No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: a review of four recent studies
Abstract
Advances in causal modeling techniques have made it possible for researchers to simultaneously examine theory and measures. However, researchers must use these new techniques appropriately. In addition to dealing with the methodological concerns associated with more traditional methods of analysis, researchers using causal modeling approaches must understand their underlying assumptions and limitations.
... Hipotesis hubungan antar konstruks diuji dengan Partial Least Square (PLS) bootstrapping technique (Chin et al., 1998). PLS models are analyzed and interpreted in two stages, namely testing of measurement and testing of the structural model (Hulland, 1999). ...
The collaboration of nature tourism with religiosity is currently one thing that needs to be considered in sufficient detail. This can be seen by the development of halal tourism, but so far research that discusses halal tourism from the point of view of natural tourism destinations still has inconsistent results, so further research is needed with the aim of answering the inconsistency of these results. This study focuses on discussing natural tourism destinations from the point of view of halal tourism by placing the variables destination image, destination trust, service quality, destination attractiveness, towards revisit intention. This research is a survey research with respondents as many as 115 people who have visited natural tourist destinations in Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia in the last 6 months. The results showed that destination image and destination trust proved to have a positive effect on revisit intention. However, destination trust and service quality have no effect on revisit intention.
... This initial phase focused on assessing the indicator loadings and their significance, resulting in standardized loadings ranging from 0.4 to 0.708 (Hulland 1999). According to (Hair et al. 2017), it is recommended to exclude reflective indicators that have a loading below 0.4. ...
This research aims to assess how residents perceive the impact of tourism on different dimensions, including the economy, environment, culture, society, and politics. Tourism plays a key role in stimulating a city’s economy. Nevertheless, it also presents challenges for residents, influencing their quality of life and mobility. Recently, the city of Naples (South of Italy) has emerged as a favorite destination for tourists in search of art, history, and landscapes. By gathering insights from the community through the administration of a questionnaire, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted effects of tourism development in Naples. A theoretical model was estimated using a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to validate the formulated hypotheses regarding the relationship between six factors used to measure residents’ perception of tourism. Results provide a valuable resource for public administrations, helping them adopt effective strategies to address the impact of tourism on residents and mitigate its negative effects.
... In evaluating models, even though PLS-SEM simultaneously estimates the measurement model and the structural model, we followed the procedure (Hulland, 1999). The analysis and interpretation of the estimated model occurred in two stages: first, the reliability and evaluation of the measurement model, and then, the testing of the structural model. ...
Several research studies have been conducted to investigate the factors that can influence the brand preference of consumers. However, there are very few studies that examine the factors that influence consumers' brand preference toward personal care products in the Klang Valley of Malaysia. This study was conducted to ascertain the factors that influence consumer brand preference for personal care products in Klang Valley to fill the void. This investigation included 3984 Klang Valley residents who had purchased and have a brand preference toward personal care products as a sample. Quantitative research was conducted by disseminating the devised questionnaire to the targeted number of participants online. 384 valid responses were collected from 450 distributed survey questionnaires and analyzed using SmartsPLS Software. The contribution of this current study will be the reference for marketers who are producing natural personal care products in setting the right strategy to create and maintain their brand preference among customers.
... Individual indicator reliability (outer loadings) values for 29 of the 31 indicators from multi-item constructs exceeded the accepted threshold of 0.4 [22]. The internal consistency reliability is assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α) and Composite Reliability (CR). ...
National surveys on care experiences are increasingly adopted as regulatory mechanisms for improving care quality and increasing public trust in healthcare services. Based on data collected as part of Ireland's 2020 National Maternity Experience Survey, this study investigates care-related factors that contribute most to confidence and trust in the professional workforce (or carers) within Irish maternity services. The survey covered the full spectrum of maternity care and received 3,206 responses which were analysed using structural equation modelling. Results show that trust in carers may be enhanced through greater attention to the quality of interpersonal aspects of maternity care in a few core areas. We found that factors related to dignity and respect (β=0.270), involvement in decision-making (β=0.186), pain management (β=0.172), and communication (β=0.151) are core determinants of confidence and trust in the professional workforce of maternity services. Perceived quality of care in these four aspects increased on average, with the women's age. Women under 29 rated their experiences in these areas as significantly lower than the average. Women with a disability also rated their experiences significantly lower than average in three core areas. Our results suggest that trustworthy, equitable, and high-quality maternity care requires ongoing development of interpersonal skills within the maternity services professional workforce particularly in caring for younger women (under 29 years) and those with a disability.
... The results of the reliability coefficient were found as 0.753. The relationship between manifest variables (observed objects) and latent variables both exogenous and endogenous was evaluated by the measurement method on the loading factor in each construct (Hulland 1999). The structural model examines the relationship between endogenous latent variables and exogenous latent variables by assessing the path coefficients. ...
... which is significant and justifies that data are sufficient for further analysis. Previous research studies have indicated that factor loading for each item must be greater than 0.5 for better and consistent results (Truong & McColl, 2011;Hulland, 1999). Chen and Tsai (2007) also confirmed that the factor loading value must ex-ceed 0.5. ...
Social media has revolutionized how businesses connect with consumers, going beyond product promotion to understanding consumer preferences. It is undeniable that social media plays a pivotal role in shaping consumer purchase decisions, as more individuals turn to these platforms to seek advice and opinions from peers. The current study engaged 410 Indian consumers, employing a quantitative approach backed by rigorous statistical methods, including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS software. The goal was to unravel the intricate dynamics between social media marketing, brand image, and purchase intentions. The findings highlight a significant and positive relationship between social media marketing efforts and brand image perception. Moreover, it was discovered that brand image significantly influences consumers’ purchase intentions. Surprisingly, it did not find a direct and significant impact of social media marketing on purchase intentions.Notably, the study revealed a crucial insight: the influence of social media marketing on purchase intentions is fully mediated by the perception of brand image. In light of these results, businesses are encouraged to establish a strong presence on social media platforms to effectively promote their products and services. Organizations can effectively steer consumer purchase intentions by harnessing the synergy between social media marketing and brand image. Acknowledgment This study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University project number (PSAU/2023/R/1444).
... Depending on the context in which "community engagement" has been used, the term has a different meaning. All four of these terms are used interchangeably in the literature as synonyms for community participation which is a term that has been around for a long time [36,37]. Furthermore, concepts like social inclusion include community involvement in their definitions [38]. ...
... Items removed include AA8, AA9, AA13, AA14, SC1, SC2, SC3, SC4, SC5, SC7, SC8, SC9, SC10, SC11, SC12, SC13, SC14, SC15, SC16, SC17, SC18, SC19, SC20, SC21, SC22, SC23, SC24, SC25, SC26, SC27, SC28, SC29, SC30, SC33, SC34, SC35 as indicator items loadings were lesser than 0.5. All item loadings > 0.5 indicates indicator reliability (Hulland, 1999). All Average Variance Extracted (AVE) > 0.5 indicates convergent validity (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). ...
The purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between advertising appeals and impulse purchase inclination in the presence of self-control and marital status as moderators. A pre-designed questionnaire was used to collect data. PLS-SEM (Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling) is used to determine the nature of the link between the mentioned variables, as well as the function of self-control as a moderator. A multi-group analysis is conducted to see how the model varies from gender variation. Furthermore, Andrew F. Hayes Process Macro is also utilized as a data analysis approach. According to the findings of Andrew F. Hayes Process Macro, self-control has a considerable negative influence on impulse purchase inclination. According to PLS-SEM findings, entertaining advertising appeal has a considerable positive influence on the cognitive element of impulsive purchasing tendency, but informative advertising appeal has a significant positive impact on both the cognitive and affective aspects of impulse buying tendency. Surprisingly, irritating commercial appeal has a large favorable influence on the cognitive aspect of impulse purchasing inclination. However, the study discovered a minor complimentary function of self-control in the relationship between advertising appeals and impulse purchase inclination. The results of a multi-group investigation show that the influence of advertising value ad appeal on the emotive aspect of impulse purchase inclination vary greatly depending on gender. The study is significant for marketers because it shows that self-control acts as a barrier in the route of impulsive buying.
... The normality of the data was considered acceptable when skewness < |3.0| and kurtosis < |8.0| [107]. To test the construct's reliability, we examined individual item reliability (i.e., items with factor loadings on their respective constructs higher than the 0.5 thresholds were considered acceptable) [108], Composite Reliability (CR, i.e., CR > 0.70 was considered acceptable) [109], Average Variance Extracted (AVE, i.e., AVE > 0.50 was deemed acceptable) [110], Cronbach's alpha (α), and McDonald's omegas (ω, i.e., internal reliability > 0.70 was deemed acceptable) [111]. Then, we explored correlations among the study constructs using (a) Pearson's correlation coefficients to measure the strength of the linear link between continuous variables; (b) Spearman's rho correlation coefficients to test the correlation between ordinal variables or between ordinal/continuous and dichotomous nominal variables; and (c) Kendall's coefficients of rank correlation tau-subb to evaluate the relationship between continuous and ordinal variables. ...
During the COVID-19 pandemic, remote working was pervasively implemented, causing an increase in technology-related job demands. Concurrently, there was an increase in psychological problems in the occupational population. This study on remote workers tested a moderated mediation model positing burnout, conceptualized according to the Burnout Assessment Tool, as the mediator between techno-stressors and psychological health outcomes and e-work self-efficacy as a protective personal resource. A sample of 225 remote workers filled out anonymous questionnaires measuring techno-stressors, e-work self-efficacy, burnout, and psychological health symptoms (i.e., depressive mood and anxiety symptoms). The data were analyzed using structural equation mediation and moderated mediation models, adopting a parceling technique. The results showed that burnout totally mediated the relationship between techno-stressors and depressive mood, while partially mediating the association between techno-stressors and anxiety symptoms. Moreover, e-work self-efficacy buffered the positive effects of techno-stressors on depressive mood and anxiety symptoms through burnout. The present research attested to the relevance of techno-stressors for the psychological health of remote workers and supported burnout as a mediator of this process, although anxiety symptoms were also directly related to techno-stressors. Moreover, the protective role of domain-specific self-efficacy was confirmed in the realm of remote working. Limitations and practical implications are discussed.
... As shown in Table 2, the Cronbach's alpha test results ranged between 0.827 and 0.930, which is above the 0.70 benchmark for acceptable internal consistency reliability (Field, 2013). As revealed in Table 3 results, the lowest composite reliability (CR) value of 0.894 is well above the suggested value of 0.6 (Hulland, 1999), while the lowest obtained average variance extracted (AVE) value of 0.633 is also above the recommended value of 0.4 (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988). This shows the accomplishment of convergent validity, and further confirms the excellent internal consistency and reliability of the measuring instruments used. ...
Purpose
The purpose of the study was to ascertain the influence of innovation conviction, innovation mindset and innovation creed on the performance of women entrepreneurs in South African small and medium enterprises and their capacity for innovation. The study also examined how proactive personality and entrepreneurial education moderate the relationship between innovative capability and women entrepreneurs' performance.
Design/methodology/approach
The study used a quantitative research design and administered a questionnaire to collect data from participants. Since there was no sampling frame available, purposive sampling, a non-probability sampling technique, was used to select suitable respondents who were identified as entrepreneurial women. Data were collected from 304 women entrepreneurs in the Gauteng province of South Africa. The data were analyzed using smart partial least squares.
Findings
The findings demonstrated that innovation conviction, innovation mindset and innovation creed have a positive impact on innovation capability. It was also discovered that innovation capability, proactive personality and entrepreneurial education all positively and significantly impact women entrepreneurs' performance. Furthermore, the results showed that entrepreneurial education and proactive personality had a positive and significant moderating effect on the nexus between innovation capability and the performance of women entrepreneurs.
Originality/value
This study will add to the body of knowledge on women's small business management and entrepreneurship in Africa, two topics that are typically ignored by academics in developing nations.
... The variance that a latent variable receives from its indices is measured by this criterion. The AVE values should usually be more than 0.5 (Hulland, 1999). As shown in Table 3, the values of this index were more than 0.5 for all of the variables. ...
Purpose - This study aims to show that employees’ excessive work-related use of enterprise social networks (ESN) can be accompanied by some work-related strains, hindering them from continuing utilization of ESN at work. To this end, the impact of employees’ excessive work-related utilization of ESN on their discontinuous usage intentions by mediating roles of employees’ impression management concerns, privacy concerns, and ESN fatigue will be evaluated.
Design/methodology/approach - Stimulus-organisms-response (S-O-R) framework has been drawn to support the design of this research. Using an entirely random data collection, 173 ESN users from 10 Iranian organizations were surveyed. The model was assessed using partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM).
Findings - The results of the study confirm that employees’ excessive work-related use of ESN positively affects impression management and privacy concerns, resulting in ESN fatigue. Furthermore, ESN fatigue plays a predicting role in ESN discontinuous usage intention.
Originality/value - According to the obtained results, if work-related use of ESN exceeds a normal threshold (i.e., excessive usage), employees will stop using ESN in their work due to the work-related strains delivered to them, revealing the dark side of ESN usage in organizations.
... When the squares of these loads are taken, the indicator reliability value is obtained. Factor loads over 70 % are preferred (Hulland, 1999). Factor loadings less than 0.70 are not suitable for the program, but an expression under the Strategic Orientation factor has a factor load of 0.697. ...
Objective. Explorer the relationship between strategic orientation, Porter’s generic competitive strategy, innovative capacity of firm, and products technical performance in the Turkish ICT —Information and Communication Technology— sector. Methodology.This study employed a quantitative research design in which 573 questionnaires applied to people who work in various ICT companies located in Turkey. The research data were examined using mediation effect and path analysis techniques. SmartPLS version 3.2 was used for the abovementioned analyses. Results. The findings revealed a positive and significant correlation between strategic orientation with the innovative capacity of firms and the products technical performance. The results also indicate that Porter’s generic competitive strategies play a mediating role in the relationships between strategic orientation, innovative capacity of firms, and products technical performance. Conclusions. The importance of integrating strategic orientation and competitive strategies in order to innovative capacity of firms or products technical performance is concluded, particularly in ICT companies.
... Excel is a widely used spreadsheet software that can be used for data analysis and has many built-in statistical functions that can aid in the analysis process [38]. The use of Excel in data analysis has several advantages, such as the ability to handle large amounts of data, perform calculations efficiently, and present data in an easily understood way using graphs and charts [39]. Furthermore, the use of objective data in presenting research findings helps draw meaningful conclusions. ...
Qatar’s ambitious Vision 2030 includes a major shift towards clean energy, and residential solar PV installation can be an obvious option, given its abundant sunlight and high power for residential cooling. Despite significant solar panel farm investment, there has been limited progress in deploying solar panels on home roofs, and further research is needed to identify the potential for such an initiative and its impact on the country’s move towards clean energy. This field survey assesses the potential for residential rooftop solar panel installation across Qatar, considering space availability, currently utilized space, remaining space, shading, and roof type. It also provided indications of potential obstacles and shading that might affect panel sunlight exposure. The results showed that there is significant potential for installing solar panels on Qatari homes, which could contribute to a considerable portion of the energy consumed by households during peak usage periods, particularly in the summer months. Moreover, excess energy generated could be exported to other countries with high demand during periods of low demand in Qatar. The study’s findings complement previous research efforts and provide insights for policymakers and stakeholders to develop strategies that endorse the vision for 2030 and promote the transition towards clean energy in Qatar.
... Internal consistency is a key measure of a model's reliability. A model is considered reliable if its Composite Reliability (CR) score is equal to or greater than 0.7 [15,16]. Table 2 also presents the CR scores for each construct in the model, indicating that all constructs had a CR of 0.7 or higher, demonstrating the measurement model's internal consistency. ...
Purpose: This study aimed at validating the updated DeLone and McLean’s information systems success model (D&MISS) in a developing country’s infectious disease pandemic preparedness and response context. The findings are relevant to inform policies and actions for enhancing the Health Information System’s (HIS) performance in developing countries specifically to improve their future pandemic readiness and response. The study sought to respond to a key research question; to what extent can the D&MISS model provide evidence to improve the HIS’s infectious disease pandemic readiness and response in developing countries?
Method: A cross-sectional study design that involved a multistage sampling approach to select eligible respondents was applied. Conducted in Nigeria and Liberia, 576 primary healthcare workers, out of the planned 600, participated representing a response rate of 96%. The D&MISS model served as the theoretical underpinning for this study and nine hypothesized relationships were stated prior to the study based on the interconnectedness of the model’s six dimensions.
Results: Eight of the nine hypothesized relationships were supported, except for the relationship between Information Quality and Use. The relationships between System Quality and Use and between User Satisfaction and Net Benefit had the highest beta coefficient which was statistically significant at p<0.05.
Conclusion and Relevance: While the D&MISS model continues to remain valuable in information systems (IS) and HIS research, its enhancement with context specific dimensions will improve its ability to determine context specific gaps peculiar to developing countries. The results of which will improve their HIS’s pandemic preparedness and response.
... Assessing the measurement model in SmartPLS 4.0 shows that most reflective indicator loadings exceeded 0.708 (Hair et al., 2022). While a few reflective loadings ranged from 0.58 and below 0.708, we decided to retain them, as newer scales are used (Hulland, 1999 (Hair et al., 2022). Therefore, the measurement model was deemed valid and reliable (see Table 3). ...
This exploratory research utilizes the lens of uses and gratifications theory (UGT) to examine cross‐cultural differences in consumers' motives for using social media to build peer‐to‐peer (P2P) community. Using a mixed‐method approach through two studies, we first conduct in‐depth interviews to better understand consumers' motivations for P2P community on social media. Then exploratory factor analysis using Belgian and U.S. survey data and confirmatory composite analysis reveal the factors of curiosity, self‐presentation, social interaction, relational connections (Belgium only), the importance of social verification, and communication. Results from partial least squares structural equation modeling explain the relationship between the emerging factors and consumers' need for P2P community. While individualized motivations were found to be significant in both samples, relational motivations were not, as Belgian consumers were less concerned about socially interacting with others. Additionally, consumers' curiosity was not found to be significantly related to the need for community in either sample. This study extends previous research using the UGT framework by generating knowledge on cross‐cultural differences of P2P community on social media; theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
... An outer loading of 0.7 or higher is generally considered highly satisfactory. However, in the context of exploratory research utilising new scales and dimensions, an outer loading exceeding 0.5 or 0.4 and above for indicator reliability is considered acceptable according to Hulland (1999). Therefore, the outer loadings of all indicators for the reflective constructs are significantly higher than the minimum acceptable threshold. ...
Purpose
The construction industry faces public criticism for issues like wastefulness, inefficiency, slim profits, scheduling setbacks, budget overruns, quality concerns, trust deficits, transparency, coordination, communication and fraud. This paper aims to assess the nexus between barriers and drivers for adopting blockchain in construction and its impact on construction lifecycle.
Design/methodology/approach
A quantitative research approach was used to collect data using a well-structured questionnaire survey. The survey, which used snowball sampling, included 155 Nigerian construction experts that included architects, builders, quantity surveyors and engineers in the built environment. The data were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), which allowed for a thorough evaluation of the proposed relationships as well as industry-specific insights.
Findings
The study's findings validate the conceptual framework established. The results indicate that implementing blockchain across all stages of construction projects has the potential to improve the construction process by 88.2% through its drivers. However, there were no significant relationships found between the barriers to adopting blockchain and the potential application areas in the construction lifecycle.
Research limitations/implications
This research was carried out in the South-western which is one of the six geo-political zones/regions in Nigeria, using a cross-sectional survey method. The study did not investigate the interdependence of the identified categories of drivers and barriers, limiting a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics and interactions influencing blockchain adoption in construction. The study is expected to stimulate further exploration and generate new insights on how blockchain technology (BT) can influence various stages of the construction lifecycle.
Practical implications
The findings will be immensely beneficial to both professionals and practitioners in the Nigerian construction industry in learning about the potential of BT application in improving the construction lifecycle.
Originality/value
This paper developed and assessed a conceptual framework by investigating the interrelationships between the constructs. The findings have important implications for the construction industry, as they offer opportunities to improve the construction process and overall lifecycle. The findings are useful for researchers interested in the potential impact of BT on the construction lifecycle and its wider implications.
... Each construct's standardised item loadings were statistically significant (p < 0.001). None of the items had loadings smaller than 0.50, a common factor analysis threshold [65,66]. The composite reliability [66] and the average variance retrieved [67] were also examined for each construct. ...
There are strong indications that the built environment has had a great influence on the course of the COVID-19 pandemic and the post-disaster recovery. The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected both human and global development, while efforts to combat this menace call for an integrated human social capital index. This research seeks to enhance understanding of how the built environment can be enhanced through resilience against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to investigate the impact of a resilient built environment on increasing resilience in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. The quantitative studies test the impact of four built environment resilience indices (built environment capital, disaster management indices, awareness of the COVID-19 pandemic, and built environment adaptive strategies) on human social capital and COVID-19 pandemic indices. This study reveals the role of human social capital in achieving a resilient built environment in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. Built environment capital, disaster management indices, and awareness of COVID-19 also indirectly affect the COVID-19 pandemic indices through human social capital. This study’s implications are useful for post-COVID-19 recovery, which is important for future planning of the built environment in Nigeria.
... To ascertain discriminant validity, factors should load more heavily on their primary construct than on other constructsv [29]. Table 5 presents this distinction, affirming discriminant validity through the cross-loading method. ...
This research investigates the uncertainties in supply chains using symmetrical and asymmetrical modeling tools, focusing on the attitudes of millennials towards Facebook retail shopping. By exploring antecedents such as pleasure, credibility, and peer interaction, this study delves into the extent of E-commerce via Facebook among Generation Z in the Middle East. Built on an exhaustive literature review, a conceptual framework is designed targeting solely Generation Z members. Employing partial least squares structural equation modeling for data analysis, the findings indicate a strong correlation between attitude and the propensity of Generation Z to make Facebook retail purchases (R2 = 0.540), affecting enjoyment, credibility, and peer communication (R2 = 0.589). This study offers strategies for supply chain improvements and validates the potential of E-commerce on Facebook among Generation Z.
... When the square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) is greater than the correlation coefficient between variables, it is considered to exhibit discriminant validity [86]. The square roots of the AVE in this study range from 0.72 to 0.89, all of which are greater than the inter-construct correlation coefficients. ...
This study examines whether law enforcement officers’ fear of COVID-19, job burnout, and job stress have increased their PTSD and insomnia during the epidemic. This article introduces the perceived formalism of police agencies into the causal model to explore whether perceived formalism increases the job burnout and job stress of police officers. The formalism of administrative agencies is rarely included in epidemic research. This study collected 306 Taiwanese police officers as research subjects. We used confirmatory factor analysis and SEM for hypothesis testing. The study found that perceived formalism positively affects the job burnout and job stress of police officers. Job stress, fear of COVID-19, and job burnout positively affect PTSD and insomnia.
... Convergent validity was verified by examining the factor item loadings, recommended to be above 0.70, and the average variance extracted (AVE), recommended to be above 0.5 (Hair et al., 2017). However, weak factor loadings (below 0.70) are frequently obtained in social science research, especially when using newly developed scales (Hulland, 1999). All items were above 0.70 except for a few, which were between 0.67 and 0.70, so the overall results were acceptable. ...
Japanese users, how do personal traits influence perceived social presence and attitudes toward livestream shopping, and how do social presence and attitudes influence behavioral intentions toward livestream shopping? A three-country online survey was conducted in 2023. For Research Question 1, regarding perceptions of stimulating purchases, facilitating communication, and improving personal quality of life, American non-users (N = 480) were significantly more positive than Japanese non-users (N = 572); regarding improving personal quality of life and societal benefits, Chinese users (N = 563) were significantly more positive than American users (N = 290). Results for Research Question 2 showed commonalities and differences between the US and China. Both countries showed positive effects of interpersonal orientation and trust in streamers on social presence, of change seeking and social presence on utilitarian attitudes, and of anticipated regret and social presence on hedonic attitudes. Main differences included the stronger influence of general online trust on utilitarian attitudes in the US versus the stronger influence of trust in streamers on both utilitarian and hedonic attitudes in China.
... This study used Cronbach Alpha and composite reliability to assess construct reliability. Hulland (1999) suggested that Cronbach Alpha and composite reliability values exceed 0.70. All CR and Cronbach Alpha values in Table 2 are greater than 0.70, indicating that this benchmark has been met in the present study. ...
... Each study item's factor loadings met or above the cut off. Specifically, a factor loading of 0.70 or higher was deemed preferable A criterion of 0.4 or higher is considered appropriate in the context of exploratory research (Hulland, 1999). Table 1 shows the correlations between the various factors. ...
This study's primary goal is to examine the effects of the Cement Industry's Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives on the Sustainable Development (SD) of project-affected areas in their respective cement plant locations. The study has employed the analytical technique of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The perspectives of participants regarding CSR Initiatives Documentation Tool allows for the documentation of carefully constructed survey instrument consisting of variables from social, economic, and environmental perspective. The selection of companies was based upon the expenditure incurred on CSR as per the mandate of Companies Act,2013. The study's sample size comprised a total of 205 participants. CSR is conceptualised as an exogenous Higher-Order Construct (HOC). This construct is measured using various indicators known as Lower Order Constructs (LOCs). These LOCs encompass a range of social, economic, and environmental variables, which collectively capture the CSR's multifaceted nature. the application of the idea of sustainability is commonly observed as an endogenous variable within various research studies and theoretical frameworks. This study has utilised the Carroll Model and the idea of SD to create a thorough foundation for examining the directional relation between CSR & Sustainable Development (SD). partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), was used to analyse the research data. The study also considers how CSR might affect societal growth on a social level. According to the study's findings, improving CSR programmes especially made to assist sustainable development will have a big influence.
... If a factor loading exceeds 0.40, it indicates the variance of each variable and its measures are more than measurement errors and reliability of this measurement model is acceptable (Hulland, 1999). Table 6 shows factor loadings of each outer model. ...
... Step 1: Indicator loadings and their significance assessment. Through a bootstrap procedure (Hair et al. 2012b), we shall get a value for standardized loading that lies in the interval [0.400; 0.708] (Hulland 1999) with a t-statistic greater than 1.96 in absolute value (significant for a two-tailed test at level 5%); ...
In this study, we highlight Life Crafting Scale (LCS) factor structure and model specifications by using partial least squares structural equations modelling (PLS-SEM) and confirmatory composite analysis (CCA), with a sample of Italian students ( $$n=953$$ n = 953 ). From the validation results obtained through PLS-CCA, we identify the emergence of both the reflective nature of the scores of the LCS subscale and an alternative measurement model of the LCS scores as a second-order reflective–reflective model.
... Discriminant validity was also checked using cross-factor loadings and Fornell-Larcker matrix. Confirmatory factor analysis shows that each item is adequately reliable if its factor load is 0.6 or higher (Hulland, 1999;Rezvani et al., 2022;Izadpanah et al., 2020;Abbas Mofrad et al., 2021;Abbasmofrad et al., 2022). To calculate t-value, a bootstrap test (with 300 subsamples) was used to determine the significance of factor loadings. ...
Global industries are associated with risk; the construction industry is not an exception. The construction industry has a complex nature, involving different participants; therefore, additional risk is imposed on construction projects. Therefore, with the aid of information technology (IT) as a moderating factor, the purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of the impact of management skills and risk management on the success of construction projects. The method was descriptive correlational research with structural equation modelling (SEM). In this study, 146 expert managers of construction projects in Iran participated. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. By using SmartPLS, PLS-based SEM was used to analyse the data. As the results show, management skills (technical, human, and perceptual skills) and risk management lead to an increase in the success of construction projects, and IT moderates the risk management effect on construction project success.
... To identify the factors of the questions in the "Q3 external variable", a factor analysis (main factor method, promax rotation) was conducted, and four factors were extracted based on the magnitude of the eigenvalues and the decay situation. There are many studies that reported that factor loadings should be greater than 0.5 for better results (Hulland, 1999;Truong & McColl, 2011). Also, the higher the load, the more relevant it is in defining the factor's dimensionality. ...
... As shown in Table 3, two items (REA5 and ENV3), with outer loadings much smaller than 0.7, were omitted following Hulland (1999)'s guideline. However, the items of REF1, REF2, REF4, and REA3 with outer loadings between 0.60 and 0.70 were considered to be acceptable because their associated constructs ('reasons for' and 'reasons against') adopted newly developed scales (Hulland, 1999). ...
Motorcycle riding is the principal mode of travel in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Motorcycle-based transport is regarded as highly problematic today due to reliance on fossil-based fuels, which contributes to climate change. Additionally, emissions from fuel combustion release air pollutants in urban areas, resulting in public health issues. Unfortunately, in LMICs, functioning and widespread public transport infrastructure will not be feasible in the near future due to economic and social tensions. As such, encouraging a mode shift from conventional motorcycles to electric motorcycles (EMs), a more sustainable transport mode, is a reasonable strategy for many jurisdictions. However, to develop effective programs to increase the adoption of EMs, it is necessary to have a better understanding of motives and barriers that determine the switching intention to EMs. To cover this gap, this investigation aims to develop a conceptual research model based on the Behavioural Reasoning Theory to explore the antecedents of the switching intention. Data from 751 conventional motorcycle users in Vietnam were used to test the model using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The moderating roles of trust and knowledge were also examined in this study. The results showed that 'reasons for' have no direct effect on the switching intention; however, this variable affects the intention indirectly via global motives. In contrast, 'reasons against' show a negative direct impact on the intention, and no indirect effect is found. The findings provide interesting insights for governments and the electric vehicle industry.
... International Journal of Instruction, October 2023 • Vol.16, No.4 The table above shows that all indicators have values above 0.5 and are therefore accepted. Another expert states that an outer value above 0.7 indicates indicator reliability (Hulland & Ivey, 1999). This means that all indicators in this study have values above 0.7. ...
... Since structural equation modeling can estimate both factor structures and factor relationships, partial least-squares (PLS) structural equation modeling is used to validate the conceptual framework proposed in this research. According to the procedure of Hulland (1999), the analysis of a PLS model should first test the reliability and validity of the variable scales, ensure that the adopted scales are credible and valid in measuring the variables, and finally, derive the relationships between the variables. The path coefficient and validity of the relationships are then estimated. ...
The Chinese government’s quinquennial “Internet Plus” plan encompassesbig data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things for a broad range of industries.While the electronic commerce platforms that had segmented the business-to-business(B2B) market jumped at the opportunity to facilitate user firms’ performance, thiscoerced digitalization also provided sellers with a firm basis for becoming solely profit-seeking and engaging in unethical behavior. Seller firms’ core position is that a B2B e-commerce platform must supervise and manage seller firms to improve theirperformance. Drawing on symbiosis theory, this study proposes that platform-governance mechanisms (monitoring and community-building) enhance seller firms’sense of belonging, thus improving relationship satisfaction and increasing seller firms’performance. This study designs effective governance mechanisms for the B2B e-commerce platform according to its new roles. In addition to its economic role, the B2Be-commerce platform should assume “coordinator” and “supervisor” roles.
... Furthermore, previous studies suggest that loadings should be at least greater than 0.6 for better results (e.g. Truong and McColl, 2011;Hulland, 1999). Accordingly, we have not solely chosen 0.7 criterion but also 0.6 is good for cut-offs of factor loadings. ...
Purpose-The advantages of applying big data analytics for organizations to boost innovation performance are enormous. By collecting and analysing substantial amounts of data, firms can discern what works for their customer needs and update existing products while innovating new ones. Notwithstanding the evidence about the effects of big data analytics, the link between big data analytics and innovation performance is still underestimated. Especially in today's fast-changing and complicated environments, companies cannot simply take big data analytics as one innovative technical tool without fully understanding how to deploy it effectively. Design/methodology/approach-This study tries to investigate this relationship by building on the knowledge absorptive capacity perspective. The authors conceptualized effective use of big data analytics tools as one general absorptive capacity rather than a simple technical element or skill. Specifically, effectively utilize big data analytics tools can provide values and insights for new product innovation performance in a turbulent environment. Using online survey data from 108 managers, the authors assessed their hypotheses by applying the structural equation modelling method. Findings-The authors found that big data analytics capacity, which can be conceptualized as one absorptive capacity, can positively influence product innovation performance. The authors also found that environmental turbulence has strong moderation effects on these two main relationships. Originality/value-These results establish big data analytics can be regarded as one absorptive capacity, which can positively boost an organization's innovation performance.
... Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE) were employed as measures of measurement reliability ( Table 2). The factor loadings for items of two constructs surpassed the recommended threshold of 0.50 [68]. Moreover, the square root of AVE for both CO 2 -related performance and SP significantly exceeded the threshold of 0.5, with values of 0.753 and 0.964, respectively. ...
Climate change mitigation and the imperative to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) remain significant challenges. The primary source of this problem and a crucial aspect of its resolution lie in carbon-intensive companies responsible for emitting substantial quantities of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Many polluting companies, such as energy producers, have been forced to take actions to adopt effective strategies and achieve better performance to mitigate emissions. This is also a result of pressure from stakeholders that is exerted on companies to decrease their carbon dioxide pollution. Therefore, this study focuses on two research questions: How does stakeholder pressure impact CO2-related performance? Do decarbonization strategies mediate and moderate the relationship between stakeholder pressure and CO2-related performance in companies? Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between stakeholder pressure for reducing carbon dioxide emissions and corporate CO2-related performance, and to test the impact of adopting decarbonization strategies on corporate CO2-related performance. Additionally, we examine the mediating and moderating effects of decarbonization strategy adoption on the relationship between stakeholder pressure and corporate CO2-related performance. This study was conducted on a sample of 122 energy producers in Poland. To test the hypotheses, linear multiple regression analysis was employed. The findings reveal a positive relationship between stakeholder pressure and the adoption of decarbonization strategies, as well as CO2-related performance. Furthermore, the results confirm the mediating effect of decarbonization strategy, while the moderating effect of decarbonization strategies remains unproven. The results have important practical implications for managers, who are required to identify stakeholders’ demands related to CO2 emissions. Based on this, they should implement active strategies to achieve better CO2-related performance and minimize their carbon footprint.
... These were outer loadings (OL), Cronbach's alpha (CA), composite reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE). For each item, the values of CA [105], CR [106], and OL [107] must be more than 0.70. AVE value, and the AVE needs to be more than 0.5 for every build [108,109]. ...
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) holds increasing significance within Saudi Arabia’s banking sector. By adopting responsible and sustainable practices, banks can not only enhance their financial performance but also bolster the trust and loyalty of their customers. The sector recognizes that high turnover rates and subpar performance can lead to elevated costs and reduced trust in the bank’s services. Consequently, this study aims to investigate how organizational identification and commitment mediate the relationship between CSR, employee performance (EP), and turnover intention (TI). Following a survey with 550 employees, the structural equation modelling technique was applied to test the study’s model and complex relationships. The study assessed 12 hypotheses, 8 of which represented direct relationships, while the remaining 4 explained the mechanisms of the mediating relationships. All of these hypotheses show significant relationships. All variables explained the variance of EP by 42% while explaining the variance of TI by 28%, which had a moderate effect on the dependent variables. The model indicates that values are well constructed and that the model has predictive relevance due to Q2 being above 0. The study’s findings demonstrate that organizational identification and commitment channel the link between corporate social responsibility and employee performance and turnover intention. The study underscores the significance of CSR, organizational identification, and commitment in the Saudi Arabian banking sector. It provides valuable insights for banks to enhance employee performance, reduce turnover intention, and strengthen corporate social responsibility initiatives.
... Although outer loading values greater than .70 are desirable (Memon & Rahman, 2014), the literature suggests that outer loadings above .40 are acceptable (Henseler et al., 2009;Hulland, 1999). The two items were not considered for deletion since their removal weakened reliability. ...
Previous research has extensively analysed teachers' and students' Facebook use for instructional engagement, writing, research dissemination and e-learning. However, Facebook as a data collection mechanism for research has scarcely been the subject of previous studies. The current study addressed these gaps by analysing students' awareness, willingness, and utilisation of Facebook for research data collection [RDC]. This study aimed to predict students' Facebook use for research data collection based on their awareness and willingness and to determine age and gender differences in such predictions. A sample of 11,562 students of tertiary institutions participated in an online survey. The researchers designed and validated the online survey. Exploratory Factor Analysis was used for dimensionality. Average Variance Extracted [AVE] was used for convergent validity, whilst the Fornel-Larcker criterion and Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio were used for discriminant validity. Composite reliability indices of .97, .94 and .90 proved the instrument's three sub-scales usable. One sample t-test and multigroup analysis were conducted using SPSS 27 and Smart PLS 3. The study found high awareness but low usage of Facebook for RDC among Nigerian university students. Younger and male students showed higher willingness and actual use of Facebook for RDC. Awareness directly impacted by awareness, and acted as Facebook usage for RDC, with stronger impacts for males and students aged 19 to 28. Willingness was positively impacted and acted as a negative mediator between awareness and usage for some age groups and genders. These findings provide important insights into using Facebook for RDC among students in Nigerian universities and highlight the need to consider the impact of demographic factors such as age and gender when promoting social media platforms for academic purposes.
... Appendix A illustrates the high consistency and acceptability of the outer loadings. Hulland (1999) stated that acceptable outer loadings for observed variables should exceed a threshold of 0.50. In this study, the outer loadings range between 0.611 and 0.859, thus surpassing this benchmark. ...
The paper investigates the effect of national culture on organisational culture and ultimately on knowledge
sharing. There has been an increasing interest in the impact of national culture on information systems and knowledge
sharing research. Knowledge sharing is an activity through which knowledge is exchanged among people, friends, families,
communities or organizations. However, knowledge sharing faces certain barriers. One of the major barriers to knowledge
sharing is cultural differences. A number of cultural barriers to effective knowledge management have been observed in the
literature.
Knowledge sharing is a key process in knowledge management practices. The aim of this research is to expand the
understanding of the cultural factors that affect knowledge sharing practices. The paper is organised as follows: we start by
analysing both the cultural influences and individual Influences on knowledge sharing. Secondly, we stress in a profound
analysis the influence of knowledge sharing on national and organizational culture. This analysis will be based on a
literature review. We describe and discuss the different barriers affecting and limiting knowledge sharing. And finally, we
illustrate this analysis and theory by a real case study on national culture from the Kingdom of Bahrain (a western Asian
developing country). And its effect on knowledge sharing.
... After that, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was conducted by using the "vegan" R package in R to investigate how phytoplankton compositions (based on Hellinger) were affected by the spatial and environmental variables (based on the normalized Euclidean distance), By performing Monte Carlo permutation tests (999 permutations) with the function "ordistep," we selected a parsimonious set of factors that explained a significant amount of variation in the phytoplankton in each sample (Borcard et al., 2011). Subsequently, to analyze the relationships between abiotic factors (spatial and environmental) and phytoplankton characteristics (composition and diversity), a partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) with the R package from Hulland (1999) was utilized. In the models, spatial factors were classified as exogenous variables, which were only used as a cause to explain endogenous variables such as environmental factors and phytoplankton composition. ...
Lake phytoplankton communities are affected by environmental and spatial factors. We studied the relative importance of environmental and spatial factors on the phytoplankton community assembly in Lake Wuchang across three hydrological seasons, which were divided into dry (December to March), normal (April to June, October to November) and wet seasons (July to September) based on the water level and depth. Spatial and temporal patterns of environmental factors and phytoplankton community composition and diversity were studied using Kruskal–Wallis test, Wilcoxon test and NMDS. CCA, Mantel and partial Mantel tests, and PLS-PM were used to investigate the effects of environmental and spatial factors on phytoplankton community characteristics. Results showed that phytoplankton assemblages at the eight study sites were composed of totally 244 species belonging to 9 phyla, which changed from Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta to Cyanophyta across the whole hydrological period. There was significantly higher abundance and biomass in the normal and wet seasons than that in the dry season. Phytoplankton alpha diversity exhibited uniform temporal distribution patterns with higher values in the dry season than in the normal and wet seasons. The Mantel and partial Mantel tests revealed that environmental (physicochemical conditions of lake water) and spatial factors (geographic distances among sites) jointly affected the phytoplankton community structure and beta diversity across the hydrological seasons, while spatial factors were more important in the wet season. Partial least squares path models showed that spatial factors exhibited a significant positive correlation with the phytoplankton diversity with the path coefficients of 0.53 and 0.71 in the normal and wet seasons, respectively. Phytoplankton composition had significant correlation with on phytoplankton diversity with the path coefficient of −0.75 and 0.61 in the normal and wet seasons, respectively. Our findings revealed that both environmental and spatial factors affected the phytoplankton community assembly in Lake Wuchang. Environmental factors played a more important role in the dry season, while spatial factors were more important in the wet season. With the exception of the abiotic factors (environmental and spatial), the impacts of biotic factors on phytoplankton community cannot be ignored. Therefore, it is also necessary to strengthen further research on the top-down control over phytoplankton communities in Lake Wuchang.
... To ensure this, the first step was to examine the construct reliability and content validity. As content validity concerns with the reliability of the constructs, according to Hulland (1999), content validity and reliability are assessed by examining the loadings of respective items on their respective latent construct. A study recommended that the standardized loading estimates should be equal to or greater than 0.5, and the ideal range is 0.7 or higher (Rehman 2023). ...
Employees' green creativity is the basic input to organizational innovation capabilities, the prime focus of practitioners to stay competitive, and a mean to solve the society's sustainable issues in dynamic markets. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the nexus between authentic leadership, psychological environment, and employees' green creativity based on the theoretical lenses of social identity and social exchange theories that have rare application in these domains. Data were collected through questionnaires from 367 operational staff members of different technical training centers of renewable energy projects in Rawalpindi and Islamabad regions at Pakistan. The findings reveal that authentic leadership is a significant precursor of employee's green creativity and self-efficacy. In addition, self-efficacy mediates while the environment of trust and safety has non-mediating role in the relationship between authentic leadership and employee's green creativity. This work brings attention to the initiatives in technical training centers for renewable energy projects and contributes to the field of employees' green creativity in the context of authentic leadership and psychological environment based on the philosophy of social identity and social exchange theories.
... Firstly, CFA (confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to analyse the measurement model. All the values of factor loadings were above the minimum cut-off value i.e. 0.50 as suggested by Hulland (1999); Kline (2015). After that, AVE (Average variance extracted) and CR (composite reliability) were calculated to test the construct validity. ...
... Measurement reliability is assessed by assessing how the measurements load onto the corresponding structures (Hulland, 1999). Acceptable loadings are 0.7 or higher, which suggests that the construct's and its measure's variances are more evenly distributed. ...
... Item validity in this study is shown by the factor loadings in Fig. 2. PLS-SEM model indicators are considered to be valid when the loading of the model is 0.7 and above. From the results presented in Table 8, all the indicator loadings were determined to be above 0.7, this shows that all the indicators were reliable in signifying the respective latent variables and is in agreement with Hulland, (1999) who stated that loadings of 0.4 is acceptable but 0.70 or higher are preferred for exploratory research. The indicator loadings for the latent variables are presented in Table 7. ...
... We measured indicator reliability with the standardized indicator loadings. All indicators load above the minimum value of 0.700 (Hulland, 1999). Internal consistency of the latent variables was indicated by the composite reliability of all constructs. ...
Although chatbots are oftentimes used in customer service encounters, interactions are oftentimes perceived as not satisfactory. One key aspect for designing chatbots is the use of anthropomorphic design elements. In this experimental study, we examine the two anthropomorphic chatbot design elements of personification, which includes a human-like appearance, and social orientation of communication style, which means a more sensitive and extensive communication. We tested the influence of the two design elements on social presence, satisfaction, trust and empathy towards a chatbot. First, the results show a significant influence of both anthropomorphic design elements on social presence. Second, our findings illustrate that social presence influences trusting beliefs, empathy, and satisfaction. Third, social presence acts as a mediator for both anthropomorphic design elements for satisfaction with a chatbot. Our implications provide a better understanding of anthropomorphic chatbot design elements when designing chatbots for short-term interactions, and we offer actionable implications for practice that enable more effective chatbot implementations.
... Hair, Hult, Ringle and Sarstedt, (2017) argued that loadings of 0.70 and above should be retained while any loading below 0.7 should be deleted. On the contrary, Hulland (1999) advocated for the retainment of loadings of 0.5 and above but the deletion of items below this threshold since they add little or no explanatory power to the model. As a consequence, this study retained loading of 0.5 and above and deleted those items loading below 0.5. ...
This study investigates the effect of co-worker support and role clarity on work engagement among staff members of Federal Colleges of Education in Northern Nigeria. Drawing upon a structural equation modelling (SEM) framework, a survey-based, cross-sectional research technique was employed to examine these interrelated constructs. The study found significant relationships between co-worker support and work engagement, role clarity and work engagement: demonstrating the pivotal role of supportive work relationships and clear roles in enhancing work engagement. Furthermore, this study explores the moderating influence of role clarity, shedding light on how well-defined job roles can amplify or attenuate the impact of co-worker support on work engagement. The study found that role clarity significantly moderated the relationship between co-worker support and work engagement. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on employee well-being and organizational dynamics, offering insights that can inform strategies for enhancing work engagement in educational institutions in Northern Nigeria and beyond. This study underscores the importance of fostering supportive work environments and the need for organizations to provide clear and well-defined job roles for their employees to maximize their engagement and productivity. JEL Classification: ML10, ML12, ML14.
... Table 5 summarizes the reliability and convergent validity of attitude and status consumption. The measurement value of the constructs has adequate levels of convergent validity meeting the minimum level of 0.5 for AVE and 0.7 for CR (Hulland, 1999) Table 6 above, the relationship between materialism and attitude, the results showed that there is a significant relationship at a five percent confidence level (p<0.05) with a p-value of 0.016 and t-value of 2.4, which is more than the critical value of 1.96. The relationship between status consumption and attitude on the other hand, showed that there is no significant relationship with p value of 0.396 and t value of 0.85, which is less than the critical value of 1.96. ...
The act of counterfeiting spans across various industries and the impact can be seen beyond economic factors. In consumer behavior, the impact of status consumption and materialism has influenced purchase decisions in which consumption is not only based on how it makes an individual feel but also on those around them. Ultimately, the extent to which consumers may go in terms of getting status recognition influenced them to look for “cheaper” alternatives to genuine manufactured products. Hence the demand for counterfeit fashion products kept rising over the years. This research shows the impact of materialism and status consumption in influencing consumer attitudes toward counterfeit fashion products. Data were analyzed using a partial least square (PLS) approach to structural equation modeling (SEM). Materialism is significant in influencing attitude whereas there was no significant relationship found between status consumption and attitude.
Introduction: The success of tourism entrepreneurship projects in different destinations has always been affected by the stakeholders, and they also affect it. Without communication and cooperation with them, one cannot expect the realization of predetermined goals. Therefore, entrepreneurship in the field of tourism requires the consideration of the challenges that exist in the cooperation between the various stakeholders of the industry. In this regard, identifying and combining the views of all stakeholders can increase knowledge and awareness and reduce conflict in the long run. Nevertheless, how to create the necessary ground for the cooperation of tourism stakeholders in the entrepreneurial process is one of the serious challenges. In the face of this challenge, a collaborative approach to entrepreneurship has been proposed. Given the existence of a set of multiple stakeholders in the field of tourism, applying the collaborative approach in tourism entrepreneurship will be an efficient and effective strategy in promoting sustainable development. Accordingly, the general purpose of the present study is to develop a conceptual model of collaborative entrepreneurship in the field of tourism.
Methodology: Given that the present study seeks to develop and present a model in the field of collaborative entrepreneurship in the field of tourism, in terms of purpose, it is in the category of developmental research. In the meantime, considering that this research seeks to identify cooperative entrepreneurship factors in the field of tourism and analyze them, in terms of nature and method, it is descriptive-analytical. Regarding the method of data collection and analysis, first, based on the inductive approach, the factors of the initial research model have been identified by reviewing the previous literature. Then, a structured questionnaire is used to validate the identified factors. The statistical population of the study includes the academics in tourism and entrepreneurship. In this regard, due to the lack of access to a list of the statistical population, sampling at this stage has been done by the snowball method. For analysis of the data, modeling structural equations have been used a variance-based technique.
Results and Discussion: In this research, the conceptual model of the research was tested through a structural equation model with a partial least squares approach. Accordingly, the relationship between collaborative entrepreneurship and characteristics, antecedents, and postoperative dimensions was evaluated. In general, the results showed that the dimension of antecedents, which includes components of joint project, complementary resources, interdependence, adaptability, flexibility, entrepreneurial orientation, trust, commitment and understanding, has a positive and significant effect on collaborative entrepreneurship (with a path coefficient of 0.711). The dimension of characteristics, which includes the components of social capital, intellectual capital, political capital, communication capital, discourse, consensus, coordination, participation and cooperation, has a positive and significant effect on collaborative entrepreneurship (with a path coefficient of 0.631). Also, the dimension of consequences, which includes components of economic value, competitiveness, partnership experience, welfare, effectiveness, risk-taking, knowledge management, creativity, and innovation, has a positive and significant effect on collaborative entrepreneurship (with a path coefficient of 0.824).
Conclusion: In recent years, we have always seen a change in the behavior of tourists, so that businesses in the field of tourism constantly try to survive by adapting their products and services to the wishes and interests of customers. The need for this is tied to entrepreneurship and tourism innovation. Nowadays, entrepreneurship is considered as the driving force of tourism, and providing services and products that meet the interests of customers depends on entrepreneurship and innovation. Of course, it should be borne in mind that tourism development is the foundation of entrepreneurship, but at the same time, the need for sustainable growth and development of tourism businesses also depends on entrepreneurship and innovation. In other words, tourism needs to integrate with innovation and entrepreneurship in order to continue its growth and development in the field of income generation and employment and to respond appropriately to the diverse needs of the market. Therefore, through entrepreneurship and innovation, it is possible to discover new markets and offer different products and services in tourism. In the meantime, it should be noted that recognizing and cooperating with stakeholders is a prerequisite for successful innovation and entrepreneurship. Therefore, due to the existence of multiple stakeholders in the field of tourism, to facilitate the creation of the necessary conditions for entrepreneurship and innovation, it is necessary for tourism stakeholders to cooperate with each other. Research has shown that the formation of cooperation among stakeholders in various matters, especially in the field of knowledge and resource sharing, will lead to the identification of more opportunities and, thus, will pave the way for entrepreneurship and innovation. This study was conducted with the aim of developing a conceptual model of collaborative entrepreneurship in the field of tourism. For this purpose, the concepts extracted from the research literature were categorized into antecedents, characteristics and consequences dimensions. Collaborative entrepreneurial antecedents include collaborative project components, complementary resources, interdependence, adaptability, flexibility, entrepreneurial orientation, trust, commitment and understanding. Collaborative entrepreneurship also includes the components of social capital, intellectual capital, political capital, communication capital, discourse, consensus, coordination, participation and cooperation. The implications of collaborative entrepreneurship include the components of economic value, competitiveness, partnership experience, well-being, effectiveness, risk-taking, knowledge management, creativity and innovation.
حاولت الدراسة استكشاف تأثير التنوع الثقافي الفردية والجماعية والقيم على سمات الشخصية المبدعة، واستخدم تحليل المربعات الجزئية الصغرى للتوصل لنموذج يفسر أكبر قدر من التغاير بين المتغيرات المستقلة: بعدي الثقافة (الفردية، والجماعية)، وأنواع القيم (القوة، والإنجاز، والاستمتاع، والتحفيز، وتوجيه الذات، والشمولية، والإحسان، ومجاراة التقاليد، والانضباط، والأمان، والروحانية)، والمتغير التابع (سمات الشخصية المبدعة)، وكشف النموذج عن عشرة عوامل، العامل الأول كان الأمثل حيث استطاع أن يفسر 28% من البيانات وبلغت قيمة "ر" 0.53، وبلغت جودة الملائمة للنموذج 28%، والقدرة التنبؤية 20%، وكانت المتغيرات الأكثر تأثيرًا والأعلى إسهامًا في سمات الشخصية المبدعة قيم التحفيز، والروحانية، والشمولية، ومجاراة التقاليد، وتوجيه الذات، وكانت متغيرات الجماعية، والفردية، والقوة، والإنجاز الأقل تأثيرًا وإسهامًا في النموذج. ورصدت الدراسة أوجه الاختلاف والتشابه بين أربع عينات من ثقافات عربية (الأردن، والسعودية، والسودان، ومصر)، وكذلك بين الذكور والإناث عن طريق إجراء تحليل التمايز المحسن القائم على المربعات الجزئية الصغرى مع تدوير المحاور لمطابقة العوامل، باستخدام برنامج "ملتي بيز- إكسيل"، الذي يفيد في تحقيق أقصى قدر من الفصل بين الفئات، واستخراج المتغيرات الرئيسة التي تسهم في الفصل بين الفئات عن طريق الإسقاط على المتغيرات الكامنة، فضلًا عن إجراء تحليل التباين في اتجاه واحد مع اختبار خاصية المقارنة الطرفية لرصد الفروق بين العينات، وكذلك إجراء اختبار "ت". وتم مناقشة المتغيرات المميزة بين العينات، وكذلك معاملات الفروق في إطار من التنوع الثقافي، والتحديث المجتمعي.
Study attempted to explore effect of Individualism, Collectivism, and Values on Creative personality traits, and used Partial Least Squares PLS analysis to arrive at a model explains greatest degree of covariance between independent variables: Individualism & collectivism, values: (Power, Achievement, Hedonism, Stimulation, Self-Direction, Universalism, Benevolence, Tradition, Conformity, Security and Spiritually), and dependent variable (Creative personality traits), and the model revealed ten factors, the first factor was optimal as it was able to explain 28% of the data had an R value of 0.53, Goodness of fit (R2) was 28%, and Prediction Ability (Q2) was 20%. The variables most influential and highest contributing to creative personality traits were Stimulation, Spirituality, and Universalism, Tradition, and Self-direction, variables of Collectivism, Individualism, Power, and Achievement were the least influential and contributing to the model. The study explored differences and similarities between four samples from various Arab cultures (Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Egypt), as well as between males and females by performing Enhanced Discriminant Analysis PLS-EDA with rotation of the axes to match factors, using Multibase Excel program, which is useful in maximizing the separation between categories, and extracting main variables that contribute to separation between categories by Projection to Latent Structures, as well as one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and t test were conducted with Post-hoc Test to monitor differences between samples. Distinguishing variables between samples were discussed, as well as coefficients of differences in the context of cultural diversity and societal modernization.
Main objective of the study is to check the Impact of CSR practices of hydroelectric companies on sustainable development by using structural equation modelling approach in Himachal Pradesh. A structured questionnaire of 49 items is used to record respondents' perception about CSR Initiatives. The selection of the companies was based on their expenditures incurred on the CSR activities. Consequently, companies from the Hydroelectric sector are selected to pursue the present study. The sample size of the study is 203.
Purpose This paper seeks to extend knowledge of factors affecting strategy implementation in context of higher education policies in India. Design/methodology/approach Employing a research methodology on three State Public Universities in Rajasthan and two State Public Universities in Haryana is presented and tested on 467 students, 177 faculty members, and 43 administrators of these State Public Universities. The data was collected through a self-designed questionnaire designed using a five-point Likert scale. Findings This study identifies five factors affecting the strategic implementation of higher education policies in India. These five factors are Leadership, Communication, People, Structure, and Resource Allocation. Research limitations/implications The study only limits to State Public Universities, and it opens vistas for future research studies on other categories of Universities as well as affiliated higher education institutions. Implications This study may facilitate higher education institutions of India in effective implementation of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 as well as other regulations by UGC in their curriculum, guidelines and processes. Originality/Value In existing literature, factors affecting strategic implementation in relevance to higher education in India have remained unexplored. The present study takes the initiative to work on factors affecting strategic implementation in State Public Universities in India.
Main objective of the study is to check the Impact of CSR practices of hydroelectric companies on sustainable development by using structural equation modelling approach in Himachal Pradesh. A structured questionnaire of 49 items is used to record respondents' perception about CSR Initiatives. The selection of the companies was based on their expenditures incurred on the CSR activities. Consequently, companies from the Hydroelectric sector are selected to pursue the present study. The sample size of the study is 203.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.