboratory screening of potential drug candidates. Lead compounds will then be evaluated for safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy. New technologies including Artificial Intelligence, better organ and tissue models such as organoids allow virtual screening, automation and high-throughput screening to be part of drug discovery. The use of bioinformatics and computation means that drug discovery can be a fast and efficient process and enable the use of natural products structures to obtain novel drugs. The removal of potential bottlenecks resulting in minimal false positive leads in drug development has enabled an efficient system of drug discovery. This review describes the biosynthesis and screening of natural products during drug discovery as well as methods used in studying natural products.
... There are a number of feed additives used in poultry feed, such as antibiotics, probiotics, oligosaccharides, enzymes and organic acids Elgeddawy et al., 2020;Hussein et al., 2020;Windisch et al., 2008). They are included in the diet of poultry and animals for promoting growth through their potential effect in increasing feed intake (FI; Demir et al., 2003;Mahrose et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2019;Yatoo et al., 2017). Also, low levels of additives in poultry feed can contribute to an increase in the production of poultry protein for human consumption, which in some instances can decrease the cost of animal and poultry production (Alagawany et al., 2016;El-Kholy et al., 2018;Ismail, Farag, et al., 2020;Johnson et al., 2019;Reda, El-Kholy, et al., 2020;Reda, Reda, El-Saadony, et al., 2020;Walsh et al., 1993). ...
The use of antibiotics to maintain animal well-being, promote growth and improve
efficiency has been practised for more than 50 years. However, as early as the 1950s,
researchers identified concern on the development of resistant bacteria for the antibiotics streptomycin and tetracycline used in turkeys and broilers respectively. These findings laid the groundwork for agricultural officials to impose stricter regulatory parameters on the use of antibiotics in poultry feeds. Probiotics are live micro-organisms included in the diet of animals as feed additives or supplements. Commonly known as a direct-fed microbial, probiotics provide beneficial properties to the host, primarily through action in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the animal. Supplementation of probiotics in the diet can improve animal health and performance, through contributions to gut health and nutrient use. For instance, supplementation of probiotics has been demonstrated to benefit farm animals in immune modulation, structural modulation and increased cytokine production, which positively affect the intestinal mucosal lining against pathogens. Bacillus subtilis has been a popular bacterium used within the industry and was shown to improve intestinal villus height. Increasing the villus height and structure of the crypts in the GIT allows for the improvement of nutrient digestion and absorption. Tight junctions maintain important defences against pathogenic bacteria and cellular homeostasis. Heat stress can be a major environmental challenge in the poultry industry. Heat stress causes the bird to fluctuate its internal core temperature beyond their comfort zone. To overcome such challenges, poultry will attempt to balance its heat production and dissipation through behavioural and physiological adaptation mechanisms.
... Many plant species are used by humans for their beneficial properties as an important part of traditional medicine and also as significant sources of natural nutrients and antioxidants [26]. Medicinal plants have lower costs than synthetic drugs and they are applied in the treatment of diseases worldwide, e.g. for the prevention and treatment of some chronic diseases: cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, arthritis, diabetes and others [27]. ...
This survey focuses on the problem of medicinal plants contamination due to environmental pollution produced by many different industrial activities and atmospheric deposition of some toxic compounds. This analysis is important since plants can easily absorb organic and inorganic compounds from all environmental compartments (water, soil, air), which can enter and be transferred in the trophic chain, up to humans. Medicinal plants are relevant for study in relation with their interactions with different contaminants, in particular those inorganic persistent as heavy metals, because they are used in entire world for their beneficial properties, and represent a significant part of traditional medicine. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 65-80% of world`s population depends on herbal products as the primary form of health care. Frequent use of medicinal plants to improve health, in the context of current pollution, requires special attention, since they can contain heavy metals in their structures, which can generate hazards and risks on human health throughout the subsequent consumption of contaminated medicinal plants as teas, other drinks, cosmetics.
... The addition of various nutritional supplements and additives to foods/diets including growth promoters, antioxidants, nutraceuticals, herbs, green tea, coffee, probiotics and others for enhanced production performances, improved immunity, and health benefits in humans, animals, poultry, and other species is showing an increasing trend Dhama, Tiwari, Chakrabort, et al., 2014;Dhama, Tiwari, Khan, et al., 2014;Laudadio et al., 2015;Mahima et al., 2013;Suez, Zmora, Segal, & Elinav, 2019;Xing, Zhang, Qi, Tsao, & Mine, 2019). Particularly, plants, herbs and shrubs that possess high medicinal values have attracted the attention of worldwide researchers owing to their multiple beneficial health applications (Abd El-Hack & Alagawany, 2015;Alagawany et al., 2019;Mahima et al., 2012;Tiwari et al., 2018;Velmurugan, Kalpana, Cho, & Lee, 2018;Yatoo et al., 2017). Nowadays, green tea is becoming popular (Cooper, 2012; as it is the second mostconsumed beverage throughout the world (Conde, Alves, Oliveira, & Silva, 2015). ...
Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a popular herbal plant with abundant health benefits, and thus, it has been used as a potent antioxidant for a long time. Based on the available literature, the diversity and the availability of multifunctional compounds in green tea offer its noteworthy potential against many diseases such as liver and heart diseases, inflammatory conditions and different metabolic syndromes. Owing to its bioactive constituents including caffeine, amino acids, l‐theanine, polyphenols/flavonoids and carbohydrates among other potent molecules, green tea has many pharmacological and physiological effects. The effects of green tea include anti‐oxidative, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐arthritic, anti‐stress, hypolipidaemic, hypocholesterolaemic, skin/collagen protective, hepatoprotective, anti‐diabetic, anti‐microbial, anti‐infective, anti‐parasitic, anti‐cancerous, inhibition of tumorigenesis and angiogenesis, anti‐mutagenic, and memory and bone health‐improving activities. Apart from its utilization in humans, green tea has also played a significant role in livestock production such as in dairy, piggery, goatry and poultry industries. Supplementation of animal feeds with green tea and its products is in line with the modern concepts of organic livestock production. Hence, incorporating green tea or green tea by‐products into the diet of poultry and other livestock can enhance the value of the products obtained from these animals. Herein, an effort is made to extend the knowledge on the importance and useful applications of green tea and its important constituents in animal production including poultry. This review will be a guideline for researchers and entrepreneurs who want to explore the utilization of feeds supplemented with green tea and green tea by‐products for the enhancement of livestock production.
... In recent years, there are many different drugs have been used to treat CVDs, mainly including antianginal drugs, anti-arrhythmic drugs, anti-coagulant medicine, blood-lipid lowering drugs, anti-hypertensive agents, beta-blockers, calcium blockers, cardiac glycosides, hydragog and vasodilator agents (Khand et al. 2000, Shu et al. 2018. these drugs are mostly playing vital roles in the single-compound and single-target, which bring many serious side effects, such as postural hyperpiesia, depressed and feeble from beta-blockers, sychnosphygmia, headache, facial flushing and polyuria from calcium blockers (Russell 1988, Yatoo et al. 2017. However, the traditional Chinese Medicines (tCMs) have drawn great attention in the world because of little side effects and playing therapeutic role by multi-compounds and multi-targets with have coordination (Su et al. 2008, Zhang et al. 2019. ...
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are leading causes of death in the world, owing to noticeable incidence and mortality. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) SINI Decoction (SND) is used to prevent and treat CVDs, which has attracted extensive attention for its moderate and little side effects. However, the involved molecular mechanisms are exceedingly complicated and remain unclear. Systems pharmacology, as a novel approach that integrates systems biology and pharmacology plays a significant role in investigating the molecular mechanism of TCM. In systems pharmacology approach, we use to systematically uncover the mechanisms of action in Chinese medicinal formula SND as an effective treatment for CVDs, which mainly includes:1) molecular database building; 2) ADME evaluation; 3) target-fishing 4) network construction and analysis. The results show that 78 underlying valid ingredients and their corresponding 71 direct targets of SND were obtained. And SND take part in cardiomyocyte protection, blood pressure regulation, and lipid regulation module in treatment of CVDs by cooperative way. Systems pharmacology as an emerging field that investigates the molecular mechanisms of TCM through pharmacokinetic evaluation target prediction, and pathway analysis, which will facilitate the development of traditional Chinese herbs in modern medicine.
... Natural feed additives including probiotics are effective alternatives to drugs and antibiotics due to their growth promoting properties in livestock species (Tufarelli, Crovace, Rossi, & Laudadio, 2017;Wang et al., 2018;Yatoo et al., 2017;Zorriehzahra et al., 2016). ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of quantitative feed restriction, along with dietary supplementation with a probiotic blend (Protexin) as a natural growth promoter, on the performance, water consumption, mortality rate and carcass traits of meat‐type quails. A total of 250 1‐day unsexed quails were randomly allocated to five equal groups in a completely randomized design. The first group (A) fed a basal diet without any restriction (24 hr/day); the second group (B1) fed the basal diet for 20 hr/day; the third group (B2) fed the basal diet enriched with probiotic (0.1 g/kg diet) for 20 hr/day; the fourth group (C1) fed the basal diet for 16 hr/day; and the fifth group (C2) fed the basal diet enriched with probiotic (0.1 g/kg diet) for 16 hr/day. Birds were fed ad‐libitum from 0–14 days of age, and then the feed restriction regimes started from 14 till 28 days of age. Results showed that quails in the control‐group consumed more feed and water than the other treatment groups (p < .01), however their body weights did not differ (p > .05) compared with the other treated groups. The best feed conversion values were achieved in quails supplemented with probiotic blend (B2 and C2) in comparison with the other groups (p < .01). Feeding probiotic had a positive effect on bird health which reduced the mortality rate. Further, mortality rate was significantly reduced (p < .05) by feed restriction, with or without probiotic supplementation. No carcass parameters were significantly affected (p > .05) by treatments. Our results show that quail could be reared under a feed restriction system, for 4–8 hr daily, along with dietary supplementation of probiotic as growth promoter for better growth performance.
... [16,17] P. armata Maxim (a.n.) whole plant armaoside, citrusin B, euphroside, mussaenoside, geniposidic acid, 8-epi-loganic acid, aucubin [18] P. artselaeri Maxim. (a.n.) whole plant lariciresinol-4-O-β-D-glucoside, lariciresinol-4′-O-β-D-glucoside, alaschanioside A, citrusin A, artselaeroside A, artselaeroside B, 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranos ide, iso-verbascoside, martynoside, artselaenin I, artselaenin III, artselaenin A, artselaenin B, artselaenin C, 8-epi-loganic acid, 8-epi-loganin, 7-deoxy-8-epi-loganic acid, plantarenaloside, mussaenoside, aucubin, 6-O-methyl-aucubin, 6-O-methyl-epi-aucubin, ixoroside, 7-deoxy-gardoside, gardoside methyl ester, caryoptoside, shanzhiside methyl ester, 3-methoxy-4-primeverosyl-acetophenone [19,20] P. bicornuta Klotzsch (u.n.) whole plant alkaloids, lignans glycosides, phenylpropanoid glycosides, flavonoids, iridoids (exact compounds not specified) [21] P. bracteosa Benth. (a.n.) aerial parts aucubin, mussaenoside [22] P.bracteosa subsp. ...
In this review, the relevance of the plant species belonging to the Pedicularis L. genus has been considered from different points of view. Particular emphasis was given to phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology, since several classes of natural compounds have been reported within this genus and many of its species are well known to be employed in the traditional medicines of many Asian countries. Some important conclusions on the chemotaxonomic and chemosystematic aspects of the genus have also been provided for the first time. Actually, this work represents the first total comprehensive review on this genus.
... Supplementation of synthetic or natural feed additives from different sources to animal feeds is common and widely applied in order to improve the utilization of nutrients (El-Kholy et al., 2017;Yatoo et al., 2017;Wang et al., 2018). Minerals like zinc (Zn) are added commonly in rations of poultry and other farm animals because many feedstuffs are marginally Zn-deficient (Zaghari et al., 2015;Abedini et al., 2017). ...
This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of increased supplementation of zinc oxide (ZnO) on performance, quality of egg, blood chemistry, and antioxidant ability in serum of laying chickens (Hisex Brown) reared from 22 to 34 weeks of age. Seventy-two 22-week-old laying hens (Hisex Brown) were haphazardly separated into 3 handling collections of 24 chickens (6 replicates per treatment and four laying hens per replicate). Dietary treatments included basal diet without zinc addition for control group while the 2nd and 3rd groups contained basal diet with 25 or 75 mg ZnO/kg diet. Results showed that the higher level of ZnO (75 mg ZnO/kg diet) elevated (P < 0.01) feed intake during all studied periods compared with the control group and other groups that contained ZnO. The handling groups supplied with 75 mg ZnO/kg diet gave the worst feed: egg ratio within the whole period and the intervals compared with the control and other ZnO levels. Supplementation of zinc decreased egg number and egg output when compared with the control groups. Egg quality traits were statistically differed due to dietary ZnO supplementation except egg shape index, yolk %, and albumin %. Supplementation of zinc decreased triglyceride (P = 0.001) of laying hens. The low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol level in serum was decreased with 75 mg ZnO/kg in comparison with all treatment groups. Zinc supplementation increased the level of serum zinc without differences in supplemented zinc levels. Dietary supplemental zinc did not affect antioxidant parameters in the serum. It is concluded that dietary zinc supplementation up to 75 mg/kg used as effective supplement to enhance zinc status and antioxidant ability and activities in laying hens.
... The typical areas where these species can be found are meadows and lawns with little other vegetation [3]. [19,20] P. bicornuta Klotzsch (u.n.) whole plant alkaloids, lignans glycosides, phenylpropanoid glycosides, flavonoids, iridoids (exact compounds not specified) [21] P. bracteosa Benth. (a.n.) aerial parts aucubin, mussaenoside [22] P. bracteosa subsp. ...
In this review, the relevance of plants belonging to the Pedicularis L. genus was explored from different points of view. Particular emphasys was given especially to the phytochemistry and the ethnopharmacology of the genus since several classes of natural compounds have been evidenced within it and several Pedicularis species are well known to be employed in the traditional medicine of many Asian countries. Nevertheless, some important conclusions on the chemotaxonomic and chemosystematic aspects of the genus were also provided for the first time. This work represents the first total comprehensive review on the genus Pedicularis.
... In recent years, the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases has gained extensive attention of many researchers [1][2][3]. In this field, walnut (Juglans regia L.) has medicinal properties for human health and the leaves of this plant are traditionally used as antimicrobial, antidiarrhoeal, astringent, hypoglycaemic, depurative, tonic, and for the treatment of diabetes and sinusitis in Iran. ...
In this work, an Fe3O4/HZSM-5 nanocomposite was synthesised in the presence of Juglans regia L. leaf extract. Then, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were immobilised on the surface of prepared magnetically recoverable HZSM-5 using selected extract for reduction of Ag+ ions to Ag NPs and their stabilisation on the surface of the nanocomposite. The reduction of Ag+ ions occurs at room temperature within a few minutes. Characterisation of the prepared catalysts has been carried out using fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. According to the FESEM images of the nanocomposites, the average size of the Ag NPs on the Fe3O4/HZSM-5 surface was >70 nm. The Ag/Fe3O4/HZSM-5 nanocomposite was a highly active catalyst for the reduction of methyl orange and 4-nitrophenol in aqueous medium. The utilisation of recycled catalyst for three times in the reduction process does not decrease its activity.
... It is a trans-Himalayan cold arid region with coordinates 33.2059163°N and 78.6483843°E and an average altitude of 13,710 feet with some peaks as high as 19,300 feet. Geo-climatic features of the area and socio-economic status of the Changpas-nomadic inhabitants of Changthang and the main rearers of Pashmina goats have been described (Bhatnagar et al., 2006;Yatoo et al., 2014Yatoo et al., , 2016Yatoo et al., 2017a;Yatoo et al., 2017b). The importance of selecting this area lies in the fact that it is the natural breeding tract of Pashmina goats besides some areas are isolated and some share international borders making it epidemiologically and strategically significant both for local and transboundary spread of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. ...
The genus Pedicularis is a large genus of Orobanchaceae including many species used as ethnic or folk medicine. However, its genome data is still poor. We reported the chloroplast (cp) genome of 19 species of Pedicularis for the first time. They were 144,279–162,362 bp in length and displayed a typical quadripartite structure. A total of 117–133 genes were annotated and the loss of the ndh gene was discovered to vary among different species. The cp DNA sequences mostly ended in Adenine (A) or Uracil (U). We detected no genome rearrangement in 19 cp genomes but observed the expansion of IR regions in P. oliveriana. We discovered 35–62 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 38–88 long terminal repeats (LTRs). Nucleotide diversity analysis showed that five variable regions may have contributed to the identification of the genus. Ka/Ks values indicated that purifying selection was probably the major force in the evolution of Pedicularis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 19 species of Pedicularis were clustered into two main clades. One was formed by alternated leaves groups and the other clades were formed by opposite or whorled leaves groups. Therefore, phyllotaxy may reflect the infra-genetic relationship of species in Pedicularis. Furthermore, our study supports that alternated leaves were primitive characters for the genus Pedicularis.
Taibai ginseng (roots of Pedicularis decora Franch.) has been reported to possess anti‐Alzheimer's disease (anti‐AD) activity and can be potentially used for treating AD. However, the chemical constituents of taibai ginseng have not yet been elucidated because of the paucity of relevant studies, which hinders further research on the pharmacological mechanism and utilization of taibai ginseng. In this study, a rapid and efficient method for comprehensively analyzing the chemical constituents of taibai ginseng was established for the first time. We used ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry in combination with the UNIFI data‐processing platform to automatically characterize and identify the chemical profile of taibai ginseng. As a result, more than 76 compounds were detected, and their structures were characterized. These compounds include 24 iridoid glycosides, 24 phenylethanol glycosides, 15 terpenoids, and 13 other components. More than fifty of these compounds from taibai ginseng were reported for the first time. Our results provide a reference for the quality control of taibai ginseng and establish a higher quality standard for pharmacodynamic research. Appropriate modification of the method reported herein can enable its use for the screening and characterization of taibai ginseng and other compounds from the Pedicularis genus.
In order to determine the present state of knowledge on ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, and its application to drug development, this work reviews a variety of texts and studies in these fields. Traditional medical systems based on plants continue to be crucial to healthcare since the majority of the world’s population still relies on them as their primary form of treatment. Many significant development medications, including aspirin, digitoxin, vinblastine, reserpine, ephedrine, ergometrine, and atropine, have been discovered by following leads from traditional usage. The development of novel chemical entities for therapeutic use and potential lead compounds for the structural modification of current drugs to produce new and more powerful ones both rely heavily on natural products as a starting point. Ethnobotany has been crucial in the discovery of novel medicines for many years. In light of ethnopharmacological research, the development of modern treatment systems has benefited greatly from the discovery of drugs from natural sources. The application of current drug development concepts to the selection, authentication, extraction, biological screening, and analogue creation of plant-based natural products gives a thorough overview of the numerous methods employed in ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological research.KeywordsDrug discoveryEthnobotanyEthnopharmacologyNatural productOmic techniquesExtractionIsolationBioscreeningStructure elucidation
DNA barcoding
Traditional medicine, 'LuRu', is a commonly used Tibetan medicine for clearing away heat and detoxifying. Dried products of Pedicularis flava and Pedicularis muscicola are often used as 'LuRu' in the market. This study aims to compare the chemical constituents of P. flava and P. muscicola using GC-MS and UPLC-TOF-MS, and confirm which plant species is more suitable to be used as 'LuRu'. A total of 46 and 68 compounds were identified from the volatile and non-volatile components, respectively. Out of these, 17 and 37 volatile and non-volatile components, respectively, had pharmacological activities. P. flava showed a higher content of the same active components than P. muscicola. Good biological activities are only observed in the unique components in P. flava, and not in P. muscicola. The two herbs should not be mixed in clinical medication. Our study shows that P. flava is better suited as a high-quality herb for the Tibetan medicine, 'LuRu'.
Osteoporosis is often known as a silent disease and is estimated to affect approximately 200 million people across the globe. It is projected that by 2050, the economic burden of osteoporosis will be more than 130 USD on the world's economy. Bone remodeling is a dynamic process that maintains the balance between bone degradation by osteoclasts and bone synthesis by osteoblasts. Any imbalance in the bone remodeling process results in the development of osteoporosis. Most of the currently available drugs being employed for the treatment of osteoporosis result in various side effects in the long run, viz. cardiovascular diseases, skin allergy, and gastrointestinal tract disorders. Thus, there is an imperative need to identify natural compounds that exhibit antiosteoporotic potential with the least side effects. In the present review, we summarize the antiosteoporotic abilities of selective herbal plants and their bioactive compounds as potential future therapeutics for the management and treatment of osteoporosis.
Natural plants from plateaus have been the richest source of secondary metabolites extensively used in traditional and modern health care systems. They were submitted to years of natural selection, co-evolved within that habitat, and show significant anti-fatigue-related pharmacological effects. However, currently, no review on high-altitude plants with anti-fatigue related properties has been published yet. This study summarized several Chinese traditional high-altitude plants, including Rhodiola rosea L., Crocus sativus L., Lepidium meyenii W., Hippophaerhamnoides L., which are widely used in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and surrounding mountains, as well as herbal markets in the plains. Based on phytopharmacology studies, deeper questions can be further revealed regarding how these plants regulate fatigue and related mental or physical disease conditions. Many active derivatives in high-altitude medical plants show therapeutic potential for the management of fatigue and related disorders. Therefore, high-altitude plants significantly relieve central or peripheral fatigue by acting as neuroprotective agents, energy supplements, metabolism regulators, antioxidant, and inflammatory response inhibitors. Their applications on the highland or flatland and prospects in natural medicine are further forecast, which may open treatments to reduce or prevent fatigue-related disorders in populations with sub-optimal health.
Present study portrays, environment benign and cost‐effective method to synthesize Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Cassia renigera leaf extract (CRLE). X‐ray diffraction profile was analyzed using Rietveld refinement technique which revealed the hexagonal crystallinity with space group P63mc. FTIR spectrum of Cassia renigera leaf extract mediated ZnO NPs (CRLE: ZnO NPs) showed bends located at 3352 cm⁻¹ and 1394 cm⁻¹ belonging to phenolic groups present in phytochemicals of CRLE, which manifested that CRLE acted as capping agent for ZnO NPs. UV‐Visible absorption spectrum displayed strong humps located at 240 nm and 280 nm, respectively in the UV range confirming the formation of CRLE: ZnO NPs which has depicted non‐uniform grain distribution without any traces of agglomeration with grain size ranging ∼ 28–112 nm. The application of CRLE: ZnO NPs in Cauliflower seedling inhibited the effect of Cauliflower pathogen ′Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris′ (Xcc) and also helped in plant metabolism. CRLE: ZnO NPs uptake, translocation and biotransformation in the form of Zn²⁺ affected the overall growth of the plant with enriched micronutrients. CRLE: ZnO NPs were introduced in the cauliflower crops through seeds and promising results were obtained. Introduction of CRLE: ZnO NPs in Cauliflower seeds developed good growth parameters as compared to bare seeds.
Solid tumor is one of the highly prevalent cancers among humans and the treatment is often restricted by drug resistance to chemotherapeutics. One of the main reasons might attribute to limited penetration ability of drugs through tumor tissues due to heterogeneity within the tumor microenvironment. Over the recent years, so much of research has been carried out in developing phytochemicals as cancer therapeutic agents. These are well-established as potential candidates for preventing and treating cancer, especially solid tumors, but have limited clinical applications due to their large molecular size, low bioavailability, stability, and target specificity, along with other side effects when used at high concentrations. There has been widely proposed nano delivery system of bioactive constituents to overcome these obstacles. This nanostructured system might be able to potentiate the action of plant constituents, by reducing the side effects at a lesser dose with improved efficacy. Indeed, nanosystems can deliver the bioactive constituents at a specific site in the desired concentration and avoid undesired drug exposure to normal tissues. Furthermore, these nanoparticles demonstrate high differential absorption efficiency in the target cells over normal cells by preventing them from interacting prematurely with the biological environment, enhancing the cellular uptake and retention effect in disease tissues, while decreasing the toxicity. This review discusses various treatment stratagems used for the management of solid tumors with special emphasis on nanocarrier systems as a potential treatment strategy for herbal drugs. This also covers a wide list of plants that are used for the treatment of solid tumors and cancers along with their mechanisms of action and enlists various nanocarrier systems used for different phytoconstituents. This review gives a brief idea about different plants and their constituents exploited for their anticancer/antitumor potential along with several nanocarrier systems employed for the same and gives future directions to stress the nanotechnology platform as a valuable approach for the prevention and treatment of solid tumors.
Bioassays provide an authentication of the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. Antibacterial, antioxidant and phenolic content of nine medicinal plants (Achillea millefolium, Prunella vulgaris, P. laciniata, Lythrum salicaria, Epilobium angustifolium, E. hirsutum, Pedicularis comosa, Agrimonia eupatoria and Verbena officinalis) were investigated in connection with folkloric usages. Aerial parts of nine plant species were extracted with water and methanol (MeOH). Disc diffusion method was performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the extracts against ten pathogenic bacteria. Antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical photometric assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were investigated by using Folin-Ciocaltaeu and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric method, respectively. Quantitative analysis of phenolic constituents of nine plants species were performed by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) via chosen ten phenolic standards (gallic acid monohydrate, caffeic acid, rutin hydrate, luteolin-7-O-β-D glucoside, kaempferol, rosmarinic acid, myricetin, quercetin, coumarin and apigenin). E. hirsutum showed the best antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria (S auerus, S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes). L. salicaria also demonstrated strong and broad spectrum antibacterial activity. P. laciniata, L. salicaria and E. angustifolium showed potent antioxidant activity. The highest phenolic and flavonoid content was observed with E. hirsutum and A. millefolium, respectively. L. salicaria also had very high amount of total phenol and flavonoid content. HPLC-DAD analysis displayed that P. laciniata and A. eupatoria were the best sources of rosmarinic acid. Furthermore, V. officinalis and P. vulgaris also had remarkable amount of rutin. This study revealed the scientific rationale behind the traditional knowledge of the tested plants. Consistent with traditional usages, the most prominent plants were L. salicaria, E. hirsutum and E. angustifolium in regard to strong antibacterial and antioxidant potentials. These plants may be proper natural sources with potential applications in pharmaceutical and food industry.
Nature has bestowed humanity through additional resources natural products (NPs) on earth with water. However, NPs have a significant function in the avoidance of disease by boosting health in humans as well as animals. These NPs have been scientifically acknowledged to have a range of biological characteristics like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory actions. Both In vitro and in vivo studies have more recognised the convenience of NPs in different preclinical models of neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, most NPs comprise phytoconstituents, including polyphenolic antioxidants; originate in herbs, fruits, nuts, vegetables as well as also in marine with freshwater flora. These phytoconstituents might actively repress neuro-degeneration and recover memory as like cognitive actions of the brain. Moreover, they are well recognized to participate in an essential position in the prevention like heal of different neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and additional neuronal disorders. In general, the large-scale neuro-pharmacological actions of NPs have been familiar owing to the consequence of also the inhibition of inflammatory processes, or the up-regulation of various cell endurance proteins or a mixture of together. Owing to the shortage of human studies on neuroprotective belongings of NPs, this review highlights a variety of documented actions of NPs in vitro and in vivo preclinical models and their possible neuro-protection applications by the accessible awareness in writing.
The genus Pedicularis L. comprises many medicinal species in Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh, the Northwest Himalayan range. In the present study, male meiotic studies have been carried out in six species of the genus and revealed n=8 chromosome number in all taxa. The chromosome number (n=8) in P. heterodonta and P. punctata are new to the world, while P. oederi reveals the first chromosome report for Indian populations. Besides, a B chromosome and structural heterozygosity were reported for the first time in P. hoffmeisteri and P. pectinata, respectively. Further, meiotic anomalies, like chromatin bridges, interbivalent connections, laggards, un-even gamete formation and reduce pollen viability, were also observed in the studied populations.
An ethanol extract of the dried aerial of Pedicularis densispica Franch (Scrophulariaceae) afforded a new lignan, densispicoside (1), and two new iridoids, densispicnin C and D (14, 15), together with four lignans, (+)-isolarisiresinol 3a-O-β -D-glucopyranoside (2), (-)-pinoresinol-β - D-glucopyranoside (3), syringaresinol mono-β -D-glucopyranoside (4), longifloroside B (5), eight phenylpropanoids, 4-O-β -D-glucopyranosyl-sinapic acid methyl ester (6), 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)- 1,2,3-propantriol (7), citrusin C (8), robustaside B (9), verbascoside (10), martynoside (11), 2ʺ-O-acetylverbascoside (12), cis-martynoside (13), and two iridoid glycosides, shanzhiside methyl ester (16), and 8-epiloganin (17). Their structures were established on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic studies. Bioactivity results indicate that P. densispica shows activity on PAI-1 antithrombus assay in vitro and antifatigue activities in vivo.
The present study aimed to document the use of ethnomedicinal plants by Bodh or Bhotia tribe residing
around Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary, a cold desert protected area in trans Himalayan Region. First-hand
information on traditional knowledge was collected from Amchis (Folk healers) and local
knowledgeable people of age groups that are between 30 and 75 years along with thorough review of
previous studies in Indian Himalayan Region. Informants citations were also recorded for various
ailments for which the species were used by which authenticity of the uses made can be assessed. The
study provides information on the indigenous uses of 69 plant species, which are distributed among 25
families and 54 genera, that is, Angiosperms (24 families, 53 genera and 68 species), Gymnosperms (1
family, 1 genus and 2 species). Out of the total plants, 65 were herbs and four were shrubs.
Key words: Cold desert, ethnomedicinal, medicinal plants, traditional knowledge, Indian Himalaya.
Diabetes is a chronic endocrine disease with global prevalence and rising incidence. Diabetes represents a major health issue in all age groups in the present times owing to its multisystem involvement and serious complications. Despite drug development and therapeutic interventions, successful treatment of diabetes still remains a challenge and worldwide research is focused on these aspects. Conventional antidiabetic medicines include injectable insulins, sulfonylureas, biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors and glinides. New class include inhalable insulins, incretin mimetics, amylin analogues, gastric inhibitory polypeptide analogues, peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. From effectiveness of synthetic drugs, chemicals or hormones to issues of cost, availability and side effects, novelty in preparations to methods of administration, all fields are explored for better management of the disease. Medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential have been recent areas of research. Asteraceae, Araliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Lamiaceae, Leguminoseae, Liliaceae, Moraceae and Rosaceae are the major antidiabetic plant families. The most active plants are Allium sativum, Gymnema sylvestre, Citrullus colocynthis, Trigonella foenum greacum, Momordica charantia and Ficus bengalensis. Their phytoconstituents have shown promising results in diabetes management; but need to be properly evaluated at molecular, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological levels for various prophylactic and therapeutic attributes, mechanisms of action, efficacy and safety before application in diabetes. The common phytoconstituents include polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins etc. Exploration of novel targets like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) for antidiabetic drugs and medicinal plants with emphasis on site specific effectiveness and overcoming problems of resistance, side effects, prolonged usage and high cost, are being investigated for future research.
Flavonoids have demonstrated in vivo and in vitro leishmanicidal, trypanocidal, antioxidant, and prooxidant properties. The chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis lacks efficacy, presents high toxicity, and is related to the development of drug resistance. Thus, a series of 40 flavonoids were investigated with the purpose of correlating these properties via structure and activity analyses based on integrated networks and QSAR models. The classical groups for the antioxidant activity of flavonoids were combined in order to explain the influence of antioxidant and prooxidant activities on the antiparasitic properties. These analyses become useful for the development of efficient treatments for leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. Finally, the dual activity of flavonoids presenting both anti- and prooxidant activities revealed that the existence of a balance between these two features could be important to the development of adequate therapeutic strategies.
Cultivated blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium darrowii, and Vaccinium virgatum) is an economically important fruit crop native to North America and a member of the Ericaceae family. Several species in the Ericaceae family including cranberry, lignonberry, bilberry, and neotropical blueberry species have been shown to produce iridoids, a class of pharmacologically important compounds present in over 15 plant families demonstrated to have a wide range of biological activities in humans including anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory. While the antioxidant capacity of cultivated blueberry has been well studied, surveys of iridoid production in blueberry have been restricted to fruit of a very limited number of accessions of V. corymbosum, V. angustifolium and V. virgatum; none of these analyses have detected iridoids. To provide a broader survey of iridoid biosynthesis in cultivated blueberry, we constructed a panel of 84 accessions representing a wide range of cultivated market classes, as well as wild blueberry species, and surveyed these for the presence of iridoids. We identified the iridoid glycoside monotropein in fruits and leaves of all 13 wild Vaccinium species, yet only five of the 71 cultivars. Monotropein positive cultivars all had recent introgressions from wild species, suggesting that iridoid production can be targeted through breeding efforts that incorporate wild germplasm. A series of diverse developmental tissues was also surveyed in the diversity panel, demonstrating a wide range in iridoid content across tissues. Taken together, this data provides the foundation to dissect the molecular and genetic basis of iridoid production in blueberry.
Background:
Most researches were focused on chemical constituents and bioactivities of Pedicularis. However, there were a few reports on simultaneous determination of the series phenylpropanoids compounds in Pedicularis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Objective:
To establish an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of salidroside, verbascoside, iso-verbascoside, leucoseptoside A, jionoside D and martynoside in Pedicularis densispica (PD), and to assess the enhancing exercise ability of effective fractions of phenylpropanoids (EFP).
Materials and methods:
The separation was performed on C18 column with step-wise gradient elution with water (A)-methanol (B) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with detection wavelength at 275 nm (0-4 min) and 330 nm (4-40 min). The EFP were obtained from extracts of PD by resin gradient dilution. The enhancing exercise ability of EFP was exerted in exhaustive swimming and anoxia endurance tests in vivo.
Results:
The contents of six marker compounds had good linear relationship in the ranges of 2.10-8.40, 13.60-54.40, 0.93-3.72, 0.53-2.12, 1.50-6.00, 0.37-1.28, respectively, and the average recoveries of the six phenylpropanoids were all in the range of 98-103%. Total contents of phenylpropanoids in EFP were more than 60%. Three medicine groups of exhaustive swimming and anoxia endurance time were higher than those of the water group.
Conclusion:
The analytical method is reliable, simple and accurate, and can be used for the comprehensive quality control of PD. This experiment suggests that PD has the effect of promoting the recovery and elimination of fatigue and improving the exercise capacity.
Summary:
A simple, practical and low-cost RP-HPLC method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of six marker phenylpropanoids in Pedicularis densispica.Three effective fractions of phenylpropanoids groups of exhaustive swimming and anoxia endurance time were higher than those of the water group.The separation was performed on C18 column with stepwise gradient elution with water-methanol. The enhancing exercise ability was exerted in exhaustive swimming and anoxia endurance tests in vivo.This plant has the effect of promoting the recovery and elimination of fatigue and improving the exercise capacity. Abbreviation used: PD: Pedicularis densispica, EFP: Effective fractions of phenylpropanoids, DAD: Diode array detector, HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography, LOD: Limits of detection, LOQ: Limits of quantification, RSD: Relative standard deviation, BV: Bed volumes.
To systematically study the chemical constituents in Magnolia officinalis var. biloba fruits, nine phenylethanoid glycosides were isolated by solvent extraction, silica gel, and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analyses, including COSY, HMQC and HMBC correlations, and HPLC analysis of sugar residue. Nine phenylethanoid glycosides, namely, magnoloside Ia (1), magnoloside Ic (2), crassifolioside (3), magnoloside Ib (4), magnoloside IIIa (5), magnoloside IVa (6), magnoloside IIa (7), magnoloside IIb (8) and magnoloside Va (9), were first isolated from the n-butanol fraction of Magnolia officinalis var. biloba fruits alcohol extract. Free radical scavenging activities of the nine phenylethanoid glycosides were assessed using the DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. Simultaneously, protective effects of all compounds against free radical-induced oxidative damage were evaluated by two different kinds of mitochondrial damage model. The protective effects were assessed by mitochondrial swelling, the formations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). All phenylethanoid glycosides showed significant protective effects.
The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the dried aerial parts of Pedicularis condensata was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Thirty-eight components have been identified in the essential oil of P. condensata. The major compounds of the essential oil were pentacosane (21.28%), hexadecanoic acid (18.48%) and tricosane (13.70%). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was also investigated and it showed moderate antimicrobial and antifungal activites aganist twelve gram negative bacteria and five fungi. The amount of total phenolic and DPPH reducing activity quantified essential oil in P. condensata were found as 198.28 GGA/L and 10.90 % respectively.
Keywords:
Pedicularis condensata; Essential oil; GC-FID; GC-MS; Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity; Pentacosane
DOI: 10.17350/HJSE19030000039
Full Text:
In this paper, the biosynthesis process of phenolic compounds in plants is summarized, which include the shikimate, pentose phosphate and phenylpropanoid pathways. Plant phenolic compounds can act as antioxidants, structural polymers (lignin), attractants (flavonoids and carotenoids), UV screens (flavonoids), signal compounds (salicylic acid and flavonoids) and defense response chemicals (tannins and phytoalexins). From a human physiological standpoint, phenolic compounds are vital in defense responses, such as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. Therefore, it is beneficial to eat such plant foods that have a high antioxidant compound content, which will cut down the incidence of certain chronic diseases, for instance diabetes, cancers and cardiovascular diseases, through the management of oxidative stress. Furthermore, berries and other fruits with low-amylase and high-glucosidase inhibitory activities could be regarded as candidate food items in the control of the early stages of hyperglycemia associated with type 2 diabetes.
One new ionone glycoside, pedicurexoside (1), one new flavonoid, 5, 4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone-7-O-6 ''-n-butyryl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), two new iridoid glycosides, 6-O-ethyl-aucubin (7), 6-O-ethyl-epiaucubin (8), and one new phenylpropanoid glycoside, 4-hydroxy-phenylpropenyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -> 3)-4-O- feruloyl-beta-D-glueopyranoside (13), together with eleven known compounds, apigenin (3), lutcolin (4), chrysoeriol (5), luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), aucubin (9), yuhemoside (10), euphroside (11), mussaenoside (12), verbascoside (14), martynoside (15) and isomartynoside (16), were isolated from Pedicularis rex. The structures of 1 - 16 were elucidated mainly by ID and 2D NMR techniques, NIS evidence and chemical methods. The ionone derivative with thirteen carbon atoms.was found in Pedicularis plants for the first time.
This study demonstrated the antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Pedicularis longiflora Rudolph, a Himalayan wild herb, in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Methodology: Seven groups of wistar rats (n=6) were divided into healthy control (I) and diabetic control (II) groups, both without any treatment, test groups (III, IV, V) treated with varying concentration of ethanolic extract of Pedicularis longiflora and standard groups treated with N-acetyl cysteine as standard antioxidant (VI) and glibenclamide as standard antidiabetic drug (VII). Diabetic biomarkers and oxidative stress indices were evaluated on day 0, 7 and 14 of treatment. Results: Glucose, glycated haemoglobin (GHb) and fructosamine showed a decrease of 23.08%, 33.85%, 43.46% respectively in group IV than group III (15.06%, 46.13%, 23.95%) and group V (15.99%, 27.77%, 24.84%) whereas insulin showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in group IV (15.43%) than group III (16.82%) and group V (5.12%) on day 14 of treatment. Concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was increased (p < 0.05) whereas levels of lipid peroxide (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) were decreased (p < 0.05) in test groups on day 14 of treatment compared to diabetic control group. Liver homogenate showed lower levels (p < 0.05) of LPO and NO whereas pancreatic homogenate showed higher levels (p < 0.05) of GSH and lower levels (p < 0.05) of LPO in test groups. Conclusion: These findings can be attributed to antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of P. longiflora Rudolph however group IV (500 mg/kg BW) showing better response indicating its safe use as natural medicine.
The pharmacological evaluation demonstrated that the extracts from the stem of
S. brachyanthera
could significantly increase the outputs of urine of rats compared to those of furosemide treated group, and the effect could last for a longer period of time. The best effect appeared in the first two hours, which scientifically confirmed the diuretic effect of the plant. The comparative pharmacognosy study showed that the characters of the crude drugs of the stem of
S. brachyanthera
were similar to those of
Akebia caulis
. Further systemic work on its chemical constituents by chromatographic methods and NMR elucidations led to the isolation of 10 triterpenoids, 6 flavonoids, 4 lignanoids, and 3 phenylethanoid glycosides, whose structural types were much similar to those of
A. quinata
. Among them, 7 compounds were firstly reported in the genus of
Stauntonia
and calceolarioside B was the common characteristic constituent in both plants. From the similar pharmacognosy characters, pharmacological effects, and chemical constituents, it could be concluded that
S. brachyanthera
have a great possibility to be a succedaneum of
Akebia caulis
, whose supply is extremely short in recent years.
Background:
Natural food products have been used for combating human diseases for thousands of years. Naturally occurring flavonoids including flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavonols, isoflavones and anthocyanidins have been proposed as effective supplements for management and prevention of diabetes and its long-term complications based on in vitro and animal models.
Aim:
To summarize the roles of dietary flavonoids in diabetes management and their molecular mechanisms.
Findings:
Tremendous studies have found that flavonoids originated from foods could improve glucose metabolism, lipid profile, regulating the hormones and enzymes in human body, further protecting human being from diseases like obesity, diabetes and their complications.
Conclusion:
In the current review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the biological action, mechanism and therapeutic potential of the dietary flavonoids and its subsequent clinical outcomes in the field of drug discovery in management of diabetes mellitus.
Premise of the study:
Microsatellite primers were developed for Pedicularis ishidoyana (Orobanchaceae), an endangered and hemiparasitic plant that is narrowly endemic to Korea. Because its populations are threatened by loss of suitable habitat, conservation efforts are required.
Methods and results:
We developed polymorphic microsatellite loci through reference mapping of 300-bp paired-end reads obtained from Illumina MiSeq data. In all, 74 primer pairs were designed and 32 were amplified. Of these, 18 pairs were polymorphic, with two to six alleles each occurring in 26 individual plants. Expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.142 to 0.703 and from 0.077 to 0.615, respectively.
Conclusions:
These microsatellite markers are expected to be useful for studies of the population genetics of P. ishidoyana.
The methanol extracts obtained from endemic Scrophulariaceae members Verbascum vacillons Murb. and Scrophularia depauperata Boiss. have been investigated for their antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity was determined with Escherichia coli ATCC 11230, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Klebsiella pneumoniae UC 57, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Micrococcus luteus CCM 169, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403, Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 32308 and Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608 by disk diffusion method. While the extract of V. vacillans has strong antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria and yeast cultures, the other plant has weak activity against the test microorganisms used in this study.
Immunomodulation is the alteration of immune response which may increase or decrease the immune responsiveness. Medicinal plants, since times immemorial, have been used virtually in all cultures as a source of medicine for altering the immune systems. Several medicinal plants have been investigated for immunomodulatory potentials and they are proved to have beneficial effect on alteration of immune system by diverse mechanisms in animals. The present review will provide an up to date knowledge about the medicinal plants used as immunomodulators and their phytoconstituents. This article highlights on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, therapeutic usage and related aspects of 55 medicinal plants, such as Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica, Boerhaavia diffusa, Boswellia serrata, Curcuma longa, Centella asiatica, Carica papaya, Datura quercifolia, Emblica officinalis, Hydrastis Canadensis, Hypericum perforatum, Ocimum sanctum, Panax ginseng, Plantago major, Plantago asiatica, Piper longum, Tinospora cordifolia, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Withania somnifera, etc. which have been investigated for their immunomodulatory potentials, and they are proved to acquire beneficial effect on alteration of immune system by diverse mechanisms. Thus an approach for integration of the available information on several species of medicinal plants used as immunomodulators along with the metabolites responsible for the same has been made in this article.
Herbal plants, plant preparations and phytoconstituents have proved useful in attenuating infectious conditions and were the only remedies available, till the advent of antibiotics (many being of plant origin themselves). Among infectious diseases, viral diseases in particular, remain the leading cause of death in humans globally. A variety of phytoconstituents derived from medicinal herbs have been extensively studied for antiviral activity. Based on this rationale, an online search was performed, which helped to identify a large number of plant species harboring antiviral molecules. These herbal sources have been reported individually or in combinations across a large number of citations studied. Activities against rabies virus, Human immunodeficiency virus, Chandipura virus, Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Enterovirus, Influenza A/H1N1 and other influenza viruses were discovered during the literature search. This review includes all such plant species exhibiting antiviral properties. The review also encompasses composition and methodologies of preparing various antiviral formulations around the globe. An elaborate section on the formulations filed for patent registration, along with non-patented formulations, has also been included in this article. To conclude, herbal sources provide researchers enormous scope to explore and bring out viable alternatives against viral diseases, considering non-availability of suitable drug candidates and increasing resistance to existing drug molecules for many emerging and re-emerging viral diseases.
Phytogenic feed additives are used in animal feeding to improve livestock performance. The aim of this study was to determine whether a dietary plant extract from Lippia citriodora, standardized for verbascoside, can modify various immunological, oxidative, and biochemical serum parameters in weaned piglets. A total of 144 piglets, half female and half barrows (7.99 ± 1.40 kg BW), were allocated to three dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment (pens of 8 piglets each). Piglets were supplemented with the following levels of plant extract standardized for verbascoside: 0 (CON = control group), 5 (LV = low verbascoside group), or 10 (HV = high verbascoside group) mg/kg of diet for 56 days. Body weight (BW) and feed consumption were recorded at days 0 and 56 to determine the average daily gain and gain : feed. Twelve piglets from each treatment were randomly selected, and blood was collected by anterior vena cava puncture on days 0, 14, and 56 for glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, and oxidative status, and on days 0 and 56 for IgG and IgA concentrations. The HV group grew more (P < 0.05) than the CON and LV groups. No significant differences were observed for any of the biochemical parameters between the groups; urea, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly over time. Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) showed significant time, time × treatment, and treatment effects (P < 0.001). Both serum Igs increased (P < 0.005, P < 0.001 for IgG and IgA respectively) over time in all groups; treatment (P < 0.05), and time × treatment (P = 0.056) effects were found for serum IgA concentration. The Lippia citriodora verbascoside positively influenced antioxidant status and IgA content with a tendential effect on growth performance.
The phagocyte–microbe interactions in the immune system is a defense mechanism but when excessively or inappropriately deployed can harm host tissues and participate in the development of different non-immune and immune chronic inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune problems, allergies, some rheumatoid disorders, cancers and others. Immunodrugs include organic synthetics, biological agents such as cytokines and antibodies acting on single targets or pathways have been used to treat immune-related diseases but with limited success. Most of immunostimulants and immunosuppressants in clinical use are the cytotoxic drugs which possess serious side effects. There is a growing interest to use herbal medicines as multi-component agents to modulate the complex immune system in the prevention of infections rather than treating the immune-related diseases. Many therapeutic effects of plant extracts have been suggested to be due to their wide array of immunomodulatory effects and influence on the immune system of the human body. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, polysaccharides, lactones, alkaloids, diterpenoids and glycosides, present in several plants, have been reported to be responsible for the plants immunomodulating properties. Thus the search for natural products of plant origin as new leads for development of potent and safe immunosuppressant and immunostimulant agents is gaining much major research interest. The present review will give an overview of widely investigated plant-derived compounds (curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechol-3-gallate, quercetin, colchicine, capsaicin, andrographolide, and genistein) which have exhibited potent effects on cellular and humoral immune functions in pre-clinical investigations and will highlight their clinical potential.
Background
Striking interspecific variations in floral traits of the large temperate genus Pedicularis have given rise to controversies concerning infra-generic classifications. To date, phylogenetic relationships within the genus have not been well resolved. The main goal of this study is to construct a backbone phylogeny of Pedicularis, with extensive sampling of species from the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains. Phylogenetic analyses included 257 species, representing all 13 informal groups and 104 out of 130 series in the classification system of Tsoong, using sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and three plastid regions (matK, rbcL and trnL-F). Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods were applied in separate and combined analyses of these datasets.
Results
Thirteen major clades are resolved with strong support, although the backbone of the tree is poorly resolved. There is little consensus between the phylogenetic tree and Tsoong’s classification of Pedicularis. Only two of the 13 groups (15.4%), and 19 of the 56 series (33.9%) with more than one sampled species were found to be strictly monophyletic. Most opposite-/whorled-leaved species fall into a single clade, i.e. clade 1, while alternate leaves species occur in the remaining 12 clades. Excluding the widespread P. verticillata in clade 1, species from Europe and North America fall into clades 6-8.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that combinations of morphological and geographic characters associated with strongly supported clades are needed to elucidate a comprehensive global phylogeny of Pedicularis. Alternate leaves are inferred to be plesiomorphic in Pedicularis, with multiple transitions to opposite/whorled phyllotaxy. Alternate-leaved species show high diversity in plant habit and floral forms. In the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, geographical barriers may have facilitated diversification of species with long corolla tubes, and the reproductive advantages of beakless galeas in opposite-/whorled-leaved species may boost speciation at high altitude.
Optimized nutrition through supplementation of diet with plant derived phytochemicals has attracted significant attention to prevent the onset of many chronic diseases including cardiovascular impairments, cancer, and metabolic disorder. These phytonutrients alone or in combination with others are believed to impart beneficial effects and play pivotal role in metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, glucose intolerance, systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Epidemiological and preclinical studies demonstrated that fruits, vegetables, and beverages rich in carotenoids, isoflavones, phytoestrogens, and phytosterols delay the onset of atherosclerosis or act as a chemoprotective agent by interacting with the underlying pathomechanisms. Phytochemicals exert their beneficial effects either by reducing the circulating levels of cholesterol or by inhibiting lipid oxidation, while others exhibit anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet activities. Additionally, they reduce neointimal thickening by inhibiting proliferation of smooth muscle cells and also improve endothelium dependent vasorelaxation by modulating bioavailability of nitric-oxide and voltage-gated ion channels. However, detailed and profound knowledge on specific molecular targets of each phytochemical is very important to ensure safe use of these active compounds as a therapeutic agent. Thus, this paper reviews the active antioxidative, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, or antiangiogenesis role of various phytochemicals for prevention of chronic diseases.
Saxifraga umbellulata grows mainly in high, cold areas such as southwest of China and Qinghai and Gansu Provinces [1]. S. umbellulata is an important herbal medicine, which has been used as a traditional folk medicine for the treatment of hepatitis, cholecystitis, infuenza, fever, sore, and so on [2]. As part of our continuous research on S. umbellulata, five compounds were isolated from S. umbellulata for the first time.The air-dried whole plants of S. umbellulata were bought from Kumbum Monastery Tibetan Hospital in Qinghai Province of China in October of 2009 and was identified by Prof. Guo-Liang Zhang, Lanzhou University. The powdered S. umbellulata (3.0 kg) was extracted by ethanol refluxing (12 L × 2, 2 h for the first time, 1 h for the second time). The EtOH extract was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue (320 g), which was sequentially partitioned with PE (90-100°C) (0.5 L × 4), EtOAc (0.5 L × 4), and n-BuOH (0.5 L × 4). The EtOAc fraction (45 g) was chromatog ...
The paper highlights the Phyto-diversity and indigenous uses an ecosystem existing in Lahaul Valley of tribal district of Lahaul and Spiti in Himacjhal Pradesh, India. This is one of the most preferred tourist spot especially for foreigners. The cold desert area of India is known for its specific topography, sense climate and unique vegetation. The valley is rich in high value medicinal wealth and local inhabitants (Buddhist) practice the Tebetan Amchi System of Medicine. Keeping in view the continuous pressure on nature, this paper reflects the Phyto-diversity of Valley, with reference to medicinal and aromatic plants and conserva-tion mechanisms to protect the valuable wealth of the valley and also suggests effective ecotourisim planning of the study area.
Diabetes is a metabolic disease with the characteristic of high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). In our previous study, we found that nigelladines A-C (compounds A-C), three norditerpenoid alkaloids from the seeds of Nigella glandulifera Freyn (Ranunculaceae) exhibited protein of tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity in vitro. In the present study, we further investigated their anti-diabetes activities in L6 moytubes and illuminated the mechanisms of action of compounds A-C. Several parameters of glucose metabolism such as glucose consumption, glycogen content and hexokinase activity were increased by compounds A-C. The results suggested that compounds A-C improved glucose metabolism through promoting synthesis of glycogen. Expression of PTP1B protein was inhibited by compounds A-C in L6 moytubes. PI3K-dependent Akt phosphorylation was found to be activated by compounds A-C and completely blocked by wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor). Moreover, the insulin-mediated induction of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) were also suppressed by wortmannin. Western blot results indicated that compounds A-C-induced IRS-1/Akt activation was likely a consequence of PTP1B inhibition. Compounds A-C promoted glycogen synthesis through Akt-mediated GSK3 phosphorylation. Therefore, activation of PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway and suppression of PTP1B is the molecular mechanism that contributes to the anti-diabetic effect of compounds A-C in cellular models. The three alkaloids potentially serve as lead compounds for the development of antidiabetic drugs.
Background and aims:
Cardiovascular benefits of fruits are attributed mainly to their (poly)phenolic constituents, especially anthocyanins. The main aim of our study is to compare effects of iridoids and anthocyanins from one fruit on diet-induced atherosclerosis. The cornelian cherry is a native or cultivated plant that grows in many European countries, used in cuisine and folk medicine. In our previous study, we showed its constituents and proved that oral administration of lyophilized fruits to hypercholesterolemic rabbits had preventive effects on atherosclerosis through the activation of PPARα expression. In this study, we have compared the effects of the main constituents of the cornelian cherry:iridoid loganic acid and anthocyanins.
Methods:
Our experiment followed the model used in our previous study, in which rabbits were fed 1% cholesterol.
Results:
We showed that both loganic acid (20 mg/kg b.w.) and a mixture of anthocyanins (10 mg/kg b.w.) administered orally for 60 days had a positive impact on dyslipidemia caused by cholesterol-rich diet, although the effects of anthocyanins were more pronounced. Anthocyanins decreased total and LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and increased HDL-cholesterol. Loganic acid showed similar effects, but only the triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol changes achieved statistical significance. Anthocyanins, and to a lesser extent loganic acid, significantly decreased intima thickness and intima/media ratio in the thoracic aorta. Both substances decrease ox-LDL in the plasma. Anthocyanins significantly increased expression of PPARγ and α in the liver. Loganic acid also increased their expression, but to a lesser extent. Conversely, loganic acid showed pronounced anti-inflammatory effects, decreasing TNF-α and IL-6 activity.
Conclusions:
Our results imply that both substances have a positive effect on factors contributing to the development of diet-induced atherosclerosis. Our results also indicate the potential health benefits of fruits containing anthocyanins and iridoids, and support the idea of creating composed phytopharmaceuticals containing both groups of substances.
The aim of this review, a summary of the putative biological actions of flavonoids, was to obtain a further understanding of the reported beneficial health effects of these substances. Flavonoids occur naturally in fruit, vegetables, and beverages such as tea and wine. Research in the field of flavonoids has increased since the discovery of the French paradox,ie, the low cardiovascular mortality rate observed in Mediterranean populations in association with red wine consumption and a high saturated fat intake. Several other potential beneficial properties of flavonoids have since been ascertained. We review the different groups of known flavonoids, the probable mechanisms by which they act, and the potential clinical applications of these fascinating natural substances.
A new neolignan glycoside named armaoside (1) was isolated from the whole plant of Pedicularis armata Maxim. Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Antibacterial assay showed that it has moderately antibacterial activities against Eschecichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.
We compared the respective metabolite patterns of two Pedicularis species from Dolomites. Seven phenylethanoid glycosides, i.e., verbascoside (1), echinacoside (2), angoroside A (3), cistantubuloside B1 (4), wiedemannioside C (5), campneoside II (11) and cistantubuloside C1 (12), together with several iridoid glucosides as aucubin (6), euphroside (7), monomelittoside (8), mussaenosidic acid (9) and 8-epiloganic acid (13) were identified. Pedicularis verticillata showed also the presence of greatly unexpected secoiridoids, ligustroside (14) and excelside B (15), very rare compounds in Lamiales. Both PhGs and iridoids are considered of taxonomical relevance in the Asteridae and their occurrence in Pedicularis was discussed. In particular, the exclusive presence of several compounds such as 8-epiloganic acid (13), campneoside II (11), cistantubuloside C1 (12), ligustroside (14) and excelside B (15) in Pedicularis rostratocapitata, and angoroside A (3), cistantubuloside B1 (4) and wiedemannioside C (5) in P. verticillata could be considered specific markers for the two botanical entities.
Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia causes oxidative stress, neuronal degeneration and apoptosis that leads to memory impairment. Though oxidative stress contributes to neuronal degeneration and apoptosis in hypobaric hypoxia, the ability for phenylethanoid glycosides of Pedicularis muscicola Maxim (PhGs) to reverse high altitude memory impairment has not been studied. Rats were supplemented with PhGs orally for a week. After the fourth day of drug administration, rats were exposed to a 7500 m altitude simulation in a specially designed animal decompression chamber for 3 days. Spatial memory was assessed by the 8-arm radial maze test before and after exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. Histological assessment of neuronal degeneration was performed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Changes in oxidative stress markers and changes in the expression of the apoptotic marker, caspase-3, were assessed in the hippocampus. Our results demonstrated that after exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, PhGs ameliorated high altitude memory impairment, as shown by the decreased values obtained for reference memory error (RME), working memory error (WME), and total error (TE). Meanwhile, administration of PhGs decreased hippocampal reactive oxygen species levels and consequent lipid peroxidation by elevating reduced glutathione levels and enhancing the free radical scavenging enzyme system. There was also a decrease in the number of pyknotic neurons and a reduction in caspase-3 expression in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that PhGs may be used therapeutically to ameliorate high altitude memory impairment.
Objective: To study the phenylpropanoid constituents from the whole plants of Pedicularis dichotoma and the anti-fatigue activities in vivo. Methods: The n-BuOH fraction of 95% ethanol extract from P. dichotoma was separated and purified by silica gel, re-phase and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The structures of the compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and various spectroscopic methods. The compounds were tested on anti-fatigue activity using mice in swimming model. Results: Twelve phenylpropanoid compounds were isolated and purified. Their structures were identified as verbascoside (1), isoverbascoside (2), leucoseptoside A (3), jionoside D (4), martynoside (5), isomartynoside (6), cis-martynoside (7), citrusin C (8), robustaside B (9), darendoside B (10), zizybeoside I (11), and salidroside (12). Verbascoside could obviously prolong the swimming time of mice. Conclusion: Compounds 1-12 are obtained from the plant for the first time, and compound 11 is reported from the plants of Pedicularis Linn. for the first time. Phenylpropanoids show obvious anti-fatigue activities.
The paper deals with 57 plants species belonging to 24 families used in the treatment of stomach disorders by the Boto (the Buddhists) tribal community of Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir state. Plants parts used in the treatment of stomach disorders along with methods of preparation, dose of administration and duration of treatment is described. The traditional practitioners are called Amchis in Ladakh and the traditional medical system is principally based on Tibetan System of Medicine. The local people of the region still rely on traditional systems of medicine for curing stomach disorders and more than 60% tribal population is dependant on herbal remedies.
Using the MTT colorimetric assay, we studied antitumour effects of 6 phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPG) from Pedicularis on three different tumour cell lines. The antitumour effects of 6 PPG were related to their chemical structure. Their antitumour effects ranked as isoverbascoside, verbascoside, echinacoside, pedicularioside A > cistanoside D > permethyl verbascoside. It was shown that the more number of phenolic hydroxyl groups, the stronger PPG's antitumour effects. The phenolic hydroxyl groups were methoxylated, and PPG couldn't inhibit the growth of tumour cells.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate possible preventive effects of salidroside (sal) on a rat model of Alzheimer's disease and to explore its possible mechanism. Sub-acute aging was induced in male SD rats by subcutaneous injection of D-gal (120mg/kg) for 42 days, and the rats were treated with sal (20, 40mg/kg) or normal saline for 28 days after 14 days of D-gal injection. Morris water maze (MWM) test and step-down passive avoidance test were conducted to evaluate the cognitive function of the rats. The levels of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in hippocampus were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of sal. Further, we estimated the expression levels of thioredoxin (Trx), thioredoxin interacting protein (Txnip/vitamin D3 up-regulated protein/thioredoxin binding protein-2), Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-9 and related-proteins of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB) signaling pathway by western blot assay. It showed that administration of sal significantly attenuated all the D-gal-induced changes in the hippocampus, including cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation. These analytical results provides evidence that sal can improve cognitive capacity by inhibiting neuroinflammation and affecting apoptosis-related proteins in hippocampus.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Introduction:
A detailed study of reports on the immunomodulatory properties of vitamin A and select flavonoids may pave the way for using these natural compounds or compounds with similar structures in novel drug and vaccine designs against infectious and autoimmune diseases and cancers. Areas covered: Intracellular transduction pathways, cellular differentiation and functional immunomodulatory responses have been reviewed. The reported studies encompass in vitro, in vivo preclinical and clinical studies that address the role of vitamin A and select flavonoids in induction of innate and adaptive B- and T-cell responses, including TH1, TH2 and regulatory T cells (Treg). Expert opinion: While the immunomodulatory role of vitamin A, and related compounds, is well-established in many preclinical studies, its role in humans has begun to gain wider acceptance. In contrast, the role of flavonoids is mostly controversial in clinical trials, due to the diversity of the various classes of these compounds, and possibly due to the purity and the selected doses of the compounds. However, current preclinical and clinical studies warrant further detailed studies of these promising immunomodulatory compounds.
The study, carried out in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya, concerns the medicinal herbs used in home remedies by Amchis and local inhabitants. One-hundred-twenty-eight plant species belonging to 45 families are used for treating various illnesses. The information on correct botanical identity, family, local name, plant part used, uses, method of preparation of drugs and dosages are appended with each plant.
The present study was performed to investigate antioxidant activities of Korean edible wild extracts. In water and methanol extracts of edible wild plants, total polyphenol content of water and methanol extracts ranged 4.6~183.8 and 8.2~270.1 mg/g, respectively. Radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals was observed to be high in Lysimachia barystachys, Aceriphyllum rossii, Securinega suffruticosa, Sedum kamtschaticum, and Pedicularis resupinata. Pedicularis resupinata, Securinega suffruticosa, Patrinia villosa, and Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica showed effective SOD-like activity. There was significant correlation between polyphenol content and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and SOD-like activity. Plant extracts such as Pedicularis resupinata, Securinega suffruticosa, Rhapontica uniflora, Lysimachia barystachys, and Aceriphyllum rossii had higher polyphenol content, radical scavenging, and SOD-like activity. These results indicate that Korean edible wild plants may be useful as potential antioxidant sources for improving human antioxidant defense system.
In this study, we report the first phytochemical analysis of polar fraction of Pedicularis kerneri Dalla Torre growing in Dolomites, Italy. Several iridoid glucosides were isolated, namely aucubin (1), monomelittoside (2), plantarenaloside (3), euphroside (4), mussaenosidic acid (5) and 8-epiloganic acid (6), showing a composition in accordance with previous study on this genus. The studied samples, collected from Dolomites, presented a chemotype already recognised in species from North America, characterised by euphroside (4) and aucubin (1) as main components, but the main character was the presence of monomelittoside (2) never reported in this genus. The identification of verbascoside (7), leucosceptoside A (9) and echinacoside (10) complete the systematic framing of this species since is ascertained the co-occurrence of phenylethanoid glycosides with iridoids in Lamiales species.
A pharmacological classification of various neuroprotective agents is shown in Table 2.1. Approximately 80 categories are listed and include examples of over 400 neuroprotective agents. These approaches have been tested in animal experiments and clinical trials but some of the trials have not been successful. A few of the agents that are approved for non-neurological disorders have been used empirically as neuroprotectives in clinical practice. Some of these products will be described briefly in the following text.
Gentiana algida Pall. is one species of the genus Gentiana. In China it is a little-investigated medicinal plant that grows mainly in high cold areas such as Tibet, Sichuan, XinJiang, the south of Qinghai, and Jilin (Chang Baishan) Province [1]. In our continuing investigation of the phytochemical constituents of Gentiana algida [2, 3], we isolated six triterpenoids 1-6 from Gentiana algida Pall. These compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.The dried powder of plants (4.5 kg) of G. algida Pall. was soaked in ethanol at room temperature (20 L × 3, each extraction lasting 7 days). The combined extracts were evaporated under reduced pressure to yield a residue (798 g). The residue was suspended in water and partitioned with petroleum ether (PE) (90-100°C), EtOAc, and n-BuOH to yield the PE fraction (53 g), EtOAc fraction (100g), and n-BuOH fraction (238 g) after concentrating and drying. The EtOAc fraction was chromatographed on a silica gel column (6.5 × 150 cm) elute ...
Several phenylethanoid glycoside derivatives were designed and synthesized. Most of the synthetic compounds showed significant neuroprotective effects, including antioxidative and anti-apoptotic properties. Specifically, target compounds displayed potent effects against various toxicities such as H2O2 and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in PC12 cells. Among the synthetic derivatives, three compounds (5, 6, 8) exhibited much superior activities to the marketed drug Edaravone. The compounds were able to prevent the 6-OHDA-induced damage in PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The anti-apoptotic effects could be observed via cell morphological changes. Moreover, the compounds significantly reduced the intracellular ROS increase resulting from 6-OHDA treatment. The preliminary structure-activity relationships were also explored. Compounds 5, 6, 8 may hold the potential as promising neuroprotective agents and new lead compounds for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or cerebral ischemia.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
The composition of the essential oil obtained from the dried flowering aerial parts of Pedicularis sibthorpii Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae) was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Forty components have been identified in the essential oil of P. sibthorpii. The major compounds of the essential oil were eremoligenol (16.8 %), 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (8.6 %) and (E)-β-Damascenone (7.8 %).