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Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition
“GIS ODYSSEY 2017”
Conference proceedings (GIS Odyssey.CD-ROM)
4th to 8th of September 2017, Trento - Vattaro, Italy
Scientific Committee:
Prof. Elżbieta Bielecka, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Prof. dr Vlado Dadić, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
Prof. dr Karol Noga, Rzeszów School of Engineering and Economics, Poland
Prof. dr Piotr Parzych, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
Prof. dr Bonawentura Maciej Pawlicki, Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Prof. dr Oimahmad Rahmonov, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
Prof. dr Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Prof. dr Hrvoje Stančić, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Humanities, Zagreb, Croatia
Prof. dr. Ana Stoeva, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Sofia, Bulgaria
Prof. dr Grażyna Szpor, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
Dr Marco Vizzari, University of Perugia, Italy
Doc. Dr Peter Blišťan, Technical University of Košice, Slovakia
Doc. Dr Zvonko Gržetić, Scientific Centre of Law & Informatics, Warsaw, Poland
Doc. Dr Pavlo Kolody, Agricultural Academy in Dublany, Ukraine
Dr Agnieszka Dawidowicz, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Dr Ryszard Florek-Paszkowski, Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Dr Anita Kwartnik-Pruc, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
Organising Committee:
Chairman: Davorin Kereković, Prof.
Vice-Chairman: Prof. dr Piotr Parzych
Secretaries: Dr Tomasz Adamczyk, Dr Agnieszka Bieda
Members: Dr Jarosław Bydłosz, Prof. dr Małgorzata Chomicz, Dr Małgorzata Gajos-Gržetić,
Dr Anna Kowalczyk, Dr Sebastian Stach, Dr Agnieszka Zwirowicz-Rutkowska
The papers published in the Conference Proceedings GIS Odyssey 2017 have been given
a favorable opinion by the Reviewers designated by the Scientific Committee.
Published by:
Croatian Information Technology Society – GIS Forum
10 000 Zagreb, Ilica 191e, Croatia
Publication & Conference responsible person: Davorin Kereković, Secretary
Editors:
Dr Tomasz Adamczyk, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
Dr Ewa Dębińska, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
© Copyright
Information Technology Society – GIS Forum, Croatia
All rights reserved
International standard serial number:
ISSN 2459-7627 Nacionalna knjižnica, Zagreb, Croatia
3
CONTENTS
1. APPLICATION OF HUBER AND HAMPEL M-ESTIMATION IN ANALYSING OF REAL ESTATE PRICE
VOLATILITY OVER TIME .....................................................................................................................................................7
Tomasz Adamczyk
2. APPLICATION OF GIS TOOLS IN ANALYSING A ROAD NETWORK PROVIDING ACCESS TO CADASTRAL
PARCELS IN THE PROJECT CONCERNING LAND CONSOLIDATION AND EXCHANGE ................................ 13
Monika Balawejder, Ewelina Wójciak
3. APPLICATION POSSIBILITIES OF AUGMENTED REALITY IN ANALOG MAPS................................................ 22
Michał Bednarczyk
4. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE SYSTEM OF SPATIAL PLANNING IN POLAND ............................................... 28
Agnieszka Bieda, Anna Bieda
5. VERIFICATION OF USABILITY OF LOW-COST UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN COMPARISON WITH CLOSE-
RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN THE CONTEXT OF DOCUMENTATION OF EARTH'S SURFACE ................ 43
Peter Blistan, Ľudovit Kovanič
6. ASSUMPTIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEMATIC SERVICE OF THE AVERAGE PROPERTY
TRANSACTION PRICES ...................................................................................................................................................... 52
Tomasz Budzyński, Izabela Karsznia
7. DATA SOURCES AND ACQUISITION METHODS FOR 3D INDOOR NETWORK ANALYSES ......................... 60
Piotr Cichociński
8. THE ISSUE OF THE LEGAL AND SURVEYING DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND ON SELECTED
EXAMPLES IN POLAND AND ON THE INTERNATIONAL STAGE ........................................................................ 67
Agnieszka Cienciała
9. USING GIS IN PIPELINE REPAIR PROCESS ................................................................................................................. 76
Antun Ćurković, Igor Mlinarić
10. SITUATION AWARENESS TOOLS SUPPORTING SOLDIERS AND LOW LEVEL COMMANDERS IN LAND
OPERATIONS. APPLICATION OF GIS AND AUGMENTED REALITY MECHANISMS. ...................................... 85
Mariusz Chmielewski
11. SATELLITE REMOTE OBSERVATION DATA DISSEMINATION FOR MOBILE DEVICES USING ESA HMA
STANDARDS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 95
Andrzej Chybicki, Marek Kulawiak, Daniel Zinkiewicz
12. PRECISE POINT POSITIONING USING DIFFERENT ANTENNA PHASE CENTER CORRECTION MODELS
– A COMPARATIVE STUDY ............................................................................................................................................ 102
Karol Dawidowicz
13. APPLICATION OF ARIMA MODELS IN REAL ESTATE MARKET FORECASTING ......................................... 117
Dorota Dejniak, Janusz Dąbrowski
14. ASSESSING LANDSCAPE FRAGMENTATION IN SARDINIA (ITALY): THE BARRIER EFFECT ................ 126
Andrea De Montis, Antonio Ledda, Vittorio Serra, Valentina Peddio
15. PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND GNSS SURVEYS FOR THE KIELCE BOTANICAL GARDEN .............................. 136
Ryszard Florek-Paszkowski
16. GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE: ANALYSIS OF GIS REPOSITORY............. 146
Małgorzata Gajos-Gržetić, Oimahmad Rahmonov, Sebastian Stach
17. VISUALIZATION OF SPATIAL DATA FROM NUMERICAL MODELS AND REAL-TIME STATIONS
NETWORK USING GOOGLE MAP API V3................................................................................................................... 155
Damir Ivanković, Vlado Dadić, Dalibor Jelavić, Ivan Vučić
18. INTEROPERABILITY AND GLOBALIZATION OF INFORMATION MODELS ................................................... 161
Maciej Kiedrowicz
19. GENERALIZED DATA MODEL IN DISTRIBUTED REGISTERS ............................................................................ 171
Maciej Kiedrowicz
4
20. THE ENVIRONMENT AND ROAD INVESTMENT PROJECTS – DO WE NEED TO CHOOSE BETWEEN THE
TWO? A CASE STUDY OF THE ROSPUDA RIVER VALLEY IN POLAND ........................................................... 184
Katarzyna Kocur-Bera
21. THE RESEARCH OF THE AGRICULTURAL LAND CONDITION BASED ON LANDSAT 8 AND SENTINEL-2
SATELLITES DATA MERGERS ...................................................................................................................................... 191
Pavlo Kolodiy, Maryna Pidlypna
22. ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE QUALITY OF CADASTRAL DATA ON THE PROCESS OF
SURVEYING WORKS IN POLAND ................................................................................................................................ 196
Paweł Kotlarz
23. DYNAMIC PRESENTATION OF STATIC MAPS USING GIS AND JQUERY JAVASCRIPT TOOLS TAKING
DATA OF SOIL MAPS IN POLAND AS AN EXAMPLE.............................................................................................. 203
Karol Król, Barbara Prus
24. NON-AGRICULTURAL REAL ESTATE IN THE RESOURCES OF THE OLSZTYN BRANCH OF THE
AGRICULTURAL PROPERTY AGENCY........................................................................................................................ 213
Krystyna Kurowska, Hubert Kryszk
25. SPATIAL PLANNING AS A TOOL FOR RURAL AREA MANAGEMENT.............................................................. 221
Krystyna Kurowska, Ewa Kietlińska
26. GIS EMERGENCY SYSTEM .............................................................................................................................................. 228
Janusz Kwiecień
27. ANALYSIS OF SELECTED STANDARDS OF FLOOR AREA MEASUREMENTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF
OFFICE PREMISES ............................................................................................................................................................ 235
Robert Łuczyński, Paulina Kotarba
28. URBAN CROWDSOURCING: POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES ........................................................................... 247
Gilberto Marzano, Miroslaw Grewinski, Joanna Lizut
29. INFLUENCE OF PROGRESS IN SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY ON AGROECOSYSTEMS ........................... 254
Renata Marks-Bielska, Marek Marks, Karolina Babuchowska, Bogumił Rychcik
30. APPLICATION OF DATABASES IN LANDSCAPE AUDIT FOR COMPREHENSIVE IDENTIFICATION AND
ASSESSMENT OF POLISH LANDSCAPES ................................................................................................................... 264
Urszula Myga-Piątek, Katarzyna Pukowiec-Kurda, Michał Sobala, Jerzy Nita
31. GEOSTATISTICAL METHODS FOR GENERATING MAPS OF LEASED AGRICULTURAL LAND ................ 275
Marek Ogryzek, Krzysztof Rząsa
32. COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF THE DIGITAL CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC IMAGING, TERRESTRIAL
LASER SCANNING AND UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN HARDLY ACCESSIBLE CASTLE RUINS ........................ 283
Katarína Pukanská, Karol Bartoš, Janka Sabova, Peter Repáň
33. EVALUATION OF THE USEFULNESS OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING FOR MEASUREMENTS OF
ICE STRUCTURES .............................................................................................................................................................. 295
Edyta Puniach, Anita Kwartnik-Pruc, Paweł Ćwiąkała
34. THE PROBLEMS OF PROPERTY VALUATION FOR THE PURPOSES OF DETERMINING THE ADJACENCY
LEVY ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 305
Izabela Rącka, Magdalena Szydlak
35. THE STANDARD OF LIVING IN CITIES IN THE LAST DECADEAND CITIES’ SUBJECTIVE
ATTRACTIVENESS RANKINGS IN POLAND ............................................................................................................. 314
Andrzej Rączaszek
36. INFLUENCE OF PUBLIC ROADS DEVELOPMENT ON THE CADASTRAL DATA ........................................... 323
Ernest Rymarczyk, Piotr Parzych, Jarosław Bydłosz
37. THE CONCEPT OF REGISTERING THE RIGHTS OBTAINED BY TRANSMISSION ENTREPRENEURS IN
THE CADASTRE FOR THE PURPOSE OF BUILDING AND FUNCTIONING TRANSMISSION DEVICES –
THE CASE STUDY IN POLAND ...................................................................................................................................... 333
Natalia Sajnóg, Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska
38. ACCURACY EVALUATION OF PRECISE MULTI-GNSS POSITIONING, IN THE REAL TIME USING RTK
CORRECTIONS ................................................................................................................................................................... 341
Zbigniew Siejka
5
39. THE MUNICIPALITY'S ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN POLAND .............................. 346
Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska
40. THE PROCESS OF CONVERTING THE RIGHT OF PERPETUAL USUFRUCT TO PROPERTY RIGHT IN
POLAND ............................................................................................................................................................................... 353
Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska
41. ESTIMATION OF THE SCALE OF THE PROBLEM CONCERNING THE EXISTENCE OF NON-RESIDENT
LANDOWNERS IN LAND CONSOLIDATION WORKS IN POLAND ..................................................................... 359
Małgorzata Stańczuk-Gałwiaczek
42. ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTION PRICES OF RESIDENTIAL PREMISES LOCATED IN THE VICINITY OF
TRANSPORTATION ROUTE ........................................................................................................................................... 368
Kinga Szopińska, Małgorzata Krajewska
43. THE DILEMMAS OF IMPLEMENTING THE INSPIRE DIRECTIVE ..................................................................... 379
Grażyna Szpor
44. LANDSCAPES ALONG THE URBAN-RURAL-NATURAL GRADIENT: TYPOLOGIES, SIMILARITIES,
CONTIGUITIES ................................................................................................................................................................... 385
Marco Vizzari, Sara Antognelli
45. IMPLEMENTATION OF INSPIRE COMPLIANT SPATIAL MARINE DATA AND METADATA
MANAGEMENT CATALOG USING GEONETWORK................................................................................................. 393
Ivan Vučić, Damir Ivanković, Vlado Dadić
46. THE INTEGRATION OF NUMERICAL AND RASTER DATA FOR ENGINEERING TASKS ............................ 399
Roman Węglicki, Kamil Kowalczyk, Tomasz Ogórek
47. THE 3D MODEL OF WATER SUPPLY NETWORK WITH APPLICATION OF THE ELEVATION DATA.... 409
Beata Wieczorek, Anna Sobieraj-Żłobińska
48. POINT CLOUD IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SURVEY .................................................................. 418
Beata Wieczorek, Anna Sobieraj-Żłobińska, Adam Tryzna
49. THE SHARE OF LAND BELONGING TO NON-RESIDENT OWNERS IN A VILLAGE INTERSECTED BY
A MOTORWAY - CASE STUDY ....................................................................................................................................... 427
Justyna Wójcik-Leń, Żanna Stręk
50. THE ISSUE OF VALUATION OF REAL ESTATE LOCATED ON MINERAL DEPOSITS .................................. 436
Monika Zielińska
247
URBAN CROWDSOURCING: POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES
Prof. Gilberto Marzano, Ph.D.
Rezekne Academy of Technologies
Rezekne, Latvia
e-mail: Gilberto.marzano@rta.lv - contact person
Prof. Miroslaw Grewinski, Ph.D.
University Janusz Korczak
Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: mgrewinski@gmail.com
Prof. Joanna Lizut, Ph.D.
University Janusz Korczak
Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: j.lizut@wspkorczak.eu
Abstract
The internet and mobile phones enable limitless and continuous worldwide communication. Over the last
few years, the ongoing digital revolution has expanded the realm of communication to encompass people,
virtual agents, and physical things.
Recently, Colin and Verdier designated the interconnected communities of individuals as la multitude [or
the multitude], arguing that open collaborative platforms can be seized on to engage individuals in creative
activities in order to capture their ideas, proposals, and innovative solutions to generate value.
In this paper we discuss the impact of the new technologies on urban liveability, focusing on urban
crowdsourcing that is the application of digital crowdsourcing in urban areas.
The aim of this paper is to analyse the potential of urban crowdsourcing within the paradigm of smart
and connected communities.
From our analysis emerges that urban crowdsourcing is a concept that should be investigated per se if we
want to catch its potential applications in urban contexts
Keywords: crowdsourcing, urban crowdsourcing, smart and connected communities, urban liveability
Introduction
Over the last few years, the digital technologies extended the communication capability to physical
things and the interconnection on the web of everyday object such as smart plugs, smart oven, smart
heating controllers, smart irrigations systems, is rapidly spreading.
The new communication paradigm that enables pervasive internet interactions including people,
programs, and physical objects is referred as the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT has been defined as
“a worldwide network of uniquely addressable and interconnected objects, based on standard
communication protocols” (GUBBIet al., 2013). The IoT enables applications whereby people can interact
with real-world objects, as well as applications based on network-assisted machine-to-machine
interchanges, and represents a great opportunity for creating new services that can improve the quality of
life (Fig. 1).
248
Fig. 1. The Internet of Things schematic representation. Source [GUBBI et al., 2013)
There is a general consensus that, smart sensors embedded with communication tools, knowledge, and
artificial intelligence software can empower the effectiveness of numerous products and reduce the cost of
services expanding the number of users. New daily life products equipped with smart sensors can be not
only capable of informing about their status but also of analyzing external circumstances and,
consequently, activating or interrupting tasks.
It has been argued that the ongoing digital revolution is transforming cities in a sorts of immense
socio-technical organisms where sensor networks, cameras, and RFID tags contribute in dynamic
analysing and controlling any situation (ZAMBONELLI, 2011).
Although technology will thoroughly transform the urban life, other profound changes will affect the
urban settlements in the next few decades. The World Urbanization Prospects published by the United
Nations reports that half of the world’s population (54 per cent) reside in urban areas (UNITED NATIONS,
2014). By 2050, the forecast is that 66 per cent of the world’s population will live in urban areas,
compared to just 30 per cent in 1950.
Consequently, the development of ICT-based community innovative services is fast becoming
a necessity rather than an opportunity. Monitoring and managing energy consumption, green buildings,
and green planning, as well as running healthcare services at a distance, and the intelligent management
of waste and water resources are all essential for liveability, both for urban and rural contexts.
Recently, investments to experiment ICT-based application in the urban context are multiplying and
the idea of realizing smart cities is no more a science fiction dream but a reality.
The concepts of Smart Cities and Smart and Connected Communities
In 2009, IBM launched a program called Smarter Cities to investigate the integration and application of
new sensors, networking, and analytics to urban centres (HARRISON et al., 2010). Similarly, in 2012, Cisco
created a new division named Smart and Connected Communities to commercialise its new products and
services developed through pilot projects conducted in three major world cities, namely Amsterdam, San
Francisco, and Seoul (COLEMAN et al., 2016).
These initiatives share the vision, matured at the beginning of the 2000s, that the ICT industry is able
to provide cities with new and effective tools to help their sustainable development (ALBINO et al., 2015).
The notion of Smart and Connected Communities (SCC) embraces a collection of initiatives rather than
a tightly defined discipline (GREEN, 2011), and Cisco, which coined this term, uses it to indicate an
orientation towards digital innovation in order to create new revenue and better serve citizens. The
Smart+Connected Digital Platform promoted by Cisco is a pay-as-you-go cloud-hosted service for
aggregating, analysing, and correlating data from wired or wireless sensors.
It has been argued that SCC can be represented as the synergetic interconnection of four needs (SUN et
al., 2016), specifically: remembering the past (preservation and revitalisation); living in the present
(liveability); and planning for the future (sustainability). In more detail, liveability comprises many aspects
of life, from equitable and affordable housing to traffic flow management and the reduction of travel time
249
and fuel consumption. Preservation concerns both cultural and natural heritage that are threatened by the
increasing levels of pollution and the deteriorating quality of the environment, as well as by the changes in
socio-economic conditions. Revitalisation addresses the challenge of the decline of rural territories and the
rapid growth of metropolitan areas. Finally, sustainability refers to the ability of the development to meet
the needs of the present without compromising the future of later generations (ROSELAND, 2012).
We would suggest completing the SCC framework by the adding of two further elements: social
innovation and harmony.
Social innovation is any novel and useful solution to a social need or problem that is better than other
existing approaches, and which creates benefits to social communities rather than to private individuals
(MARZANO, GREWINSKI, 2017). We proposed to include social innovation in the SCC framework since it is
crucial for any community sustainable development. Social innovation appears to be a means to improve
social capital in both the profit and non-profit sectors, and may refer to ethical norms, such as fair
business practices and respect for worker rights, or to values, such as justice, solidarity, and cooperation
(MOULAERT,2009; 2010). Social innovation can also involve the artistic disciplines, since artistic
creativity can be instrumental to social change (TREMBLAY, PILATI, 2013). Finally, it is related to the
political sciences and bureaucratic organisation, since many social innovations are services, often public
sector services, aimed at providing new and more effective benefits to citizens (MULGAN, ALBURY 2003;
BARRETT et al., 2015; TORFING, TRIANTAFILLOU, 2016).
The multifaceted notion of social innovation motivated the introduction of harmony as a second
additional essential factor that characterise SCC. Harmony is a human perception that can be associated
with social and ecological situations. The concept of harmony includes the consonance and balance of
diverse and even opposing elements as many in one. Indeed, the word harmony is of Greek origin, and
carries the idea of the integral wholeness of all living things in the cosmos. Harmony is a concept that is
studied in environmental sociology (MEHTA, OUELLET, 1995) as well as in ecology and architecture.
Harmony qualifies relational processes and, accordingly, should regulate community interactions and
interchanges.
Fig. 2 synthesises a five-element SCC framework.
Fig. 2. The S CC framework
Some years ago, COLIN and VERDIER (2012) argued that open collaborative platforms can be seized on
to engage individuals in creative activities in order to capture their ideas, proposals, and innovative
solutions to generate value. They claimed that the interconnected communities of individuals, namely la
multitude [or the multitude] represent the principal dimension of the digital revolution. Individuals
become sensors and they can be traced in order to create innovative services or optimize those that
already exist.
In the new perspective of SCC, interacting with the crowd of connected people becomes vital.
Urban crowdsourcing
In the context of SCC, digital crowdsourcing, as the practice of outsourcing tasks to a crowd, appears
the best way to engage individuals for providing new ideas and solutions as well as to involve users for co-
creation and optimization of tasks, and reduction of costs.
250
Digital crowdsourcing can be defined as the use of digital technologies to gather and organise
contributions from a multitude of non-professional individuals in order to obtain innovative solutions or
products (Fig. 3). Accordingly, urban crowdsourcing is the use of digital technologies to gather and
organize contributions from citizens in order to improve the urban liveability. Thanks to the new
technologies, citizens become active sensors that can collect data, give advice, and get involved in
collaborative activities.
Fig. 3. Crowdsourcing process
Although the term crowdsourcing was introduced recently, this idea is not a novelty. Indeed, in 1714,
the British Government offered the prize of £20,000 to anyone who was able to develop a reliable way to
compute longitude whilst, in 1884, 800 readers was employed by the Oxford English Dictionary to catalog
words.
The Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is an example of crowdsourcing launched at the end of 2005. It
is an internet marketplace where clients, named as Requesters, ask people for tasks that computers are
still not able to do. Respondents are known as Turks for the analogy with the automated chess-
playing machine realized by Wolfgang von Kempelen in the 18th century that worked under the control of
a chess master hidden in the cabinet.
Urban crowdsourcing has been gaining attention from research communities due to its presumed
capability of enabling citizens to be city prosumers, that is to be both producers and consumers of data,
opinions, and ideas about their city (LEA, BLACKSTOCK, 2014).
The Table 1 shows the main differences between crowdsourcing and urban crowdsourcing.
Table 1. Crowdsourcing vs urban crowdsourcing
Property
crowdsourcing
Urban crowdsourcing
Calling for
Solutions
Data
Focusing on
Problem solving
Needs, desires
Respondents
Individuals
Communities
Main problem
Effectiveness
Trust
Regulated
YES
Just sometimes
Filtered by
Requesters
Algorithms
Recently, a few urban crowdsourcing experiments have been conducted with a view to engaging
citizens in order to produce information about their cities and their communities.
Consistent with a collaborative approach, urban crowdsourcing should help to obtain better solutions
and to get citizens involved in public life.
The question is, though, under what conditions? For example, how can urban crowdsourcing
contribute to coping with the transformations of the economically mature cities of Europe and North
America into heterogeneous multi-ethnic and multicultural integrated communities?
We can try to answer the above question analyzing the practices of urban crowdsourcing, both
proposed and experimented.
251
Urban crowdsourcing applications
OpenStreetMap (OSM) is the most famous example of urban crowdsourcing available today (HAKLAY,
WEBER, 2008). Registered users can input spatial content in an open access database building a free
editable map of the world. Spatial contents can be nodes, ways, or relations. Nodes refer to Points of
Interest, ways refer to roads, and relations group objects together.
However, crowdsourcing processes can be also used to increase community cohesion, or to influence
and improve local government decision making processes. Several applications have been proposed,
especially in the following sectors:
‒ Urban planning and public participation
‒ City maintenance and personalized maps
‒ Emergency Monitoring
‒ Urban mobility
‒ Urban socialization
‒ Guiding technology appropriation in the urban context
Urban planning and public participation
The opinion that crowdsourcing can effectively be useful in urban planning projects is widely shared
(BRABHAM, 2009; HILGERS, IHL, 2010). Public participation is a key priority in public planning and
crowdsourcing is estimated to be a good way to engage citizens and facilitate an open dialogue between
them and urban planners (BUGS, et al., 2010; ADAMS, 2011). The Obama administration, extensively used
crowdsourcing technologies to enhance public participation especially in community welfare (NAM,
2012). For example, the implementation of crowdsourcing it has been proposed to gather and analyze
data on events, issues and tickets in order to unfold city conditions by multi-dimensional analysis
(MOTTA, et al, 2014).
Nevertheless, the use of crowdsourcing in public planning is controversial. some researchers are
persuaded that crowdsourcing is more effective than conventional means of citizen participation
(SELTZER, MAHMOUDI, 2012) whilst there are who considers crowdsourcing only complementary to the
traditional participation procedures and argues that it cannot replace them (STERN, et al., 2009).
City maintenance and personalized maps
Usually, city maintenance activities tend to be planned in advance and based on a sporadic monitoring.
Minute information sent by citizens could help to re-scheduling maintenance activities according to real
priorities.
Crowdsourcing applications have been studied and experimented in order to realize personalized
maps and routes for users with special or specific needs. These applications allow citizens to notify
accessibility barriers and facilities whist algorithms have been implemented to filter data and trust their
validity.
Emergency monitoring
Crowdsourcing can provide accurate and timely information about natural disasters (GAO, et al., 2011)
whilst crowdsourcing platforms are valuable when collecting geographical information via open data,
tools and services (CRAMPTON, 2009).
Urban mobility
Several applications have been proposed to support urban mobility. These application should be
classified as crowdsensing rather than crowdsourcing since consider data from traffic sensors, public
transport vehicles, and parking. They share the idea that adaptive vehicle navigator systems could receive
data and advise drivers to take alternatives routes (MOTTA, et al., 2014).
Urban socialization
The use of crowdsourcing for urban socialization is a topical sector of investigation. This encompasses
the use of crowdsourcing to collect data that can be useful to understand the behavior of urban
communities. Some experimental application have been realized to promote communities engagement in
order to collect opinions and attitudes. For example, asking users to identify which demographic group
they feel they belong can allow them to create new groups and facilitate the socialization processes.
252
Guiding technology appropriation in the urban context
Crowdsourcing can be integrated into the process of technology appropriation in the urban context, as
a component of the negotiation action.
Appropriation has been defined as the mode or manner by which a group uses, adapts, or reproduces
astructure (POOLE, DE SANCTIS, 1990). In technology appropriation, negotiation concerns the action
through which users mediate the power of the technology, its uses, and the distribution of its benefits.
Crowdsourcing can contribute to guide the technological appropriation of the various communities
populating urban areas through processes of participatory and guided appropriation.
Conclusion
Designing and running services for citizens can present challenges and critical issues since they can
impact on contrasting needs, interests, and cultural attitudes of groups. For this reason, often top-down
and technology driven approaches don’t provide with the best and shared solutions. Indeed, communities
play a significant role in all urban questions and can seriously affect both the delivery and sustainability of
services.
Nevertheless, community engagement is not easy. People involvement in questions concerning the
urban liveability requires a great effort by local governmental institutions and is essential. If
municipalities want to engage citizens, they should motivate citizens to provide useful data ensuring that
their suggestions will be taken into account.
Indeed, many issues concerning urban crowdsourcing need to be explored more in-depth investigating
how public participation via crowdsourcing can help to better understanding people needs and make
a positive use of the diffuse intelligence. Use urban crowdsourcing for develop large-scale projects is only
one of the possible application.
We are persuaded that we should appropriate, in the context of urban innovation, Lucifer’s
exhortation, contained in Milton’s poem, to “Awake, arise, or be forever fall’n”, but we should negotiate
this inducement within the scope of a collaborative approach, in a renewed engagement aimed at social
liveability and social harmony.
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