Effect of Cupping Therapy on Range of Motion, Pain Threshold, and Muscle Activity of the Hamstring Muscle Compared to Passive Stretching

Full text

J Korean Soc Phys Med, 2017; 12(3): 23-32
http://dx.doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2017.12.3.23
Online ISSN:
Print ISSN:
2287-7215
1975-311X
Research Article Open Access
Effect of Cupping Therapy on Range of Motion, Pain Threshold, and Muscle
Activity of the Hamstring Muscle Compared to Passive Stretching
Jae-Eun Kim
⋅
Ji-Eun Cho
⋅
Kwang-Sun Do
⋅
Seung-Yeop Lim
⋅
Hee-Joong Kim
⋅
Jong-Eun Yim
†
Dept. of Physical Therapy, The Graduate School of Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea
Received: May 31, 2017 / Revised: June 19, 2017 /
A
ccepted: July 28, 2017
ⓒ
2017 J Korean Soc Phys Med
| Abstract |1)
PURPOS E:
Flexibility and range of motion are very
important factors in sports performance, rehabilitation, and
musculoskeletal pain. The purpose of this study was to
measure the effects of cupping therapy on flexibility, muscle
activity, and pain threshold of hamstring muscle compared to
passive stretching in healthy subjects.
METHODS:
Thirty healthy subjects were randomly
assigned in a crossover design to cupping therapy and passive
stretching. Subjects were tested to compare their effects
according to the intervention such as Passive range of motion
(PROM) (straight leg raising) and active range of motion
(AROM). And algometer (pain) testing and MVC assessment
using EMG were performed as dependent variables.
RESU LTS:
The cupping therapy group and passive
stretching group showed significant differences in all
variables including PROM (
p
=.00,
p
=.00), AROM (
p
=.00,
p
=.03), Pain Threshold (
p
=.03,
p
=.08), Semitendinosus
MVC (
p
=.01,
p
=.00), and Biceps femoris MVC (
p
=.01,
p
=.16). There were no significant differences between the
† Corresponding Author : jeyim@syu.ac.kr
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
two groups in all variables.
CONCLUSION:
These findings of this study suggested
that cupping therapy has as much positive effect on flexibility,
pain threshold, and muscle contraction as passive stretching.
Also, it is more convenient and easier to work on patients than
passive stretching. Therefore, cupping therapy should be
considered as another option to treat range of motion, pain,
and muscle activity in the clinical field.
Key Words:
Cupping therapy, Hamstring muscle, Pain,
Passive stretching, Range of motion
Ⅰ
. Introduction
Flexibility and range of motion are very important fac-
tors in sports performance, rehabilitation, and muscu-
loskeletal pain (Decoster et al., 2004; Decoster et al., 2005;
Law et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2011). Flexibility can be
defined as the capacity for muscle extension to enable
movement of a joint within its range of motion, and is
a crucial component of normal biomechanic function
(Zachazewski, 1989; Hopper et al., 2005).
The hamstring muscle is one of the principle elements
in rehabilitation programs and sports activities that enable
recovery of optimal muscle length (Fasen et al., 2009; Kim
et al., 2014). The hamstring is most widely used in

24 | J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 12, No. 3
stretching studies because it is a biarticular muscle that
can be extended without impedance by an articular capsule
or ligament (Ylinen et al., 2010). Moreover, decreased
flexibility in the hamstring muscle disturb the biomechanics
of the waist and pelvis, leading to low back pain or
musculoskeletal disorders (Witvrouw et al., 2003; Meroni
et al., 2010; Muyor et al., 2011; Kim and Hwang, 2012;
Rogan et al., 2013). Therefore, it is clinically very important
to maintain adequate length.
Passive stretching is the most widely used method to
extend the length of muscles, and is the most used
intervention to enhance the flexibility of muscles and
increase the range of motion; however, there have been
reports that question the beneficial effect of stretching on
exercise performance because extension of muscle length
may lead to decreased strength (Marek et al., 2005; You
and Lee, 2010).
Cupping therapy is a type of alternative medicine for
pain relief, and for treatment in addition to acupuncture
therapy (Tham et al., 2006). Cupping therapy has been used
for various illnesses to headache, low back pain, neck pain
and carpal tunnel syndrome (Ahmadi et al., 2008; Farhadi
et al., 2009; Michalsen et al., 2009; Lauche et al., 2011).
Cupping therapy has been recommended for treatment of
musculoskeletal disorders following publication of various
studies (Ahmadi et al., 2008; Farhadi et al., 2009; Michalsen
et al., 2009; Lauche et al., 2011), and is expected to become
a new trend in sports medicine when applied in combination
with use of movement patterns or functional exercises
(Lacross, 2014; Musumeci, 2016; Ries, 2016).
Based on prior studies, the effects of cupping therapy
can be divided into mechanical and chemical components.
The mechanical effects induce free movement of deep
fascia and muscles by activating lubrication of superficial
fascia between skin and deep fascia (Guimberteau et al.,
2010). This eases the restriction caused by adhesion of
the deep fascia and enables independent movement of
muscle by intensive application of cupping therapy (Tham
et al., 2006). In addition, cupping therapy reportedly
maintains normal physical function through an immediate
reaction by skin and fascia (Benjamin, 2009). Lastly, it
removes the tension in soft tissues caused by pain and
relieves mechanical deficits by efficiently restoring the
tissues (Malliaropoulos et al., 2004).
Studies on the chemical effects reported that efficient
physical recovery was possible with application of cupping
therapy, as it increased blood flow and removed toxins
from the deep fascia (Yoo and Tausk, 2004; Tham et al.,
2006; El Sayed et al., 2013). Cupping therapy also
stimulated small nerves in muscle and induced secretion
of endorphins in the brain in response to application of
cupping therapy to the skin (Tham et al., 2006).
Although many studies scientifically demonstrated the
effects of cupping therapy (Yoo and Tausk, 2004; Tham
et al., 2006; Ahmadi et al., 2008; Farhadi et al., 2009;
Michalsen et al., 2009; Lauche et al., 2011; El Sayed et
al., 2013; Hanan and Eman, 2013), there is a lack of studies
on changes in muscle length, muscle activity, and pain
thresholds. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to
measure and compare the change in flexibility, muscle
activity, and pain threshold in hamstring muscle with
application of cupping therapy and static stretching.
Ⅱ
. Methods
1. Participants
The subjects of this study were 30 healthy males and
females in their 20s and 30's who were students attending
S University in Seoul. The subjects voluntarily agreed to
participate in the experiment, and those without lower limb
muscle pain, restriction in range of motion (ROM),
backache, disc disease, or an open wound at surface
electromyogram (SEMG) attachment sites were selected.
The characteristics of subjects are shown in Table 1. All
experimental protocols and procedures were explained to

|
25
Effect of Cupping Therapy on Range of Motion, Pain Threshold, and
Muscle Activity of the Hamstring Muscle Compared to Passive Stretching
Subjects (N=15)
Sex Male 12 (80%)
Female 3 (20%)
Age (years) 30.10 ± 5.52
Height (cm) 167.38 ± 8.82
Weight (kg) 59.98 ± 12.14
Mean ± SD
Table 1. General characteristics
Fig. 1. Study design
each subject and approved by the institutional review board
of Sahmyook University in Korea. All subjects provided
written informed consent prior to study enrollment.
2. Procedure
After pre-test, subjects were randomly divided into
cupping therapy group and passive stretching group by
coin-tossing method. Three physical therapists with greater
than 3 years' experience conducted stretching and cupping
therapy intervention and each of the four testing sessions
under the same environmental conditions. Participants
were not blinded to the intervention. Only the testers were
blinded.
Cupping therapy was applied to the hamstring muscle
for 5 minutes in the cupping therapy group. The passive
stretching group was treated with a passive stretching for
10 seconds and repeated 9 times. Then, a post test was
conducted after ether cupping therapy or passive stretching,
in a manner similar to that of the pretest. Passive range
of motion (PROM) (straight leg raising), active range of
motion (AROM), and algometer (pain) testing, and MVC
assessment using EMG were performed as dependent
variables. After 1 week of washout period, following a
pretest, subjects were switched to the other group. Then,
a posttest was conducted, in a manner similar to that of
the pretest (Fig. 1).
3. Interventions
1) Cupping Therapy
Cupping therapy can be applied either with the use of
a suction pump or by briefly heating the inside of a glass
cup with a flame. Cupping therapy is usually applied with
a suction pump but there is a gradual increase in the use
of heat for cupping therapy due to outstanding treatment
effects and convenience in sterilization. The application
time varies based on the reason for treatment and intensity
of negative pressure, but the application time is usually
1-10 minutes (Tham et al., 2006). Accordingly, the
assessment was conducted in this study after a 5-minute
application of cupping therapy with the use of a flame.
In flame-heated cupping therapy, the inside of the glass
cup momentarily develops a vacuum. When the glass cup
is applied to the skin, the negative pressure within the
cup causes myofascial decompression. To apply cupping
therapy to the hamstring muscle in the experiment leg
group, the muscle was divided into 3 areas and 3 cupping
therapy cups were applied to each area (Fig. 2).

26 | J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 12, No. 3
Fig. 2. Attachment point of cupping therapy
2) Passive stretching
Subjects lay supine keeping their backs flat throughout
the stretch. The leg was passively raised until to the point
of “slight discomfort” in the hamstring and held for 10
seconds, followed by a and slow return; this was repeated
9 times (Johnson et al., 2014).
4. Measurement
In order to verify treatment efficacy of cupping therapy
and passive stretching, a pre and posttest were conducted.
ROM, algometer, and MVC tests were conducted before
and after the intervention.
1) ROM Test
PROM and AROM testing were conducted. PROM was
conducted with the subject in supine position on a medical
bed. The distance between the greater trochanter and the
knee joint was indicated with a straight line for the PROM
test, and an electronic goniometer (Dualer IQ, J-tech
Medical, USA) was attached to the femoral region on the
indicated line. Measurement was conducted after setting
the value in the supine position at zero. Examiner performed
the passive SLR by keeping the knee in full extension
and the ankle in neutral position. Full ankle dorsiflexion
was avoided to prevent calf muscle stiffness or pain
(gastrocnemius and soleus) from confounding the sensation
of hamstring stiffness and pain which would signal the
limit of the SLR test. The examiner would hold the talus
and avoid any hip rotation during flexion of the hip as
they lifted the subject's lower limb until he or she first
complained of stiffness or pain in the region of the thigh,
bent his/her knee, or began to swing into a posterior pelvic
tilt (noted as movement of the ASIS).
For AROM, the hip joint angle was measured after
voluntary straight leg raising. For this measurement, the
ankle was held in ankle neutral position and the leg was
lifted slowly to avoid generating elasticity from a quick
leg lift. This measurement was within a range that would
not cause bending of the knee on the measured side or
an increase in lumbar lordosis angle.
2) Pain Threshold Test
The pain threshold value based on pressure applied to
the hamstring muscle was measured with the use of an
electronic algometer (Algometer, J-tech Medical, USA)
with the subject in prone position on a medical bed. Three
areas 2cm apart from the cupping place on the hamstring
muscle were selected as pain points and the average value
for the 6 pain points was calculated to obtain the pain
index.
3) EMG test
Wireless EMG electrodes were attached to the
semitendinosus (ST) and biceps femoris (BF) with the
subject in prone position on a medical bed. Before
attachment of electrodes, hair at the attachment area was
removed, and the keratin layer was removed to reduce
impedance to the myoelectric signal by rubbing; electrodes
were then attached after cleansing the skin 3-4 times with
a sterilized alcohol swab. EMG electrodes were attached
along the contracting direction of the muscle fibers. The
ST electrode was attached at the midpoint between the
ischial tuberosity (IT) and the halfway point to the medial
condyle in the femoral region. The BF electrode was
attached at the midpoint from the IT to the halfway point

|
27
Effect of Cupping Therapy on Range of Motion, Pain Threshold, and
Muscle Activity of the Hamstring Muscle Compared to Passive Stretching
of the lateral condyle in the femoral region (Konrad,
2005; Shenoy et al., 2010). The distance between wireless
electrodes was 2-3 cm. Muscle activity during sustained
isometric MVC for 5seconds with the knee held in 90°
knee flexion was measured.
5. Data Analysis
Data collected in this study were analyzed with SPSS
18.0 for Windows and a statistically significant level
α
was set as .05. In order to compare the differences between
the 2 groups before experiment for homogeneity ver-
ification, an independent t-test was conducted. Normality
was verified by conducting a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
for the 2 groups. The differences between the groups were
compared with an independent parametric t-test, and a
paired t-test was used to compare results for ROM, pain,
and EMG before and after intervention in the experiment
and control groups.
Ⅲ
. Results
There was a statistically significant increase in ROM
after intervention in the cupping therapy and passive
stretching group for both the PROM and AROM tests.
However, there was no significant difference between the
2 groups for both tests (Table 2, 3).
The pain threshold increased from 56.1 to 63.8 before
and after the intervention in the cupping therapy group
(p<.05). However, there was no statistically significant
difference in the Passive stretching group from 53.3 to
58.2 (p<.05). In a comparison of the 2 interventions, there
was no difference between the groups (Table 4).
The muscle activity value of the ST increased from 175.4
㎶
to 214.9
㎶
before and after the intervention in the
cupping therapy group (p<.05). The muscle activity value
of the ST increased from 176.0
㎶
to 210.8
㎶
before and
after the intervention in the passive stretching group
Cupping therapy
(n=15)
Passive stretching
(n=15) tp
Before (angle, °) 64.6 ± 9.085 64.8 ± 10.23 -.75 .940
After (angle, °) 76.0 ± 10.65 75.1 ± 11.09 .218 .829
Difference 11.4 ± 8.46 10.2 ± 7.67 .384 .704
t-5.215 -5.180
P.000* .000*
mean ± standard deviation
Table 2. Comparison of Cupping Therapy and Passive stretching on PROM
Cupping therapy
(n=15)
Passive stretching
(n=15) tp
Before (angle, °) 55.5 ± 9.26 56.5 ± 9.65 -.280 .728
After (angle, °) 66.8 ± 7.68 66.6 ± 14.34 .35 .972
Difference 12.3 ± 7.04 10.6 ± 12.59 .405 .689
t-5.160 -2.587
P.000* .025*
mean ± standard deviation
Table 3. Comparison of Cupping Therapy and Passive stretching on AROM

28 | J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 12, No. 3
Cupping therapy
(n=15)
Passive stretching
(n=15) tP
Before Pain †56.1 ± 11.16 53.3 ± 10.06 .738 .467
After Pain 63.8 ± 12.71 58.2 ± 12.04 1.235 .227
Difference 7.6 ± 12.47 4.8 ± 9.88 .663 .513
t-2.365 -1.918
P.033* .076
†mean ± standard deviation
Table 4. Comparison of Cupping Therapy and Passive stretching on Pain Threshold
Cupping therapy
(n=15)
Passive stretching
(n=15) tp
Before- MVC (㎶)†175.4 ± 98.94 176.0 ± 58.08 -.202 .984
After- MVC (㎶) 214.9 ± 115.07 210.8 ± 71.75 .118 .072
Difference 39.5 ± 50.50 34.8 ± 39.86 .285 .778
t-3.035 -3.384
P.009* .004*
†mean ± standard deviation
Table 5. Comparison of Cupping Therapy and Passive stretching on Semitendinosus-EMG
Cupping therapy
(n=15)
Passive stretching
(n=15) tP
Before- MVC (㎶)†115.2 ± 57.40 80.0 ± 44.47 1.877 .907
After- MVC (㎶) 132.5 ± 64.18 128.1 ± 130.6 .116 .908
Difference 17.3 ± 22.87 48.1 ± 126.0 -.932 .359
T-2.938 -1.481
P.011* .161
†mean ± standard deviation
Table 6. Comparison of Cupping Therapy and Passive stretching on Biceps femoris -SEMG
(p<.05). In a comparison of the 2 interventions, there was
no difference between the two groups (Table 5).
The m uscle activity value of the BF increased from
115.2
㎶
to 132.5
㎶
before and after the intervention
in the cupping therapy group (p<.05). In Passive
stretching group, muscle activity value of BF increased
from 80.0
㎶
to 128.1
㎶
, but there was no statistically
significant difference (p<.05). In a comparison of the
2 interventions, there was no difference between the two
groups (Table 6).
Ⅳ
. Discussion
In order to evaluate the effect of MFD (Myofascial
Decompression, cupping) and passive stretching on ROM,
pain threshold, and muscle activity of hamstring muscles,
this study was conducted with 15 normal adults without
musculoskeletal disorders. There was a significant increase
in ROM after the intervention with both cupping therapy
and passive stretching. In prior studies, there was a statisti-
cally significant increase in ROM in a comparison of a

|
29
Effect of Cupping Therapy on Range of Motion, Pain Threshold, and
Muscle Activity of the Hamstring Muscle Compared to Passive Stretching
cupping therapy intervention group and a foam roll & heat
pack intervention group in 17 collegiate athletes. This study
also found the same result as the preceding study, which
implies that cupping therapy has a positive impact on an
increase in flexibility of muscle (Lacross, 2014). The reason
why cupping therapy may induce as much change in flexi-
bility as passive stretching can be explained by research
findings that suggest a mechanical basis for its effects;
cupping therapy generates effective manipulation of phys-
ical structures including fascia, skin, and musculocutaneous
tissues, increases the neurophysiological activity at the level
of nociceptors, the spinal cord, and other nerves, and ulti-
mately leads to significant relaxation (Musial et al., 2013).
In addition, negative pressure generated by application of
an cupping therapy cup is about 4 inches removed from
soft tissues and exerts various mechanical effects including
the relief of muscular pain, restoration of muscle, recovery
from adhesions, and release of tissues bound up within
muscle (Hanan and Eman, 2013).
The precise physiological mechanism of pain alleviation
by cupping therapy remains unclear, but there are several
theories. First, chemical transmitters, such as serotonin,
endorphin, and cortisol, which can block pain are secreted
during cupping therapy, as occurs with acupressure or
acupuncture, and play a role in ultimately reducing pain
(Schulte, 1996). Second, nociceptor activation induces pain
(Schaible et al., 2002), and it is suggested that cupping
therapy alleviates pain by its anti-nociceptive effect and
counter irritation (Michalsen et al., 2009). Third, all
noninvasive and non-drug treatments have a placebo effect;
a recent research finding suggested that a placebo-device
is more effective in pain alleviation compared to
placebo-pill (Kaptchuk et al., 2006).
Muscle activity analysis showed a significant increase
in in the ST and semimembranosus muscles for both
interventions in the cupping therapy and passive stretching
groups. In regards to BF, there was a significant increase
in muscle activity after the intervention in the cupping
therapy group alone. Moreover, there was an increase in
muscle activity followed by an increase in flexibility of
the muscle after cupping therapy treatment, which can be
explained by the interaction between muscle length and
tension. Many studies have suggested that there is a
correlation between muscle flexibility and muscle strength.
At optimal muscle length, it has been suggested that there
are corresponding serial sarcomere numbers (Cox et al.,
2000; Coutinho et al., 2004), and that these serial sarcomere
numbers can be increased with flexibility exercises
(Ferreira et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2011). It has also been
suggested that muscle strength may have an influence on
adaptation of serial sarcomere numbers, and that an increase
in serial sarcomere numbers has an influence on muscle
strength (Koh, 1995). It can be surmised that the flexibility
generated by cupping therapy and passive stretching in this
study had an effect on sarcomeres and that an increase
in muscle activity was followed by an improved sarcomere
environment with an increased serial sarcomere number.
Additionally Report of Coutinho suggests that muscle fiber
performance may be enhanced by an increase in the number
of muscle fibers and the cross-sectional area of the muscle
fibers after muscle stretching (Coutinho et al., 2006). Thus,
as in this study, the significant increase in muscle activity
after application of a Cupping therapy can be explained
by this therapeutic mechanism.
A limitation of this study is that it examined the
therapeutic effect for only a single application, and no
assessment was performed regarding the duration of the
application. Moreover, the correlation between sufficient
rest and pre-intervention may be ambiguous since this was
examined on the same day through the crossover design.
Although cupping therapy was performed by experienced
therapists, the negative pressure may not have been
controlled either qualitatively or quantitatively. Lastly, the
results will be more reliable when applied to more subjects
since the number was small in this study.
Future study is needed using various cupping therapy

30 | J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 12, No. 3
techniques and ROM evaluation that combines cupping
therapy and exercise. Moreover, a study of whether long-
term application of cupping therapy has an effect on not
only physical and physiological parameters but also on
psychological aspects and quality of life should also be
conducted.
Ⅴ
. Conclusion
The aim of this study is to measure the effects of cupping
therapy on flexibility, muscle activity, and pain threshold
of hamstring muscle compared to passive stretching. It was
evident from findings of this study that cupping therapy
has as much positive effect on flexibility, pain threshold,
and muscle contraction as passive stretching. The cupping
therapy could be a new clinical method to improve range
of motion and it also could be an alternative tool for patients
who cannot conduct the stretching exercise. Also, it is more
convenient and easier to work on patients than passive
stretching. Therefore, cupping therapy could be considered
as another option to treat pain, ROM, and muscle activity
in the clinical field.
Acknowledgements
This study is supported by the Graduate School of
Sahmyook University.
References
Ahmadi A, Schwebel DC, Rezaei M. The efficacy of
wet-cupping in the treatment of tension and migraine
headache. Am J Chin Med. 2008;36(1):37-44.
Benjamin M. The fascia of the limbs and back
–
a review. J
Anat. 2009;214(1):1-18.
Chen CH, Nosaka K, Chen HL, et al. Effects of flexibility
training on eccentric exercise-induced muscle
damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(3):491-500.
Coutinho EL, DeLuca C, Salvini TF, et al. Bouts of passive
stretching after immobilization of the rat soleus muscle
increase collagen macromolecular organization and
muscle fiber area. Connect Tissue Res. 2006;47(5):
278-86.
Coutinho EL, Gomes AR, Franca CN, et al. Effect of passive
stretching on the immobilized soleus muscle fiber
morphology. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2004;37(12):
1853-61.
Cox VM, Williams PE, Wright H, et al. Growth induced by
incremental static stretch in adult rabbit latissimus
dorsi muscle. Exp Physiol. 2000;85(2):193-202.
Decoster LC, Cleland J, Altieri C, et al. The effects of hamstring
stretching on range of motion: a systematic literature
review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35(6):
377-87.
Decoster LC, Scanlon RL, Horn KD, et al. Standing and Supine
Hamstring Stretching Are Equally Effective. J Athl
Train. 2004;39(4):330-4.
El Sayed S, Mahmoud H, Nabo M. Medical and scientific
bases of wet cupping therapy (Al-hijamah): in light
of modern medicine and prophetic medicine. Altern
Integr Med. 2013:1-16.
Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, et al. The effectiveness
of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran:
a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med.
2009;17(1):9-15.
Fasen JM, O'Connor AM, Schwartz SL, et al. A randomized
controlled trial of hamstring stretching: comparison
of four techniques. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(2):
660-7.
Ferreira GN, Teixeira-Salmela LF, Guimaraes CQ. Gains in
flexibility related to measures of muscular perform -
ance: impact of flexibility on muscular performance.
Clin J Sport Med. 2007;17(4):276-81.

|
31
Effect of Cupping Therapy on Range of Motion, Pain Threshold, and
Muscle Activity of the Hamstring Muscle Compared to Passive Stretching
Guimberteau J, Delage J, McGrouther D, et al. The
microvacuolar system: how connective tissue sliding
works. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2010;35(8):614-22.
Hanan S, Eman S. Cupping therapy (Al-Hijama): It's impact
on persistent non-specific lower back pain and client
disability. Life Sci J. 2013;10:631-42.
Hopper D, Deacon S, Das S, et al. Dynamic soft tissue
mobilisation increases hamstring flexibility in healthy
male subjects. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(9):594-8;
discussion 8.
Johnson AW, Mitchell UH, Meek K, et al. Hamstring flexibility
increases the same with 3 or 9 repetitions of stretching
held for a total time of 90 s. Phys Ther Sport. 2014;
15(2):101-5.
Kaptchuk TJ, Stason WB, Davis RB, et al. Sham device v
inert pill: randomised controlled trial of two placebo
treatments. Bmj. 2006;332(7538):391-7.
Kim DH, Kim TH, Jung DY, et al. Effects of the Graston
Technique and Self-myofascial Release on the Range
of Motion of a Knee Joint. J Korean Soc Phys Med.
2014;9(4):455-63.
Kim GC, Hwang BG. Kinetic analysis on the lumbar at the
trunk flexion according to the degree of hamstring
flexibility of healthy adult. J Korean Soc Phys Med.
2012;7(4):501-7.
Kim MC, Lee MH, Han SK, et al. Effects of Strengthening
and Stretching Exercise for Individuals with Intrinsic
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. J Korean Soc Phys
Med. 2011;6(2):165-75.
Koh TJ. Do adaptations in serial sarcomere number occur
with strength training? Hum Mov Sci. 1995;14(1):
61-77.
Konrad PA. Practical Introduction to Kinesiological
Electromyography, Noraxon INC. USA. 2005.
Lacross ZT. Treatment Outcomes of Myofascial Decompression
on Hamstring Pathology. 2014.
Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, et al. The influence of a
series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and
mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic
non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot
study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011;11(1):1.
Law RY, Harvey LA, Nicholas MK, et al. Stretch exercises
increase tolerance to stretch in patients with chronic
musculoskeletal pain: a randomized controlled trial.
Phys Ther. 2009;89(10):1016-26.
Malliaropoulos N, Papalexandris S, Papalada A, et al. The
role of stretching in rehabilitation of hamstring
injuries: 80 athletes follow-up. Med Sci Sports Exerc.
2004;36(5):756-9.
Marek SM, Cramer JT, Fincher AL, et al. Acute effects of
static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
stretching on muscle strength and power output. J
Athl Train. 2005;40(2):94.
Meroni R, Cerri CG, Lanzarini C, et al. Comparison of active
stretching technique and static stretching technique
on hamstring flexibility. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;
20(1):8-14.
Michalsen A, Bock S, Lüdtke R, et al. Effects of traditional
cupping therapy in patients with carpal tunnel
syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain.
2009;10(6):601-8.
Musial F, Spohn D, Rolke R. Naturopathic reflex therapies
for the treatment of chronic back and neck pain-Part
1: neurobiological foundations. Forsch Komplementmed.
2013;20(3):219-24.
Musumeci G. Could Cupping Therapy Be Used to Improve
Sports Performance? J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol.
2016.
Muyor J, Alacid F, López-Miñarro P. Influence of hamstring
muscles extensibility on spinal curvatures and pelvic
tilt in highly trained cyclists. J Hum Kinet. 2011;
29:15-23.
Ries L. Cupping Therapy. Nurse Pract. 2016.
Rogan S, Wüst D, Schwitter T, et al. Static Stretching of
the Hamstrings Muscle for Injury Prevention in
Football Codes: a Systematic Review. Asian J Sports

32 | J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 12, No. 3
Med. 2013;4(1):1.
Schaible HG, Ebersberger A, Banchet GS. Mechanisms of
pain in arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;966(1):
343-54.
Schulte E. Acupuncture: Where East meets West. RN. 1996;
59(10):55-8.
Shenoy S, Mishra P, Sandhu JS. Comparison of the IEMG
activity elicited during an isometric contraction using
manual resistance and mechanical resistance. Ibnosina
J Med BS. 2010;3(1):9-14.
Tham L, Lee H, Lu C. Cupping: from a biomechanical
perspective. J Biomech. 2006;39(12):2183-93.
Witvrouw E, Danneels L, Asselman P, et al. Muscle flexibility
as a risk factor for developing muscle injuries in
male professional soccer players a prospective study.
Am J Sports Med. 2003;31(1):41-6.
Ylinen JJ, Kautiainen HJ, Häkkinen AH. Comparison of
active, manual, and instrumental straight leg raise
in measuring hamstring extensibility. J Strength Cond
Res. 2010;24(4):972-7.
Yoo SS, Tausk F. Cupping: east meets west. Int J Dermatol.
2004;43(9):664-5.
You YY, Lee BH. Effect of balance ability in the eldery women
of motion-based game exercise program and stretching
exercise program. J Korean Soc Phys Med. 2010;
5(4):667-74.
Zachazewski J. Improving flexibility. Physical Therapy.
Philadelphia: JB Lippincott. 1989:698-9.