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Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: a review of four recent studies
Abstract
Advances in causal modeling techniques have made it possible for researchers to simultaneously examine theory and measures. However, researchers must use these new techniques appropriately. In addition to dealing with the methodological concerns associated with more traditional methods of analysis, researchers using causal modeling approaches must understand their underlying assumptions and limitations.
... PLS-SEM is particularly well-suited for exploratory research involving complex models and undefined theoretical frameworks, non-normal data distributions, and relatively smaller sample sizes (Joreskog and Wold, 1982;Hair et al., 2019;Hair et al., 2021;Pes€ amaa et al., 2021). This technique facilitates the measurement of latent variables and examination of structural relationships (Hulland, 1999;Ringle et al., 2014), making it an effective tool for modeling the interrelationships between organizational attributes and strategies. Its flexibility allows researchers to evaluate the reliability and validity of the measurement model and the hypothesized structural paths, thereby yielding insights into how organizational capabilities and strategies contribute to developing accurate DTs of constructed facilities. ...
... Convergent reliability was confirmed via the average variance extracted (AVE), with values above 0.50 demonstrating that a construct explains more than half of its indicators (Hair et al., 2011). Discriminant validity is evaluated using the Fornell-Larcker criterion and the Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT), with HTMT values below 1.00 suggesting adequate discriminant validity (Fornell and Larcker, 1981;Hulland, 1999;Hair et al., 2011;Henseler et al., 2009). Following the validation of the measurement model as shown in Figure 2, the structural model was evaluated by examining path coefficients through bootstrapping procedures. ...
Purpose
This study aims to establish relationships between organizational attributes and strategies for developing accurate digital twins (DTs) of constructed facilities. To achieve this aim, the study objectives are: (1) identify the key organizational attributes and strategies, (2) develop underlying constructs among the organizational attributes and strategies, and (3) model the relationships between the underlying constructs of organizational attributes and strategies.
Design/methodology/approach
A systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews with architecture, engineering, construction, and operation (AECO) industry professionals identified twenty-one organizational attributes and thirty organizational strategies. Through a survey, 129 AECO industry professionals evaluated the criticality of the organizational attributes and strategies. The collected data were analyzed using normalized mean analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and partial least-squares structural equation modeling.
Findings
The analyses identified eleven and twenty key organizational attributes and strategies. Furthermore, the organizational attributes and strategies can be categorized into two (organizational DT capabilities and technological capabilities requirements) and three (organizational competitiveness and investments, organizational workforce management and training, and organizational management capabilities) underlying constructs. Finally, organizational DT capabilities significantly impact the need for all three underlying constructs of organizational strategies, whereas technological capabilities requirements do not. These findings indicate that strategic initiatives should be driven by organizational and human-centric attributes, including leadership, strategic planning, and talent development, rather than on technological readiness alone, challenging assumptions that technological readiness is the catalyst for strategy deployment in DT development.
Originality/value
This is the first study that models the relationships between organizational attributes and strategies for developing accurate DTs of constructed facilities.
... Then, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to test whether the observed variables represent the latent construct (children's social-emotional development). After confirming that the factor loadings of all indicators in the latent variables were above 0.6 (Hulland 1999;Hulland et al. 2018) or in the acceptable range of 0.4 or higher (Stevens 1992), the multigroup structural equation modelling (SEM) using Mplus 8.10 (Muthén and Muthén 2017) was conducted with maximum likelihood with robust standard errors (MLR) estimation to examine the effect of spending time with family on children's social-emotional development by gender. ...
... Table 2 shows the CFA results for the study's latent variable. In comparison to the six observed variables identified by Ghandour et al. (2024) which guided variable selection for this study, CFA results showed that one indicator, which asked about children showing concerns about others who are hurt or unhappy, indicated acceptable factor loading (0.52) but slightly lower than the commonly suggested cutoff value (0.6) (Hulland 1999;Hulland et al. 2018). This study conducted another CFA with five items, excluding the item with the factor loading of 0.52. ...
Social–emotional development is a vital component of early child development, laying a critical foundation for a child's overall well‐being and success in school and community settings. This study examines the relationship between the ‘type and time of family bonding activity’ and ‘children's social‐emotional development’ using the 2022 National Survey of Children's Health data. Using a sample of children between 3 and 5 years of age (M = 4, 51.1% male, 64.8% non‐Hispanic White), study results showed that ‘singing or telling stories’ (female: β = 0.112, p < 0.001; male: β = 0.127, p < 0.001) and ‘reading to children’ (female: β = 0.107, p < 0.001; male: β = 0.159, p < 0.001) were positively related to both female and male children's social–emotional development, while ‘having meals together’ only showed a positive relationship with male children's social–emotional development (β = 0.058, p = 0.006). Findings suggest that spending more days doing family bonding activities can be a practical, relatively easy, cost‐effective way to implement at home and promote young children's social–emotional development.
... In terms of the model's dependability, assessed the (Table 1). The outer loadings values of all indicators exceeded Hulland's (1999) lower limit of 0.700, ranging from 0.891 to 0.986 in value. Furthermore, CR and CA values exceeded lower limit of 0.700 (Bagozzi and Yi, 2011 Hulland's (1999) lower limit of 0.700, ranging from 0.705 to 0.940 in value. ...
... The outer loadings values of all indicators exceeded Hulland's (1999) lower limit of 0.700, ranging from 0.891 to 0.986 in value. Furthermore, CR and CA values exceeded lower limit of 0.700 (Bagozzi and Yi, 2011 Hulland's (1999) lower limit of 0.700, ranging from 0.705 to 0.940 in value. However Shared Goals (SG) and Perceived Reputational Enhancement (PRE) has outer loadings of less than 0.700. ...
This research aim to examine the factors affceting to employee attitude towards knowledge sharing in a Multination Company in Sri Lanka. Social Exchange Theory and Social Capital Theory has been used to examine various determinants of employee attitude towards sharing knowledge within an organization. Survey result from 61 employees in Sri Lanka has suggested that the employee trust plays an important role in semployee attitude towards sharing the knowledge and other factors have no signifiacnec effect on knowledge sharing attitude. Future studies could address the limitations of our research endeavor by broadening the sample size, assessing the opportunity for adopting AI in other HR functions, and including more countries in the sampling and analysis.
... Convergent validity Convergent validity (CV) illustrates the extent of the covenant between two or more variables or tools of a comparable construct 129 . It is recognised as a subset of the construct validity. ...
... In addition, the bootstrapping approach was used to predefine the effects of the path coefficients 140 . All paths were significant statistically at 0.01 level 129 . This is further exemplified in Figs. 2 and 3, and 4; Table 6. Figure 4 illustrates the results of the bootstrapping analysis, showcasing the path coefficients between the identified barriers and the central construct, "Drones Implementation Barriers. ...
Integrating sustainability values into decision-making processes is crucial for maximizing returns in residential construction projects while ensuring that project functions remain uncompromised. This study investigates the barriers to adopting drone technology in the construction industry, focusing on sustainable construction practices. This research identifies and analyzes key obstacles to drone implementation through an extensive literature review and a quantitative approach. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire administered to 147 professionals in the construction industry. The data were then analyzed using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), revealing that regulatory barriers, including complex and varying legal frameworks, pose the most significant challenges to drone adoption. Additionally, concerns related to public perception, technical issues, and economic factors are identified as substantial hindrances. These findings underscore the necessity for policymakers and industry leaders to develop clear and consistent regulatory frameworks, promote industry-wide training programs, and address public and economic concerns to facilitate the broader adoption of drone technology in sustainable construction projects. The study’s insights contribute to the ongoing discourse on how emerging technologies can be effectively integrated into the construction sector to enhance sustainability and efficiency.
... Although some constructs (business provision, deceptive advertising, and consumer satisfaction) have AVE values below 0.50, Fornell et al. (1990) and Hulland (1999) suggest that AVEs as low as 0.20 may be acceptable if the square root of a construct's AVE exceeds its correlations with other constructs. Hulland (1999) further asserts that when this condition is met, it is reasonable to conclude that the construct demonstrates convergent validity (Cronin et al., 2000). ...
... Although some constructs (business provision, deceptive advertising, and consumer satisfaction) have AVE values below 0.50, Fornell et al. (1990) and Hulland (1999) suggest that AVEs as low as 0.20 may be acceptable if the square root of a construct's AVE exceeds its correlations with other constructs. Hulland (1999) further asserts that when this condition is met, it is reasonable to conclude that the construct demonstrates convergent validity (Cronin et al., 2000). The results showed that the square root of the AVE values ranged from 0.63 to 0.77. ...
... In our study, the CR values ranged from 0.851 to 0.90. Moreover, the convergent validity is apparent when the standardized factor loadings exceed 0.7, and the average variance extracted (AVE) values are higher than 0.5 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981;Hulland, 1999). The outer loadings in our model were between 0.704 and 0.878 (> 0.7), and the AVE values of the 11 firstorder factors ranged from 0.625 to 0.738 (> 0.5; Supplement A). ...
... The functional and psychological barriers, functional benefits, and psychological benefits represented the second-order constructs in our framework, which were indicated by eight first-order factors. The CR values of the three higher-order constructs ranged from 0.896 to 0.933 (> 0.7;Henseler et al., 2009), and the factor loadings of all the lower-order constructs exceeded 0.7 (Hulland, 1999). The AVE values of the eight first-order factors were between 0.766 and 0.822 (> 0.5; Fornell & Larcker, 1981). ...
Hoteliers and crypto businesses use nonfungible tokens (NFTs) to create digitized hotel reservations to help hotels increase their occupancy rates and reduce their dependence on intermediaries. Although NFTs have considerable potential, research on such assets in the hospitality industry is limited. By integrating behavioral reasoning theory, innovation resistance theory, and UTAUT2, this study examines the factors that can affect tourists' intention to adopt digitized hotel reservations in a developing country (i.e., Vietnam) and a developed country (i.e., South Korea). This study conducts partial least squares structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis to evaluate the research framework and compare tourists from the two countries (Vietnam and Korea). Findings reveal that the functional benefits of digitized hotel reservations constitute the main factors that can influence the intention of the Vietnamese tourists, whereas psychological benefits mainly drive the intention of the Korean tourists.
... The sample size of 195 provides a solid foundation for robust results for the validity and reliability tests. With factor loadings above the 0.6 threshold, as suggested by Hulland (1999), and Cronbach's Alpha and Composite Reliability values above 0.7, the research instruments are confirmed to be reliable and valid. According to Sekaran and Bougie (2016), these reliability measures confirm that the items used in the questionnaire consistently measure their respective constructs and are suitable for further analysis. ...
... The validity test results demonstrate that the variables used in this research are valid, as indicated by their factor loadings. The criterion for validity employed in this study is a factor loading greater than 0.6, as suggested by Hulland (1999). The findings show that the indicators for each variable meet this threshold, confirming their validity. ...
Purpose: This study investigates the impact of intellectual capital, specifically public human capital, public relational capital, and public structural capital, on the Directorate General of Taxes (DGT) organizational performance in Indonesia. It also examines the moderating role of digital leadership in enhancing these relationships.Design/methodology/approach: The study employs primary data collected through a survey involving 195 employees from various Tax Service Offices (KPP) within DGT regional offices across Indonesia. The analysis is conducted using structural equation modeling to test the hypothesized relationships.Findings: The results reveal that public human capital, relational capital, and structural capital positively affect DGT's organizational performance. However, while contributing directly to organizational performance, digital leadership does not significantly moderate the relationship between intellectual capital components and performance. Challenges in integrating digital leadership with existing structures and interpersonal engagements may explain this finding.Research limitations/implications: The sample, although diverse, may not fully represent all tax offices in Indonesia, limiting the generalizability of results. The unique characteristics of DGT may also influence the applicability of findings to other public sector organizations.Practical implications: Recommendations include enhancing employee training programs to leverage digital tools, optimizing organizational structures to support digital integration, and strengthening digital leadership strategies that align with human capital development and stakeholder engagement.Social implications: By improving intellectual capital management and digital leadership, public sector organizations like DGT can enhance service quality and stakeholder trust, leading to better compliance and public service outcomes.Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature by focusing on the public sector organization and integrating digital leadership as a moderating factor, a novel approach to understanding how non-accounting elements can bolster public sector performance.
... • Convergent validity displays how well different items are related to the same concept and connected or consistent with each other. This was assessed using factor loadings, with a minimum threshold of 0.70 [52]. Items exceeding this value were retained, explaining at least 50% of the variance, while lowerloading items were removed to improve model fit [24]. ...
... • Internal consistency reliability was assessed to ensure that the items (indicators) for each factor consistently measured the corresponding latent variable. This was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, where values above 0.70 [52] indicate acceptable internal consistency for each factor. Values above 0.70 indicate acceptable internal consistency. ...
[This paper is part of the Focused Collection in Artificial Intelligence Tools in Physics Teaching and Physics Education Research.] This study investigates physics instructors’ acceptance and implementation of generative AI (GenAI) in physics education, guided by Rogers’ diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory, focusing on its five-stage innovation-decision process: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. Two survey versions were developed—one for GenAI users and another for nonusers. Data were collected through an online survey featuring five-point Likert scale items and open-ended questions, yielding 320 responses from high school and university physics instructors. The persuasion stage was explored in depth using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2). A mixed-method approach combining quantitative structural equation modeling (SEM) and qualitative content analysis was employed. We found instructors distributed across different adoption stages, with key barriers including insufficient technical knowledge (51.75% of nonusers) and language processing limitations (50.5% of users). Hedonic motivation ( β = 0.4 9 8 ) was found to have a substantially stronger influence on adoption than performance expectancy ( β = 0.1 2 1 ), with an effect size approximately 4 times greater. We identified significant differences between paid and free GenAI users, with paid users more likely to request prompt-writing guidance (30.56% vs 6.47%) despite using more advanced models. Support needs also varied substantially, as half of paid users requested budget support for GenAI services compared to only 17.65% of free users. Most physics instructors used GenAI primarily for assessment tasks, particularly for generatingphysics problems with solutions. Their primary concerns included incorrect physics information in GenAI responses, potential negative impacts on students’ analytical thinking, language barriers, and challenges with prompt writing. These findings suggest that successful GenAI integration in physics education requires physics-specific training and differentiated support based on whether instructors use free or paid versions of GenAI tools.
Published by the American Physical Society 2025
... Indicator Reliability Hulland (1999) proposed > and equal to 0.70. If exploratory study is being conducted, > and equal to 0.4. ...
... that is also is in standard of excellent (as shown in table 9) The standard of composite reliability is > and equal to 0.70. If exploratory study is being conducted, = and > than 0.4 (Hulland, 1999). The value of composite reliabilities in second step is maximum value is 1.000 that greater than 0.70 and minimum of value is 0.942 that is the also the greater than standard value i.e. > .07 ...
Knowledge hiding approaches, including evasive hiding, playing dumb, and rationalized hiding, have a destructive effect on the project team's performance. In the last 10 or so years, this influence has begun to receive study attention. Previous studies have discovered a significant association between interpersonal relationships and knowledge hiding. To better understand how Interpersonal relationship affects project team performance with mediating effect of Knowledge hiding in academic settings, this study looked into the causes and motives behind knowledge hiding. Further testing was conducted using a quantitative research design. Three hundred questionnaires were dispersed among employees of three universities of major cities of Multan and DG Khan who served as project members and involved in any educational or other projects of concerned university. 183 questionnaires have been successfully gathered. Smart PLS 4 has been utilized for data analysis. According to the findings, the construct of "interpersonal relationships" has no significant impact on the knowledge hiding behavior and the performance of the project team is negatively impacted by knowledge hiding.
... The evaluation of a PLS model assumes careful examination of three main methodological elements (Hulland, 1999), namely the determination of the nature of the relationships between the measures and the constructs, the evaluation of the measurement model, and the evaluation of the structural model. Since the research model consists mainly of reflexive indicators, we still need to check the validity of the measurement model and the validity of the structural model. ...
Through a quantitative lens, this study examines the effect of interactivity and personalization in digital communication on young individuals’ political participation intentions within a non-Western context, specifically among Moroccan youth. Furthermore, it evaluates the mediating roles of attitude and perceived behavioral control. Adopting a positivist epistemological stance, the study utilized an online survey disseminated via social media. Data were collected during a post-election period in Morocco, a time marked by significant political engagement on social media. Subsequently, a purposive sample of 423 respondents was analyzed using Partial Least Squares regression. The findings reveal a positive and significant effect of both interactivity (p < 0.01; β = 0.363) and personalization (p < 0.01; β = 0.333) on young Moroccans’ political attitudes. However, interactivity exhibited the largest effect. While personalization had a positive effect, only professionally-oriented communications resonated, challenging broader notions of personalization’s universal positive effect on political attitudes. Additionally, perceived behavioral control was positively affected mainly by personalization (p < 0.01; β = 0.200), yet its variance was minimally explained (R² = 0.092) by digital communication features alone, suggesting that other political determinants are at play. Furthermore, both political attitude and perceived behavioral control significantly predicted political participation intentions, with perceived behavioral control demonstrating a stronger effect. Finally, mediation analysis confirmed that personalized interactive communication indirectly stimulates political participation intention through both attitude and perceived behavioral control (p < 0.05). These results extend existing models, highlighting the critical role of interactivity and personalization in shaping youth political participation intention in the Moroccan context.
... 33 In 1988, Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry introduced a quality measurement tool, SERVQUAL, which has become one of the most widely used service quality measurement tools in the business world. 34 The SERVQUAL instrument is used to measure the gaps between customer's expectation of the services and the actual perceived To understand students' perceptions toward teaching, it is reasonable to measure their satisfaction on the teaching quality. Students' emotion has positive impact on their learning, 38 thus students' course satisfaction would positively lead to higher learning effectiveness. ...
... The partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) was used to analyze the direct effects of the sea and the indirect effects through soil properties on soil quality in our study area. The model reliability was evaluated with the Goodness of Fit (GoF) (Hulland 1999;Liu et al. 2020). Firstly, we used the distance from the sea as the exogenous variable, soil physical property, chemical property, soil nutrients, and base ions as the intermediate latent variables, and soil quality as the endogenous variable. ...
Soil quality is a crucial attribute for maintaining biological productivity, human health, and ecosystem service function. However, the distribution of saline‐alkali soil quality and its influencing factors in the Yellow River Delta region remain poorly understood, posing challenges to sustainable agricultural development. The study evaluated soil quality across various land‐use types and depths in the southern Yellow River Delta region. A total of 134 soil samples were collected from two soil layers at 67 soil sample points, distributed across three land use types. Spatial distribution maps revealed that inland areas exhibited improved soil texture and nutrient levels compared to coastal regions. All nutrients, except soil total potassium, were higher in the 0–20 cm soil layer than in the 20–40 cm soil layer. The spatial distribution pattern of Soil Quality Index (SQI) demonstrated a pattern of higher values at the central part of the study area, gradually declining toward the edges. Furthermore, SQI in cultivated land was found to be 1.8%–8% higher than in forest land and 52.7%–84% higher than in wasteland. The Structural Equation Modeling results indicated that distance from the sea indirectly influenced soil quality through different mechanisms between the two soil layers. In the model for the 0–20 cm soil layer, SQI was indirectly affected by chemical properties, nutrients, and base ions, explaining 85% of the variation in SQI. In the model for the 20–40 cm soil layer, SQI was primarily influenced by chemical properties, accounting for 83% of the variation. These findings offer valuable insights for land use and crop selection aligned with soil properties, supporting sustainable agricultural practices in the region.
... After repeated contacts, 270 enterprises were obtained, reaching 20.77% of effective survey samples. (Hulland, 1999), indicating a good consistency in the model. In addition, the average variance extracted (AVE) for each dimension was 0.64, 0.71, 0.73 respectively. ...
... The results in Table 2 demonstrate that both Cronbach's Alpha and CR values exceeded 0.7 for all variables, affirming robust internal consistency. Conforming to the criteria set by Hulland [49] and Hair et al. [47] for convergent validity assessment, where each item should have a factor loading (FL) above 0.40, and the average variance extracted (AVE) should surpass 0.50, our findings in Table 2 are promising. They indicate that all items significantly surpassed the FL benchmark with loadings exceeding 0.70, and each construct also exceeded the AVE threshold with values surpassing 0.50. ...
This study examines the adoption and non-adoption of smart fertilizer technology among farmers in developing countries, addressing the critical challenges of food security, resource efficiency, and sustainability. Guided by the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT), the research highlights the role of cost-effectiveness, return on investment, and cultural factors in adoption decisions. Using a cross-sectional quantitative survey, data were collected from 353 farmers in Pakistan’s key granary regions through convenience sampling. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analyzed the relationships among key variables, validating the measurement and structural models. The findings reveal that economic constraints, inadequate technical support, and entrenched traditional practices hinder adoption, while education, training, and collaborative efforts among governments, NGOs, and private sectors enhance accessibility and acceptance. The study’s novelty lies in integrating socio-economic, cultural, and psychological dimensions to provide a holistic understanding of adoption behaviors. By leveraging UTAUT and EVT, the research contributes to theory and practice, emphasizing the importance of tailored education programs, cost-reduction policies, and sustained technical support to promote smart fertilizer adoption. Policymakers and stakeholders are encouraged to design context-specific interventions to address barriers and foster sustainable agricultural innovations.
... The datasets in the study are evaluated using the statistical tool Smart PLS 4.0. The PLS-SEM algorithm is initially used to test the construct's reliability and validity (Hulland, 1999). Additionally, bootstrapping is used to assess the importance of the constructs' link and validate the presented hypothesis (Mahato & Jha, 2023). ...
The financial sustainability of higher education institutes in India is an area of interest and concern, considering India has the 2nd largest education system in the world. The higher education institutes' funding depends on various external and internal funding sources. These funding sources mutually impact each other to multiple degrees and are interdependent. This study uses structure equation modelling to analyse the impact of funding sources on financial sustainability. This impact analysis study is based on the primary data contributed by 302 respondents from amongst the educational administrators and academicians from various parts of the country. The study shall contribute to the research and policymakers globally.
... The datasets in the study are evaluated using the statistical tool Smart PLS 3.0. The PLS-SEM algorithm is initially used to test the construct's reliability and validity (Hulland, 1999). Additionally, bootstrapping is used to assess the importance of the constructs' link and validate the presented hypothesis. ...
The significance of financial pathways for an institution of higher education cannot be overstated, as the long-term viability of an organisation is directly linked to its economic and financial robustness. The sources of funding that a Higher Education Institution (HEI) gets have a substantial influence on the sustainability and future outlook of the institute. This study formulates a hypothesis and uses a stratified convenient sampling approach to gather a total of 305 sample data points from various Government organisations in India. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) has been employed to evaluate the correlation between funding generated by institutes and the long-term viability of higher education. The studies have emphasised that the financial pathways of the institutes have a significant impact on the sustainability of higher education in India. The study's results are valuable to policymakers and administrators in uplifting the financial sustainability of higher education institutes in India.
... These findings, as presented in Table 1, provide strong evidence for reliablity and validity of the measurement model, with high loading factors indicating strong indicator construct relationships, CR values demonstrating excellent internal consistency, and AVE values confirming that each latent variable explain a substantial portion of its indicator's variance, thus establishing a loid foundation for subsequnt structural model evaluation and hyphothesis testing in the PLS-SEM analysis process. Hulland (1999), the composite reliability limit value is equal to the Croncbach Alpha value ≥ 0.700. The higher the composite reliability value, the higher the contribution of the construct in the measurement model. ...
As the digital revolution continues to redefine global education, Islamic Higher Education (IHE) institutions in Indonesia face the dual challenge of integrating modern technology with traditional religious instruction. This study explores how digital learning environments can harmonize with Islamic pedagogical values to shape student satisfaction in online learning. Guided by Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory, this research investigates the psychosocial and contextual factors influencing satisfaction and perceived learning outcomes among students in faith-based online education. A total of 3,270 undergraduate students from four IHE institutions participated in this study. Using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS), we developed a novel integrative model that incorporates conventional online learning dimensions—such as teacher support, content adaptability, student interaction, and perceived ease of use—alongside embedded Islamic values. The analysis reveals that Islamic values are the most dominant factor influencing student satisfaction, surpassing even technological usability. Teacher support significantly enhances metacognitive skills, reinforces faith-based values, and increases overall satisfaction. Additionally, the availability of virtual laboratory resources and adaptive content was found to moderate the relationship between psychosocial factors and learning outcomes. This research contributes a faith-integrated theoretical framework for understanding online learning in religious educational settings, a relatively underexplored domain. It explains 72.8% of the variance in student satisfaction, offering robust insights for curriculum designers, educators, and policymakers aiming to optimize Islamic online education. The study opens new pathways for cross-cultural research at the intersection of technology, pedagogy, and religious values in digital learning environments.
... Convergent validity was evaluated by outer loadings and the average variance extraction (AVE) values. Based on the results, the factor loadings of the measurement items were all greater when compared with the threshold of 0.7 86 . The AVE values of all structures were greater than 0.5, within the range from 0.576 to 0.674. ...
Tourist payment is one of the effective ways to solve the shortage of environmental protection and development funds in ecotourism areas. Prior research has predominantly examined the factors influencing tourists’ Willingness-To-Pay (WTP) for environmental protection from the tourists’ own perspective, yet there remains a gap in exploring how destinations can effectively motivate tourists’ willingness to contribute financially to environmental conservation efforts. Based on Reasonable Person Model (RPM), with the famous ecotourism site of Hulunbuir Grassland in China as the research site, this study tested the relationship between Perceived destination restorative qualities (PDRQs), Eudaimonic well-being(EWB), Ecotourism destination image(EDI), and WTP for environmental protection, based on questionnaire survey and structural equation model. According to the results, PDRQs did not significantly affect WTP, however, RDRQs made a positive impact on EWB and EDI, Furthermore, EWB and EDI fully mediated the correlation between RDRQs and WTP. These findings confirm that the RPM is applicable to account for the mechanism of RDRQs on WTP for environmental protection, expand its research scope, and help us to comprehend the relationship between human and environment and the inducing mechanism of WTP for environmental protection from the aspect of environmental psychology.
... The maximum variance rotation method conducts an orthogonal rotation to generate a rotation component matrix that contains the loading values of factors of each item, which is used to name common factors (Table 1, Appendix). The value of Outer Loading> 0.5, [31], [32], was also able to be considered as the item was regarded as a good consonant. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the questionnaire data, and the results are shown in Table 2 (Appendix). ...
The creation of online brand communities has become crucial in the current digital era. This study investigates the impact of the characteristics of virtual brand communities on customers’ intentions for value co-creation, focusing on the mediating role of self-determination. Drawing from a sample of 502 responses to an online survey, the research explores key community features, such as system quality, information quality, virtual interaction, rewards, and trust climate. The findings reveal that reward mechanisms most significantly influence the intention to co-create, followed by trust climate, information quality, virtual interaction, and system quality. The study also highlights the importance of creating a trustworthy and engaging environment that fosters customer autonomy, competence, and relevance, thereby increasing participation in co-creation activities. Theoretical and practical implications suggest that virtual brand communities, for example, the Xiaomi brand community, should prioritize reward systems and trust-building initiatives to enhance user engagement. This research provides valuable insights into enhancing brand competitiveness by optimizing those features of virtual communities that encourage collaborative value creation.
... Latent variables are composed of items ('indicators'), with the indicator's satisfactory reliability being > 0,70 or higher (in exploratory research, it is > 0,40, e.g. Hulland, 1999), and convergent validity (average variance extracted, AVE) being higher than 0,50 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) was the indicator of the model's fit, with values less than 0,10 or 0,08 (in a more conservative version; Hu & Bentler, 1998) considered a good fit. ...
Sexual minorities may experience minority stress, including internalized phobia and concealment, that may lead to social avoidance or fear of intimacy and, therefore, distress and diminished well-being. The current study aimed to verify a path model in which a) minority stress would predict fear of intimacy, which, in turn, leads to diminished sexual well-being, and b) ego-resiliency and social support acted as moderators, and depression and anxiety as mediators. Additionally, comparative analyses were conducted to understand potential differences between gay/lesbian, bisexual, and asexual populations. 340 individuals from Poland participated in the study (116 gay/lesbian, 152 bisexual, 47 asexual, and 25 as “other”). The results showed that fear of intimacy was positively associated with all minority stress factors, depression, and anxiety, and negatively with sexual well-being and ego-resiliency. Path analysis based on the results from the whole sample confirmed the hypothesized model. Approximately 33% of the variance in fear of intimacy was accounted for by minority stress, and that concealment served as a statistically significant predictor. In contrast, fear of intimacy predicted anxiety, depression, and diminished sexual well-being. Similar results were obtained for separate models conducted with the gay/lesbian and bisexual populations. These results broaden our knowledge regarding links between minority stress and fear of intimacy in various sexual orientations, highlighting that the latter may derive from a complex context not limited to one’s sexuality. The research also allows for a better understanding of sexual minorities’ experiences in the Polish LGBA population. Clinical applications and limitations are also discussed.
... Table 2, all variables demonstrated strong reliability, with both Cronbach's Alpha and CR values exceeding the 0.7 threshold, confirming high internal consistency. Additionally, to verify the convergent validity of the measurement model, we adhered to the guidelines provided by Hulland (1999) and Hair et al. (2021). These criteria require that each item should have a factor loading (F.L.) above 0.40 and that the average variance extracted (AVE) should surpass 0.50. ...
Although organic food restaurants have been increasing in popularity, scholars’ attention has mainly focused on the purposes of driving this shift; however, an inclusive understanding of the fundamental processes remains underdeveloped. This study examines the factors influencing the switch from conventional to organic dining, with a detailed focus on the growing consumer preference for organic food restaurants. A structured survey was utilized to gather data from 443 organic food consumers in the United States, employing a quantitative research approach. The collected data were examined through Smart-PLS 4.0, a tool designed for partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results suggest that environmental strategies serve as key push factors, whereas perceived health benefits act as significant pull influences. Additionally, the willingness to pay a premium and heightened health awareness function as mooring elements that play a crucial role in shaping consumer intentions. In the context of a growing relationship between sustainability and consumer behavior, this study offers a novel assessment of organic dining choices. The implications of this research include the necessity for policymakers to implement environment-supportive guidelines, for restaurant managers to improve marketing approaches that feature health benefits, and for entrepreneurs to reassess pricing patterns to better affiliate with the preferences of health-conscious consumers.
... Second, the factor loadings, CR and AVE values were used to assess convergent validity. The results reveal that the majority of item factor loadings exceeded the threshold of 0.7 (Hulland, 1999). However, items R5, R6, R8, ISB1, ISB4, and ISB6 fell below this threshold. ...
COVID-19 has caused an unparallelled crisis for the global tourism industry. This study examines the determinants of tourists’ intended self-protective behaviours and travel intentions during this crisis, drawing on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and psychological resilience. Additionally, reflective-formative hierarchical component models (HCMs) of risk perception, self-efficacy, and response efficacy are proposed for capturing their intricate and multifaceted nature. Empirical results indicate that self-efficacy strongly drives protective behaviours, while psychological resilience positively impacts travel intentions and moderates the effect of self-efficacy. Furthermore, the integration of Risk Homoeostasis Theory (RHT) with PMT sheds light on the role of descriptive norms in weakening the relationship between response efficacy and protective behaviours. The study provides an integrated theoretical framework explaining tourist behaviours during crisis.
... By excluding items of low equivalence value (factor load < .50; Hulland, 1999;Merenda, 1997) for Trust in Authorities Scale, the same analyses were reiterated. Furthermore, two items from loss of control were omitted because of low regression weight, suggested by CFA results (see Confirmatory factor analysis section below). ...
The aim of this study is to investigate the psycho-political factors (i.e., the sense of control loss, trust in authorities, conspiracy mentality, dichotomous thinking, and intolerance of uncertainty) underlying the vaccine hesitancy that may adversely affect the fight against pandemics such as COVID-19. The sample consisted of 209 university students (75.12%) and staff (24.88%). Participants completed a package of questionnaires, including Vaccine Hesitancy Scale, Dichotomous Thinking Inventory, Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire, alongside with questions aimed to measure Trust in Authorities, and Loss of Control during pandemic. The results of serial mediational analysis showed that the sense of control loss during pandemic led to vaccine hesitancy via distrust in authorities, conspiracy mentality, and dichotomous thinking. These results indicate the need to take measures to reduce ambiguity in public communications and to build trust between the authorities and the public in order to maintain a psychologically and politically healthy environment.
... In this paper, we extend the dominant method in the area of chemometrics ( [28], [41]), partial least squares (PLS), from multivariate regression to functional regression. PLS was first introduced in [39] and can be applied to address collinearity in high-dimensional regression problems, which is broadly used in other applied science such as bioinformatics ( [4], [30]) and social science ( [20], [26]). When there is a high degree of collinearity in the data, PLS frequently outperforms ordinary least squares and principle component regression. ...
In this article, we extend predictor envelope models to settings with multivariate outcomes and multiple, functional predictors. We propose a two-step estimation strategy, which first projects the function onto a finite-dimensional Euclidean space before fitting the model using existing approaches to envelope models. We first develop an estimator under a linear model with continuous outcomes and then extend this procedure to the more general class of generalized linear models, which allow for a variety of outcome types. We provide asymptotic theory for these estimators showing that they are root-n consistent and asymptotically normal when the regression coefficient is finite-rank. Additionally we show that consistency can be obtained even when the regression coefficient has rank that grows with the sample size. Extensive simulation studies confirm our theoretical results and show strong prediction performance of the proposed estimators. Additionally, we provide multiple data analyses showing that the proposed approach performs well in real-world settings under a variety of outcome types compared with existing dimension reduction approaches.
... As exhibited in Table 4, the factor loadings of all the items in both phases exceed 0.5 [62][63][64] and are significant (p < 0.001) [65]. The CRs exceed the suggested cut-off value of 0.7 [66]. ...
Despite the widespread use of crisis communication on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic, the mechanisms with which social media influence crisis-related behavioral coping have been insufficiently explored. By integrating the Social-Mediated Crisis Communication (SMCC) model with the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM), this study investigates how individuals’ protective actions are influenced by crisis-related information disseminated through social media, particularly focusing on the mediating effects of risk perception and emotional responses. This study examines two special periods: the initial outbreak (January–April 2020) and the subsequent period (May–December 2020). The results indicate that the dissemination of crisis-related information on social media platforms has significant positive associations with individuals’ risk perception, information sharing, and protective actions throughout the public health crisis. Notably, information gathering showed a positive relationship with protective actions during the initial outbreak. The study identified a chain mediation effect of emotional response and risk perception in the relationship between information dissemination and information sharing during and after the initial outbreak. Additionally, risk perception emerged as a partial mediator between information dissemination and information gathering during the subsequent period. This study enhances our understanding of the psychological mechanisms through which social media crisis communication influences collective coping responses in China, providing valuable insights for practitioners aiming to optimize crisis information dissemination strategies that promote sustainable protective behaviors on social media platforms.
... As evident in Table 3, the CR values for each construct exceeded 0.70, indicating satisfactory internal consistency reliability (Bagozzi and Yi 1988). Indicator reliability was assessed through factor loadings, with values greater than 0.70 being preferred (Hulland 1999). As indicated in Table 3, all factor loadings met this requirement. ...
Collaborative contracts are considered a means to address poor communication, adversarial relationships, and unsatisfactory
project management arising from traditional contracts. However, the governance mechanisms of collaborative contracts have been unproven. This study investigates the impacts of relational and formal governance on information sharing and project management performance in collaborative contracts. We employ a mixed-method approach, in which the results obtained from structural equation modeling in a survey study are cross-validated by the qualitative findings from a focus group study. The results reveal the mediating role of information sharing in the influencing mechanisms of relational and formal governance on project management performance. The focus group study complements a
multilevel framework to cultivate mutual trust (relational governance) for enhancing project management. The findings of this study not only fill existing knowledge gaps in understanding the underlying governance mechanisms of collaborative contracts, but also extend the comprehension of the interplay between relational and formal governance, emphasizing the crucial role of mutual trust in collaborative contracts. Furthermore, this study holds practical implications by highlighting potential strategies for enhancing project management performance by leveraging governance mechanisms and cultivating mutual trust across multiple levels.
... According to prior research, evaluating a measurement model requires a comprehensive analysis of its reliability and validity. This process is crucial for understanding how accurately the items reflect each construct (Vinzi et al., 2010;Hulland, 1999). The first step in this evaluation is assessing indicator reliability, which is determined by the outer loadings of each item. ...
Objective
This study examines the impact of transformational leadership on key employee outcomes, including affective organizational commitment, job performance, employee engagement, and job satisfaction, within the context of today’s rapidly evolving, human -centric tech era. With the integration of advanced technologies and shifting workforce expectations, understanding leadership’s role in fostering adaptability, motivation and satisfaction becomes increasingly critical. While transformational leadership is often praised for its positive effects, this research investigates whether its influence is consistently beneficial, particularly in the current organizational climate shaped by the interplay of technology and human values.
Methodology
A quantitative research approach was employed, gathering data via an online survey from employees across diverse industries. A final sample of 251 responses was analysed using SmartPLS software to construct and estimate a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). This method enabled the rigorous evaluation of relationships between transformational leadership and the selected employee outcomes.
Findings
The findings confirm that transformational leadership significantly enhances affective organizational commitment and employee engagement. Notably, the strongest relationship in the model was between employee engagement and job satisfaction, underscoring the critical role of engagement as a mediator. While transformational leadership positively influenced engagement and commitment, its direct impact on job performance was showed to be negative, revealing nuanced dynamics in the leadership -performance relationship.
Value Added
This study contributes to academic discourse by extending the understanding of transformational leadership’s effects on employee outcomes. It highlights the pivotal role of engagement as a driver of job satisfaction, challenging traditional perspectives that prioritize direct leadership -performance links. Furthermore, in the context of the rapidly evolving human -centric tech era, where technology and leadership intersect, the findings offer important insights into how transformational leadership can adapt to the changing nature of work. As digital transformation reshapes organizational environments, leaders must balance technology integration with maintaining meaningful human connections, ensuring that employees remain engaged, motivated and satisfied. These insights bridge theoretical gaps, offering a timely contribution to leadership theory by incorporating the emerging role of technology in shaping employee outcomes, and provide practical implications for leadership strategies in contemporary organizational settings.
Recommendations
Organizations should prioritize leadership development initiatives that focus on cultivating transformational leadership behaviours, particularly those that enhance employee engagement and satisfaction. By aligning leadership strategies with these insights, companies can foster more supportive and motivating work environments, ultimately boosting both employee well -being and organizational performance. As the workplace continues to evolve with the integration of human -centric technologies, organizations should also equip leaders with the skills to effectively leverage these technologies to enhance employee experiences, engagement and overall satisfaction. Additionally, future research should explore the role of contextual factors and moderating variables, including the influence of emerging technologies, that may impact the effectiveness of transformational leadership behaviours.
... Convergent validity was assured using the factor loadings and the average variance extracted (AVE). Factor loadings were significant (p<0.005) and higher than the recommended limit of 0.50 (Hulland, 1999;Truong and McColl, 2011). AVE values were also above the 0.50 threshold (Hair et al., 2010) as given in Table 3. Discriminant validity was also examined by comparing the square root of AVE to the interconstruct correlation as suggested by Fornell and Larcker (1981b). ...
The content posted by social media influencers is a crucial source of product information for the social media users. The study focused on brand trust formation via social media influencer mechanism and its subsequent impact on intent to purchase. We examined the effects of product experience offered via the content posted by the social media influencers, perceived influencer credibility, and congruence over brand trust by drawing a sample of 217 respondents who were active followers of any social media influencer. Findings indicate that vicarious product experience, perceived influencer credibility, and self-influencer congruency are strong predictors of brand trust. It has been demonstrated that brand trust has a significant positive impact on purchase intention. We examined an unexplored dimension of consumer behaviour wherein changing patterns of information acquisition, product evaluation via social media influencers, and vicarious product experience influence brand trust and purchase intention for the promoted product.
... As detailed in our results section, we assessed construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis using SmartPLS software. As shown in Table 2, all measurement items except one (the fourth index of strategic innovation) achieved factor loadings above the recommended threshold of 0.4 (Hulland, 1999), leading us to remove that item from further analysis. ...
One of the dire concequences of innovation is rapid reaction to developments and changes in the environment, and this depends on the managers' ability to reflect on the changes in the environment and various aspects of business. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of threat-oriented interpretation in climate changes on innovation and its dimensions (behavioral innovation, product innovation, process innovation, market innovation, and strategic innovation). Statistical population of this research consists of executives who belong to chemical and petroleum industries listed on the stock exchange. The data was collected using questionnaires from 79 companies. Structured Equation Modeling (SEM) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) methods were employedto analyze the data. The results showed that the threat-oriented interpretation in climate change has no direct effect on innovation. However, it indirectly and negatively affects innovation. The innovation capacity generally mediates this relationship.
... Furthermore, they did not load onto two factors simultaneously, and there was no confounding of items between the factors. Therefore, the variables met the criteria for convergent validity and discriminant validity (Do Nguyen & Thu Nguyen, 2023;Hulland, 1999). Code Source EI EI1 There is a high likelihood that I will start my own business within 5 years after graduation. ...
Recent research has paid considerable attention to the role of university support in explaining student entrepreneurship, with several studies presenting empirical evidence of the moderating effects of individual traits on the relationship between university support and entrepreneurial intentions. However, the moderating effect of entrepreneurial capacity on this relationship has not been considered. This is particularly true in the Chinese context, where college students are reluctant to start businesses despite the substantial entrepreneurial support provided. Grounded in the theory of triadic reciprocal determinism, this study aimed to investigate the link between university support and entrepreneurial intention and examine the mediating role of students’ entrepreneurial capacity. Survey data were collected from 1,058 undergraduates in China’s Anhui Province and analyzed using structural equation modeling with partial least squares estimator. We found a positive but weak effect of university support on students’ entrepreneurial intentions, indicating that students are unlikely to obtain sufficient support directly from a wide range of university resources. However, university support significantly enhanced students’ entrepreneurial capacity, which, in turn, predicted students’ intention to create new enterprises. Our study also found that entrepreneurial capacity played an intermediary role between university support and students’ entrepreneurial intentions. These findings have several practical implications for policymakers and university administrators in terms of enhancing entrepreneurial support and students’ entrepreneurial intentions. This study contributes to the literature on student entrepreneurship in emerging economies.
... The reliability criterion is evaluated through three indicators: factor loadings, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and composite reliability. If the factor loading value is ≥ 0.4, it can be concluded that the variance between variables and their corresponding indicators or questions is higher than the measurement error variance of that variable, and its reliability is confirmed (Hulland, 1999). Rivard and Huff (1988) have considered 0.5 as an accepted value for the factor loadings. ...
Public concern about the enduring consequences of environmental degradation and daily climate change is increasing. Given this growing concern, organizations must take serious steps toward environmental responsibility. Organizations’ ability to achieve environmental sustainability depends on their employees’ green behaviors (EGB). Despite research on the various benefits of green behavior for organizations and the beneficial impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on behaviors and attitudes of employees, few studies have examined the mechanisms behind these influences. This investigation focuses on the influence of CSR on EGB, mediated by organizational commitment (OC) and green organizational identity (GOI). To achieve this, the data was gathered through questionnaires from 278 manufacturing company employees in the industrial parks of Isfahan province. Structural equation modeling with a partial least squares approach has been used to analyze the relationships. The findings of the hypothesis testing demonstrate that CSR enhances EGB by two mediating factors of OC and GOI. This study states that the company’s social responsibility activities enhance green behaviors by fostering employee belonging and creating a shared environmental management vision. As a result, organizations can promote green behaviors by establishing green identity policies and fostering employee commitment.
... In addition, 35.0% were aged 4.2 Measurement model results using partial least squares structural equation modelling An analytical approach comprising two phases was implemented (Anderson and Gerbing, 1988), first validating the "measurement model" before assessing the "structural model" and examining hypotheses (Hair et al., 2021). To establish the "reliability and validity" of the "measurement model", various criteria were considered: outer loadings needed to meet or exceed 0.708 (Hulland, 1999), while Cronbach's alpha (CA) (MacKenzie et al., 2005) and composite reliability (CR) (Gefen and Straub, 2005) required values of 0.7 or above. In addition, the "average variance extracted (AVE)" was expected to reach at least 0.5 as a threshold (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988;Fornell and Larcker, 1981). ...
Purpose
This study aims to explore elements influencing the adoption of eHealth applications in Malaysia through the techno-humanist model (THM), which integrates technological, psychological, sociological and organisational dimensions.
Design/methodology/approach
Insights derived from 526 participants were evaluated through partial least squares structural equation modelling, providing strong factual evidence.
Findings
Key technological determinants include perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEU), internet dependency (ID) and system quality (SQ), which significantly enhance behavioural intention (BI). Psychological barriers, including perceived risk (PR), negatively impact adoption, while a positive attitude (A) strengthens BI. Sociological factors such as social influence (SI) and perceived behaviour control (PBC), along with the organisational factor of facilitating conditions (FC), demonstrate a positive impact. Conversely, privacy concerns (PC), government support (GS) and institution size (IS) exhibit no notable effect.
Practical implications
The research suggests the necessity of user-centric strategies, robust technological infrastructure and tailored educational initiatives to address adoption challenges. Recommendations include enhancing infrastructure, implementing comprehensive privacy measures to build trust and conducting targeted training programmes.
Originality/value
This study expands the understanding of the THM framework and provides practical recommendations to advance health-care accessibility and outcomes in Malaysia.
... It is essential to guarantee discriminant and convergent validity, and internal consistency. Hulland (1999) set a threshold of 0.4 for item loadings, however, Hair et al. (2017) asserted that to guarantee sufficient validity and reliability, a loading coefficient of greater than 0.70 must be attained. Yet, Hair et al. (2017) also proposed that elements with loadings ranging from 0.40 to 0.70 might only be removed if doing so will improve the composite reliability (CR). ...
Purpose
With the presence of the religiously mandated practice of zakat, there are ongoing debates on whether governments have the right to levy taxes, especially in predominantly Muslim communities. This study aims to explore the moderating effect of Islamic religious outlook (IRO) on relationships between the determinants, such as governance quality (GQ), service quality (SQ), tax penalties (TP),and tax rate (TR), and tax non-compliance (TNC) behaviour.
Design/methodology/approach
Adopting a cross-sectional design through a quantitative method, the authors collected 341 surveys from micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and analysed them using SmartPLS software.
Findings
Interesting outcomes were obtained from this study. The authors observed that IRO exerts a positive impact on TNC behaviour among MSMEs. Likewise, the economic factor (TP) was positively associated with non-compliance behaviour, whereas TR, SQ and GQ failed to report significant conclusions. With integrating IRO as a moderator into the model, it was revealed that the IRO-moderated interactions of GQ, SQ, TP and TR on TNC behaviour are significant.
Practical implications
The results offer substantial actionable insights for tax authorities and governments in developing nations, particularly those with a predominantly Muslim population. This study specifically aims to enhance the understanding of the critical determinants that significantly impact taxpayers’ behaviour, aiming to strengthen tax collection. Some policies must be implemented to mitigate non-compliance with tax rules, especially among MSMEs Muslim-majority countries. For instance, tax rebates to those who paid zakat might be an effective way to enhance compliance, whereas regulations need to be reconsidered to avoid potential conflict between zakat and taxes.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this attempt is the first to empirically analyse IRO on whether governments have the right to levy taxes and its moderating role in tax literature. The insights from this study can advance future academic endeavours and also assist in formulating actionable strategies to boost tax funds.
... Normal distribution in the variables is an important assumption of the researchers (Fieller 2009). A non-normally distributed variable should represent high skewness by altering the relationship between the variables of interest and the significance of the test results (Hulland, 1999). To draw an inference in research, screening for normality is a vital step in multivariate analysis (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). ...
... This finding indicates that one item did not meet the required threshold. In this respect, Hulland [49] stated that items with loads ranging from 0.4 to 0.7 could not be deleted if the AVE value was higher than 0.5. Since this requirement is fulfilled, the researchers believe that this item should be retained. ...
Research on employee performance in Oman has primarily addressed economic growth and Vision 2040, but the intersection with organizational memory and knowledge withholding is underexplored. This study aims to identify the mediating role of knowledge withholding behaviors on the impact of organizational memory facets (managerial, technical, and cultural) on employees’ high performance in the telecommunications sector in the Sultanate of Oman. The population of the study consists of employees of the telecommunications sector in the Sultanate of Oman (Oman Telecommunications Company Oman-Tel, Omani Qatar Telecom Company Ooredoo). A random sampling technique was used where 250 responses were collected for this study. A descriptive and analytical approach was adopted including multiple regression analysis and structural modeling via partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) which was applied to test the hypotheses. The findings illustrate that organizational memory exerts a constructive influence and causal connections on high performance in the telecommunication sector of Oman. This can be elucidated by the notion that organizational memory enables organizations to provide insights from both their successes and failures. The analysis of the study guide and support strategic decisions and prevent repetition of mistakes, ultimately leading to improved performance. The results enhance and consolidate the concept of organizational memory and effective participation among the members of the telecommunications sector in the Sultanate of Oman by raising the awareness and providing sufficient recommendation. Applying established concepts (organizational memory, knowledge withholding) to a specific sector and region is considered as potential originality of this study.
... Construct composite reliability (CR), average variance extracted (AVE), and Cronbach's alpha tests were used to examine construct validity. Several studies have indicated that factor loadings should surpass 0.5 for superior outcomes (Truong & McColl, 2011;Hulland, 1999). Due to insufficient factor loadings, four items (HC3, HC4, HC5 and SC4) were excluded, enhancing the model's CR and AVE. ...
This study investigates the critical success factors (CSFs) of SMEs in Malaysia. The study examines the mechanisms by which each factor enhances the success and survival of SMEs. The research design employed in this study was a quantitative methodology. Data were collected through online questionnaires administered to business owners and senior managers in SMEs located in Peninsular Malaysia using convenience sampling. The study sample comprised 450 SMEs operating in diverse business sectors, including service, manufacturing, and construction. The hypotheses were tested using the SmartPLS software. The findings suggest that business networks, financial resources, human capital, and marketing are positively correlated with SMEs success. The results also revealed that strategic planning and technology influence have a negative correlation with SMEs success. This study highlights the significance of Critical Success Factors (CSFs) as a competitive advantage for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing, services, and construction industries in peninsular Malaysia. The findings offer valuable insights for SME owners and managers to overcome challenges and establish robust operational structures. Keywords:. Financial resources, Technology influence, Marketing, Human capital, Business networks, Strategic planning, SMEs success
... As presented in Table 4, the diagonal values (i.e., square roots of the AVE values) were greater than the off-diagonal values (shared variance being among the constructs). A criterion for concluding discriminant validity among the scales employed was achieved (Hulland 1999). Thus, further analyses could be conducted using the current scales since these scales had met the minimum requirement for both reliability and validity. ...
The current business environment increasingly requires firms to adopt sustainable innovation strategies to improve their performance. Drawing from the dynamic capability theory and supported by upper echelons perspectives, this study examines the synergistic relationship between green managerial innovativeness and green ambidexterity on green innovation performance among manufacturing small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana. This study employed a purposive sampling technique to obtain cross‐sectional survey data from 359 manufacturing SMEs. The structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses revealed that green managerial innovativeness positively affects both green innovation performance, and green exploitative–exploratory ambidexterity. In addition, the effect of green managerial innovativeness on green innovation performance is mediated by both exploitative and exploratory ambidexterity. This is one of the earliest studies to green the framework of managerial innovativeness, ambidexterity, and innovation performance concerning manufacturing SMEs in emerging markets, and thus, its findings contribute to establishing firms' competitive green strategy.
... Hulland, 1999 ). between job satisfaction and organizational performance. Journal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 9(2), 467-482. ...
Introduction Organizational performance is one of the most basic variables considered by any organization, both public and private. It is very important for managers to know what factors affect the performance of an organization so that they can use appropriate measures to initiate them. Among the effective and explanatory factors of organizational performance are organizational intelligence and job satisfaction. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between organizational intelligence with organizational performance of employees in the industrial estates of Isfahan City.
... and NFMs8 (Warranty repair costs=0.458). Since items with low loading scores contribute less to the explanatory power of the research model (Hulland 1999), those items were excluded from further analysis. Table 5 shows the scores of factor loadings from the final PLS measurement model. ...
Market orientation and differentiation strategy are essential determinants of contemporary performance measurement practice. However, studies investigating the association between market orientation and differentiation strategy on the use of non-financial measures (NFMs) in an emerging economy setting are still limited. This study examines whether these factors affect NFM use and eventually firm performance. A survey method was used in which the questionnaires were distributed to Indonesian manufacturing firms. Analysis was undertaken using Partial Least Square (PLS) Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results from a survey of 41 Indonesian managers documented positive and significant associations between market orientation and differentiation strategy, market orientation and NFM use, differentiation strategy and NFM use, and NFM use and firm performance. Additional tests revealed significant mediating relations in which NFMs facilitate positive impacts of market orientation and differentiation strategy on firm performance. These findings demonstrate the effect of market orientation and differentiation strategy in influencing NFMs use and illuminate the integral role of NFMs in bridging positive associations involving market orientation, differentiation strategy, and firm performance. This study contributes to the contingency-based management accounting literature in an emerging economy context by providing empirical evidence for the association between market orientation, differentiation strategy, NFMs, and firm performance.
... After the assessment of data screening, Partial Least Square (PLS) was employed (Götz et al., 2010;Hameed et al., 2020;Hulland, 1999). In the first part, measurement model was considered to check the reliability and validity of the scale used in this study for data collection. ...
The objective of this research was to measure the structural relationships between intelligent algorithm recommendations, data collection, student-level engagement, feedback loop and healthy social mentality. The respondents of the current study were college students in China. In this method, primary data was collected from the respondents using a self-administered questionnaire and 1752 responses were considered to analyze the data. A partial least square–structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was used to measure the findings. The study found that data collection does not affect the healthy social mentality of the students. Furthermore, it was discovered that there were significant correlations between intelligent algorithm recommendations, data collection, student-level engagement and feedback loop. The study also found the significant impact of intelligent algorithm recommendations on data collection, feedback loop and healthy social mentality of the students. Besides, student engagement level is confirmed as a significant mediator between data collection, feedback loop and healthy social mentality of students. The research contributes a novel framework to the knowledge which addresses gaps in the previous studies. The discussion of intelligent algorithm recommendations for students’ healthy social mentality in this research is novel. This research highlights the importance of intelligent algorithm recommendations for improving the healthy social mentality of college students. It is useful to deal with data management related to the students, improving student engagement and addressing feedback loops that are critical for students’ healthy social mentality.
... Outer loadings around 0.70 are generally acceptable (Hair et al., 2022). In social sciences, weaker loadings (below 0.70) are common (Hulland, 1999). Indicators with loadings between 0.40 and 0.70 should only be removed if doing so significantly improves internal consistency reliability or convergent validity (Hair et al., 2022). ...
This study explores the impact of self-leadership behavior-focused strategies on the academic performance of higher education students, with a specific focus on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) students. The study employs a quantitative approach, surveying 436 STEM students enrolled in the Malaysian matriculation program under the Ministry of Education Malaysia for the 2023/2024 academic year. Data analysis is conducted using SPSS for descriptive statistics and SmartPLS 4 for PLS-SEM. This dual approach comprehensively explores demographic trends, variable levels, and the intricate relationships between self-leadership behavior-focused strategies and academic performance. Utilizing PLS-SEM, the research examines four key components: self-goal setting, self-observation, self-reward, and self-cueing. The findings reveal that self-goal setting is the most impactful self-leadership strategy for academic success (β=0.252,p<0.05), indicating that students who set clear academic goals tend to perform better. This is followed by self-reward (β=0.197,p<0.05), suggesting that recognizing personal achievements reinforces motivation. Self-cueing (β=0.177,p<0.05) also plays a crucial role, as using reminders and prompts helps students stay focused on their studies. Lastly, self-observation (β=0.147,p<0.05) contributes to academic performance by encouraging students to monitor their progress and adjust their learning strategies accordingly. Together, these strategies account for a moderate portion of the variation in academic performance, emphasizing the importance of self-leadership behavior-focused strategies in student success. By addressing critical gaps in the literature, the study shifts the lens of self-leadership research from organizational settings to educational contexts, dissecting the individual contributions of behavior-focused strategies. The integration of advanced analytical methods strengthens the reliability of the results and offers nuanced insights into the direct effects of these strategies on academic outcomes.
Unvaccinated and partially vaccinated children are often found in complex environments, including urban poor settlements. Beyond typical factors affecting vaccination among low-income urban populations, such as affordability, trust remains a critical determinant of caregiver immunization decisions for their children. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study examined the impact of messaging approaches on the interplay across four factors: attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and vaccination intentions.
This was an experimental study that employed a between-participants, 2×2×2 design, taking into consideration message content (benefit or cost), message appeal (factual or emotional), and messenger type (layperson or expert). Data were collected from 366 caregivers of children under five residing in randomly selected urban informal settlements. The proposed model was assessed using a partial least squares structural equation model.
The study found that caregivers’ attitudes toward vaccination (b=0.215, p<0.001, f2=0.087), subjective norms (b=0.086, p=0.03, f2= 0.026), and perceived behavioral control (b=0.199, p<0.001, f2= 0.087) were positively associated with their intentions to vaccinate their children. Structural equation modelling identified varying moderating effects of the messaging, with the inclusion of the moderators leading to an 8% increase in the R2. Exposure to benefit-based (b=0.097, p=0.016, f2=0.016) and fact-based messages (b = 0.162, p<0.001, f2=0.031) intensified the influence of attitudes on vaccination intentions. In contrast, emotionally appealing messages strengthened the impact of perceived behavioral control on intentions (b= −0.149, p<0.001, f2=0.033). The use of expert images did not have significant advantages over layperson images.
Findings underscore the potential impact of messaging on the efficacy of vaccination promotion efforts. In developing communication strategies, policymakers should consider the interplay between messaging and its moderating influence on relationships between attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control with vaccination intentions.
Pan African Clinical Trials Registry. Trial no: PACTR202303735426128. Registered on 22/03/2023.
Disruptive events have characterized modern supply chains over recent decades, influencing reconfigurations of supply chain capabilities, resources, and the paradigm of supply chain resilience in most of industries and countries. Existing studies on this topic are still largely focused on theoretical contributions and case studies, advocating in-depth analysis. The aim of the paper is to contribute to bridging this research gaps, by exploring and empirically investigating how firms have deployed supply chain capabilities to manage COVID-19 pandemic effects and achieve supply chain resilience. In addition, this research extends the existing literature by verifying the direct effect of digital technology resources on achieving supply chain resilience during severe disruptions as well as the indirect relationship between digital technology resources and supply chain resilience through supply chain capability mediators. An empirical investigation among a set of primary data collected from a sample of 164 Italian firms from various industries has been carried out, providing interesting results and implications for businesses and academics. The findings of this research study can support companies to better face other disruptions that stem from a globalized and interconnected world, through learning how to cope with the dramatic effects on populations and on economics and managerial performance.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on tourism, making it difficult to predict demand. Researchers and policymakers are exploring ways to forecast tourism's recovery from the pandemic. The tourism industry could utilise virtual reality (VR) in addressing the negative effects of such pandemics. Despite the widespread interest in virtual reality, there are gaps in the empirical data on its acceptance as a recovery strategy. In particular, limited research exists on the perceptions and adoption of virtual reality tourism tools among young travellers in emerging economies such as South Africa, highlighting a regional and demographic gap in the literature. This study aims to identify the key factors that influence the acceptance of virtual reality as a recovery strategy for tourism post-COVID-19. A quantitative survey was conducted with 349 young travellers in Johannesburg, South Africa. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3 was utilised to analyse the relationships between perceived usefulness, ease of use, credibility, attitudes, and actual use of virtual reality while the sample profile was generated through SPSS 26. The findings revealed a strong association between attitudes toward using virtual reality for travel planning and the intention to adopt virtual reality for identifying travel destinations.
Understanding the contribution of macroinvertebrate diversity indices to community stability in urban rivers is critical for developing more effective strategies to manage and conserve the ecological health of urban rivers and to maintain sustainable regional economic and social development. However, knowledge regarding the relationship between environmental factors, multidimensional biodiversity, and community stability in urban rivers remains limited. In this study, we investigated the relationships among macroinvertebrate multidimensional diversity, secondary productivity-to-biomass ratio (SP/B), and average variation degree (AVD) in a typical urban river—the North Canal River basin in Beijing—to identify which biodiversity metric best indicates community stability. Macroinvertebrates were extensively sampled from September to October 2020 in the North Canal River basin (BYH), a typical urban river in Beijing. We comparatively analyzed the spatial variation in different types of diversity—species diversity (SD), functional diversity (FD), and phylogenetic diversity (PD)—as well as SP/B and AVD between the upstream and midstream–downstream reaches of the river under varying degrees of urbanization and human disturbance. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to assess the relationships among multidimensional diversity, SP/B, and AVD. The results showed that upstream environmental factors and diversity indices together explained 52.9% and 52.0% of the variance in SP/B and AVD, respectively, while midstream–downstream factors explained 65.9% and 84.2%, respectively. These findings suggest that both SP/B and AVD are suitable indicators for examining the relationships between macroinvertebrate community stability, diversity indices, and environmental factors in the BYH. In the upstream region, total phosphorus (TP), FD, and PD were more indicative of SP/B in the central urban area, while SD and PD were more indicative of AVD. In contrast, in the midstream–downstream suburban areas, dissolved oxygen (DO), SD, and PD were more indicative of SP/B, while FD and PD were more indicative of AVD. These findings demonstrate that PD is a stronger indicator of both SP/B and AVD under varying anthropogenic disturbances and environmental conditions. The PLS-SEM results also indicated differences in the specific effects of FD and SD on community stability across the upstream and midstream–downstream sections, as well as differences in the direct effects of environmental factors such as TP and DO. These results suggest that PD is more sensitive than FD and SD in detecting the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances and environmental fluctuations on macroinvertebrate community stability in urban rivers. Our study provides evidence that PD outperforms FD and SD in predicting macroinvertebrate community stability in urban river ecosystems and that the combined use of SP/B and AVD better reveals the complex interactions between biodiversity and environmental factors influencing community stability. This combination can thus enhance our understanding of how biodiversity affects macroinvertebrate community stability in urban rivers.
Financial performance is a subjective assessment of a firm's ability to use assets from its core business operations to create income. The phrase is utilized as a comprehensive indicator of a company's financial well-being throughout a certain duration. Strategic management practices play a crucial role in determining the financial performance of organizations. This paper aims to critically analyzed the impact of strategic management practices on financial performance by examining various scholarly articles and studies in the field. Moreover, the influence of business intelligence as a moderator on the relationship between strategic management practices and the financial performance of SMEs in the northern region of Malaysia was also investigated. This study amalgamated the resource-based view (RBV) to elucidate the impact of the factors on effective strategy execution. Questionnaires were administered to 378 SMEs in the northern region of Malaysia. The above sample was utilized in the analysis employing the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) - Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. The study's results indicated a substantial impact of strategic management practices on financial performance. The research indicated that the moderating influence of business intelligence on strategic management practices and financial performance was significant. This study emphasized the research ramifications, recommendations for further investigations, and its limits.
Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the factors influencing older adults’ acceptance of music therapy services in Thailand, with the aim of supporting the development of age-friendly, health-promoting interventions in line with Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3). Theoretical Framework: This study is grounded in the integration of several theoretical perspectives, including the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Health Belief Model (HBM), Adult Learning Theory (Andragogy), and Selective Exposure Theory. These frameworks provide a comprehensive basis for understanding how information perception, learning, perceived usefulness, and attitudes contribute to service acceptance. Method: A quantitative design was employed, using a structured questionnaire administered to 322 older adults from senior clubs across 10 districts in Bangkok. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using Partial Least Squares (PLS) was applied to analyze the relationships between the study variables. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that information perception significantly influenced learning and perceived usefulness. Learning had a positive effect on both perceived usefulness and attitudes, which in turn significantly influenced acceptance. Perceived usefulness also directly affected acceptance. These findings align with the theoretical models and reinforce the importance of promoting informed, positive engagement with music therapy. Research Implications: The study offers practical insights for public health communication, age-friendly service design, and policy interventions to enhance preventive care and promote well-being among aging populations. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the limited body of research on music therapy acceptance in non-Western settings. Its integration of multiple theoretical models provides a novel approach to understanding older adults’ engagement with sustainable health services aligned with SDG 3.
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