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... However, in conversational exchanges, speakers may sometimes provide incomplete or ambiguous utterances, leading to difficulties in comprehension for the listener. To address this, Grice (1975), as cited in Putri and Rahayu (2022), introduced the cooperative principle, which outlines the essential elements for effective communication (Yulianti et al., 2021). This principle requires both speakers and listeners to contribute appropriately to the conversation, facilitating mutual understanding of the intended meaning. ...
... It tried to describe flouting maxims by John Terry in the podcast and the similarities and differences between the flouting maxim in the utterances of John Terry and Ashley Cole. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed to analyze and interpret the data, utilizing Grice's (1975) theory of conversational maxims as the theoretical framework to explain instances of maxim flouting in the cooperative principle observed in the speakers' utterances. Data collection was conducted through document analysis. ...
... This phenomenon then gives rise to a rule known as the cooperative principle. Grice (1975) proposed this rule in order to make the conversation run more effectively. He discovered the cooperative principle, which describes how people monitor conversational implicatures" (Thomas, 1995). ...
This study explored the phenomenon of maxim flouting in the utterances of John Terry and Ashley Cole during the Dubai Eye 103.8 Sports Podcast. It tried to describe flouting maxims by John Terry in the podcast and the similarities and differences between the flouting maxim in the utterances of John Terry and Ashley Cole. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed to analyze and interpret the data, utilizing Grice's (1975) theory of conversational maxims as the theoretical framework to explain instances of maxim flouting in the cooperative principle observed in the speakers' utterances. Data collection was conducted through document analysis. The findings revealed that John Terry's utterances contained several instances of maxim flouting: 25 occurrences of flouting the maxim of quantity (64.8%), 1 instance of flouting the maxim of quality (3.7%), 8 instances of flouting the maxim of relation (20.7%), and 4 instances of flouting the maxim of manner (10.8%). In contrast, Ashley Cole's utterances included 21 occurrences of flouting the maxim of quantity (80.7%), 2 instances each of flouting the maxims of quality and relation (7.7% each), and 1 instance of flouting the maxim of manner (3.9%). The study also identified a key similarity: both speakers predominantly flouted the maxim of quantity in their utterances. However, a notable difference was observed in the frequency and distribution of the flouted maxims between the two speakers. Keyword: flouting maxim, cooperative principle, podcast, pragmatics
... In the film, just one character can express several feelings via their words. That conversational maxim, according to Grice (1975), can be divided into: ...
... 2. Do not make your contribution to the conversation more informative than necessary. Grice's account of implicature has been the most influential (Grice 1975 is usually cited as a source). Though there are several obvious ways to extend Grice's account to other communicative situations, we will restrict the subject matter to conversation for the sake of economy. ...
... To improve communication, nonetheless, a few requirements necessitate departing from the maxims (Wicaksono et al., 2022). Next, Grice (1975) examines four maxims-quality, quantity, relevance, and manner-that serve as guidelines for effective communication. ...
This study aimed to investigate main issue of the maxims used in the short story The Rocking Horse Winner by DH Lawrence is a story that tells the story of a woman, Hester's dissatisfaction with her family's economic situation which triggers other problems. This study contributes in improving pragmatic study, particularly cooperative maxims used to identify how certain type applied in daily communicative realized inside the Short Story of the “Rocking Horse Winner”. Basically, this research is qualitative. The type of research that focuses on "humans: interpersonal relationships, personal values, meanings, beliefs, thoughts, and feelings. The use of quantitative data to strengthen the tendency of one type of maxims in order to get a better result explanation. Therefore, in this study, the researchers analyze the type and level of frequency of the cooperative maxim contained inside the data. In conducting this research, the researchers applied the four cooperative maxims in analyzing the data found. The four maxims such Maxim of quality, quantity, relationship and manner. This research found that the maxim of relationship dominates the dialogue part of the story. Other maxims are also found in small numbers. Therefore, It has been concluded that the maxim of relation came to the highest portion compared to the others. It showed that. The main character of the short story attempts to have an excellent way to interact with others. This was utilized to receive the message well and positively impact their life.
... This serves the general pragmatic aim of explaining how addressees are able to bridge the gap between what is said and what is actually meant. Grice (1975;1989) points out that in uttering sentences -but not in the semantic content of the sentences themselves -a speaker can 'implicate' things. He uses the verb 'implicate' -not 'imply' -to denote what the speakers do; and coins the noun 'implicature' to denote what the speakers' implicate in their act of utterance. ...
... This serves the general pragmatic aim of explaining how addressees are able to bridge the gap between what is said and what is actually meant. Grice (1975;1989) points out that in uttering sentences -but not in the semantic content of the sentences themselves -a speaker can 'implicate' things. He uses the verb 'implicate' -not 'imply' -to denote what the speakers do; and coins the noun 'implicature' to denote what the speakers' implicate in their act of utterance. ...
The present paper offers a pragma-stylistic study to two selected poems that express the theme of ‘yearning to Iraq’ composed by the contemporary Iraqi poetess in exile: Wi’aam Mulla Salmaan, which express her individual experiences and emotions of loss due to the forced severing of her living in her native homeland. This has been done by exploring the ways in which pragmatic theories of speech acts, metaphorical flouting of Grice's maxims, and deixis can be stylistically applied to decoding the performative messages conveyed in the selected poetic texts. A second aim has been to see whether or not the stylistic qualitative and quantitative densities of such pragmatic features (or their absence) serve to pinpoint certain identifiable individual stylistic markers in these two poems.
Data analysis has revealed that those pragmatic theories offer a valid and functional basis for unravelling poetic themes, emotions, attitude, and values expressed in the data. In addition, the regularities and irregularities in their use of particular speech acts, metaphorical implicatures, and deixis serve as markers of their individual styles. Thus, it has been found that the poetess singular use of commissive speech acts only at the close of each one of her two poems is one marker of her poetic style. Another individual stylistic marker of hers in the data is the overwhelming use of metaphors and personifications in contrast with her scarce use of similes. Also, the poetess’s yearning to Iraq renders the densities of the deixis that spell out this poet-visa-vie-homeland juxtaposition particularly high. Data analysis has also shown that the expressive and assertive speech acts may be not mutually exclusive in one and the same utterance, and that one utterance can spell out more than one speech act.
Key terms:
Pragma-stylistic study; Yeaning to Iraq poems, Speech act theory; Metaphorical implicatures; deixis; Stylistic markers
... As can be observed from table 5, T2, actually as an indicator of topic shift, was by far the least frequent of the four major functions. This can partly be explained by fact that speakers are generally cooperative, and as such do not generally change topic in (Grice's (1975) Maxim of Relation). Partly, however, it has to do with the way we coded the data. ...
Several studies have been devoted, partly or wholly, to the different uses of the adverb actually. Although there is considerable agreement on the main discourse functions actually can perform, there is little consensus on which subtypes to distinguish, and how these subtypes, and the functions they perform, are related to the formal properties of actually. Consequently, conclusions concerning the relation between the various functions of actually and its position and prosodic realization are often contradictory, and the overall picture is still incomplete. On the basis of data from the International Corpus of English – Great Britain , this article presents the results of a systematic (qualitative and quantitative) investigation into the function, position and prosody of actually , and the way in which these factors interact. It is demonstrated that (i) by classifying the many functions of actually identified in previous studies into three major types (propositional, discourse-pragmatic and discourse-organizational) and (ii) by appealing to additional functional factors, such as scope, strength and orientation, to distinguish a limited number of subtypes, it is possible to detect strong correlations between the functions of actually and its formal (positional and prosodic) features.
... Adherence to tenets of cooperative conversation between AI agents and people. Gricean Maxims [36] offers a framework for guiding the design of an AI agent's language and conversational behavior [95]. The four maxims-Quantity, Quality, Relevance, and Manner-describe how speakers should act cooperatively to ensure mutual understanding in effective communication (see supplementary materials). ...
Journaling plays a crucial role in managing chronic conditions by allowing patients to document symptoms and medication intake, providing essential data for long-term care. While valuable, traditional journaling methods often rely on static, self-directed entries, lacking interactive feedback and real-time guidance. This gap can result in incomplete or imprecise information, limiting its usefulness for effective treatment. To address this gap, we introduce PATRIKA, an AI-enabled prototype designed specifically for people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). The system incorporates cooperative conversation principles, clinical interview simulations, and personalization to create a more effective and user-friendly journaling experience. Through two user studies with PwPD and iterative refinement of PATRIKA, we demonstrate conversational journaling's significant potential in patient engagement and collecting clinically valuable information. Our results showed that generating probing questions PATRIKA turned journaling into a bi-directional interaction. Additionally, we offer insights for designing journaling systems for healthcare and future directions for promoting sustained journaling.
... One possibility might be that shared intentionality (Tomasello & Carpenter, 2007), an ability not observed in primates, is fundamentally important to human beings engaged in discourse. In particular, one might suggest that our advanced ability to share intentions and focus on relevant features (Grice, 1975;Sperber & Wilson, 1995) bestowed a huge evolutionary advantage and is, therefore, fundamental to our interpretations of linguistic data. ...
Research indicates that human beings share a sense of number and group membership with the higher primates, and working memory appears to be more powerful in chimpanzees than it is in humans. In light of these discoveries, Logical Form (LF), a formal arithmetical model of thought that has played a huge role in modern theoretical linguistics, requires reevaluation. Chomsky's Minimalist Program recognizes LF as one of only two interface levels in syntax, with movement-type operations expected to resolve ambiguities. LF has even featured in cognitive linguistic research that does not assume Universal Grammar or movement-type operations. While we accept that relating natural language to formal logic is attractive in facilitating a linear, mathematically formal account that might be useful in computational implementations, there are three major problems with the preference for hard science solutions. First, it is merely a preference and, therefore, intrinsically suspicious. Second, human thought processes have evolved over millions of years, so mathematical theories of recent invention are not expected to have any role in human cognition. Logical Form can only be defended as being something like human cognitive processes, a convenient formalism, so we ought to be able to explain the similarity. Third, human thought processes clearly do not always pattern like LF. Unlike LF, there is a clear distinction between subjects and non-subjects in natural language, at least in English. A straightforward model for dealing with these problems is offered, unifying Binding Theory and the interpretation of quantificational expressions. It is hoped that this will go some way to demystifying linguistics, making it easier for language professionals to understand the theory in useful ways.
... Following Grice (1975Grice ( , 1989, theories of linguistic communication draw a distinction between what is said (as determined by the literal meaning of the words uttered and the manner of their combination) and what is implicated, where this is understood as what the speaker was taken to mean, but did not say. Implicated utterance content can be further broken down according to the distinction that Grice drew between generalised and particularised implicatures. ...
This paper compares the performance of autistic and neurotypical participants in discourse-completion tasks that require the identification of two types of particularised conversational implicature. Material implicatures are those in which the inferential relationship from what is said to the implicature can be reconstructed without recourse to descriptions of the speaker’s behaviour and the reasons underlying it, while behavioural implicatures do require such descriptions. We hypothesised that autistic participants would perform on a par with neurotypical participants in the material cases, but less well than neurotypicals in the behavioural cases, given that the latter make greater demands on theory of mind. In fact, we found that autistic participants’ performance mirrored that of neurotypicals in both conditions. We note a general tendency in the literature for autistic individuals to perform well on tests of comprehending implicit communication, in contrast to attested and self-reported difficulties in this area. We speculate that this mismatch might be explained in terms of a difference in underlying competence and the performance demands of real-world interactions.
... The attraction of a pragmatic approach may start from the observation that, if analyses like those in Sect. 2 are correct, the unacceptable cases all have trivial truthconditions. Standard pragmatic principles entail that felicitous assertions should be informative, sincerely believed and relevant given the common ground and conversational goals (Stalnaker, 1978;Grice, 1975). Assertions of trivial expressions would seem to violate those principles. ...
There is a class of expressions which are perceived as ‘ungrammatical’ not because they are syntactically ill-formed but because they have interpretations which are informationally trivial. Triviality-driven unacceptability constrains the distribution of determiners, modals, attitude verbs, exhaustifiers, approximatives, among many other classes of logical terms. At the same time, many superficial tautologies and contradictions—pre-theoretically, the clearest examples of trivial expressions—are judged to be perfectly acceptable. This paper discusses two promising yet fundamentally opposed attempts to model triviality-driven unacceptability without over-generating ‘ungrammaticality’ judgments. One approach combines the ‘Logicality’ view that the language system includes a deductive-inferential system (DS) that automatically identifies and filters out expressions with trivial interpretations, with the hypothesis that the DS runs on ‘modulated logical forms’, i.e., structures where all content-based terms and variables are subject to meaning-modulation operations. The other approach downplays Logicality and tries to reduce triviality-driven unacceptability to familiar kinds of pragmatic infelicities. The Logicality-based approach, I argue, is superior to the most sophisticated attempts to treat triviality-driven unacceptability as a species of pragmatic infelicity. This result suggests that our purely linguistic and logical competences are deeply intertwined, and sheds new light on the division of labor between syntax, semantics and pragmatics.
... The hen pushed both, not just one. ✗ ✓ The inclusive interpretation of disjunction can be explained as a logical, literal interpretation of disjunction (Noveck 2001), while the exclusive interpretation can be derived via the negation of the stronger conjunctive alternative A and B (Grice 1975(Grice , 1989. The more controversial interpretation to explain is children's conjunctive interpretation of disjunction. ...
Our study explores whether there is a conjunctive default in the interpretation of disjunction, focusing on Romanian children’s and adults’ understanding of nonce functional words. We investigate how participants interpret novel connectors such as mo and mo...mo, which could theoretically correspond to ‘(both) A and B’, ‘(either) A or B’, or ‘A not B’ / ‘neither A nor B’. Our results reveal that both adults and children overwhelmingly assign a conjunctive meaning to these nonce words. This suggests the existence of a conjunctive default in interpreting unknown operators linking two elements, which could explain why children have sometimes been found to interpret disjunctions as conjunctions in previous studies (Singh et al. 2016, Tieu et al. 2017, Bleotu et al. 2023). In particular, we discuss how this conjunctive default may influence Romanian children’s interpretation of complex disjunctions such as fie...fie, potentially explaining why they treat these constructions conjunctively. Importantly,our findings also raise broader questions about why certain logical interpretations are favored over others, and whether frequency or cognitive simplicity can drive such biases.
... In conversation, the participants are working together to some extent toward one common immediate aim. (Grice, 1991) Yet with legal testimonies such as the COVID-19 hearings, when we listen to the testimony from Dr. Anthony Fauci, the goals of interrogators are/appear in stark contrast to those of respondents. ...
... On a very general level, the principle seen as motivating the use of fragments, as opposed to fully fledged forms, is typically that of economy and communicative efficiency (e.g. Grice 1975;Hankamer & Sag 1976;Greenbaum & Nelson 1999: 117;Goldberg & Perek 2019: 189). Quirk et al. (1985: 860), in this context, argue thatall things being equallanguage users follow the maxim 'reduce as much as possible'. ...
... 89 ideology. For instance, they might accommodate the not-quite-falsity of ideological claims by taking them to be improperly individuated; or by appealing to pragmatic or moral encroachment (Stanley 2005;Moss 2018), forms of unconscious bias (Shelby 2014, p. 67), or violation of Gricean maxims (Grice 1975): e.g., that ideological beliefs might be true and/or evidentially justified, but pragmatically misleading, biased, or ethically wrong. And so on. ...
We propose an account of the subject’s cognition and its relation to the world that allows for an articulation of the phenomenon of ideology. We argue that ideology is a form of what we call ‘a priori activity’: it transcendentally conditions the intelligibility of thought and practice. But we draw from strands of post-Kantian philosophy of science and social philosophy in repudiating Kant’s view that the a priori is necessary and fixed. Instead, we relativize the a priori: we argue that it is contingent, and therefore revisable. More precisely, it is conditioned materially, in that it is enmeshed with and shaped by material social practice. We conclude with some remarks about the possibility of agency over the relativized, materially conditioned a priori—that is, about the possibility of critique.
... Cada pequeña función tiene, entonces, un valor por sí sola y otro valor en el conjunto de la secuencia y en el significado general de la historia relatada.Todo este bagaje teórico abrió la puerta para el análisis estructural del lenguaje más allá de las palabras y las frases, es decir, del discurso en sociedad. Un análisis estructural que se desarrolló en los más diversos campos, como, por ejemplo, la pragmática de la comunicación, con el principio de cooperación deGrice (1975) y la teoría de la cortesíade Brown y Levinson (1987); o la teoría de los actos de habla deAustin (1962) y Searle (1980.En palabras de Teum Van Dijk:Varias disciplinas de las humanidades y las ciencias sociales han mostrado recientemente un interés creciente en el estudio del discurso. Este desarrollo, que en realidad comenzó alrededor de 1970, no está exento de fuentes históricas. ...
Este artículo propone un enfoque de enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras basado en la interacción discursiva. Es de una investigación preliminar sobre la conveniencia de usar herramientas y conceptos de la narratología y de la semántica estructural para la creación de materiales didácticos a partir de prácticas discursivas. Para ello se contextualizan los orígenes del estudio del discurso, ligados tanto a la lingüística estructural como a la teoría de la literatura, con autores como Roland Barthes (1966), Greimas (1987), Todorov (1974), quienes llevaron a cabo una revisión de conceptos fundacionales del formalismo ruso y del estructuralismo para aplicarlos al análisis estructural del relato y, con el tiempo, al discurso en general. A continuación, se explica el modelo interactivo de comprensión de Kintsch y Van Dijk (1983), que pone el foco del análisis en la interpretación del discurso, un proceso que, si bien es individual y eminentemente cognitivo, está también orientado socioculturalmente. De acuerdo a este modelo, se defiende el uso de un aprendizaje estratégico por parte de los aprendices en la (des)codificación de textos para conseguir la activación de sus conocimientos previos e integrar las nuevas informaciones en la Memoria a Largo Plazo (MLP).
... The main purpose of exemplification, in accordance with the cooperative principle that underlies human communication, is to facilitate the understanding of abstract concepts or categories for the addressee (Grice 1975). This is precisely why exemplification is often signalled by reduced parenthetical clauses with interactional meaning. ...
This article aims to fill a gap in the current literature on the pragmatics of Latin by proposing a corpus-based analysis of the different words (e.g., ut, uelut, sicut), phrases (e.g., exempli gratia, uerbi causa), and constructions (e.g., ut puta, si dicas) exploited to signal the process of exemplification. The structures and devices that perform this discursive operation are essentially neglected in Latin handbooks of syntax and stylistics, and only sparse comments on individual forms can be found in the lexica and in recent literature. To investigate these understudied issues, we have devised a functional taxonomy centred around the notions of meta-exemplification, canonical exemplification, and para-exemplification. The analysis of the data illustrating the different strategies and signals of exemplification is based on the tenets of historical pragmatics. The discussion focuses on the multiple roles and emergence of example markers in different textual genres, with special attention to technical prose and grammatical treatises, where examples are crucial in describing natural categories and explaining linguistic phenomena. The significance of the results extends beyond the Latin language and sheds light on the origin and development of example markers in general.
... If we correctly recognize the patient's mechanisms of coherence and cohesion, then we will be able to grasp his existential space, no longer a psychotic label, however necessary this may be. Before moving on to set analysis, it is right to say that the only irremediable deprivation is constituted by the maxims of co-operation so skillfully described by Grice in Logic and Conversation [5]. The schizophrenic will never be able to comply with quantity (never say more than is required, but neither less), quality (never say anything one believes to be false or without adequate evidence), relation (always say something relevant) and modality (always say something perspicuous, without obscurity or ambiguity, but with the necessary conciseness and order). ...
Thanks to widely used neuroimaging techniques, it is now known that alterations in the cerebral cortex cause speech and thought processing difficulties in individuals with schizophrenia. These difficulties are clearly increased by the dysfunction found in dopamine markers and in glutamate transmission, so that the schizophrenic's speech is described as tangential, illogical and incoherent and most scientists believe that it is based on the deprivation of logical-argumentative connections. While it is true that narrative-conceptual disorganization is irrefutable, it is equally true, however, that by reexamining schizophrenic semantics according to an organic and systemic criterion, it is possible to demonstrate that their linguistic code, besides being accessible, possesses certain precise characteristics: contradiction, metonymic identification between narrator-identity and object-entity, and anaphoric recovery. Even if these characteristics are not sufficient to generate a profile of linguistic cooperation, the analyst can use them to delimit the patient's dimension. Therefore, we aim to show that the linguistic sign is not at all devoid of transparency, as people often say: it must be interpreted systemically and phenomenologically, not according to common expectation.
... This raises the question of how speakers manage implicatures and what mechanisms facilitate their understanding (13). Grice (1989) recognized this overarching tendency and famously posited that individuals engaged in conversation adhere to what he termed as the Cooperative Principle. Moreover, he outlined four main categories of maxims: Quality (which pertains to truthfulness), quantity (focused on informativeness), relation (concerned with relevance), and manner (emphasizing clarity). ...
This study explores the intersection of multimodal communication and conversational implicature in cross-cultural pragmatic contexts through a systematic literature review. Pragmatics, a branch of linguistics emphasizing the dynamic interaction between language and context, often involves inferential processes that extend beyond literal interpretation. The review synthesizes research published between 2020 and 2024, focusing on multimodalities and conversational implicature in American, Indonesian, and Chinese contexts. Key findings highlight the diverse applications of pragmatics theories, such as Grice’s Cooperative Principle, in examining verbal and non-verbal communication. Studies reviewed investigate contexts ranging from sitcoms, political debates, and humorous dialectal speech to educational methodologies leveraging implicature for language learning. Emerging themes include the pedagogical implicature to enhance students’ pragmatic competence, particularly in understanding implicit meanings and cultural nuances. Additionally, the review underscores the role of multimodal resources, incorporating visual and auditory cues, to support pragmatic awareness. The findings demonstrate that conversational implicature, whether generalized or particularized, varies significantly across cultures, reflecting distinct communication styles and social norms. This variation emphasizes the importance of integrating cultural sensitivity into language education. The review concludes with pedagogical recommendations, advocating the incorporation of multimodal materials and authentic language use to foster critical thinking, cultural adaptability, and effective communication skills. Overall, this systematic review offers valuable insights into the role of multimodal communication and conversational implicature in shaping cross-cultural interactions, providing a foundation for further research and practical applications in language teaching and intercultural communication.
... The conventional meaning of the words used by the speaker is called conventional implicature (Grice, 1975). On conventional implicature, Grice (1975: 44-45) states that: "In some cases, the conventional meaning of the words used will determine what is implicated, besides helping to determine what is said. ...
Reading comprehension is an essential skill in learning a foreign language, and it is one of the most important means for language learners to acquire information. The ability to comprehend any reading text requires interpreting it by making accurate connections between the linguistic representations or literal meaning of words and sentences and their pragmatic outcomes, which enable learners to infer the intended meaning of the text. The present study is based on Relevance Theory as the theoretical foundation and examines the implementation of pragmatic inference in teaching reading comprehension to EFL university students. This study seeks to explore a) whether the pragmatic inference approach to teaching reading is more effective than the conventional one; b) whether teaching pragmatic inference improves students' reading proficiency. The study employs a quantitative quasi-experimental design in which a pre-test, post-test, and reading proficiency test were used for the purpose of data collection. The samples were (56) Kurdish EFL second stage students majoring in English at the University of Sulaymaniyah. The students were from two classes: the experimental class and the control class. The two classes were taught using different reading teaching methods within six weeks of experimental teaching. The key findings of the study revealed that there are significant differences between the two groups of the study; the experimental group outperformed those in the control group quite significantly and with tangible improvement in their reading proficiency. The study can be of great significance for teachers and curriculum designers since it draws their attention to this ignored area of study.
... Por su parte, Raskin (1985) hace una relación del humor con los principios de cooperación propuestos por Grice (1975), como una manera de sustentar las diferentes violaciones que se presentan cuando los hablantes cuentan chistes: da tanta información como sea necesaria (Máxima de cantidad), di solo lo que sea compatible con el mundo del chiste (Máxima de cualidad), di solo lo que sea pertinente para el chiste (Máxima de relación) y di el chiste de una manera eficiente (Máxima de manera). No obstante, Romero Velazco (2021) sostiene que estos principios se aplican al chiste, pero no al discurso del humor en general, debido a que el chiste no se categoriza a géneros discursivos o literarios. ...
This article presents an interactional analysis of humor in compliments. The instruments used to gather data involved note-taking and discourse completion tests (DCTs). Results show that speakers use different linguistic strategies in humor that help increase the illocutionary force of the compliment: interjections in the initial position, words that belong to parlache, fixed expressions, and names of famous people. In the responses, the category “accepting” and the subcategory “thanking” are the most representative. Occasionally, speakers also use intentional and conscious self-politeness, accompanied by a smile in their responses. All these linguistic elements are used to increase the expressive intention of the compliment as a speech act. It is concluded that speakers use humor with an affiliate and supportive effect in their interactions.
... Grice's (1975) cooperative principle specifies the way people achieve effective conversational communication. The maxim of manner deals with how something is said and refers to being perspicuous, i.e., avoiding obscurity and ambiguity, and being brief and providing information in an orderly manner. ...
... Por lo tanto, este nuevo tipo de significado no está sujeto a condiciones de verdad sino a condiciones de corrección expresiva. Años más tarde, Potts (2005) desarrolló y modificó esta propuesta, ligando los significados expresivos a lo que Grice (1975) llamó originalmente implicaturas convencionales, i.e., significados determinados convencionalmente que no contribuyen a las condiciones de verdad de una oración dada. ...
En Slurs and Expressivity (2021), Orlando y Saab compilan una serie de trabajos que aborda los términos peyorativos de grupo (slurs, en inglés) desde diferentes aproximaciones semántico-pragmáticas. El libro reviste gran relevancia dada la centralidad del tema en la filosofía del lenguaje y la lingüística contemporáneas. A partir de su lectura, cualquier persona interesada en los últimos debates en esta materia puede interiorizarse en un amplio repertorio de análisis, lo que, al mismo tiempo, permite dimensionar su complejidad y apreciar las aristas semántico-pragmáticas involucradas en sus usos. En este artículo, propongo un estudio crítico de aspectos inherentes a los términos peyorativos de grupo que, en algunas propuestas de este volumen, quedan subdeterminados en su semántica. A tal fin, exploro algunos casos en los que estas subespecificaciones pueden derivar en interpretaciones no deseadas y sostengo que puede ser más explicativo enriquecer la semántica.
The book demonstrates that American slang is translatable into Polish and the receivers of the target texts grasp not only the context in which particular slang items or phrases appear on screen, but also the entire movie plot; however, TV corporations broadcasting movies and their translations must respect the state legal regulations concerning promotion of vulgarity in language. Today, slang is becoming an effective means of communication. Short, economic and vivid language has a rosy future; for this reason, translation theoreticians should cooperate with the practitioners to create a collection of translation procedures applicable to such texts.
Background: Autism is commonly understood through the lens of non-autistic experts and their ethnocentric and gendered methods, which can reduce its complexity and make some concerns invisible. Autistic people can have different relationships with language, externally understood as "noisy," "nonsense," or even disregarded as linguistic production when manifested (Yergeau 2013, Rodas 2018). As a tacit practice, there is even an acceptable type of noise in spaces such as schools, assumed to be natural or even un‐ perceived as such: bells, shouts, chair drag. In contrast, some types of manifestations that neurodivergent people produce can be easily perceived as incorrect or inappropriate (Wood 2018). Still, Milton's (2012) proposal about the "double empathy problem" can remind us that sometimes the noisy are the others. Roughly, the author maintains that miscommunication between autistic and non-autistic people is a two-way issue caused by difficulties in understanding on both sides involved.
The literature shows that an individual’s moral valence affects the causal judgements of social observers. The effect is considered by some to be a cognitive bias. This article challenges this notion by investigating the relationship between how facts are presented to participants and their interpretation of causal judgment tasks, whether as a search for moral responsibility or a strict causal link. To do this, we proposed the first categorisation of the causal models of the facts described (i.e. the arrangement of causes presented to the participants). Through a systematic review, our analysis suggests an alternative hypothesis to the cognitive bias view: the arrangement of the facts presented to the participants could influence the relevant interpretation they make of the causal judgement task. Specifically, the causal models predominantly used in the literature may prompt an interpretation focused on attributing blame rather than identifying a narrow causal link.
En este artículo se pretende analizar la correlación ideológica entre la intelectualidad española germanófila durante las dos guerras mundiales. Partiendo de una serie de profesores universitarios, periodistas y sacerdotes, observaremos la visión idílica y propagandística desplegada por parte de alguno de aquellos integrantes de la España más conservadora y en vías de fascistización que visitarán los campos de concentración alemanes durante la Gran Guerra, el Tercer Reich y una vez finalizada la Segunda Guerra Mundial cuando la humanidad descubrió los horrores y crímenes perpetrados detrás de las alambradas de Auschwitz o Dachau.
Asimismo, este recorrido por el engaño operado por los propios regímenes alemanes —el Imperio alemán, primero, y el gobierno nazi, años más tarde— en el que los visitantes españoles no dudarían en participar y (auto)engañarse nos servirá también para evidenciar el caldo de cultivo ideológico de una de las Españas de entreguerras, que iría del nacionalismo exacerbado y el pensamiento antiliberal hasta el anticomunismo, la xenofobia o el antisemitismo.
Plain disjunctive sentences, such as The mystery box contains a blue ball or a yellow ball, typically imply that the speaker does not know which of the two disjuncts is true. This is known as an ignorance inference. We can distinguish between two aspects of this inference: the negated universal upper bound part (i.e., the speaker is uncertain about each disjunct), which we call uncertainty, and the existential lower bound part (i.e., the speaker considers each disjunct possible), which we call possibility. In the traditional approach, uncertainty is derived as a primary implicature, from which possibility follows. In this paper, we report on two experiments using a sentence-picture verification task based on the mystery box paradigm that challenge the traditional implicature approach. Our findings show that possibility can arise without uncertainty, and we thus call for a reevaluation of the traditional view of disjunction and ignorance inferences. Our experimental findings are related to similar results involving disjunction in embedded contexts and pave the way for alternative theories that can account for the observed patterns of inference derivation in a unified fashion. We discuss how recent implicature and non-implicature theories can account for the derivation of existential lower bound inferences without the presence of negated universal upper bound inferences.
Trust is essential for social interactions, including those between humans and social artificial agents, such as robots. Several factors and combinations thereof can contribute to the formation of trust and, importantly in the case of machines that work with a certain margin of error, to its maintenance and repair after it has been breached. In this paper, we present the results of a study aimed at investigating the role of robot voice and chosen repair strategy on trust formation and repair in a collaborative task. People helped a robot navigate through a maze, and the robot made mistakes at pre-defined points during the navigation. Via in-game behaviour and follow-up questionnaires, we could measure people's trust towards the robot. We found that people trusted the robot speaking with a state-of-the-art synthetic voice more than with the default robot voice in the game, even though they indicated the opposite in the questionnaires. Additionally, we found that three repair strategies that people use in human-human interaction (justification of the mistake, promise to be better, and denial of the mistake) work also in human-robot interaction.
This study examines politeness strategies employed by Muslim preachers in Arabic-scripted Friday Khutbah “sermons”, especially those available on the Internet. The data consist of four sermons delivered by renowned Saudi preachers in Mecca’s Haram, Muslims’ holiest mosque, and published on verified sites on the web. Findings reveal that the preachers have employed twelve distinct politeness strategies, based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) four major types of politeness: positive face, negative face, off-record, and bald-on record. Positive politeness was found to be the most predominant. This suggests that the preachers tend to promote collective identity and mutual respect, in line with the principle of acceptance inherent in positive politeness. In addition, negative politeness, which emphasizes the listener’s autonomy, ranked second in frequency, consistent with the cultural norms, communicative intentions, and socio-religious sensitivities prevalent in Muslim communities. Through examining these sermons, this study contributes to broader research in politeness in religious discourse, providing data for comparison with earlier studies.
Older adults are faced with societal normative expectations that set standards for age-appropriate behavior. They supposedly align their behavior with what is socially expected of them to avoid backlash and disapproval. However, a link between societal norms and older adults’ behavior has not been established in previous studies. In a pre-registered daily diary study, we tested the link between the societal norm that older adults should contribute to the common good (i.e., social activation) and volunteering in everyday life in a sample of olderadults (N = 78, 60 –85 years). We presented (fictitious) social consensus feedback indicating thata majority of society either agrees or disagrees with social activation and tested the effect of thisconsensus feedback on endorsing social activation and engaging in daily volunteering.Replicating previous studies, participants who were told that a majority agrees with social activation reported higher endorsement of social activation than those being told that a majority disagrees. Daily volunteering did not differ between social consensus groups. However, we found a significant relation between endorsement of social activation and daily volunteering for the agreement but not the disagreement group. This finding indicates that strongly endorsing social activation may be a prerequisite for societal appeals regarding older adults’ volunteering to become effective. Given the relatively low level of daily volunteering in our sample, these results warrant further investigation. Our findings offer important insights for initiatives promoting social participation among older adults.
The article actualizes the regularity of the outlook improvement of students as future specialists in the process of foreign language training at university, and developing such a worldview that forms a system of ideas about the world and all things in the world, society and one’s place in this society. The article analyzes the psychological and pedagogical conditions for the enhancement of students’ worldview skills when teaching a foreign language, which is the purpose of this research, substantiates the need for the development of intercultural and social competences of an individual, which determine his life activities and professional interaction, and points out didactically appropriate technologies, and approaches to foreign language training that contribute to the formation of methodological culture as a tool of cognition of objective reality. A number of generalizations have been made regarding the organization of communicative and cognitive activities of students during foreign language instruction in order to accelerate their personal and professional growth, in particular through the deepening of cognitive skills, awareness of the priorities of universal culture, and the importance of intercultural dialogue as a factor of stability and spiritual security in the modern world. An integral element of improving the worldview of students in the process of their mastering a foreign language is the development of positive thinking, which emphasizes such socially significant personal qualities as socio-cultural stability, initiative and creativity, the ability to effectively use the acquired knowledge of a foreign language for successful social interaction at the national and international levels. Further research of these issues could focus on defining organizational forms and methods of students’ independent work as an aspect of their personal realization in the process of foreign language training.
El dominio de idiomas es uno de los requisitos exigidos en la carrera diplomática (Rocanti, 1989; Galindo, 2017). Actualmente, sabemos que dominar un idioma implica conocer los aspectos lingüísticos y culturales del mismo. Pese a que en los cursos de lenguas extranjeras se incluyan estas cuestiones, en ciertos contextos laborales, se requiere un conocimiento de la lengua adaptada a las labores a desempeñar. Así ocurre en ámbitos como el de la diplomacia, en el que existe una serie de términos y expresiones diplomáticas que no aparecen en los manuales de enseñanza de español (ELE) general, además de cuestiones culturales relacionadas con la cortesía en este ámbito diplomático (Robles-Gomez, 2020). La comunicación diplomática en el contexto de la cultura y la educación contemporáneas es una arena donde convergen diferentes sujetos y discursos, marcados por ideologías, acciones sociales y propuestas críticas. Algunas de estas cuestiones están relacionadas con la cortesía como se pretende demostrar en este trabajo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal de esta investigación es conocer el valor de la cortesía en la diplomacia y, por lo tanto, su incorporación en los cursos de español para fines específicos de la diplomacia (EFED). Para lograr dicho fin se presentan, por una parte, una serie de cuestiones teórica y, por otra, los resultados obtenidos de un análisis de necesidades llevado a cabo con profesionales de la diplomacia y estudiantes de relaciones internacionales que asisten a curso de ELE.
Palabras clave: español de la diplomacia, enseñanza fines específicos, comunicación diplomática, cortesía, cortesía estratégica
In a time where new research methods are constantly being developed and science is evolving, researchers must continually educate themselves on cutting-edge methods and best practices related to their field. The second of three volumes, this Handbook provides comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of a variety of issues important in developing, designing, and collecting data to produce high-quality research efforts. First, leading scholars from around the world provide an in depth explanation of various advanced methodological techniques. In section two, chapters cover general important methodological considerations across all types of data collection. In the third section, the chapters cover self-report and behavioral measures and their considerations for use. In the fourth section, various psychological measures are covered. The final section of the handbook covers issues that directly concern qualitative data collection approaches. Throughout the book, examples and real-world research efforts from dozens of different disciplines are discussed.
In public political discourse, figurative expressions used by one participant are often followed up and ‘countered’ by other participants through ironical allusions, comments and altered quotations aimed at denouncing the original version
or deriving a new, contrarian conclusion from it. What is the relationship between metaphor and irony in such cases: are they independently processed and then added to each other in the overall interpretation or are they integrated into a ‘blended’, context-dependent implicature? Using data from a corpus documenting the long-running political debate in Britain about the nation’s place at the heart of Europe, this paper investigates the interplay of metaphor, irony and sarcasm in comprehension processes. It is argued that the latter two involve speaker-hearer-shared awareness of aspects of the ‘discourse history’ of the slogan, including a default version of the metaphor, which in the case of sarcasm, is recontextualised in a contrasting scenario (e.g. that of a dead, rotting, diseased heart) with the aim of insulting or disqualifying the echoed or pretended ‘preceding’ speaker.
The anthropology of sport literature, and literature on neoliberalism in Africa more broadly, has often been predicated on the notion that neoliberalism forces a conversion from seeing the self as collectively produced towards the development of an individualistic and competitive ‘entrepreneurship of self’. While global long-distance running is increasingly competitive, with the odds against success stacked ever higher, this is not a dynamic that can be traced in Ethiopia. Rather, there is a sense that the individualism and competitiveness that are acknowledged to already be at the heart of Amhara society must be tempered in order for athletes to survive within this system. Increasing competition is understood to require people to work together more closely, rather than forcing them apart. In this article, I explore the paradox that bodily acts of trust can coexist with the discursive insistence on the impossibility of trust in competitive environments. By focusing on the warm-up as a key site of trust work, I show how an awareness of the challenges inherent in enacting trusting relations in close proximity with others necessitates deliberate work over a number of years to render such behaviour as unspoken as possible.
Notre étude porte sur la traduction de l’ironie situationnelle du roman Une vie de Guy de Maupassant. Après avoir défini l’ironie et avoir discuté de ses marques et de ses conditions, nous mettrons en parallèle l’ironie verbale et l’ironie situationnelle afin de faire ressortir leurs traits spécifiques. Les deux s’appuient sur un écart, mais la manière dont l’écart est exprimé est différente. L’ironie situationnelle est finement tissée dans le récit et comporte des marques plus subtiles que l’ironie verbale, étant souvent une ironie filée. Pour cette raison, la réception de l’ironie situationnelle est parfois difficile et implique une analyse macro et microtextuelle, tout comme la connivence du lecteur. La traduction en anglais et en roumain de quelques séquences visant des personnages-type du roman Une vie sera examinée dans la partie finale de notre travail. Seront ainsi analysés les prototypes suivants : la jeune fille aux aspirations romantiques, le noble déchu, le prêtre, la vieille fille, le paysan normand. Les deux tendances extrêmes observées lors de l’analyse comparative sont la surtraduction et la sous-traduction.
It has recently been argued that our use of vague language poses an intractable problem for any account of content and communication on which (i) the things we assert are propositions and (ii) understanding an assertion requires recognizing which proposition the speaker asserted. John MacFarlane has argued that this problem concerning vague language is itself a species of an even more general problem for such traditional accounts—the problem posed by “felicitous” underspecification. Repurposing certain ideas from Allan Gibbard, MacFarlane offers a novel theory of vagueness, plan-expressivism, as an account that can handle both vagueness and such underspecification in communication. In this paper, I argue that despite its many virtues, plan-expressivism fails as a general account of meaning and communication. In particular, I show that when it comes to the problem of felicitous underspecification, plan-expressivism fares no better than the more traditional accounts of content and communication it is intended to replace. Along the way, I argue that the problem of felicitous underspecification puts considerable pressure on an assumption that is at the core of both plan-expressivism and the accounts of its more traditionalist rivals – namely, that in cases of successful linguistic communication, we must always be able to find something – whether a propositional content or a conversational update – that the speaker is intending to share with her audience.
It is broadly admitted that social contexts of reasoning may prompt children and adolescents to improve the quality of their reasoning. However, it is not clear how this quality may be assessed when it comes to arguments expressed within oral interactions in diverse settings (whole-class or small-group discussions) by students of different ages and cultural backgrounds. This study aims to offer a methodological contribution to the issue of oral argument assessment of children and adolescents, by looking at a large, annotated corpus of dialogic discussions during 111 lessons taking place in five countries. Our analysis combines a structural (Toulmin Argument Pattern) and functional (Walton's argumentation schemes) approach to argumentative reasoning. Our findings show significant variations across age groups and social settings. The discussion points out the importance of sociocul-tural framing of argument reasoning development and the continuation of research in argument assessment methods able to grasp important developmental and cultural variations.
The aim of this paper is to shed light on theories of discourse meaning from the Arabic, namely Sībawayhian, linguistics tradition, that are novel in the contemporary pragmatics space and prompts us to rethink and reshape the Anglo-American, namely Gricean and post-Gricean, lens through which current theories are predominantly defined. The Arabic linguistics tradition was founded by Sībawayhi more than ten centuries ago, yet it is severely underrepresented and under-researched in modern (Western) linguistics. Sībawayhi posited a discourse-oriented, pragmatics-centric, and intuition-driven model of language and communication, providing unique insights into how intentions and conventions figure in meaning representation. Despite his monumental contribution, Sībawayhian theory has hitherto been missing from the present-day field of pragmatics. Instead, pragmatics as a line of study is usually attributed to Grice and subsequent post-Gricean developments, where theory construction has been limited to intra-theoretical analyses and falls short of cross-cultural epistemological perspectives. Many of these analyses are as such reinventions of what can be found in Sībawayhian and post-Sībawayhian pragmatics. And there are many more components of Arabic pragmatic thought that remain to be (re)discovered, with the potential to further current thinking in pragmatics and open a new orientation of contemporary pragmatic study. In this paper, I attempt to address all of the above by closely examining selected sections of Sībawayhi’s monumental al-Kitāb. I particularly introduce two main conceptions Sībawayhi relies on in his theory of meaning – metapragmatic conventions (conventionsmp) and integrative context (contexti) – and investigate their role in shaping major areas of pragmatic theorization, namely syntax, discourse compositionality, and inference.
To be part of a conversation is to be subject to various conversation-specific norms. In this paper I examine the nature of these norms and consider how distinctly epistemic norms relate to these.
We present a cross-linguistically robust pattern of polyfunctionality between indefinite, partitive, and disanaphoric (‘another’) use of a single lexical item. In examining the connection between these different uses, we argue that a uniform semantics underlies all of them. We employ the salience theory of definiteness, with the specific implementation in a dynamic semantics with choice functions, to model the full spectrum of the attested uses without invoking implicit variables. The core meaning is the partitive implication, whereas the indefinite and the discourse-familiar disanaphoric readings are underspecified in the semantics and are argued to be additional construals conditioned by discourse factors. The partitive meaning, however, is shown itself to be subject to variable pragmatic packaging across languages, from being a part of the truth conditions to a postsupposition.
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