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Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1972
... To integrate the above in a strictly national context, it seems appropriate to take a look also at the supranational level and, in particular, ,another definition of heritage, not different from that enunciated by ICOMOS in 1999 but recognized worldwide, is that given by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) to the Convention 'concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage' adopted by the XVII General Conference held in Paris in November 1972, which distinguished cultural heritage from natural heritage. The first, the only one of interest in this scientific paper, was proposed in these terms: 'the following shall be considered as' cultural heritage': monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view' [14]. ...
... Over the last few decades, the proceeds from cultural heritage have become an engine of local development and a point of reference for many communities. The cultural sector has always increased the attractiveness of cities, towns and communities as places to visit, to live in and to invest in, and are increasingly seen as vital centres for the community, at the centre of urban regeneration efforts [14]. The lockdown measures have led to an abrupt shutdown of cultural sites and museums from local development projects and the cancellation of cultural, social inclusion, wellness and educational programs, only partially replaced by new digital offerings. ...
The paper aims to provide a clarification of assessing insurance risk related to an asset owned by a subject under public law and, more specifically, to an economic cultural asset. This study is aligned with key aspects proposed by the EU for the protection of the cultural heritage from natural disasters. In the first place, given the peculiarity of the material inherent to cultural heritage, a motivation underlies the search for the correlation between the latter and the commonality. Secondly, it appeared necessary to verify the differences, similarities and importance of the economic management of cultural heritage in order to understand the social, economic, material and intangible importance of an asset managed in an economic way within a social axis (municipality). The third reason relates to the general severity and the risk and subsequent damage that a hazard, such as a pandemic outbreak (COVID-19), can cause on one or more cultural heritage. In the final analysis, perhaps the most meaningful aspect underlies the verification of the possible consequences in the analysis of summations of losses generated by a hazard in order to allow a prospect of what could be the consequences of such a catastrophic scenario.
... As early as 1946, various studies initiated regional classifications of settlement spatial types (Trewartha, 1946). In 1972, the UNESCO General Conference adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Gruber, 2017), which prompted countries to take comprehensive and clear action regarding the development of traditional settlement spatial patterns and the governance of spatial heritage (Steinberg, 1996;Qin and Leung, 2021). By 1974, researchers began examining settlement morphology types, classifying overall settlement forms in specific regions and comparing the morphology and characteristics of different settlement types (Tunçdilek, 1974). ...
Rural settlements serve as the fundamental spatial unit in rural geography research and play a significant role in regional system research on human‒land relations. With the accelerated advances in urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural modernization, the flow of urban and rural development factors has greatly changed the social and economic forms of rural areas, further seriously restricting the sustainable development of rural economies and societies. The spatial patterns of rural settlements serve as tangible reflections of rural living and the evolution of settlement structures, directly influencing the sustainable development of rural areas and the construction of rural human settlements. Despite the increasing number of relevant studies, a comprehensive review of the field’s dynamic evolution, research frontiers, and future development trajectories remains incomplete. On the basis of the Web of Science core database, this study used CiteSpace 6.2 R4 and VOS Viewer 1.6 software to perform a full systematic review of the literature on rural settlement spatial morphology from 2000 to 2024. The goal was to determine the current state of the research, where researchers are most active, and what major ideas and trends can be expected in the field of rural settlement spatial patterns. The results indicate that (1) the spatial patterns of rural settlements are a popular topic, integrating different disciplines and covering various themes, with close regional cooperation and a growing number of publications. At the national level, China, the United States, and France lead in research output and influence in this field. (2) The main research hotspots in the field include rural residential areas, spatial organization, land use, driving mechanisms, and regional systems, all of which are related to rural sustainable development. (3) Future research trends will likely focus on the response of rural settlement spatial patterns to new urbanization processes and social contexts. The findings provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of research hotspots, aiding researchers in related fields in quickly grasping the research frontiers and summaries.
... According to UNESCO, heritage is defined as "the interplay between nature and man" [1], encompassing temporal and spatial displacement and cultural accumulation and requiring preservation in various forms [2]. The World Convention for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972, outlines the recognition and protection of both tangible and intangible values of natural and cultural heritage [3,4]. The concept of heritage has evolved beyond the cultural sphere to become a comprehensive "commodity" with economic and social value. ...
Heritage preservation fundamentally represents an act of communication, with digitization and virtual access driving cultural heritage research development and dissemination. These tools stimulate the creation of cultural heritage content and inspire public engagement in learning about and preserving heritage. Despite substantial academic focus on digital cultural heritage (DCH) research, systematic assessment methods remain lacking. This paper researches the application of digital technologies in cultural heritage studies using CiteSpace 6.2 R4 to analyze the evolution of DCH, identifying research hotspots and predicting future trends. The key findings include the following: (1) Current DCH research focuses on countries with significant national power, but future studies should emphasize regions rich in cultural heritage and promote transnational and interdisciplinary research. (2) DCH research concentrates on three areas: the use of VR, AR, and other interactive digital technologies to enhance cultural heritage experiences; the development of cultural relic databases and digital archives; and the implementation of interactive exhibitions and multimedia guides. (3) Identified research hotspots include user immersion experiences, language and identity, and virtual reality technologies. Digital technologies enhance cultural heritage communication by driving innovations in preservation, information management, and digitization. (4) Future research should focus on practical DCH development, emphasizing innovative virtual technologies, database integration, and standardized assessment methods. These efforts aim to provide valuable insights for the sustainable global preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage. The use of digital technologies in cultural heritage is becoming increasingly important, but there is still a need to strike a balance between technological development and heritage preservation to ensure the sustainability of cultural heritage.
... In 1976, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee created The World Heritage List to safeguard the world's significant cultural and natural heritage [9]. Currently, China has 57 sites on the World Heritage List, with 39 being cultural heritage sites, accounting for 68.4%. ...
The current research methods employed in the study of gardens are largely concentrated in the fields of landscape architecture, architecture, and ecology. However, there is a paucity of analytical methods dedicated to the domain of garden design. However, the design content of gardens is within the scope of design studies. It is therefore imperative to develop or refine research methods for the analysis of gardens that are firmly grounded in design principles. The primary contribution of this study is the development of a design analysis framework, centered on the interrelationships between ‘user–garden–environment’, which can be applied to the analysis and investigation of gardens from a ‘people, objects, and environment’ perspective, in alignment with design studies. Influenced by similar geography, environment, culture, customs, etc., the garden design of China, Japan, and South Korea presents a very East Asian design style of forms, elements, features, etc., but also formed the differences of each characteristic. This paper takes China’s Chengde Mountain Resort, Japan’s Shugakuin Imperial Villa, and South Korea’s Changdeokgung, which are listed on the World Heritage List, as examples Based on the design analysis method proposed in this paper, a relevant design comparative study is conducted in three aspects: users of East Asia’s royal gardens, the design object—the gardens—and the external environment, and the similarities and differences between the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean royal gardens are analyzed. This study aims to verify the feasibility of the analytical framework of ‘user–garden–environment’ design by analyzing typical cases of royal gardens in China, Japan, and South Korea. This will enable the creation of multiple values conducive to the development of gardens. Furthermore, the analytical framework of ‘user–garden–environment’ is subjected to a process of deconstruction through the case studies of typical royal gardens in the three East Asian countries. This is done to overcome the limitations of existing research methodologies, provide a novel systematic research methodology for garden research, and facilitate the protection and inheritance of the historical and cultural heritage of gardens in East Asia. Additionally, this approach offers a reference point for related garden research in the context of modern lifestyles.
... The International Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972, serves as a pivotal framework for safeguarding and preserving invaluable cultural and natural treasures across the world (Gruber 1972). This convention has played a significant role in promoting awareness and appreciation of cultural heritage, ensuring its conservation for future generations. ...
... There are 869 WCHS sites, accounting for 77.5% of the total. At the same time, the number of contracting parties to the World Heritage Convention has also increased from 20 to 167, which is the minimum number required for formal implementation of the international convention [1]. With the continuous increase in the number of sites, many factors, such as World Heritage recognition standards, policies, and the influence of contracting states, have undergone changes [2,3]. ...
Understanding the spatial distribution of world cultural heritage in its present-day geographical context is the foundation for the identification of and subsequent protection from key threats and vulnerabilities, particularly those arising from anthropogenic climate change. To address this challenge, we classified 45 Spanish world cultural heritage sites (WCHS) listed in the UNESCO register (as of 2023) according to type, entry date, and creation date. To establish a basis for a detailed analysis of the specific impact of climate change on the Spanish WCHS, a spatial cartographic database was developed showing the relationships between the WCHS and key geographical and climatic variables. We then used historical climate data, combined with a review of the impact mechanism of climate conditions on cultural heritage, to quantitatively evaluate the extent to which the WCHS in Spain are affected by local climate conditions from five aspects: freeze thaw cycle, thermal stress (thermoclastism), hydrodynamic scoring, corrosion, and biodegradation. Based on the above climate condition risks, we identified the five Spanish WCHS with the greatest potential climate condition risks, including Santiago de Compostela (Old Town), Pyrénées—Mont Perdu, the Roman Walls of Lugo, the Routes of Santiago de Compostela: Camino Francés and Routes of Northern Spain, and the Tower of Hercules. Additionally, based on different shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), we conducted a qualitative assessment of climate risk changes for WCHS in Spain under climate change. We found that the SSP1-2.6 scenario had the lowest climate risk, emphasizing the importance of achieving carbon neutrality for the protection of the WCHS. Our work translates historical climate conditions into specific climate risk levels for cultural heritage, providing data and theoretical support for effectively assessing the climate risks to Spanish WCHS.
... Cultural heritage incorporates tangible and intangible elements, from buildings of globally recognised aesthetic and/or historic value to places or important practices to a particular community or group (Gruber, 2023) [2]. In addition, in accordance with the OG, [3] each WH property should have a buffer zone surrounding the property for the purpose of effective protection. ...
Purpose
This paper introduces a methodology to identify, analyse and represent heritage site attributes, emphasizing their impact on value, authenticity, integrity and management, with a case study on Ghadames, Libya. Inscribed in 1986 and moved to the In-Danger List in 2016 due to conflict, this work seeks to update the site's attributes and values for improved management.
Design/methodology/approach
This methodology, focusing on Ghadames, leverages recent heritage management advancements to monitor conflict-induced changes, aiming to enhance decision-making through a detailed analysis of the site's natural and cultural attributes.
Findings
Our findings highlight the need for systematic and holistic assessments of heritage site attributes and values, crucial for managing sites of both local and global significance. This approach is a key to understanding their identity, guiding interpretation, management and preserving cultural significance.
Research limitations/implications
Developed for Ghadames, the methodology requires adaptation for other sites, underscoring the importance of identifying core tangible and intangible attributes that define a site's uniqueness.
Practical implications
Our developed methodology offers a replicable framework that can be modified by local heritage professionals to map attributes and assess the direct and indirect impact of conflict on heritage sites.
Originality/value
The detailed assessment provides a foundation for crafting informed policies and effective management strategies. It specifically targets minimizing the adverse effects of conflict on heritage sites' attributes. This effort is instrumental in preparing the necessary documentation to support the delisting of these sites from the UNESCO World Heritage Site In-Danger List, promoting their preservation and recovery.
... Thus, a buffer zone should provide mutual support between the core area and the advantages for local people [16,17]. It also can decrease unpleasant impacts on heritage zones by responding to the socio-economic needs of the local community and addressing the benefits of world heritage environments with stakeholders to enhance a sustainable system [18,19]. Previous studies on buffer zones mainly focused on ecological functions compared with their socioeconomic issues [20]. ...
This paper examines various design solutions for the urban regeneration of buffer zone areas in the context of cultural heritage sites. Although buffer zones play an essential role in protecting the values of core zones, due to the implementation of legislative limitations and local construction regulations, they suffer from a decline in urban growth. This study aims to suggest a variety of design solutions to regenerate the context of buffer zone areas after a critical study and analysis of their urban setting. The study area is in Kampung Jawa (KJ), situated in the historical city of Melaka, Malaysia. This study adopted a qualitative method to explore and survey the study area. The required data was collected through observation, questionnaire, interviews with stakeholders as well as available documents and statistics about the area. After analysing the data and based on the principles and design rationales derived from precedent studies, suggestions and recommendations for the revitalization of the site were developed in the form of design proposals. The study concludes that five important factors, including the sense of place, optimum land utilization, compatibility with the neighbouring districts, appropriate circulation network, and safeguarding imageability and identity of the site, are among the most vital factors for revival and regeneration of deprived buffer zone areas.
... Historic towns are a special type of cultural heritage, which not only retain a large number of tangible cultural heritage such as monuments, historic sites, and traditional buildings, but are also important places for inheriting intangible cultural heritage (Gruber, 2017;Timothy & Nyaupane, 2009). According to the Charter for Sustainable Tourism, cultural heritage conservation combined with tourism utilization is considered a sustainable development model for historic towns (UNESCO et al., 1995). ...
Sustainable tourism development in historic towns has received widespread attention, but the distribution pattern and layout rules of the tourism businesses in it are not clear. Taking the ancient city of Pingyao in China as an example, this study explores the distribution pattern and verifies influence factors of the tourism businesses by a series of multivariate analyses. A spatial database with 1126 location information of tourism businesses is established based on point of interest (POI) data, including tourism attractions, tourism shopping, tourism catering, tourism entertainment, and tourism accommodation. Spatial distribution characteristics of tourism businesses are analyzed through the methods of standard deviation ellipse and Getis-Ord Gi∗. The influence of street networks and tourism attractions on the distribution of tourism businesses are verified by space syntax method and examined with eWOM data. The result shows that priority location roads attract tourism attractions, tourism shopping, tourism catering, and tourism entertainment, except for tourism accommodation. Tourism attractions successively attract tourism shopping, tourism catering, and tourism entertainment, but without obvious influence on tourism accommodation. The influence characteristics of street networks and tourism attractions on the distribution of tourism businesses are summarized as ‘global’ and ‘local’, ‘select’ and ‘grade’, ‘stable’ and ‘changeable’. Three suggestions on the layout of tourism businesses in historic towns are proposed. The findings have important implications for both destination management and commercial business operation.
... Therefore, WNH conservation is no longer limited to the closed preservation of the core area but has shown a trend of outward-looking and regionalized overall trend [3]. WH conservation and management are based on the principles of authenticity and integrity, with the outstanding universal value (OUV) as the focus [4]. Changing systems require an emphasis on protecting the value of its natural resources rather than the system's state [5]. ...
In recent decades, World Heritage Sites (WHSs) have faced external severe threats in the context of global economisation and urbanisation. The buffer zone as a conservation layer and management tool for WHSs has attracted increasing scholarly attention and debate. However, there is limited understanding of buffer zones’ social and ecological role in the conservation of World Natural Heritage Sites (WNHSs) and a lack of summary of research progress on buffer zones. To fill this gap, this study systematically reviews the existing knowledge and research gaps on buffer zones in WNHSs worldwide. We used a systematic literature review framework of Search, Assessment, Synthesis and Analysis (SALSA) through the WoS and CNKI databases to obtain 188 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The aim was to analyze the temporal and regional distribution of publications, types of studies, main processes and landmark achievements, gaps, and implications for future research. Results indicated that: (1) there is an overall upward trend in the number of publications, reaching a maximum in 2020, with the most published in Asia and Europe. The research process presents two main categories of ecologically and socially oriented. (2) The main landmark achievements include theoretical research, technology and methods, model construction, benefit monitoring and evaluation, experimental demonstration, etc. Among them, theoretical research is the most numerous (58.51%). (3) On this basis, 8 key scientific issues are summarised. Reviewing the research progress and summarising the critical scientific issues will provide practical guidance for the effective implementation of the role of buffer zones in global WNH conservation, especially for karst WNHSs with fragile ecological environments. (4) The future of Karst WNH conservation should be based on the effect of human-land relationship in promoting heritage protection. Examining the institutional factors of ecological problems and the management of degraded ecosystems from a socio-economic perspective. The purpose is to seek a socio-ecological system that is composed of the social, economic, ecological and cultural dimensions of the buffer zone. Focus on the coupling between eco-industrial development and WNH conservation, and strengthen buffer zone communities’ adaptive and collaborative management. Explore techniques and methods of conservation adapted to the characteristics of the fragile ecosystem of karst itself, and conduct experimental demonstrations.
... This way of using cultural heritage as a tourism resource is called the heritage tourism. To be specific, the cultural heritage includes not only the tangible cultural heritage such as monuments, and groups of buildings and sites [6], but also the intangible heritage elements such as practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, and skills [7]. Compared with that of other tourism, a reasonable and appropriate development of heritage tourism can enhance the core competitiveness of the city and is an important means for its sustainable development. ...
improving the development level of tourism service facilities in historic areas of old cities and realizing the sustainable tourism are important strategies for urban historical protection, economic development, and cultural rejuvenation. Districts at different tourism development stages show different characteristics of tourism service facilities. This study collects location-based service data and uses space syntax to identify the correlation between the distribution of tourism service facilities and street networks, which helps decision-makers to optimize the spatial layout of tourism facilities in the planning of historic areas. Taking the southern historic area of Nanjing, China, as an example, this is an area with a rich collection of cultural heritage and many historic districts, and the study reveals that the areas with strongest street agglomeration and best accessibility, as well as the districts with most mature tourism development, are the core of the tourism facilities. The agglomeration of transportation and accommodation facilities should be set at the traffic nodes as much as possible due to the highest correlation with the street network. Instead, the entertainment, catering, and shopping facilities can be set in the nontraffic node areas under the premise of ensuring good traffic accessibility owing to the insignificantly relationship with the street network. The research results can be used as an important reference for urban decision-makers regarding the planning of historic areas.
This study reveals the seismic signature of the 1973 Chilean coup d’état by analyzing historical paper seismograms from September 1973. The continuous traces of the seismic activity preceding, during, and after the military coup were recorded by a Teledyne Geotech seismometer installed near (∼2 km) the presidential palace La Moneda. Our analysis revealed that distinct seismic patterns corresponded to specific societal activities, such as the morning commute and nighttime quietness. The seismic records captured the upheaval caused by the coup, including the military intervention, the bombing of La Moneda palace, and the subsequent imposition of a national curfew. The latter led to a significant reduction in anthropogenic noise making it easier to detect seismic events with enhanced clarity. To reconstruct the events of September 1973, we combined the seismic data with the historical archives of the Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos (Museum of Memory and Human Rights Foundation). This research offers a unique perspective on the recent history of Chile. It also highlights the importance of seismic and scientific records as elements of cultural heritage worthy of preservation and recognition. In addition, it underlines the close link between Chile’s seismological characteristics and the profound influence they have had on the shaping of the country’s identity serving as an invaluable source of inspiration for artistic representations of natural hazards and disasters. Finally, the article emphasizes the imperative of preserving historical scientific records, not only as invaluable resources for advancing scientific understanding, but also as foundational elements for fostering transdisciplinary collaborations. The safeguarding of these records facilitates the interplay between science and art, creating new pathways for the dissemination of complex scientific knowledge, while inspiring creative expressions that engage with and reflect on Chile’s cultural and natural history.
Augmented reality (AR) technology is an effective way to transmit and protect tangible and intangible cultural heritage. It is crucial to research the connections between these two aspects and associated problems to support the preservation and sustainable development of cultural assets. This chapter aims to examine the evolution of the application of augmented reality to cultural heritage. It intends to comprehend these tendencies worldwide and offer suggestions for their expansion and development. The objectives were accomplished using a quantitative approach incorporating bibliometric analysis using Biblioshiny and CiteSpace. The findings of this research include an overview of the institutions, nations/regions, journals, and authors who have produced the most in the area. The significance of the study can be observed in its contribution to a deeper comprehension of the global development of cultural heritage.
In the face of increasing development pressure, how to fulfill the obligations under the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Convention and maintain the integrity of the Natural World Heritage Site (NWHS) is a major problem to be solved at present. Agroforestry (AF) development in the buffer zone maintains the integrity of NWHS and promotes sustainable ecological and economic development in the buffer zone. Still, few studies on the knowledge system of integrity protection of NWHS and AF development in the buffer zone research have been conducted. To fill this gap, this study conducts a systematic literature review based on 128 related articles retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database. Firstly, quantitative studies were conducted to analyze the annual numbers, content and study regions of the published literature. Secondly, the main research progress and achievements of integrity protection of WNHS and AF development in the buffer zone are classified and summarized. On this basis, this paper proposed key scientific issues that remain to be addressed in future, as well as exploring the implications for the World Heritage (WH) karst. This study is a scientific reference for the balanced development of NWHS integrity protection and AF in the buffer zone.
В статье выявляется потенциал археологической реконструкции древней керамики для решения задач, связанных с сохранением и экспонированием археологического наследия в музеях. Материалами исследования стали результаты научных изысканий в области археологии, теории и практики реставрационного дела, а также международные и российские нормативные правовые акты, регламентирующие различные аспекты сохранения и популяризации культурного наследия. Проведен анализ процессов музейной и археологической реконструкции, в результате чего выявлена тождественность их целей. Поэтапно модулируется процесс воссоздания древней керамики, изготовления памятников от идеи зарождения предмета до стадии использования. Сделан вывод о значении археологической реконструкции как инструмента, с помощью которого в условиях музея можно осуществлять изучение и популяризацию культурного наследия, сохраняя в неприкосновенности подлинники.
The article reveals the functional possibilities of archaeological reconstruction of ancient ceramic products that are part of museum collections in the aspect of preserving and popularizing the archaeological heritage in museums. The main materials involved in the research were the results of scientific research in the field of archaeology, theory and practice of restoration work, as well as international and Russian normative legal acts regulating various aspects of the preservation and popularization of cultural heritage. The research methodology is based on a functional approach, while axiological and typological methods, techniques used in archaeological source studies, and methods of reconstruction of artistic and technical processes were important tools. The reconstruction of ancient ceramics, undertaken during archaeological research and carried out by means of experimental and technological methods, is analyzed. The functions of reconstruction in modern archaeological research are determined, and the essence of archaeological reconstruction itself as a process of modeling the corresponding artifacts is characterized. The significance of cultural stereotypes in this process is clarified. The stages of creating a ceramic product are consistently identified. The ceramic product (as, indeed, any thing created by people) is considered as a product of human creativity and at the same time as a source of information about a certain technology. It has been established that reconstruction methods in the field of preserving architectural monuments cannot be the only basis for studying its capabilities in a museum, since they do not go beyond collecting formal data about a monument and creating its analogue in the form of a graphic or three-dimensional model. The technological aspects of creating the material structure of the artifact remain undisclosed. Museum items are considered as elements of the informational text of culture. The modern practice of the reconstruction of ceramic products in museums by creating models using fragments of genuine artifacts has been studied and evaluated. The author concludes that archaeological reconstruction is an effective tool with which it is possible to study and popularize cultural heritage, keeping the originals intact. Conclusions are made about the identity of the goals of the museum and archaeological reconstruction, the set of educational and research tasks solved by archaeological reconstruction in a museum is revealed.
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