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The Generative Lexicon
... For recent overviews of positions, see Vicente (2018) and Murphy (2021). We follow Pustejovsky (1995) and Asher (2011) in what we think of as the central phenomenon, if not the theoretical detail. 4 Not all polysemous construals happily occur simultaneously. ...
... Metaphysicians might insist that there is a thing that has both a river running through Gotham (2014Gotham ( , 2017, Liebesman and Magidor (2017), King (2018), Vicente (2019), and Devitt (2021). For accounts of polysemy that, we think, fall on the first side, see Pustejovsky (1995), Asher (2011), and Murphy (2021). 7 Clear evidence for this is speaker-hearers' sensitivity to two potentially active construals that allow them to be gardenpathed. ...
... In this light, admitting copredication is criterial of polysemy, unlike with the broader class of regular polysemy. SeePustejovsky (1995Pustejovsky ( , 2011 andAsher (2011). ...
The paper argues for a model of polysemy based on the blueprint offered by Paul Pietroski whereby the meaning of a lexical item is an instruction to fetch a concept from an address. We show that the bare idea of fetching admits of a deep construal, where a concept is fetched, and a shallow construal, where the instruction merely links a lexical item to an address without automatically retrieving anything from the address; retrieval only occurs when the item is embedded within a syntactic structure. We offer considerations in favour of the shallow construal, which is consistent with a root conception of lexical items.
... Change-of-state verbs, such as "break" and "grow," denote transitions from one state to another. Pustejovsky (1998) explores how these verbs influence syntactic structures by requiring specific argument structures. Pustejovsky's research highlights that change-of-state verbs often demand additional syntactic structures, such as resultative phrases or aspectual markers, to express precisely a state transition or change. ...
... • Action Verbs: Verbs that describe physical or mental actions (e.g., "run," "think") (Levin, 1993). • Change of State Verbs: Verbs that indicate a change in state or condition (e.g., "break," "grow") (Pustejovsky, 1998). ...
... Volitional verbs, which express intent or desire, are more commonly found in VO structures, possibly because these structures more naturally accommodate the expression of volition or intention. Conversely, OV structures appear to be more suitable for change-of-state verbs, which describe transitions or transformations, aligning with the literature's discussion on how these verbs often require specific syntactic configurations to convey changes in state (Pustejovsky, 1998). ...
This thesis investigates the syntactic and semantic patterns of Object-Verb (OV) and Verb-Object (VO) constructions in Turkish, focusing on how they vary concerning different modes of communication (spoken vs. written) and levels of formality (formal vs. informal). This investigation is important for noticing how far the syntax of Turkish is flexible and what the semantic factors and context motivate in its flexibility. The present study, therefore, aims to further investigate these patterns, and for this purpose, a quantitative study is conducted by using the RUEG TR Corpus. It analyzed whether the distribution of OV and VO constructions depends on differences in mode of communication, level of formality, case markers (accusative, nominative, dative), or semantic verb types (volitional, change-of-state, perception, cognitive). Throughout, Fisher's Exact Test was used to determine the statistical significance of associations due to the small sample sizes in certain subcategories. The analysis revealed that OV constructions are more prevalent in formal contexts, whereas VO constructions are predominant in informal spoken language. Significant associations were found between VO constructions and the dative (DAT) case, as well as between OV constructions and change-of-state verbs. Additionally, a significant association was identified between VO constructions and volitional verbs. However, no significant associations were observed for the accusative (ACC) case and the bare noun form as the object. Furthermore, no significant associations were found for perception and cognitive verbs. These findings demonstrate the flexibility of Turkish syntax in adapting to different communicative contexts and semantic types. The results support theoretical models that account for syntactic variability and suggest practical implications for language teaching, natural language processing, and discourse analysis. This research advances the understanding of Turkish syntax and provides valuable insights for both theoretical and applied linguistic studies.
... El modelo en cuestión es la teoría del Lexicón Generativo, propuesta por James Pustejovsky a partir de un trabajo germinal (Pustejovksy 1988) en el que se explora la articulación geométrica de los eventos denotados por los predicados. Se formula por primera vez en Pustejovsky (1991) y en su versión clásica en Pustejovsky (1995). El análisis que se presenta en §4 hace uso de sus presupuestos y herramientas para proporcionar una explicación unificada de las distintas restricciones señaladas para la construcción pasiva, ilustradas por los ejemplos de (2)-(5), cuyo comportamiento aparentemente heterogéneo puede sin embargo derivarse de la operación de un mismo proceso con distintas manifestaciones (sintácticas, semánticas e informativas). ...
... El modelo del Lexicón Generativo (Pustejovsky, 1995;De Miguel, 2009;Pustejovsky y Batiukova, 2019), LG a partir de ahora, concibe el léxico como un nivel organizado de acuerdo con una teoría rica y recursiva de descomposición del significado, que acoge gran parte de la potencialidad significativa y creativa del lenguaje. Su objetivo central es dar cuenta de la polisemia regular, es decir, de los sentidos que puede adquirir una misma palabra en función del contexto sintáctico en que se inserta: ...
... Entre sus presupuestos básicos, el LG postula que las entradas léxicas están poco especificadas; esa infraespecificación las capacita para intervenir en diferentes estructuras sintácticas y, en consecuencia, en distintas operaciones de composición semántica (Pustejovsky 1995). De acuerdo con este presupuesto, los distintos sentidos que adquiere una palabra en el contexto, como pesado en (6a-d), no constituyen diferentes entradas en el lexicón mental, sino que forman parte de una única entrada poco especificada, como rasgos potenciales, activables en función del sustantivo con el que se combine. ...
En este artículo se estudian los factores que intervienen en la formación e interpretación de la pasiva perifrástica con ser del español. Las restricciones examinadas derivan tanto del aspecto léxico y flexivo del verbo como del contenido de sus argumentos sujeto y objeto. El trabajo asume los presupuestos de la teoría del Lexicón Generativo y postula que la pasiva es una operación sintáctica legitimada por la concordancia de los rasgos subléxicos codificados en la estructura eventiva de los verbos y en la estructura de qualia de sus argumentos. El análisis subléxico que se defiende permite explicar el comportamiento heterógeneo del sintagma-por de la pasiva, obligatorio en algunos contextos y opcional en otros. La propuesta se extiende para explicar la intervención de los adjuntos en la construcción del evento denotado por un predicado y su aportación esencial en el rescate de ciertas pasivas informativamente no relevantes
... In lexical semantics, there is currently a debate opposing "rich-lexicon" theories to "thin-lexicon" ones (for foundational work, see Jackendoff (1990), Pustejovsky (1995), 2 The two types of uses presented in the paragraph seem quite close, so an interesting question is whether they are, after all, different. In Zeman (2022), I argue that identificatory uses are more focused on identifying the group those involved belong to (along an objective dimension-say, race or ethnicity) than referential uses (even though, of course, the latter also serve to single out a particular group). ...
... How to determine the meaning dimensions that constitute a word's lexical entry according to richlexicon theories is a crucial issue. In the case of nouns, one common way to do so has been to appeal to the old Aristotelian idea of qualia: units of meaning that encapsulate certain types of information and which are interrelated in certain ways (e.g., Pustejovsky (1995)). Thus, various rich-lexicon theorists have taken the lexical entry of nouns to comprise at least the following: perceptual information about the objects referred to with the noun (I will refer to it with the label PERCEPTUAL), information about what those objects are made of or their parts (CONSTITUTIVE), how they came to being or the purpose of their creation (AGENTIVE), their typical function (TELIC), etc. ...
... What are the mechanisms by which such selection takes place is, obviously, another crucial matter. A variety of proposals can be found in the literature: see, for example, those advocated or discussed in Pustejovsky (1995), Frisson (2009), Asher (2011), Schumacher (2013, Del Pinal (2018), etc. I won't go into this issue here, despite its important place in any rich-lexicon theory. ...
Many authors writing on slurs think that they are lexically rich, in the sense that their lexical meaning comprises both a descriptive dimension and an expressive/evaluative one, the latter accounting for their derogatory character. However, more fine-grained theories of slurs have recently been proposed, drawing on frameworks from lexical semantics. My main aim in this paper is to compare three such fine-grained rich-lexicon theories—the one put forward by myself in previous work with two similar ones, Croom’s (2011, 2013) and Neufeld’s (2019, 2022). While my primary aim is to underlie the commonalities and differences between the three views, I also aim at showing that the latter views have some issues that are easily avoided in the framework I propose.
... The main questions for semantic compositionality that we are concerned with are: (1) how can polysemy be handled by a single vector representation per word type, learned by either a distributional or neural model, and (2) how does composition resolve these ambiguities. To this end, we are inspired by the idea of type coercion and co-compositionality in Generative Lexicon Theory (Pustejovsky, 1995). Co-compositionality advocates that instead of a predicate-argument view of composition, both predicate and argument influence/coerce each other to generate the overall meaning. ...
... Generative Lexicon Theory (Pustejovsky, 1995) makes a distinction between accidental polysemy (homonyms, e.g. bank as financial institution vs. as river side) and logical polysemy (e.g. figure and ground meanings of door). ...
... After all, the different senses of the same word are all conflated into a single vector representation. We found our inspiration in Generative Lexicon Theory (Pustejovsky, 1995), where ambiguity is resolved due to co-compositionality of the words in the sentence, i.e., the meaning of an ambiguous verb is generated by the properties the object it takes, and vice versa. We implement this idea in a novel neural network model using prototype projections. ...
... El presente trabajo se propone analizar la estructura semántica de diversos nombres neológicos, siguiendo el modelo propuesto por el Léxico Generativo (Pustejovsky, 1995(Pustejovsky, , 2011. Este modelo permite analizar la estructura semántica nominal y los posibles cambios en su estructura a partir de considerar que la información semántica está codificada en distintos niveles de representación. ...
... En este trabajo se analiza la resemantización de estos nombres a partir del modelo propuesto por el Léxico Generativo (Pustejovsky, 1995), que plantea que todo ítem léxico posee una estructura semántica conformada por cuatro niveles de representación: una estructura de qualia, una estructura de herencia léxica, una estructura argumental y una estructura eventiva. En la estructura de qualia se representan los ítems de acuerdo con cuatro aspectos de la palabra: el quale formal (que permite distinguir un objeto en un dominio más amplio), el quale constitutivo (que establece la relación entre una entidad y sus partes, e incluye datos relativos al material, el peso, las partes y los elementos constituyentes), el quale agentivo (que señala los factores involucrados en su origen) y el quale télico (que especifica la función). ...
... 342) Este modelo plantea que cada predicado presenta un núcleo (*), que es el subevento principal, y presenta reglas (RESTR) para la composición del evento, que señalan el orden temporal entre los subeventos: anterior (<#), simultáneo (°#) y posterior (>#). Pustejovsky (1995) plantea, además, que las relaciones entre el evento complejo y sus subeventos se pueden caracterizar en términos de orden parcial (≤), orden parcial estricto (<), solapamiento (°) e inclusión (⊆). Estos operadores aspectuales permiten focalizar una fase de un evento excluyendo o incluyendo otras. ...
El presente trabajo se propone analizar diversos neologismos semánticos, cuyo sentido neológico corresponde a nombres abstractos temporales. Se analizará la estructura eventiva de estos nombres desde la perspectiva del Léxico Generativo. Se considera el aspecto léxico de modo composicional, lo que implica comprender la interacción entre la estructura eventiva y la estructura argumental. En este trabajo se observarán los cambios que se producen en la estructura eventiva de diversos nombres, para estudiar si al resemantizarse el nombre se producen modificaciones, o no, en esta estructura. De este modo, por ejemplo, cachetazo, que en su sentido establecido se presenta como un evento puntual, se resemantiza únicamente respecto de una parte de la estructura eventiva del sentido establecido (la etapa final) con el sentido de ‘conmoción producida por X’ y pasa a ser un evento durativo (“Durante el cachetazo de 2008, Buffett amplió sus posesiones”). Este trabajo se propone reflexionar acerca de una de las propiedades propuestas en el Léxico Generativo, la infraespecificación, lo que permitiría explicar el cambio de un tipo de evento a otro al resemantizarse. El trabajo se propone realizar un aporte al análisis de los nombres temporales y, en particular, de la estructura eventiva de dichos nombres.
... Exemplos como esse demonstram que o princípio da composicionalidade demanda que o léxico seja representado de maneira que o significado de cada palavra não esteja sob restrições demasiadamente rígidas. A proposta oferecida por Viotti (2003) para as sentenças com o verbo leve "ter" segue o modelo de léxico gerativo desenvolvido por Pustejovsky (1995). Não entraremos nos detalhes desse sistema, mas, para os fins desta exposição, é importante apontar algumas de suas particularidades 8 . ...
... É precisamente isso que Pustejovsky propõe em relação à estruturação do léxico: a ideia é de um sistema de representação em níveis para cada item lexical e mecanismos gerativos que atuam nesses níveis. Em outras palavras, no léxico gerativo, as palavras não estão associadas a primitivos fixos ou redes de significado, mas são decompostas em formas estruturadas divididas da seguinte maneira: 8 Para uma apresentação, em português, mais detida do modelo de Pustejovsky (1995) ver Chishman (2000), que discute inclusive as críticas feitas ao modelo, e Foltran e Wachowicz (2000), que apresentam esquematicamente a formalização implicada na teoria. 505 Estrutura argumental: especifica quantas e quais características devem ter os argumentos de que um determinado item lexical precisa; por exemplo, o verbo "construir" tem em sua estrutura argumental as especificações para dois argumentos obrigatórios, dos tipos INDIVÍDUO.ANIMADO , no argumento 1, e ARTEFATO , no argumento 2. Há ainda as posições de argumentos opcionais, no caso de "construir" MATERIAL ("João construiu uma casa de madeira") . ...
... Assim, a estrutura argumental de "ter" deve representar a possibilidade de dois argumentos semanticamente subespecificados; e, em função de sua herança como verbo transitivo, a sua estrutura de evento mantém o padrão transitivo e prevê dois subeventos. Note crucialmente que o caso dos verbos leves é um pouco diferente do que vimos para "bake a cake", ou seja, o verbo "bake" não é subespecificado para as características particulares de suas 12 No capítulo sobre a semântica dos nominais de Pustejovsky (1995), é descrito com detalhes os mecanismos que permitem que a especificação de objeto físico (physobj), exigida na estrutura argumental do verbo, inclua a característica de artefatoque, por definição, é algo que é criado, feito ou manufaturado por alguma ação humana. ...
O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir sobre a construção do sentido das perspectivas da Semântica Formal e da Semântica Cognitiva – escolhemos particularmente a questão da interpretação de verbos leves a partir de cada teoria – e propor a interface dessas teorias com a Psicolinguística Experimental. Depois da apresentação teórica, situamos a Psicolinguística Experimental no âmbito geral dos estudos linguísticos e apresentamos algumas questões sobre processamento on-line composicional de sentenças. Concluímos com uma proposta de testagem sobre processamento semântico a partir das previsões de cada concepção de sentido apresentada. Nossa intenção é possibilitar uma discussão que pode se voltar para possíveis revisões no âmbito teórico e também fornecer dados para pensar questões associadas à interpretação de sentenças em tempo real.
... Regular polysemy is consistent across words in the language, often liked with metonymical relations, while irregular polysemy, primarily derived metaphorically, is unique to specific words (Apresjan 1974, 16). Pustejovsky (1996) and Asher (2011) further delineated nuances which lead to a refined classification: inherent or logical (dot-object) polysemy, regular polysemy, and irregular or idiosyncratic polysemy, as depicted in Figure 1. Notably, while the first two types mainly affect nouns and have metonymy as their primary derivation method, irregular polysemy, rooted in metaphor, is applicable across word types. ...
... The original text can be found in the "本草綱目 -> 金石之五 -> 馬牙硝 -> 5" section of the Chinese Text Project at https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=324. only when this meaning fails to suffice and interacts with the context, creating new senses, as in Pustejovsky's generative lexicon theory (Pustejovsky 1996). ...
Excessive and arbitrary polysemy within traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) terminology presents a notable challenge to both the intralingual standardization of TCM terms and the interlingual development of a TCM knowledge system. This article categorizes polysemy in TCM based on the origins and relationships of the various senses of a polysemous term: Inherent polysemy, where terms retain their ordinary senses; logical polysemy, which includes both ordinary and technical senses; and accidental polysemy, characterized by exclusively technical senses. For addressing logical and accidental polysemy, this article proposes “pruning translation,” a methodology in terminology translation that refines and aligns a term closely with its original form by reducing multiple senses to its most essential meanings for enhanced clarity and precision. Three approaches, namely “centralization” for an underspecification account, “aggregation” for an overspecification account, and “literal translation” for literalism, are employed to demonstrate the application of pruning translation. This is exemplified through an analysis of five polysemous TCM terms: mào ( 冒 ), qīng ( 清 ), mài ( 脉 ), guǐ tāi ( 鬼胎 ), and xià xiè ( 下泄 ). The rationale for pruning translation stems from two key aspects: Firstly, the generation of polysemy, highlighting the need to eliminate context-dependent, unrecognized, or superficial senses for accurate cross-lingual translation; secondly, the representation of polysemy, supported by psycholinguistic evidence indicating that multiple senses in one language can often be effectively represented by a single lexical form in another, facilitating the consolidation of senses into a unified translation. This proposed methodology of pruning translation represents an innovative approach in the translation of polysemous TCM terminology, contributing to the field of terminology translation.
... More specifically, I defend the claim that inner aspect and results are to be dissociated from each other in the verbal domain, as has also been argued by scholars such as Borer (2005) and, more recently, by Jung and Choi (2023). These analyses challenge much previous work on event structure, where inner aspect is directly derived from the presence of a result state, represented in the semantics or syntax of verbal expressions (see Dowty 1979, Parsons 1990, Pustejovsky 1991, 1995, Higginbotham 2000, Ramchand 2008, among others). Jung and Choi (2023) argue that inner aspect is encoded at the level of vP and results are syntactically instantiated below vP as ResP with transitive predicates like paint the picture colorfully and chop the onion finely and also with their intransitive counterparts, if available. ...
... As is well-known, telic interpretations often co-occur with the coming about of a new result state, as in the case of verbal expressions like hammer the metal flat, sweep the floor clean, break the vase and die. On decompositional analyses (see Dowty 1979, Pustejovsky 1991, 1995, Rappaport Hovav and Levin 1998, the presence of a caused result state ensures telicity. Consider (1). ...
In this work I provide novel evidence for an articulated VP structure by examining facts of adverbial modification in Hungarian. In line with prior works such as Borer (2005) and Jung and Choi (2023), I will argue for the dissociation of inner aspect from result states, but also propose that inner aspect be syntactically instantiated, whereas result states are only a semantic/pragmatic effect. I focus on the distribution and interpretive properties of resultative and measure adverbs to support these claims. I also show that result states can be directly encoded by verbal, prepositional and resultative adverbial elements alike, contra the previous claim that resultative adverbs only modify result states (Geuder 2000).
... Los trabajos de Batiukova (2023) y Adelstein y Straccia (2019) ofrecen representaciones semánticas de algunos de los derivados en '-azo' eventivo a partir del léxico generativo (Pustejovsky, 1995). Este modelo considera la polisemia de los ítems léxicos, cuyos sentidos se generan de modo co-composicional a partir de la explotación de una estructura semántica (ES) infraespecificada, conformada por distintos niveles de representación: estructura argumental (EA), estructura eventiva (EE) y estructura de qualia (EQ). ...
... Berri, 2019;Batiukova, 2023). Los tipos complejos, como 'libro' y 'disco' o 'cena' y 'almuerzo', corresponden a las polisemias inherentes más estudiadas (Asher & Pustejovsky, 2013;Pustejovsky, 1995, entre muchos otros). Un tipo complejo se define como un ítem léxico que tiene en su estructura semántica dos tipos simples relacionados: 'libro' y 'disco' conjugan el tipo información y el tipo objeto físico; 'cena' y 'almuerzo' relacionan los de evento y alimento. ...
La ‘neologicidad’ es la propiedad de un ítem léxico de ser nuevo; se la considera no discreta y graduable según distintos parámetros: temporalidad, percepción del hablante, frecuencia de uso y tipo de recurso neológico. Este trabajo se propone contribuir al estudio de este último parámetro a partir del análisis de la productividad del sufijo ‘-azo’ eventivo en un corpus de neologismos de distintas variedades del español, extraídos del corpus NOW y la base de datos neológicos BOBNEO. Se trata de un total de 149 neologismos, entre ellos, ‘alimentazo’, ‘corbatazo’, ‘ivazo’, ‘jujeñazo’, ‘pingüinazo’. Se realizó un análisis de los neologismos en contextos oracionales a partir del cual se propuso una descripción altamente fragmentada del comportamiento del sufijo: se postularon 32 patrones de formación según las restricciones categoriales y semánticas de las bases y de los resultados. Se observó entre ellos distinto grado de impacto en la neologicidad de los derivados neológicos y, a la vez, distinto tipo de transgresiones operadas sobre algunos de los patrones. Finalmente, se ofrece un modelo de escala de productividad de los patrones -según la extensión de la disponibilidad y la rentabilidad actual- que permite ponderar la incidencia de cada uno en la neologicidad del ítem léxico, y una propuesta inicial de representación semántica infraespecificada del afijo que permite condensar su ductilidad.
... Pustejovsky (Pustejovsky, 1991(Pustejovsky, , 1995 has coined an attractive term to capture these phenomena: one of the declared objectives of his`generative lexicon' is a departure from sense enumeration to sense derivation with the help of lexical rules. The generative lexicon provides a useful framework for potentially in nite sense modulation in speci c contexts (cf. ...
... Consequently, derivational LRs are even more prone to overgeneration than in ectional LRs. Regular Polysemy -This set of phenomena includes regular polysemies or regular nonmetaphoric and non-metonymic alternations such as those described in (Apresjan, 1974), (Pustejovsky, 1991(Pustejovsky, , 1995, (Ostler and Atkins, 1992) and others. ...
This paper deals with the discovery, representation, and use of lexical rules (LRs) during large-scale semi-automatic computational lexicon acquisition. The analysis is based on a set of LRs implemented and tested on the basis of Spanish and English business- and finance-related corpora. We show that, though the use of LRs is justified, they do not come cost-free. Semi-automatic output checking is required, even with blocking and preemtion procedures built in. Nevertheless, large-scope LRs are justified because they facilitate the unavoidable process of large-scale semi-automatic lexical acquisition. We also argue that the place of LRs in the computational process is a complex issue.
... That is, a telic role, as would be expressed in, e.g., Qualia Structure (Pustejovsky, 1995): ...
... This can be attributed to biases toward canonical orientations that previous research (Barbu et al., 2019) has found to be pervasive in image training datasets. Further, (Pustejovsky, 1995)'s formalism of the telic role suggests why artifacts are overwhelmingly likely to be discussed in terms of their canonical uses and associated orientations, such that when habitats are exploited to perturb that canonical alignment, it poses a unique challenge to modern models that future work must addressed to achieve true common-sense multimodal reasoning. Specific approaches may include augmenting LLMs with object and counterfactual reasoning and making them more common-sense oriented towards these types of questions using knowledge distillation West et al., 2021). ...
... In particular, the last alternation involves two aspects that are equally basic and inherent to the entity denoted by the word, with neither sense being an extension of the other. This type of regular polysemy is also called inherent or logical polysemy (Pustejovsky 1995;Asher 2011;Dölling 2020). ...
... For instance, he assigns the noun book the type P⋅I, indicating the fact that its meaning has both a physical (P) and an informational (I) aspect. The idea of dot types can be traced back to Pustejovsky's (1995) work on his "generative lexicon." As Pustejovsky (1998, 335) explains, for each sense pair, "there is a relation which 'connects' the senses in a well-defined way"-which "must be seen as part of the definition of the semantics for the dot object […] to be well-formed." ...
Lexical disambiguation is one of the oldest problems in natural language processing. There are three main types of lexical ambiguity: part-of-speech ambiguity, homonymy, and polysemy, typically divided into two tasks in practice. While this division suffices for engineering purposes, it does not align well with human intuition. In this article, I use lexical ambiguity as a representative case to demonstrate how insights from theoretical linguistics can be helpful for developing more human-like meaning and knowledge representations in natural language understanding. I revisit the three types of lexical ambiguity and propose a structured reclassification of them into two levels using the theoretical linguistic tool of root syntax. Recognizing the uneven expressive power of root syntax across these levels, I further translate the theoretical linguistic insights into the language of category theory, mainly using the tool of topos. The resulting unified categorical representation of lexical ambiguity preserves rootsyntactic insights, has strong expressive power at both linguistic levels, and can potentially serve as a bridge between theoretical linguistics and natural language understanding.
... 2.2, the agent omission structure lacks agentivity entirely. It has been suggested by numerous scholars that in the unergative/unaccusative dichotomy of intransitive verbs, unergatives project agents while unaccusatives lack such an argument (Perlmutter 1978;Pinker 1989;Pustejovsky 1995;Levin and Rappaport Hovav 1995;Sorace 2000 among others). Based on this dichotomy, it would seem that agent omission verbs should be treated as unaccusative verbs. ...
As the first chapter of the body-part, this chapter starts from the “unexpected” agent omission case in Chinese and considers it as a result of expletivization based on various tests. Agent omission, then, challenges the cross-linguistic generalization of UEAC, and the author proposes the M parameter to account for the Chinese agent omission without denying the validity of the UEAC. After the agent omission is legitimated, the next question is when the agent omission is allowed and when it is disallowed. A link between the availability of delegation reading and agent omission is found, which leads to the proposal of the core hypothesis, the APCC. The APCC is then applied to the -zai marked cases successfully.
... Lexical semantics is a field within linguistics that investigates how individual words are understood and represented (Cruse, 2000). It's important to note that a single word can possess various meanings, complicating language analysis (Pustejovsky, 1995). ...
... The applicability of the shift depends on the semantic-syntactic properties of the given verb. Another such example is Pustejovsky (1995), who treats DNs as polysemous, to be precise, complementary polysemous. This is a property that other non-derived nouns have as well. ...
Czech deverbal nominals have two different kinds of morphological endings. The confusing thing about these is that either form can actually be used as a complex event nominal (CEN) or result nominal (RN). It is the origin of their derivation which can explain this. One type of derived nominals (DN) is derived from the verbal stem and the other type originates directly from the verbal root. These origins result in distinct properties and can account for the more verbal nature of the stem derived CENs and the more nominal nature of the root derived RNs of both morphological types of DNs in Czech. A further analysis also explains how these two types of DNs share some properties and why there can be two morphologically different DNs from the same verb.
... For example, I am not assuming that the word [kick] means KICK and SUDDENLY DIE, when combined with [the bucket]. Also, accepting a manageable ambiguity of words appearing in type-1 and type-2 idioms is not the same as attributing mere meaning potentials (as per Pustejovsky 1995) to all expressions of a given language. ...
This paper outlines and motivates a degrees view of compositionality. The degrees view says that the meanings of complex natural language expressions are determined by the meanings and syntactic structure of their parts to varying degrees. The initial motivation for proposing such a view is that it solves a serious problem with the compositionality principle, which arises if the meanings of complex expressions are taken to be fully determined by the meanings and combinatorial structure of their parts. This seems to be the standard understanding of compositionality, but natural languages are ripe with expressions, whose meanings are compositionally underdetermined. This striking feature of natural languages is captured by the degrees view, which attributes an undiminished role to compositionality and proposes that complex expressions are generally compositional, albeit with varying intensity. In order to provide further motivation for the degree-theoretic perspective, this paper also examines the meta-semantics of idiomatic phrases, which are widely held to defy compositionality by definition. As predicted by the degrees view, the analysis reveals that there are different types of idiomatic phrases, some of which are more compositional than others.
... (Politics, III, 1274b38) Here, Aristotle is thinking of a city as simply a population of citizens under a constitution or lawful organisation. See Moravcsik 1975 for a general take on aitia that influenced Chomsky (2000) and Pustejovsky (1995) on the complexity of lexical items. Unlike Aristotle, the claim here being made is not an ontological one about the complexity of the things to which our items refer, but rather a claim about the complexity of the ways in which we may refer using a single item. ...
The chapters in this collection address the question to what extent the doctrine of linguistic idealism is coherent and plausible. This position holds that the existence and the structure of the world are in some sense dependent on the existence and the structure of language. The interest of the thesis is that, since human language is an evolved, empirical phenomenon, it would be surprising and significant if the world, which existed long before human beings came into being and is in many respects quite obviously independent of them, were somehow beholden to the fact that human beings can talk about it. That, nevertheless, is the claim. Some of the chapters in this collection are favourable to this position in one version or another; others attack it. All the contributions are both historically aware and engaged with systematic considerations, but in some the emphasis is placed on historical aspects of the problem—here the focus is particularly on the writings of Kant and Wittgenstein—whereas others adopt a more systematic approach. All the authors are philosophers and address their chosen aspect of the general topic in (broadly speaking) metaphysical terms, but the bearing of modern linguistic theory on the thesis of linguistic idealism, as well as its connections with mathematical results and practice, also play a role in some of the contributions. The collection is prefaced by an introduction which presents a general argument for linguistic idealism and examines the way in which that position figures in the writings of Wittgenstein and Anscombe.
... Linguists have found symbolic formalisms useful across all main domains of language, such as phonology (Chomsky and Halle, 1968;Prince and Smolensky, 1993), morphosyntax (Chomsky, 1957;Bresnan, 1982;Langacker, 1987;Pollard and Sag, 1994;Goldberg, 1995), semantics (Montague, 1974;Partee et al., 1990;Pustejovsky, 1995), and pragmatics (Grice, 1989;Sperber and Wilson, 1995). In this article, I will focus on morphosyntax and semantics. ...
Since the middle of the 20th century, a fierce battle is being fought between symbolic and continuous approaches to language and cognition. The success of deep learning models, and LLMs in particular, has been alternatively taken as showing that the continuous camp has won, or dismissed as an irrelevant engineering development. However, in this position paper I argue that deep learning models for language actually represent a synthesis between the two traditions. This is because 1) deep learning architectures allow for both continuous/distributed and symbolic/discrete-like representations and computations; 2) models trained on language make use this flexibility. In particular, I review recent research in mechanistic interpretability that showcases how a substantial part of morphosyntactic knowledge is encoded in a near-discrete fashion in LLMs. This line of research suggests that different behaviors arise in an emergent fashion, and models flexibly alternate between the two modes (and everything in between) as needed. This is possibly one of the main reasons for their wild success; and it is also what makes them particularly interesting for the study of language and cognition. Is it time for peace?
... In the 1990s, Prof. Pustejovsky of Brandeis University proposed Generative Lexicon Theory. The main idea of this theory originated from Aristotle's "four causes" in ancient Greece [6][7]. It is a lexical semantic means of expression to depict what the lexical referent object consists of, what it points to, how it is produced, and what use or function it has. ...
By comparing the meanings of " ruăn (软)" in common Chinese dictionaries and its English counterpart "bitter" in English dictionaries, we use the theories of meta-structure and object-structure to re-demarcate and describe the adjectival meaning of the word "ruăn" and explain its phenomenon of adjectival polysemy and derivation, in an attempt to achieve completeness in the division of the meaning and to improve the accuracy in the depiction of the meaning, so as to provide some references for the lexicon and for the guidance of the teaching of Chinese language in the international context.
... The main idea underlying these studies is that the semantic interpretation of the PCOS verbs is influenced by discursive semantic, in this case, the rhetorical relations. Therefore, the study adopts the theoretical frameworks of James Pustejovsky's Generative Lexicon Theory (Pustejovsky, 1991;1995) and Nicholas Asher and Alex Lascarides Segmented Discourse Representation Theory (Asher, 1993;2011;Asher & Lascarides, 1995;2005), enabling the development of a theoretical model for semantic-pragmatic analysis. ...
... One could try to write this up to competition in lexical choice: it is strange to describe a utensil as a 'fork that is a spoon' when the word spork exists. But in fact, examples like (14) show that the existence of the 2 Another phenomenon has also been called a "co-predication" in the literature, namely the "dot objects" of Pustejovsky (1995): ...
Predicates within many conceptual classes are intuited as mutually exclusive. Based on these predicates’ interaction with logical vocabulary like and or also, however, this paper argues that they are in fact underlyingly consistent; the strong intuited meanings arise from semantic exhaustification. In addition to demonstrating that exhaustification is more widespread than previously believed, this paper also shows that this particular exhaustification effect behaves in a hitherto undescribed manner. Indeed, a predicate’s exhaustification is always computed locally at the level of the predicate, rather than the clause or sentence containing it.
... DP is a technique that rewrites a textual expression to reduce ambiguity while making explicit the underlying semantics of the expression. DP reveals a set of paraphrases that act as the signature for a semantic type, which is consistent with canonical syntactic forms for a semantic type (Pustejovsky, 1995). Here we define DP as follows: Definition 1. Dense Paraphrasing (DP): Given a pair (S, P) of two expressions in a language, P is a valid Dense Paraphrase of S if P is an expression (lexeme, phrase, sentence) that, (1) [consistency] eliminates any contextual ambiguity that may be present in S; (2) [informativeness] makes explicit any underlying semantics (hidden arguments, dropped objects or adjuncts) that is not otherwise expressed in the economy of sentence structure. ...
Multimodal dialogue involving multiple participants presents complex computational challenges, primarily due to the rich interplay of diverse communicative modalities including speech, gesture, action, and gaze. These modalities interact in complex ways that traditional dialogue systems often struggle to accurately track and interpret. To address these challenges, we extend the textual enrichment strategy of Dense Paraphrasing (DP), by translating each nonverbal modality into linguistic expressions. By normalizing multimodal information into a language-based form, we hope to both simplify the representation for and enhance the computational understanding of situated dialogues. We show the effectiveness of the dense paraphrased language form by evaluating instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) against the Common Ground Tracking (CGT) problem using a publicly available collaborative problem-solving dialogue dataset. Instead of using multimodal LLMs, the dense paraphrasing technique represents the dialogue information from multiple modalities in a compact and structured machine-readable text format that can be directly processed by the language-only models. We leverage the capability of LLMs to transform machine-readable paraphrases into human-readable paraphrases, and show that this process can further improve the result on the CGT task. Overall, the results show that augmenting the context with dense paraphrasing effectively facilitates the LLMs' alignment of information from multiple modalities, and in turn largely improves the performance of common ground reasoning over the baselines. Our proposed pipeline with original utterances as input context already achieves comparable results to the baseline that utilized decontextualized utterances which contain rich coreference information. When also using the decontextualized input, our pipeline largely improves the performance of common ground reasoning over the baselines. We discuss the potential of DP to create a robust model that can effectively interpret and integrate the subtleties of multimodal communication, thereby improving dialogue system performance in real-world settings.
... As argued by Searle (1983), however, each word's semantic contribution is a function of its use or context. Another approach referred to by Pustejovsky (1995) as 'sense enumerative lexicons' posits a granular lexicon in which lexical items are assumed to be associated with a vast number of distinct senses. However, positing such a granular lexicon, as Pustejovsky observes, would require an Linguistics and Literature Review Volume 10 Issue 2, Fall 2024 infinite lexicon and given memory constraints, this position is untenable. ...
This study explicates the licensing conditions for the mirative behaviour of the Urdu discourse marker to, that is, how do declaratives become miratives in the presence of the discourse particle to? To explore the semantic contribution of this particle, the study uses Evans’ Lexical Concept and Cognitive Model (2009), since it combines linguistic and cognitive systems to account for a situated meaning. The study employs naturally occurring data, introspection, and Urdu Lughat to mitigate the limitations associated with an individual source when used in isolation. It finds that the discourse particle to contributes a non-propositional mirative meaning when it interacts with other lexical concepts undergoing the semantic compositional processes, namely selection, integration, and interpretation. The use of to and prosodic construction in declaratives remain in complementary distribution. The findings imply that both linguistic and non-linguistic factors account for form-meaning relation in Urdu language.
... The study of the impact of language-external forces on structural representation started developing in the mid-1990s. Most linguists primarily investigated metonymic structure (e.g., Pustejovsky, 1995;Pustejovsky & Bouillon, 1995;Verspoor, 1997), disregarding the fact that metaphoric mappings are also responsible for the subcategorization frame of verbs. Aspectual verbs, too, have been mostly analyzed with respect to metonymy (Egg, 2003;Ziegeler, 2007;Sweep, 2010Sweep, , 2011Falkum, 2011) and only recently has research begun to recognize that metaphor also determines their various forms and meanings (Franceschi, 2014(Franceschi, , 2015(Franceschi, , 2017. ...
This paper provides an initial analysis of continuative aspectualizers from a contrastive English-Italian perspective. The aim is to investigate the areas of overlap and contrast in terms of the lexico-syntactic behaviour and semantic scope of the main continuative verbs in the two languages, i.e., keep, continue, proceed, resume vs. (man)tenere, continuare, procedere, riprendere. The focus will also be on the identification of the cognitive factors that interact with the prototypical features of these predicates, licensing or blocking the constructions types that can embed them. Two primary mapping operations, namely metonymy and metaphor, will be observed to motivate the behaviour of continuative aspectualizers in transitive and intransitive constructions as well as in less common patterns, such as the middle, reflexive and resultative construction.
... Miller [11], an esteemed psycholinguist, drew inspiration from artificial intelligence experiments designed to explore the intricacies of human semantic memory [13]. ...
... In addition, while discussing how these words are being presented in the brain, comprehensive perspectives are required to include not just meaning (i.e., semantics) but more aspects of a language. As stated by several researchers (e.g., Jeon, Lee, Kim, & Cho, 2009; Pustejovsky, 1995), it is commonly assumed that semantic relations of words such as synonymy, polysemy, and antonymy are reflected in the word storage organization in a brain (Jeon, et al., 2009). ...
Usage-based cognitive semantics studies are an important field of study as they give a good overview of a specific part of a particular language. With the present study, the researchers aspire to investigate the aspects of semantic relation containing antonymy, synonymy, and polysemy being presented in usage-based cognitive semantics rather than the traditional use of semantics affecting the interactions of people. It is found that cognitive semantics is seen to be the launch of cognitive linguistics movement. It also indicated that language learners face challenges when they deal with semantic relations e.g., synonymy, antonymy, and polysemy. Additionally, cognitive linguistics is considered a usage-based approach to language, it must account for the language's complexities that arise during interaction as language is a social phenomenon. This means that a cognitive semantic approach should consider extra-linguistic parameters when dealing with semantic relations including synonymy, antonymy, and polysemy. This study recommends paying further attention to semantic relations, especially, when learning a language. Accordingly, an experimental study is required to compare the effective way of teaching the aspects of semantic relations.
... there have been few studies on lexical compounding in English [4,25] and other languages like Italian, French, German, Spanish, Chinese etc. [2,23,34,48,61]. Pustejovsky [49] provided one of the earliest explanation of the compounding phenomena within a compound based on the qualia modification relations in the semantic composition within a compound. A recent study by Lee et al. [34] discusses the formation of noun-noun compounds found in Chinese as well as few other languages like German, Spanish, Japanese and Italian. ...
Compounding of natural language units is a very common phenomena. In this paper, we show, for the first time, that Twitter hashtags which, could be considered as correlates of such linguistic units, undergo compounding. We identify reasons for this compounding and propose a prediction model that can identify with 77.07% accuracy if a pair of hashtags compounding in the near future (i.e., 2 months after compounding) shall become popular. At longer times T = 6, 10 months the accuracies are 77.52% and 79.13% respectively. This technique has strong implications to trending hashtag recommendation since newly formed hashtag compounds can be recommended early, even before the compounding has taken place. Further, humans can predict compounds with an overall accuracy of only 48.7% (treated as baseline). Notably, while humans can discriminate the relatively easier cases, the automatic framework is successful in classifying the relatively harder cases.
... A la vista de estos ejemplos, la observación de Battaner/Torner (2008:213) de que el significado del verbo "se manifiesta según los argumentos con los que aparece en el enunciado o con los que el significado estereotípico les asigna (internamente), cuando los argumentos no son los del significado nuclear o prototípico han de explicitarse […]" (vid. también Martínez Linares & Azorín Fernández 1994-1995) cobra especial relevancia y se hace extensiva a los fraseologismos. 21 La estructura argumental se relaciona, por tanto, directamente con el significado, lo cual debe conllevar recoger el FR bajo diferentes entradas, como propone Penadés Martínez (2015:194) para su diccionario fraseológico DILEA (en elaboración), en el que las entradas con esquema argumental diferente constituyen entradas independientes entre sí: 22 hacer migas. ...
In all languages, humans frequently use linguistic combinations called phraseological units (PUs) in communicative acts. These PUs are characterized by their institutionalized fixation and, in many cases, by their opacity. Traditionally, the work on phraseology has placed the emphasis on the total fixing of components and structures of verbal expressions. Variation in PUs is currently an uncontested fact and has been extensively studied and analyzed. In addition, in the case of languages like Spanish, English, French, spoken in many countries, new creations or diatopic variants arise. While these diatopic expressions have been collected or analyzed in their territory of influence, no comprehensive collection showing all the expressions and contrastive analysis to observe the similarities and differences between these diatopic creations with all their idiosyncratic and cultural references have been made so far.
The content of this volume deals with numerous linguistic, lexicographic and translational problems in the context of language variation in general, as well as specifically related to diatopic variation. The aim is to make progress in these challenging and highly interesting areas which still pose many comprehension and translation problems.
... In a separate framework, Pustejovsky (1995) categorised predicates with bounded objects as process-orientedbecause their process subevent is more prominentand resultative constructions as endstate-orientedsince they put most emphasis on the event's resulting state. Although methodologically distinct, Pustejovsky's explanation does not deviate considerably from Ramchand's decomposition approach. ...
In German, it has been shown that the semantic entailments associated with telicity markers are acquired early and that speakers will turn to semantic–pragmatic principles to determine whether an overt culmination is cancellable (e.g., van Hout, 1998, 2008; Richter & van Hout, 2013; Schulz & Penner, 2002; Schulz & Ose, 2008). Here, we test the interpretation of three types of telicity markers by Portuguese L2 speakers of German, as well as Portuguese–German bilinguals and German monolinguals. A Bayesian analysis shows that Portuguese L2 speakers of German have difficulty processing telicity with resultative particles but show target-like performances with bounded DPs and adjectival markers. Our analysis also shows that bilingual and monolingual speakers display no substantial differences in their understanding of telicity entailments, albeit with some variability regarding particle markers. I argue that the existing variation may be due to effects of lexical knowledge and transparency.
... As a result, so-called anaphora no longer includes traces, PRO or even R-pronouns. The paper also adopts certain additions from Pustejovsky (1995). alternation of the same logical type, with the surface use of reference to an individual being a matter of discourse relevance and the actual meaning being based on a quantity (see Pustejovsky 1995 for a general semantic analysis of the logical type). ...
The current main linguistic model of gradability, referred to here as the extent model, is logically and psychologically unacceptable. A psychologically and logically based alternative is presented which actually explains (1) the antonymic pairing and opposite order directions of gradable adjectives; (2) the prototypical nature of individual-level adjectives and not of stage-level ones; (3) the dearth of measures; (4) the logical relation between the positive and comparative degrees of declension; (5) certain previously misunderstood comparative constructions such as those for "comparison of deviation" and those for Boolean predicate comparison in English, Romance and other languages. 1. Groundwork: the phenomena to be explained and the model to be used 1 Quantity is a mode of existence, the physical mode in fact. Particular quantities are not basic individuals but rather physical existence properties of individuals ranging from photons to galaxies. Those properties can be abstracted or compared, so that two individuals can have the "same" quantity of height just as they can have the "same" hat. However, being an individual-level property, height can also be treated by language as a persistent non-sharable inalienably 1 The term degree suggests that gradability necessarily involves measurement, an idea originating in Wunderlich (1970) and Bartsch and Vennemann (1972) and currently defended by Kennedy (1999 et pass.) This paper uses the term quantity because taking gradability to involve measurement results in misunderstanding the notion of an ordered set of quantities which is the basis of gradable adjective concepts and their semantics. Details of the misunderstanding are given at the end of this section.
... 3 I use eventuality as in Bach (1986) as a cover term for both states and non-states, and event specifically for non-states. 4Pustejovsky (1995) citesKamp (1980), van Bentham (1983,Moens & Steedman (1988), andGrimshaw (1990) as related antecedents of and inspirations for his theory. ...
In this paper, I contrast two broad decompositional approaches to verb semantics. One, especially associated with David Dowty, involves translating verbs using a set of precisely interpreted primitive predicates such as CAUSE and BECOME, in order to facilitate semantic generalizations such as patterns of entailment between sentences. Another, with multiple origins in both temporal semantics and theories of the syntax/semantics interface (including, notably, work by Pustejovsky and Piñón), involves developing a theory of the internal part structure of the eventualities that verbs and other expressions describe; I refer to this approach, following Pianesi and Varzi, as mereotopological. These two approaches to decomposition are not, strictly speaking, incompatible, and they have sometimes been combined; however, perhaps surprisingly, comparison of them has been unsystematic. I address this gap by describing more systematically how the approaches differ from each other, illustrating with differences in the insights they offer into specific aspects of the semantics of simple change of state verbs and unselected object resultatives. I especially aim to promote interest in the development of more sophisticated, cross-linguistically applicable theories of so-called event structure through appeal to a wider range of notions from mereotopology.
... The placement behaviour indicates that participants select between a functional or geometric interpretation of spatial language in context (i.e. the objects and their relationship) rather than gradually evolving situation-speci c meaning over time. This runs counter to the view that meaning changes gradually (sense creation) 9 and speaks in favour of accounts of meaning where long-term meaning states -either in the form of exemplars 11,12 or some form of abstracted prototypes 7,31 -are selected between on a trial-by-trial basis in context. One way of thinking about this is to consider these states are long-term attractor states within a dynamic eld theory framework. ...
Understanding how people use and understand words, and how what a word is taken to mean changes over time, are fundamental to political, scientific and cultural discourse. Despite decades of theorising about meaning across myriad disciplines, a major impediment to progress has been the lack of a means of measuring meaning on a moment-by-moment basis. Here we present a novel method for measuring meaning over short time scales using spatial language as a critical test case. Across three large-scale between-participant experiments (N = 1,191) we show that people select between a small number of ‘fixed’ meanings on a trial-by-trial basis rather than exhibiting creativity and flexibility in meaning construction. Moreover, what words are taken to mean at a given moment in time is affected by what they have been taken to mean immediately before, even when the situational context of use changes, consistent with dynamic systems approaches to meaning.
... Copredication is an under-investigated phenomenon, but a standard approach in lexicalist semantics appears to offer insight (Pustejovsky 1995;Asher 2011). Here, a pretty wide-focused perspective will suffice, or the kind of views I have in mind do not decisively militate for or against the semantic externalism that is the target of the copredication argument. ...
... If I am right, Gen has no part to play in this. We await a settled view of coercion, but the phenomenon itself seems clear enough (cf., Pustejovsky, 1995;Borer, 2005;Asher, 2011): a lexical item or phrase has a coerced reading where the reading depends upon what predicate hosts the item/ phrase or what modifier adjoins to it. I leave it open whether the relevant item or phrase by itself (a) has an independent fixed reading that is "shifted" or "transferred," or (b) no specific reading at all, or (c) has a restricted number of optional readings. ...
... But it would seem that the syntax is not sensitive to any of [cat]'s substantial semantic features, beyond minimal requirements of theta role as determined by verbal configuration. For example, the internal structure proposed by Pustejovsky (1995) appears not to enter into the syntax. In short, much of the lexical information appears to be carried, as it were, through the syntactic derivation. ...
Much of the best contemporary work in the philosophy of language and content makes appeal to the theories developed in generative syntax. In particular, there is a presumption that—at some level and in some way—the structures provided by syntactic theory mesh with or support our conception of content/linguistic meaning as grounded in our first-person understanding of our communicative speech acts. This paper will suggest that there is no such tight fit. Its claim will be that, if recent generative theories are on the right lines, syntactic structure provides both too much and too little to serve as the structural partner for content, at least as that notion is generally understood in philosophy. The paper will substantiate these claims by an assessment of the recent work of King, Stanley, and others.
... Overall, there are several theories based on component analysis, including the Natural Semantic Metalanguage by Wierzbicka (1972), the Two-Level Semantics by Bierwicsh (1983) and the Generative Lexicon by Pustejovsky (1995), but the third one appears to be more promising since the first and second emphasizes on the separation between the linguistic knowledge and the encyclopedic knowledge. Of course, there is no doubt that this theory needs to be tested in order to obtain a better understanding of its effectiveness regarding the analysis of the words related to "space" in cognitive semantics in general. ...
... The problem of sense discrimination of polysemous words has been one of the major concerns in ELT for years. In DLL this problem is tackled by following three possibilities (Pustejovsky 1991): ...
The author has made an effort to introduce some new methods, ideas, and strategies for English Language Teaching, Dictionary Making, Translation, and Dialectology with direct utilization of data and information elicited from language corpora in English and Indian languages developed in digital form. The primary goal of this book is to train the new generation of Indian linguists in the utilization of language corpora in various works of applied linguistics.
The book is enriched with references to recent works carried out in various parts of the world. This will help readers to know how novel approaches are being used to make valuable improvements over the traditional methods and techniques used in different branches of applied linguistics.
The book is best suited to be used as text-cum-course book at undergraduate and postgraduate levels in Indian universities. It can also be used as a reference book by students, teachers, and researchers working in these areas of applied linguistics. Moreover, general people interested in these areas will find this book highly useful for new insights, methods, and information.
The academic importance of this book may be attested to in its direct focus on the Indian contexts of applied linguistic research and development works. The book sincerely appeals to the people engaged in different branches of applied linguistics to redirect their focus towards this new approach for the benefit of the discipline as well as for better service to the country and its people.
... As Wurmbrand and Lohninger (2023) suggest, a verb may shift its interpretations as a last resort option for mismatches between the target complement of the predicate and the actual complement class that its morphosyntactic properties point to. For speakers who accept overt subjects in (36), I propose that coercion (Pustejovsky 1995) plays a role: the predicate changes its meaning slightly to take a propositionlike complement, accommodating the interpretation that the morphosyntactic properties target. The availability of coercion demonstrates speaker variation. ...
This article demonstrates how the Implicational Complementation Hierarchy (ICH) is manifested in Mandarin and accounts for the data with a synthesis model of complementation (Wurmbrand and Lohninger, in: Hartmann, Wöllstein (eds) Propositional arguments in cross-linguistic research: theoretical and empirical issues, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 2023. https://doi.org/10.24053/9783823394105). In line with proposals linking tense to finiteness in Mandarin (A. Li in Abstract case in Chinese, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1985, A. Li in Order and constituency in Mandarin Chinese, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1898-6; Sybesma in Linguistic Inquiry 38:580–587, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1162/ling.2007.38.3.580; T.-H. Lin in Syntax 18:320–342, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/synt.12032; He in Time in Mandarin: the fingerprints of tense and finiteness, Harvard University, Cambridge, 2020; J. Huang in: Simpson (ed) New explorations in Chinese theoretical syntax: studies in honor of Yen-Hui Audrey Li, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1075/la.272.02hua etc.), I argue that the postulation is not only reasonable given independent evidence supporting a covert tense in the language, but also productive since the distribution of future modals and overt embedded subjects can be properly addressed with little theoretical cost. The finiteness preference in Mandarin complementation also aligns with ICH: Proposition com-plements only select finite clauses while Event complements are non-finite. Situation complements mostly choose the non-finite version, but some cases can or must choose the finite form. The complements to the left on the ICH are always ‘equally or more finite’ than those to the right.
... Linguistics offers rich descriptive entries, known for their high dimensionality, contextual modulation, and discreteness (Petersen and Potts, 2023). Early rule-based models, including the Generative Lexicon (Pustejovsky, 1998) approach, used discrete feature representations. In contrast, neural models represent words as compact continuous vectors to avoid arbitrary feature selection. ...
The purpose of this literature review is to investigate recent developments in lexicology studies, covering trends, challenges, and opportunities impacting this domain. The systematic literature review method is used to collect, evaluate, and synthesize relevant scientific works in lexicology. Through careful searches across various academic databases and other sources. This study presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of emerging lexicology trends. Using the PRISMA protocol for study selection and digital tools such as Publish or Perish and Zotero for data analysis, this review selected and evaluated literature that met the predetermined inclusion criteria. , Then obtained the final results of 30 articles from these 2 databases and the findings of the review revealed several emerging trends in lexicology research, such as the integration of computational methods, exploration of lexical variations, and an interdisciplinary approach to lexicon analysis. In addition, challenges in lexicography practices, such as managing large data sets, rapid language change, and lexical diversity, were identified, while opportunities for innovation in leveraging digital technologies and interdisciplinary collaboration were noted
A deeper understanding of adjectival polarity provides an answer to why many adjectives have dimension labels and why differences often exist between positive-degree and comparative-degree denotations.
Статтю присвячено дослідженню феномена когнітивного моделювання у сучасній лінгвістиці, зокрема процесу когнітивного картування в екологічному дискурсі англійської наукової концептосфери. У центрі уваги – поняття когнітивного картування як одного з методів когнітивного моделювання, який використовується для візуалізації ментальних моделей та аналізу концептуальних структур у наукових дослідженнях. Вибір об’єкта дослідження зумовлений необхідністю розкриття змісту процесу когнітивного моделювання через виявлення, опис та упорядкування взаємозалежності між мовними формами та когнітивними структурами, а також аналізу взаємодії когнітивної лінгвістики з механізмом моделювання мовних одиниць для виявлення концептуальних відношень, характерних для галузі довкілля. Дослідження зосереджується на аналізі мультимовного інформаційного ресурсу EcoLexicon, який функціонує як візуальний тезаурус та базується на когнітивно-семантичних підходах до моделювання знань. У статті розглянуто теоретико-методологічне підґрунтя цього ресурсу, зокрема основи когнітивної лінгвістики Лоуренса Барсалу та елементи генеративного лексикону Джеймса Пустейовського. Під час дослідження було виявлено, що застосування когнітивно-семантичного аналізу та методів генеративного лексикону сприяє систематизації знань та ефективному аналізу взаємозалежностей між мовними одиницями. Особливу увагу приділено аналізу Qualia-структури як основного механізму генеративного лексикону, що дозволяє встановити причинно-наслідкові зв’язки між поняттями та розширити можливості концептуального моделювання у сфері екологічного дискурсу. Результати свідчать про те, що застосування когнітивних моделей у наукових дослідженнях дозволяє не лише покращити організацію знань, а й створити нові підходи до опису мовних одиниць у науковому дискурсі. Таким чином, розширення та впровадження когнітивно-семантичних методів у лінгвістиці сприяє глибшому розумінню механізмів формування значень та розвитку екологічної термінології в мультимовному просторі.
Aim. To reveal the deep meanings of the ethnonymous adjective russisch , which are not recorded in modern German lexicographic sources as separate meanings.
Methodology. The five most authoritative authentic definition dictionaries of the German language served as the material for the study. To analyze the linguistic material, the method of component
analysis was used, which was combined with the method of determining qualia structures (agentive, constitutive, formal and telic).
Results. The revealed values of the qualia structure are divided into nuclear, subnuclear and peripheral. The meaning represented in all five dictionaries form the core. It has been established that nuclear semes implement only agentive attributes of objects. The subnuclear zone includes formal and constitutive meanings. Meanings with no correspondences in dictionary definitions that were identified during the analysis of the dictionary entries examples form the periphery of the field of lexicographic meanings of an ethnonymous adjective. Such meanings are manifested by the telic attributes of the qualia structure.
Research implications. The developed method for revealing deep meanings, taking into account the qualia structure, will help reveal the hidden meanings of words that are based on stereotypical perceptions of recipients and are not recorded in modern lexicographic sources.
This paper compares the tasks of part-of-speech (POS) tagging and word-sense-tagging or disambiguation (WSD), and argues that the tasks are not related by fineness of grain or anything like that, but are quite different kinds of task, particularly becuase there is nothing in POS corresponding to sense novelty. The paper also argues for the reintegration of sub-tasks that are being separated for evaluation
The investigation of phraseology through corpus-based and computational approaches holds significant relevance for various professionals, including translators, interpreters, terminologists, lexicographers, language instructors, and learners. Computational Phraseology, and in particular the computational analysis of multiword expressions (also known as multiword units), has gained prominence in recent years and is essential for a number of Natural Language Processing and Translation Technology applications. The failure to detect these units automatically could result in incorrect and problematic automatic translations and could hinder the performance of applications such as text summarisation and web search. Against this background, the volume offers 13 articles carefully selected and organised into two parts: ‘Computational treatment of multiword units’ and ‘Corpus-based and linguistic studies in phraseology‘. The contributions not only highlight the latest advancements in computational and corpus-based phraseology but also reiterate its vital role in all areas of language technologies, including basic and applied research.
Cette contribution est consacrée à la délimitation aspectuelle exprimée par les noms du français. Nous distinguons, d'après leurs manifestations linguistiques, deux formes de délimitation dans le domaine nominal : la télicité en tant que culmination et l'occurrentialité en tant qu'individuation temporelle. Nous nous intéressons à la relation qui existe, pour les noms dérivés de verbes, entre ces deux formes de délimitation et l'aspect des bases verbales. À partir de l'examen d'un échantillon de 300 néologismes formés avec les suffixes -age, -ion et -ment, nous cherchons à savoir si la nominalisation préserve la télicité et à identifier de potentiels facteurs permettant de prédire l'occurrentialité.
This study focuses on aspectual delimitation as expressed by nouns in French. We first distinguish two types of delimitation in the nominal domain through different linguistic manifestations: telicity as culmination and occurrentiality as temporal individuation. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the dependence between the two types of delimitation and the lexical aspect of bases from which deverbal nouns are derived. Based on a sample of three hundred neologisms formed with the suffixes -age, -ion and -ment, we investigate whether nominalization preserves telicity and we identify potential factors predicting occurrentiality.
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