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Accepted by K. Menard: 26 Jun. 2017; published: 25 Aug. 2017
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN
1175-5334
(online edition)
Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press
Zootaxa 4311 (4): 451
–
479
http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/
Article
451
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.1
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4DB9D300-F33E-406B-8410-E4AF99AC7C01
Updated catalogue of Iranian Anthocoridae
(Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha)
HADI OSTOVAN
1
, HASSAN GHAHARI
2,4
& PIERRE MOULET
3
1
Department of Entomology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. E-mail: ostovan2001@yahoo.com
2
Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3
Museum Requien, 67 rue Joseph Vernet, F-84000 Avignon, France; email: pierre.moulet@mairie-avignon.com
4
Corresponding author. E-mail: hghahari@yahoo.com
Abstract
The published data on Iranian Anthocoridae (Hemiptera) are summarized in this paper. In total 51 species of three sub-
families Anthocorinae, Lyctocorinae and Scolopinae within 10 genera (Amphiareus Distant, Anthocoris Fallén, Bucha-
naniella Reuter, Cardiastethus Fieber, Dufouriellus Kirkaldy, Elatophilus Reuter, Lyctocoris Hahn, Orius Wolff,
Temnostethus Fieber, and Xylocoris Dufour) are listed as the fauna of Iran. Xylocoris (Xylocoris) ciliatus (Jakovlev, 1877)
is new record for the fauna of Iran.
Key words: Anthocoridae, Minute pirate bugs, distribution, new record, Iran
Introduction
Heteroptera (Hemiptera) with more than 40,000 described species worldwide, are part of the most successful
radiation of nonholometabolous insects (Weirauch & Schuh 2011). It comprises approximately 80 families within
seven infraorders Cimicomorpha, Dipsocoromorpha, Enicocephalomorpha, Gerromorpha, Leptopodomorpha,
Nepomorpha, and Pentatomomorpha (Schuh & Slater 1995; Banho et al. 2016).
Cimicomorpha comprises ~20,000 species worldwide (Weirauch & Schuh 2011), and in Palaearctic 4430
species within 653 genera currently placed in 12 families: Anthocoridae, Lyctocoridae, Cimicidae, Joppeicidae,
Microphysidae, Miridae, Nabidae, Pachynomidae, Polyctenidae, Reduviidae, Thaumastocoridae and Tingidae
(Schuh et al. 2009; Henry 2009; Carpintero 2014).
The family Anthocoridae (flower bugs or pirate bugs) includes about 100 genera with 500-600 species
presently described in the world fauna; they are distributed approximately from 70°N to 41°S (Péricart 1996; Lattin
2000). The Palaearctic fauna comprises 28 genera with 181 species and 7 subspecies (Anthocorinae: 118 species,
Lyctocorinae: 62 species, Lasiochilinae: single species) (Péricart 1996; Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Most of anthocorids are predacious (on various arthropods including, aphids, psylls, thrips, caterpillars and
mites) or zoo-phytophagous, although some species are exclusively phytophagous (Péricart 1996; Lattin 1999,
2000). These beneficial insects can be regarded as promising agents of biological pest control owing to some of
their properties, such as high efficiency of prey seeking, the ability to concentrate in the areas of the highest density
of the potential prey, rapid population growth in case of abundant food, etc. (Hodgson & Aveling 1988).
Iran forms a large part of the Iranian plateau, and covers an area of 1,623,779 km². It is bordered to the north by
the Caucasus Mountains, Middle Asian natural regions, and the Caspian Sea (-27 m below sea level); to the west by
the Anatolian and Mesopotamian regions; to the east by the eastern part of the Iranian plateau (Afghanistan and
adjacent west Pakistan) and the Baluch-Sindian region; and finally to the south by the Persian Gulf and Gulf of
Oman, which are connected by the latter to the Indian Ocean (Fig. 1). Climatologically, Iran is a predominantly arid
and semi-arid country, but the northern slopes of the Alburz ranges and the Caspian lowland receive 800 to 2000
mm annual rainfall, making them the most humid parts of the country. The Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts
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are the driest areas with an annual precipitation of less than 150 mm. The highlands receive between 250 and 800
mm (Zehzad et al. 2002).
This paper is a continuation of the series of annotated catalogues of Heteroptera of Iran (see Ghahari et al.
2009a, b, 2010a, b, 2012a, b, 2013a, b, 2014, 2016; Ghahari & Moulet 2012, 2013; Ghahari & Heiss 2012; Ghahari
& Cherot 2014). The aim of this paper is updating of the catalogue of Iranian Anthocoridae which was published
by Ghahari et al. (2009a).
Material and methods
The published data on distribution of the family Anthocoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Iran are summarized by
province. Subfamilies, tribes, genera and species are listed alphabetically. The following data are included in the
catalog for each species: (1) valid name, (2) junior synonym(s) used in literature about Iran, (3) published Iranian
records synthetized by province (classified by alphabetical order of Iranian province names) and the relevant
references (classified by chronological order), (4) synthetical information on general distribution on a world scale,
(5) plant associates, (6) prey records.
FIGURE 1. Map of Iran with boundaries of provinces.
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UPDATED CATALOGUE OF IRANIAN ANTHOCORIDAE
Formerly the family Anthocoridae included three subfamilies: Anthocorinae, Lasiochilinae and Lyctocorinae
(Péricart 1972, 1996; Carayon 1972); Schuh & Slater (1995) considered them with family rank (Lasiochilinae are
not in our research area). Anthocorinae only includes 3 tribes: Anthocorini, Oriini, Blaptostethini (the last one not
in our research area) and Lyctocorinae 5 tribes: Lyctocorini, Xylocorini, Cardiatsethini, Scolopini, Almeidini (the
last one not in our research area). Schuh & Stys (1991) and Schuh & Slater (1995) upgrated Lyctocorinae to family
rank and considered that only Lyctocorini belonged to. The four remaining tribes have been grouped by Carapezza
et al. (2014) in a family named by them Scolopinae, using for this the oldest available name. The present catalogue
reflects this suprageneric taxonomy.
Distribution data are according to Péricart (1996) and Aukema et al. (2013) for later additions and changes, the
exact references are given. When accurate data about local distribution in Iran are lacking in a quoted reference, the
mention "Iran (no locality cited)" is used. Locality data reported from "Persia", however, was retained because it is
traditional synonymies of Iran. The provinces of Iran are represented in the figure 1.
Results
This catalogue comprises totally 51 species and subspecies of Anthocoridae from 10 genera and 3 subfamilies.
Xylocoris (Xylocoris) ciliatus (Jakovlev, 1877) is newly recorded from Iran. The list of species is given below
alphabetically with distribution data, host associates and prey records.
Family Anthocoridae Fieber, 1836
Subfamily Anthocorinae Fieber, 1836
Tribe Anthocorini Fieber, 1836
Genus Anthocoris Fallén, 1814
Anthocoris angularis Reuter, 1884
Anthocoris angularis Reuter, 1884: 84 (as new species).
Distribution in Iran. Golestan, Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2011), Tehran (Ghahari et al. 2004).
General distribution. Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan); doubtful in Azerbaijan
(Péricart 1996).
Plant associates. Cotton field (Malvaceae) and Abelmoschus esculentus (Malvaceae) (Ghahari et al. 2011).
Anthocoris butleri Le Quesne, 1954
Anthocoris nemoralis butleri Le Quesne, 1954: 36 (as new subspecies); Anthocoris butleri Wagner, 1957: 103 (upgraded at
specific level).
Distribution in Iran. Mazandaran (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006).
General distribution. Western Europe, known to Sweden.
Prey records. Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Psylla buxi (Linnaeus,
1758) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) (Péricart 1972).
Anthocoris confusus Reuter, 1884
Anthocoris confusus Reuter, 1884: 194 (as new species); Anthocoris confusus var. funestus Horvåth, 1896: 329; Anthocoris
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confusus ab. aterrimus Gravestein, 1945: 122; Anthocoris confusus f. gravesteini Stichel, 1958: 22 (new name for f.
aterrimus Gravestein); Anthocoris confusus f. pallipes Péricart, 1972: 135.
Distribution in Iran. East Azarbaijan (Ghahari et al. 2011), Fars (Farzaneh et al. 2011), Golestan (Ghahari &
Ostovan 2006; Ghahari et al. 2011), Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000), Hamadan (Mirab-Balou et al. 2007,
2008, as A. confosus and A. confuses, respectively), Mazandaran (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Semnan (Galini et
al. 2013), Iran (no exact locality cited) (Khanjani 2005, 2006).
General distribution. Palaearctic; also known in North America; in North Africa only cited from Tunisia
(Péricart 1996).
Plant associates. Alfalfa field (Mirab-Balou et al. 2007, 2008), cotton field (Ghahari et al. 2011); known on
numerous trees (e.g. Acer sp., Betula sp., Alnus sp., Salix sp., Populus sp., Quercus sp., Fagus sp., Carpinus sp.,
Ulmus sp., Fraxinus sp., Tilla sp., fruit trees, sometimes conifers) (Péricart 1972).
Prey records. Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Khanjani 2005, 2006), whiteflies
(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), aphids of tribe Callaphidini (Hemiptera Aphididae)
(Péricart 1972).
Anthocoris flavipes Reuter, 1884
Anthocoris flavipes Reuter, 1884: 80 (as new species); Anthocoris gyalpo Hutchinson, 1934: 136.
Distribution in Iran. East Azarbaijan (Ghahari et al. 2011), Golestan (Ghahari & Ostovan 2006; Ghahari et al.
2015), Kerman (Ghahari et al. 2004), Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2004; Ghahari & Ostovan 2006).
General distribution. Kazakhstan Asian part, China (Xizang, Qinghai), Kirgizia, Tadjikistan, Indian Tibet;
doubtful in Armenia (Péricart 1996).
Plant associates. Cotton field (Ghahari et al. 2011).
Anthocoris gallarumulmi (De Geer, 1773)
Cimex gallarumumi De Geer, 1773: 273 (as new species); Cimex gallorum Turton, 1802: 682); Lygaeus nemorum var. Fallén,
1807: 72; Lygaeus nemorum var. Fallén, 1807: 72; Anthocoris nemoralis Fallén, 1829: 67 (non Fabricius, 1794);
Rhynarius pratensis Hahn, 1832: 107 (non Fabricius, 1794); Anthocoris nemorum var. c Zetterstedt, 1838: 265; Anthocoris
nemorum var. d Zetterstedt, 1838: 265; Anthocoris nemoralis var. ghilianii Ferrari, 1878: 92; Anthocoris pratensis var.
femoralis Westhoff, 1881: 79; Anthocoris pratensis var. melanocerus Westhoff, 1881: 79.
Cimex gallae Müller, 1764: 29; Cimex fulvomaculatus Goeze, 1778: 266; Cimex constellaris Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785: 204
and Cimex erythropus Gmelin, 1790: 2185 are all suspected to be synonyms by Reuter (1884).
Note. Sometimes written as Anthocoris gallarum-ulmi (Péricart 1972).
Distribution in Iran. Fars (Erfanfar & Ostovan 2002), Golestan (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006; Ghahari et al.
2011), Semnan (Modarres Awal 1997; Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Iran (no exact locality cited) (Modarres Awal
1997).
General distribution. West Palaearctic and Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Asian Turkey, Azerbaijan).
Plant associates. Hibiscus esculentus (Malvaceae) (Ghahari et al. 2011), Ulmus sp. (Ulmaceae) (Péricart
1972).
Prey records. Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann, 1802) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Modarres Awal 1997),
whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Eriosoma ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758), E.
lanuginosum (Hartig, 1839) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Panonychus ulmi (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae),
Psyllopsis fraxini (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) (Péricart 1972), Eriosoma patchiae (Börner & Blunk
1916) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Biology. A. gallarumulmi is univoltine with overwintering adults which become active at the beginning of
April after at least 75 days of low temperature. Larvae develop in the galls of their preys and new adults appear
from end of June to mid August (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
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UPDATED CATALOGUE OF IRANIAN ANTHOCORIDAE
Anthocoris guentheri Péricart, 2007
Anthocoris guentheri Péricart, 2007: 109 (as new species).
Distribution in Iran. Razavi Khorasan (Péricart 2007 (Anbaran, 30 km W of Saraks); Hassanzadeh Awal &
Modarres Awal 2010a, b).
General distribution. Known only from Iran.
Plant associates. Ash (Fraxinus excelsior (Oleaceae)) (Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010a, b).
Anthocoris limbatus Fieber, 1836
Anthocoris limbatus Fieber, 1836: 110 (as new species); Anthocoris nemorum var. fasciatus Scholtz, 1847: 141.
Distribution in Iran. Isfahan (Ghahari et al. 2004), Mazandaran, Tehran (Ghahari et al. 2011).
General distribution. Euro Siberian (incl. NW China).
Plant associates. Cotton field, Myrtus communis (Myrtaceae) (Ghahari et al. 2011), Salix capraea, S.
viminalis, S. incana (Salicaceae), Alnus sp. (Betulaceae) (Péricart 1972).
Prey records. Aphis farinosa Gmelin, 1790, Phylloxerina salicis (Lichtenstein, 1884) (Hemiptera: Aphididae),
Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) (Péricart 1972).
Anthocoris minki minki Dohrn, 1860
Anthocoris pygmaeus Zetterstedt, 1828 non Fallén, 1807); Anthocoris minki Dohrn, 1860: 162 (as new species); Anthocoris
rubicundulus Garbiglietti, 1869: 122.
Distribution in Iran. Alborz (Babmorad et al. 2000), Ardabil (Modarres Awal 1987; Ghahari et al. 2011), East
Azarbaijan (Modarres Awal 1997), Fars (Ostovan & Niakan 2000; Farzaneh et al. 2011), Golestan (Ghahari &
Ostovan 2006; Ghahari et al. 2011), Isfahan (Jafary et al. 2002; Babmorad et al. 2016), Mazandaran (Abd-Rabou
& Ghahari 2006; Ghahari et al. 2008a; Ghahari et al. 2011), Razavi Khorasan (Babmorad et al. 2016), Semnan
(Kalaii et al. 2013; Galini et al. 2013), Zanjan (Tarasi et al. 2004).
General distribution. European not in Scandinavia.
Plant associates. Poplar (Tarasi et al. 2004), cotton field, Althea officinalis (Malvaceae) (Ghahari et al. 2011),
Fraxinus sp. (Oleaceae), Olea europaea (Oleaceae), Punica granatum (Punicaceae) (Farzaneh et al. 2011),
Populus euphratica (Salicaceae) (Babmorad et al. 2016), Populus italica, P. nigra, P. alba, P. pyrampidalis
(Salicaceae) (Péricart 1972); according to Saulich & Musolin (2009) it develops only on Fraxinus.
Prey records. Monosteria unicostata (Mulsant & Rey, 1852) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) (Babmorad et al. 2000;
Jafary et al. 2002), whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Euphyllura olivina (Costa,
1839) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), Psyllopsis fraxini (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) (Farzaneh et al. 2011);
Pemphigus bursarius (Linnaeus, 1758), P. filaginis (Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1841), P. spirothecae Passerini, 1856,
Chaitaphorus leucomelas Koch, 1854 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Péricart 1972).
Anthocoris minki pistaciae Wagner, 1957
Anthocoris minki pistaciae Wagner, 1957: 111 (as new subspecies).
Distribution in Iran. Alborz, Tehran (Wagner 1957), Ardabil (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000), Chaharmahal &
Bakhtiari (Khajehali & Poorjavad 2015), Fars (Falamarzi et al. 2009; Farzaneh et al. 2011), Kerman (Wagner
1957; Modarres Awal 1997; Mehrnejad et al. 2006; Pourali et al. 2011; Zeinadini Mymand et al. 2012), Razavi
Khorasan (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998), Semnan (Dezianian & Sahragard 2000), Sistan & Baluchestan
(Modarres Awal 1997).
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General distribution. Greece (incl. Cyprus), Near East, southern Russia, Ukraine, Caucasus, Central Asia,
Mongolia, north western China.
Plant associates. Barley (Hordeum sativum Jessen (Poaceae)), Pistachia khinjukh (Wagner 1957), Pistachia
sp. (Anacardiaceae) (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998; Zeinadini Pourali et al. 2011; Mymand et al. 2012),
Amygdalus communis, Amygdalus scoparia (Rosaceae), Fraxinus rotundifolia (Oleaceae), Pistacia mutica
(Anacardiacae), Populus alba (Salicaceae), Prunus persicae (Rosaceae), Salix sp. (Salicaceae), Ulmus campestris
(Ulmaceae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Pistacia vera, P. lentiscus, P. khinkuk (Anacardiaceae), Populus diversifolia
(Salicaceae) (Péricart 1972).
Prey records. Asiphonella cynodonti (Das, 1918) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Péricart 1972; Modarres Awal
1997), Forda hirsuta Mordvilko, 1928 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer,
1989 (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) (Dezianian & Sahragard 2000; Mehrnejad et al. 2006; Pourali et al. 2011), Forda sp.
(Hemiptera: Aphididae), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy, 1762) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Psyllopsis fraxini
(Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), Slavum sp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Tinocallis
nevskyi Remaudiere, Qucdnau & Heie, 1988 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Khajehali & Poorjavad 2015); Forda sp.
(Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Péricart 1972).
Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius, 1794)
Cimex silvarum Rossi, 1790: 251 (synonymy suspected); Anthocoris nemoralis Fabricius, 1794: 76 (as new species); Cimex
triguttatus Schrank, 1796: 165; Lygaeus austriacus Fabricius, 1803: 239; Anthocoris nemoralis var. superbus Westhoff,
1881: 78; Anthocoris dohrni Le Quesne, 1958: 125; Anthocoris pemphigi Wagner, 1960: 91.
Distribution in Iran. Ardabil, Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000), East Azarbaijan (Hassanzadeh et al. 2009a,
b; Ghahari et al. 2011; Khaghaninia et al. 2011, 2013; Farshbaf Pour-Abad et al. 2017), Fars (Modarres Awal 1997;
Ostovan & Niakan 2000), Golestan (Heiss 2002; Ghahari & Ostovan 2006), Isfahan (Modarres Awal 1997; Emami
2004), Markazi, Tehran (Modarres Awal 1997), Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2008a, 2011, 2015), Razavi Khorasan
(Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010b), Zanjan (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006).
General distribution. Euro Asian, North Africa (incl. Canary Islands), Azores; introduced into Canada and
USA.
Plant associates. Fruit trees (apple, pear) and grasses (Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010a, b), cotton
field, Jasminum fruticans (Oleaceae) (Ghahari et al. 2011), rape (Khaghaninia et al. 2011); on a great number of
trees and schrubs less frequent on herbs (Urtica sp. (Urticaceae), Chenopodium sp. (Amaranthaceae)) (Péricart
1972).
Prey records. Psylla pyricola (Förster, 1848) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) (Modarres Awal 1997; Emami 2004,
2006), whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Psyllidae and Aphididae (Hemiptera),
Thysanoptera, eggs and larvae of Tineidae and Tortricidae (Lepidoptera), Tetranychus sp. and Oligonychus sp.
(Acari: Tetranychidae) (Péricart 1972), Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster, 1848) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in North
America (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Biology. In Great Britain overwintering adults are active from mid March and oviposition from the end of
April to May; adults of the new generation born from the end of May to mid June (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
According to the season, the host plants change (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Anthocoris nemorum (Linnaeus, 1761)
Cimex nemorum Linnaeus, 1761: 254 (as new species); Acanthia serratulae Fabricius, 1775: 694; Acanthia silvestris Fabricius,
1787: 279 non Linnaeus, 1758; Acanthia fasciatus Fabricius, 1787: 278; Acanthia pratensis Fabricius, 1794; 76; Cimex
agricola Turton, 1802: 613; Lygaeus pascuorum Latreille, 1804: 221; Lygaeus sylvaticus Latreille, 1804: 221; Leptomeris
picta Laporte, 1832: 10; Anthocoris longiceps Boheman, 1852, 57; Anthocoris nigricornis Fieber, 1861: 137; Anthocoris
nemorum var. simulator Scholtz, 1852: 384.
Distribution in Iran. East Azarbaijan (Hassanzadeh et al. 2009a, b; Khaghaninia et al. 2011, 2013), Fars
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(Modarres Awal 1997, Ostovan & Niakan 2000), Golestan (Ghahari & Ostovan 2006), Guilan (Linnavuori &
Hosseini 2000; Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Hamadan, Markazi, Kermanshah, Kordestan, Tehran, Yazd
(Modarres Awal 1997), Isfahan (Modarres Awal 1997; Emami 2004), Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2008a, 2011),
Razavi Khorasan (Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010a), Semnan (Modarres Awal 1997; Ghahari et al.
2011), West Azarbaijan (Mostaan 1993; Modarres Awal 1997), Zanjan (Modarres Awal 1997; Askari et al. 2009).
General distribution. Palaearctic, not in North Africa, not cited from Japan.
Plant associates. Hibiscus trionum (Malvaceae) (Ghahari et al. 2011), Urtica dioica (Urticaceae), Pyrus
communis (Rosaceae) (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Prey records. Psylla pyricola (Förster, 1848) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) (Modarres Awal 1997; Emami 2004),
Anthonomus pomorum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Euzophera bigella (Zeller 1848)
(Lepidoptera: Pyrallidae), Hyponomeuta malinellus Zeller 1838 (Lepidoptera: Hyponomeutidae), aphids
(Modarres Awal 1997), Panonychus ulmi (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae) (Mostaan 1993), whiteflies
(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Psylla pyri (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
(Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Biology. The number of generations varies from 1 to 3 according to the latitude and the climate but sometimes
it can develop without diapause, the generations overlapping (Saulich & Musolin 2009). According to the season,
the host plants change (Saulich & Musolin 2009). In Norway the overwintering adults become active in mid May,
the adults of the new generation appear from the end of July to the beginning of August and larvae can be found
until mid August. Overwintering females are fertilized and those of new generation can reproduce only after
exposure to low temperature (Saulich & Musolin 2009). It has been demonstrated that the first generation feeds
upon preys though the second feeds on herbs (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Anthocoris pilosus (Jakovlev, 1877)
Tetraphleps pilosus Jakovlev, 1877: 95 (as new species); Anthocoris albidipennis Reuter, 1909: 7; Anthocoris persicus Wagner,
1957: 109; Anthocoris sibiricus Péricart, 1972: 143 non Reuter, 1875.
Distribution in Iran. Ardabil (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000), Fars (Modarres Awal 1997 as A. persicus; Erfanfar &
Ostovan 2002, 2005; Falamarzi et al. 2009), East Azarbaijan (Farshbaf Pour-Abad et al. 2017), Guilan (Linnavuori
& Hosseini 2000; Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006 as A. persicus), Ilam (Mirab-Balou 2016), Isfahan (Rakhshani et al.
2010), Kerman (Wagner 1957; Modarres Awal 1997, both as A. persicus), Khuzestan (Rajabpour 2011 Rajabpour
et al. 2012), Lorestan (Sepahvand et al. 2016), Mazandaran (Heiss 2002), Northern Khorasan (Malkeshi et al.
1998; Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998), Razavi Khorasan (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998; Hassanzadeh
Awal & Modarres Awal 2010a, b; Keykhosravi et al. 2016), Semnan (Jakovlev 1877 (Shahrud - holotype, as
Tetraphleps pilosus); Kiritshenko 1949), Tehran (Lindberg 1938; Wagner 1957 as A. persicus).
General distribution. Palaearctic except the farmost East (Far East Russia, Korea, Japan) and North Africa.
Plant associates. Alfalfa (Rakhshani et al. 2010; Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010b), sunflower and
grasses (Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010b), Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998),
Rosa spp. (Rosaceae) (Keykhosravi et al. 2016); Urtica dioica (Urticaceae), Astragalus glaucoacanthus
(Fabaceae), Pistacia khinjukh (Anacardiaceae), Ulmus sp. (Ulmaceae) (Wagner 1957 as A. persicus).
Prey records. Aphids of pome fruit trees (Malkeshi et al. 1998), alfalfa aphids (Rakhshani et al. 2010),
Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Keykhosravi et al. 2016), whiteflies (Hemiptera:
Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006 as A. persicus), Aphididae, Miridae (Hemiptera), young caterpillars,
Microlophium evansi (Theobald, 1923), Chaitophorus sp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Péricart 1972), Asiphonella
cynodonti (Das, 1918) and Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann, 1802) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Modarres Awal 1997
as A. persicus), Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Mirab-Balou 2016).
Anthocoris poissoni Kiritshenko, 1952
Anthocoris poissoni Kiritshenko, 1952: 182 (as new species).
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Distribution in Iran. West Azarbaijan (Ghahari et al. 2004).
New materials. East Azarbaijan province, Khodafarin, 1♂, 1♀, 26.vii.2009, leg. M. Havaskary (R. Linnavuori
coll.).
General distribution. Iran, Kirgizia, Tajikistan.
Anthocoris simillimus Poppius, 1909
Anthocoris simillimus Poppius, 1909: 33 (as new species); Anthocoris pilosus tschuensis Linnavuori, 1961: 86.
Distribution in Iran. Guilan (Ghahari et al. 2004), Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2011).
General distribution. Iran, Kirgizia, Tajikistan.
Plant associates. Cotton field (Ghahari et al. 2011).
Anthocoris visci Douglas, 1889
Anthocoris visci Douglas, 1889: 427 (as new species).
Distribution in Iran. Kordestan (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006).
New materials. West Azarbaijan province, Khoy, 2♂♂, 14.vi.2011, leg. N. Samin (R. Linnavuori coll.).
General distribution. Western Europe, Spain, Macedonia, Albania, Serbia, Asian Turkey, Iran.
Plant associates. Viscum album (Viscaceae) (Péricart 1972).
Prey records. Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006); Psylla visci (Hemiptera:
Psyllidae) (Péricart 1972).
Genus Dufouriellus Kirkaldy, 1906
Dufouriellus (Dufouriellus) ater (Dufour, 1833)
Xylocoris ater Dufour, 1833: 104 (as new species): Anthocoris tardus Herrich Schaeffer, 1835: 60 ; Anthocoris elongatus
Fieber, 1836: 106; Solenonotus angustatus Poppius, 1913: 13.
Distribution in Iran. Fars (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Mazandaran (Erfanfar 2014).
General distribution. Euro Siberian, Canada, USA.
Plant associates. Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Dalamarzi et al. 2009); under barks of Pinus (Pinaceae), Abies sp.
(Abietinae), Ulmus sp. (Ulmaceae), Sambucus sp. (Caprifoliaceae), Robinia sp. (Fabaceae), Ficus sp. (Moraceae),
Malus sp. (Rosaceae), Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae) (Péricart 1972).
Prey records. Scolytus mali (Bechstein, 1805) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (Péricart 1972).
Genus Elatophilus Reuter, 1884
Subgenus Elatophilus Reuter, 1884
Elatophilus (Elatophilus) nigricornis (Zetterstedt, 1838)
Anthocoris nigricornis Zetterstedt, 1838: 265 (as new species); Temnostethus pinicola Frey-Gessner, 1862: 31.
Distribution in Iran. Kordestan (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006).
General distribution. Europe, Cyprus, Asian Turkey, Israel, Iran.
Prey records. Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006). Matsucoccus feytaudi
Ducasse, 1942 (Hemiptera: Matsucoccidae) (Fabre et al. 2000).
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Subgenus Euhadrocerus Reuter, 1884
Elatophilus (Euhadrocerus) hebraicus Péricart, 1967
Elatophilus hebraicus Péricart, 1967: 57 (as new species).
Distribution in Iran. East Azarbaijan (Ghahari et al. 2009a).
General distribution. Israel, Cyprus, Iran, Jordan.
Plant associates. Pinus halepensis (Pinaceae) (Péricart 1972).
Genus Temnostethus Fieber, 1860
Subgenus Ectemnus Fieber, 1860
Temnostethus (Ectemnus) reduvinus parilis (Horváth, 1891)
Ectemnus parilis Horváth, 1891: 80 (as new species), Temnostethus reduvinus parilis Péricart, 1971: 94.
Distribution in Iran. Ardabil (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2001), East Azarbaijan (Farshbaf Pour-Abad et al. 2017),
Fars (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Razavi Khorasan (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998; Hassanzadeh Awal &
Modarres Awal 2010a).
General distribution. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran.
Plant associates. Populus sp. (Salicaceae) (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998), Fraxinus rotundifolia
(Oleaceae), Malus sp. (Rosaceae), Populus alba (Salicaceae), Prunus persicae (Rosaceae), Pyrus communis
(Rosaceae), Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009).
Subgenus Montandoniella Puton, 1888
Temnostethus (Montandoniella) dacicus (Puton, 1888)
Montandoniella dacica Puton, 1888: 256 (as new species); Ectemnus magnicornis Jakovlev, 1889: 344.
Distribution in Iran. Fars (Erfanfar & Ostovan 2005).
General distribution. Central Europe, south Russia, Ukraine, Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Iran.
Subgenus Temnostethus Fieber, 1860
Temnostethus (Temnos t e thus ) gracilis Horváth, 1907
Anthocoris lugubris Flor, 1860: 647 non Boheman, 1852; Temnostethus pusillus var. gracilis Horváth, 1907: 311; Temnostethus
gracilis Horváth (upgraded by Stichel, 1937).
Distribution in Iran. Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000).
General distribution. Euro Siberian, Canada.
Plant associates. Pirus malus, P. c om mu ni s, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus sp. (Rosaceae), Fraxinus sp.
(Oleaceae), Quercus sp., Fagus sp. (Fagaceae), Betula sp., Corylus sp. (Betulaceae), Acer sp. (Sapindaceae), Salix
sp., Populus sp. (Salicaceae), mosses, lichens (Péricart 1972).
Prey records. Chaitophorus populi Koch, 1854 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Psyllidae (Hemiptera) (Péricart
1972).
Biology. In this species there is an embryonic diapause and only 4 larval instars (Saulich & Musolin 2009). In
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Western Europe females of T. gracilis overwinter with empty ovarioles (so both adults and oviposited eggs
overwinter) (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Temnostethus (Temnos t e thus ) longirostris (Horváth, 1907)
Ectemnus longirostris Horváth, 1907: 310 (as new species).
Distribution in Iran. Fars (Erfanfar & Ostovan 2002, 2005).
General distribution. Central Europe, Iran.
Plant associates. Populus pyramidalis, P. nigra (Salicaceae), Corylus sp. (Betulaceae), (Rosaceae) (Péricart
1972).
Comments. Erfanfar & Ostovan (2002, 2005) collected some specimens of Temnostethus and recorded
Temnostethus sp. from Shiraz (Fars province), which after that were identified as Temnostethus dacicus and
Temnostethus longirostris (Ghahari et al. 2009a).
Tribe Oriini Carayon, 1958
Genus Orius Wolff, 1811
Subgenus Dimorphella Reuter, 1884
Orius (Dimorphella) agilis (Flor, 1860)
Anthocoris agilis Flor, 1860: 656 (as new species).
Distribution in Iran. Razavi Khorasan (Ghahari et al. 2004).
General distribution. Central Europe, Scandinavia, Russia (Siberia and Far East), Asian Kazakstan, Kirgizia,
Iran, Mongolia, Tajikistan, northern China.
Plant associates. Calamagrostis epigeios (Poaceae) (Péricart 1972).
Orius (Dimorphella) albidipennis (Reuter, 1884)
Triphleps albidipennis Reuter, 1884: 96 (as new species); Orius albipennis var. piceus Wagner, 1952: 52.
Distribution in Iran. Alborz (Madadi 1999; Erfanfar 2014), Ardabil (Ostovan 1998; Ghahari et al. 2011),
Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari (Dehghani 2010), East Azarbaijan (Ostovan 1998), Fars (Ale-Mansoor & Ahmadi 1993;
Modarres Awal 1997; Ostovan 1998; Ostovan & Niakan 2000; Erfanfar & Ostovan 2002; Ostovan & Mirhelli
2005; Ganji 2007; Falamarzi et al. 2009; Dehghani 2010; Farzaneh et al. 2010a, b, 2011; Ghahari et al. 2011;
Nemati & Pezhman 2014; Erfanfar 2014; Ostovan et al. 2015), Golestan (Ghahari & Ostovan 2006; Dehghani
2010; Ghahari et al. 2015), Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000; Erfanfar 2014), Hamadan (Dehghani 2010;
Javadi Khederi & Khanjani 2014), Hormozgan (Linnavuori 2004a; Dehghani 2010; Erfanfar 2014), Isfahan
(Modarres Awal 1997; Ostovan 1998; Ghahari & Hatami 2000; Razmjoo 2004; Rakhshani et al. 2010; Dehghani
2010; Razmjoo et al. 2011; Bagheri & Nasr Isfahani 2011; Razmjoo 2012; Erfanfar 2014), Kerman (Dehghani
2010; Erfanfar 2014), Khuzestan (Afshari et al. 2000; Rajabpour 2011; Rajabpour et al. 2012; Sepahvand et al.
2016), Kordestan (Javadi Khederi & Khanjani 2014), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad (Erfanfar 2014; Davari et al.
2015), Lorestan (Sepahvand et al. 2014, 2016), Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2008a, b, 2009c, 2011, 2015; Erfanfar
2014), Razavi Khorasan (Ostovan 1998; Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998; Haddad Sabzevar 2007; Dehghani
2010; Ghahari et al. 2011; Erfanfar 2014; Keykhosravi et al. 2016), Semnan (Niknam 2000; Kalaii et al. 2013;
Erfanfar 2014), Sistan & Baluchestan (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006; Dehghani 2010), Tehran (Ostovan 1998;
Dehghani 2010), West Azarbaijan (Ostovan 1998), Yazd (Dehghani 2010; Hassanzadeh et al. 2013, 2016; Zare
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Khormizi et al. 2013; Erfanfar 2014), Iran (no exact locality cited) (Ostovan 2004; Khanjani 2005; Erfanfar et al.
2014).
General distribution. Northern and Tropical Africa, Near East, Arabian Peninsula, Caucasus, Central Asia,
Spain, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Madeira, India, Pakistan.
Plant associates. Absinthe wormwood, fennel, lemon balm, marshmallow (Bagheri & Nasr Isfahani 2011),
alfalfa (Niknam 2000; Razmjoo 2004; Haddad Sabzevar 2007; Rakhshani et al. 2010; Farzaneh et al. 2010b, 2011;
Razmjoo et al. 2011; Hassanzadeh et al. 2013, 2016), almond, sorghum, ornamental flowers (Hassanzadeh et al.
2013), corn (Niknam 2000; Haddad Sabzevar 2007), cotton field (Niknam 2000; Ghahari et al. 2011), cucumber
(Ostovan 1998), onion (Ostovan 1998; Niknam 2000; Farzaneh et al. 2010b; Hassanzadeh et al. 2013), potato,
sesame, sugar beet, tomato (Niknam 2000; Salehi et al. 2016), rice fields (Ghahari et al. 2008a, b, 2009c),
sunflower (Niknam 2000; Haddad Sabzevar 2007; Hassanzadeh et al. 2013, 2016), wheat (Haddad Sabzevar 2007;
Farzaneh et al. 2011; Nemati & Pezhman 2014), Mentha longifolia (L.) (Lamiaceae), (Falamarzi et al. 2009;
Farzaneh et al. 2010b, 2011; Ostovan et al. 2015), Cardaria draba (Brassicaceae), Convolvulus arvensis
(Convolvulaceae), Coriandrum sativum (Apiaceae), Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae), Helianthus annus
(Asteraceae), Medicago sativa (Fabaceae), Myrtus communis (Myrtaceae), Plantago sp. (Plantaginaceae),
Polygonum aviculare (Polygonaceae), Rosa beggariana (Rosaceae), Spartium junceum (Fabaceae), Triticum
vulgare (Poaceae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Tagetes sp. (Asteraceae) (Ostovan et al. 2015), Rosa spp. (Rosaceae)
(Keykhosravi et al. 2016); Launaea cervicornis, Inula sericea (Asteraceae), Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) (Péricart
1972). In Canary islands it was collected on Launaea lanifera (Asteraceae) and Schizogyne sericea (Asteraceae), in
Saudi Arabia on Pulicaria arabica (Asteraceae) and Salsola oppositifolia (Amaranthaceae), in Yemen on
Polygonum senegalense (Polygonaceae) (Carapezza et al. 2014).
Prey records. Alfalfa aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Rakhshani et al. 2010), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius,
1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Ale-Mansoor & Ahmadi 1993; Modarres Awal 1997), Thrips tabaci (Lindeman,
1889) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Ostovan 1998, 2004; Ostovan & Mirhelli 2005; Khanjani 2005; Kosari et al.
2006a, b), whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess, 1880)
(Diptera: Agromyzidae) (Khanjani 2005), Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) (Khanjani 2005;
Kosari et al. 2006a, b; Eskandarlee et al. 2006a, b; Falamarzi et al. 2009; Hassanpour et al. 2010a), Anagasta
kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Hassanpour et al. 2008a, b), Helicoverpa armigera Hübner,
1809 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Hassanpour et al. 2008a, b, 2010a), Haplothrips reuteri (Karny, 1907)
(Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), Haplothrips tritici (Kurdjumov, 1912) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae),
Odontothrips sp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Retithrips syriacus (Mayet, 1890) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
(Falamarzi et al. 2009), Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphidide) (Yusefi Hazari 2014), Colomerus vitis
(Pagenstecher, 1857) (Acari: Eriophyidae) (Javadi Khederi & Khanjani 2014), Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus,
1758) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Keykhosravi et al. 2016), Tetrannychus turkestani (Ugarov & Nikolskii, 1937)
(Acari: Tetranychidae) (Hassanzadeh et al. 2016), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
(Salehi et al. 2016), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitsch, 1856) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Spodoptera litura Fabricius,
1775 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders, 1843) (Lepidoptera: Gelichiidae), Eryophyes
tlaiae Trabut, 1917 (Acari: Eriophiidae) (Péricart 1972).
Comments. Orius albidipennis does not enter to diapause under short day photophase, so it can be an efficient
predator of Thrips tabaci in greenhouses and fields (Ostovan 2006); while in winter most other species of
Anthocoridae (e.g. O. laevigatus) enter diapause due to the short day length and thrips population increases rapidly
(Sarmiento 2014). Biology and predation behaviour of Orius albidipennis was studied by Mirhelli et al. (2000),
Ostovan & Mirhelli (2005), Kosari et al. (2006a, b), Eskandarlee et al. (2006a, b), Hassanpour et al. (2008a, b,
2010a, b), Lotfi et al. (2013), Yusefi Hazari (2014) and Hassanzadeh et al. (2016) under laboratory condition. O.
albidipennis has been collected on undergrowth and by light traps (Carapezza et al. 2014).
Biology. In Russia, O. albidipennis overwinter at adult stage and become active again in late March though in
Uzbekistan they do not appear before April; in the same country there are up to 6 generations per year. In Israel
ovipositions continue until February (Saulich & Musolin 2009). In the south (Canary archipelago) the generations
develop without diapause (Saulich & Musolin 2009). Also attracted by light and intercepted by water pan traps and
Malaise traps (Carapezza et al. 2014).
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Orius (Dimorphella) maxidentex Ghauri, 1972
Distribution in Iran. Hormozgan (Erfanfar et al. 2010; Erfanfar 2014).
General distribution. Iran, UAE, India, Pakistan, Thailand, Sudan.
Plant associates. Althaea sp. (Malvaceae), Gaillardia grandiflora (Asteraceae), Ocimum basilicum
(Lamiaceae), Zinnia violacea (= Z. elegans) (Asteraceae) (Erfanfar et al. 2010). Eriobotrya japonica (Rosaceae),
Gossypum sp. (Malvaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Sorghum sp. (Poaceae) (Carapezza et al. 2014).
Prey records. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Stenorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae), Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood,
1919, Thrips palmi Karny, 1925, Halothrips tolerabilis Priesner, 1936, Florithrips traegardhi Trybom, 1911 (all
Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillet, 1898) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) (Carapezza et al.
2014).
Biology. There are only 4 nymphal instars in this species (Saulich & Musolin 2009). It was collected by light
traps and water pan traps (Carapezza et al. 2014).
Comments. In India and Thailand, O. maxidentex is tought to be of a great agricultural importance in
biological control programs (Carapezza et al. 2014).
Subgenus Heterorius Wagner, 1952
Orius (Heterorius) bulgaconus Ghauri, 1972
Distribution in Iran. Fars (Ostovan & Niakan 2000, Ostovan & Mirhelli 2005), Golestan, Isfahan (Ghahari et al.
2011), Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2008a, b, 2009c; Erfanfar 2014), Razavi Khorasan (Haddad Sabzevar 2007),
Semnan (Niknam 2000), West Azarbaijan (Erfanfar 2014), Iran (no exact locality cited) (Ostovan 2004; Erfanfar et
al. 2014, 2015).
General distribution. Iran, Pakistan.
Plant associates. Alfalfa, corn, sunflower, wheat (Haddad Sabzevar 2007), cotton field (Ghahari et al. 2011),
rice fields (Ghahari et al. 2008a, b, 2009c).
Orius (Heterorius) horvathi (Reuter, 1884)
Triphleps horvathi Reuter, 1884: 95 (as new species); Orius (Heterorius) ribauti Wagner, 1952: 45.
Distribution in Iran. Ardabil (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000), Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari (Esfandiari 2000;
Khajehali & Poorjavad 2015), Fars (Modarres Awal 1997; Ostovan & Niakan 2000; Erfanfar & Ostovan 2002;
Ostovan & Mirhelli 2005; Ganji 2007; Falamarzi et al. 2009; Farzaneh et al. 2010a, b, 2011; Erfanfar 2014;
Ostovan et al. 2015), Golestan (Ghahari et al. 2015), Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000), Isfahan (Ghahari et al.
2011), Kerman (Modarres Awal 1997; Razavi & Ahmadi 2016), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad (Abd-Rabou &
Ghahari 2006; Erfanfar 2014; Davari et al. 2015), Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2008a, b, 2009c), Northern
Khorasan (Malkeshi et al. 1998; Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998), Razavi Khorasan (Haddad Sabzevar 2007;
Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010a), Semnan (Niknam 2000; Galini et al. 2013), Yazd (Zare Khormizi et
al. 2013), Iran (no exact locality cited) (Ostovan 2004; Erfanfar et al. 2014, 2015).
General distribution. Euro Siberian, Caucasus and Near East (Jordan), not in Scandinavia and Great Britain.
Plant associates. Asteraceae and other herbaceous plants hilly meadows (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998),
Alfalfa (Niknam 2000; Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010a), corn (Haddad Sabzevar 2007), potato, tomato
(Niknam 2000), rice field (Ghahari et al. 2008a, b, 2009c), sunflower (Haddad Sabzevar 2007; Hassanzadeh Awal
& Modarres Awal 2010a), Zinnia sp. (Asteraceae) (Farzaneh et al. 2010b), Amygdalus communis (Rosaceae),
Crataegus sp. (Rosaceae), Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae), Medicago sativa (Fabaceae), Nerium oleander
(Apocynaceae), Plantago sp. (Plantaginaceae), Prunus persicae (Rosaceae), Rosa beggariana (Rosaceae), Salix
sp. (Salicaceae), Zea mays (Poaceae), Zizyphus spinachristi (Rhamnaceae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Acacia salicina
(Fabaceae), Mentha longifolia (Lamiaceae), Punica granatum (Punicaceae), Zinnia violacea (= Z. elegans Jacquin)
(Asteraceae) (Farzaneh et al. 2011), Absena velvetleaf (Malvaceae) (Ghahari et al. 2011), Mentha longifolia
(Lamiaceae) (Farzaneh et al. 2010b; Ostovan et al. 2015).
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Prey records. Aphids of pome fruit trees (Malkeshi et al. 1998), whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-
Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Asiphonella cynodonti (Das, B.C., 1918) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Modarres Awal 1997),
Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy, 1762), Sipha sp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Therioaphis maculata (Buckton, 1899)
(Hemiptera: Aphididae), Thrips meridionalis (Priesner, 1926) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009),
Tinocallis nevskyi Remaudiere, Qucdnau & Heie, 1988 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Khajehali & Poorjavad 2015),
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Razavi & Ahmadi 2016); Aphis pomi
(Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Péricart 1972).
Orius (Heterorius) laticollis discolor (Reuter, 1884)
Triphleps discolor Reuter, 1884: 110 (as new species); Orius (Heterorius) laticollis discolor Péricart, 1970: 107.
Distribution in Iran. Alborz (Babmorad et al. 2000), Fars (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini
2000), Isfahan (Jafary et al. 2002; Babmorad et al. 2016), Khuzestan (Sepahvand et al. 2016; Babmorad et al.
2016), Razavi Khorasan (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998; Babmorad et al. 2016), Iran (no exact locality cited)
(Erfanfar et al. 2014).
General distribution. Southernmost Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Caucasian region, Near East (Israel, Jordan),
Iran, central Asia (Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), the Maghreb; in Europe only in Spain.
Plant associates. Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998), Amygdalus communis
(Rosaceae), Fraxinus rotundifolia (Oleaceae), Populus alba (Salicaceae), Prunus persicae, Prunus sp. (Rosaceae),
Pyrus communis (Rosaceae), Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Populus euphratica (Salicaceae)
(Babmorad et al. 2016).
Prey records. Monosteria unicostata (Mulsant & Rey, 1852) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) (Babmorad et al. 2000;
Jafary et al. 2002), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy, 1762), Sipha sp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Monosteria inermis
Horváth, 1899 (Heteroptera: Tingidae), Psylla pyricola (Förster, 1848) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) (Falamarzi et al.
2009).
Orius (Heterorius) laticollis laticollis (Reuter, 1884)
Triphleps laticollis Reuter, 1884: 107 (as new species); Triphleps brevicollis Rey, 1888: 196; Triphleps bernardi Ribaut, 1937:
250; Orius (Heterorius) ossiannilssoni Wagner, 1952: 48.
Distribution in Iran. Fars (Erfanfar & Ostovan 2002; Ostovan et al. 2015), Iran (no exact locality cited) (Erfanfar
et al. 2014).
General distribution. Euro Siberian, doubtful in Syria (Péricart 1972).
Plant associates. Rosa sp. (Rosaceae) (Ostovan et al. 2015); Salix sp., Populus sp. (Salicaceae), Alnus sp.
(Betulaceae), Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), Sorbus sp. (Rosaceae), Artemisia sp. (Asteraceae) (Péricart 1972).
Orius (Heterorius) majusculus (Reuter, 1879)
Triphleps majusculus Reuter, 1879: 15 (as new species); Triphleps majusculus var. deficiens Ferrari, 1885: 414.
Distribution in Iran. Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000), Kermanshah (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006).
General distribution. Euro Siberian (rare in Scandinavia), known in Far Eastern Russia and Morocco.
Plant associates. Polygonum sp. (Polygonaceae), Phragmites sp. (Poaceae), Carex sp. (Cyperaceae) and many
herbs and schrubs (Péricart 1972).
Prey records. Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006); Phylloxerina salicis
(Hemiptera: Aphididae), Aphididae, eggs of Lepidoptera, Oligonychus alni (Acari: Tetranychidae), occasionally
phytophagous (Péricart 1972); it has been reported once that O. majusculus attacked and stung Man (Tamanini
1958).
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Orius (Heterorius) minutus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cimex minutus Linnaeus, 1758: 446 (as new species); Anthocoris fruticum Fallén, 1829: 68; Triphleps luteolus Fieber, 1860:
271; Triphleps minutus var. falleni Fieber, 1860: 271; Triphleps minutus var. vittata Fieber, 1860: 271; Triphleps minutus
var. apicalis Fieber, 1860: 271; Triphleps latus Fieber, 1861: 140; Triphleps minutus var. tibialis Reuter, 1901: 155.
Distribution in Iran. Alborz, East Azarbaijan, Tehran (Ostovan 1998), Fars (Modarres Awal 1997; Ostovan 1998;
Ostovan & Niakan 2000 (as O. minutus var. tibialis); Ostovan & Mirhelli 2005; Farzaneh et al. 2010a, b, 2011;
Ostovan et al. 2015), Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000; Erfanfar 2014), Hamadan (Modarres Awal 1997;
Mirab-Balou et al. 2007, 2008), Isfahan (Modarres Awal 1997; Ostovan 1998; Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006),
Kermanshah, Kordestan, Markazi, Tehran (Modarres Awal 1997), Lorestan (Sepahvand et al. 2014, 2016),
Mazandaran (Ghahari & Ostovan 2006; Ghahari et al. 2015), Northern Khorasan (Malkeshi et al. 1998), Razavi
Khorasan (Shojai et al. 1996; Modarres Awal 1997; Ostovan 1998; Abedi et al. 2015), Semnan (Modarres Awal
1997, Niknam 2000 (as O. minutus var. tibialis); Kalaii et al. 2013), West Azarbaijan (Mostaan 1993; Modarres
Awal 1997; Ostovan 1998; Erfanfar 2014), Iran (no exact locality cited) (Ostovan 2004 as O. minutus var. tibialis;
Khanjani 2005; Erfanfar et al. 2014, 2015).
General distribution. Palaearctic, in Scandinavia only in Sweden; has erroneously been quoted in America
(concern in fact O. vicinus).
Plant associates. Apple orchard (Shojai et al. 1996; Ostovan 1998), alfalfa field (Ostovan 1998; Mirab-Balou
et al. 2007, 2008; Abedi et al. 2015), corn, onion (Ostovan 1998), Mentha longifolia (Lamiaceae) (Farzaneh et al.
2010b), Fraxinus sp. (Oleaceae) (Ostovan et al. 2015); on numerous herbs, schrubs and trees (Péricart 1972).
Prey records. Panonychus ulmi (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae) (Mostaan 1993; Shojai et al. 1996;
Modarres Awal 1997), Aphids of pome fruit trees (Malkeshi et al. 1998), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari:
Tetranychidae) (Khanjani 2005), whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Lixus
incanescens Boheman, 1835 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Abedi et al. 2015); aphids, psyllids, jassids,
Thysanoptera, Acari, eggs of Heteroptera and Lepidoptera, partly phytophagous (Péricart 1972), thrips, psyllids,
aphids, plant bugs, leafhoppers (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Biology. In Poland, O. minutus appears in the first half of April (when apple trees blossom) and oviposition
takes place one month later. Two generations per year, the first appears at the end of June, the second at the
beginning of August but they overlap (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Orius (Heterorius) strigicollis (Poppius, 1915)
Triphleps strigicollis Poppius, 1909: 36 (as new species).
Distribution in Iran. East Azarbaijan (Ghahari et al. 2009a), Isfahan (Sakenin et al. 2011).
General distribution. Iran, Taiwan, China, Japan, Korea.
Comments: Although Aukema et al. (2013) stated that Iranian records need confirmation, but this species was
determined by R. Linnavuori for two times and the determination is correct certainly.
Orius (Heterorius) vicinus (Ribaut, 1923)
Triphleps vicinus Ribaut, 1923: 529 (as new species); Orius brevicollis Wagner, 1957: 33 non Rey, 1888.
Distribution in Iran. Fars (Erfanfar & Ostovan 2002, 2005; Falamarzi et al. 2009; Farzaneh et al. 2010a, b, 2011;
Ostovan et al. 2015), Golestan (Ghahari et al. 2011; Habibi Nokhandan et al. 2012), Guilan (Linnavuori &
Hosseini 2000; Erfanfar 2014), Isfahan (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Khuzestan (Sepahvand et al. 2016),
Lorestan (Sepahvand et al. 2014, 2016), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad (Davari et al. 2015), Mazandaran (Ghahari et
al. 2008a, 2009c, 2011), Northern Khorasan (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998), Razavi Khorasan (Linnavuori &
Modarres Awal 1998; Haddad Sabzevar 2007; Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010a; Erfanfar 2014), Tehran
(Esfandiari 2000), West Azarbaijan (Erfanfar 2014), Yazd (Hassanzadeh et al. 2013), Iran (no exact locality cited)
(Erfanfar et al. 2014).
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General distribution. Euro Siberian known in North America, doubtful in Algeria.
Plant associates. Alfalfa, corn, sunflower (Haddad Sabzevar 2007), almond (Hassanzadeh et al. 2013), cotton
field, Lavandula spica (Lamiaceae) (Ghahari et al. 2011), rice field (Ghahari et al. 2009c), Chenopodium sp.
(Amaranthaceae) (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998), Mentha sp. (Lamiaceae) (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal
1998; Farzaneh et al. 2010b), Zinnia sp. (Asteraceae) (Farzaneh et al. 2010b), Amygdalus communis (Rosaceae),
Prunus persicae (Rosaceae), Punica granatum (Punicaceae), Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Malus
domesticus Borkh (Rosaceae), Tag e t e s sp. (Asteraceae) (Ostovan et al. 2015); on many pome fruit trees (Prunus
sp., Malus sp.), trees, schrubs and herbs, Tili a sp. (Tiliaceae), Salix sp. (Salicaceae), Quercus sp. (Fagaceae),
Fraxinus sp. (Oleaceae), Hedera helix (Araliaceae), Chenopodium sp. (Chenopodiaceae), Mentha sp. (Lamiaceae),
Heracleum sp. (Apiaceae) (Péricart 1972).
Prey records. Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Hyalopterus pruni
(Geoffroy, 1762), Sipha sp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Aeolothrips sp. (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae), Frankliniella
tenuicornis (Uzel, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009); Eucallipterus tiliae (Hemiptera:
Aphididae), Panonychus ulmi, Eotetranychus tiliarum (Acari: Tetranichydae) (Péricart 1972).
Subgenus Microtrachelia Blote, 1929
Orius (Microtrachelia) retamae Noualhier, 1893
Triphleps retamae Noualhier, 1893: 14 (as new species); Microtrachelia dimorpha Blöte, 1929: 162.
Distribution in Iran. Fars (Farzaneh et al. 2009, 2010a, b, 2011; Erfanfar 2014), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad,
Semnan, Yazd (Erfanfar 2014), Iran (no exact locality cited) (Erfanfar et al. 2014, 2015).
General distribution. Canary Islands, Iran.
Plant associates. Acacia salicina (Fabaceae) (Farzaneh et al. 2009), Mentha longifolia (Lamiaceae) (Farzaneh
et al. 2010b); Adenocarpus viscosus, Cytisus proliferus, Spartocytisus nubigenus (Fabaceae) (Péricart 1972).
Biology. Two alary forms have been cited in ♂ and 3 in ♀ of this species (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Comments: O. retamae is an endemic species to Canary Islands and records from Iran probably are accidental
introductions (P. Moulet).
Subgenus Orius Wolff, 1811
Orius (Orius) laevigatus laevigatus (Fieber, 1860)
Triphleps laevigatus Fieber, 1860: 270 (as new species); Triphleps obscurus Douglas & Scott, 1865: 503 non Hahn, 1831;
Orius laevigatus cyprius Wagner, 1952: 35; Orius laevigatus inaequalis Wagner, 1952: 35; Orius (Heterorius) luridus
Wagner, 1954: 225.
Note. The names Triphleps niger var. rufitibia Rey, Triphleps peregrinus Reuter are nominis nuda.
Distribution in Iran. Ardabil, Guilan, Hormozgan, Mazanadaran (Erfanfar 2014), Fars (Ostovan & Niakan
2000; Erfanfar & Ostovan 2002; Ostovan & Mirhelli 2005; Falamarzi et al. 2009; Farzaneh et al. 2010a, b, 2011;
Erfanfar 2014; Ostovan et al. 2015), Golestan (Ghahari et al. 2011), Ilam (Mirab-Balou 2016), Khuzestan
(Sepahvand et al. 2016; Rajabpour 2011; Rajabpour et al. 2012), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad (Davari et al. 2015),
Lorestan (Sepahvand et al. 2014, 2016), Northern Khorasan (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998), Yazd
(Hassanzadeh et al. 2013; Zare Khormizi et al. 2013), Iran (no exact locality cited) (Ostovan 2004; Erfanfar et al.
2014).
General distribution. Central and Mediterranean Europe, north Africa, Near East, Caucasus, Central Asia,
Arabic peninsula (incl. Yemen); known in UAE and Pakistan.
Plant associates. Alfalfa (Farzaneh et al. 2010b; Hassanzadeh et al. 2013), cotton field (Ghahari et al. 2011),
sorghum, sunflower (Hassanzadeh et al. 2013), Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae), Glycyrrhiza glabra
(Fabaceae), Medicago sativa (Fabaceae), Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae), Rosa carnica (Rosaceae), Rubus sp.
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(Rosaceae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Acacia salicina (Fabaceae), Gaillardia grandiflora (Asteraceae), Medicago sp.
(Fabaceae), Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), Tage t e s sp. (Asteraceae) (Ostovan et al. 2015); on many herbs and schrubs,
Achillea sp. (Asteraceae), Ulex sp. (Fabaceae), Erica sp. (Ericaceae), Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae) (Péricart 1972);
also collected on Ficus (Moraceae), Lonicera (Caprifoliaceae), Lycium (Solanaceae), Withania (Solanaceae),
Rhamnus (Rhamnaceae), Spartium (Fabaceae) and Thymelea (Thymelaceae) (Carapezza et al. 2014).
Prey records. Haplothrips reuteri (Karny, 1907), (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), Tenothrips discolor
(Karny, 1907), Thrips tabaci Lindeman 1889 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Frankliniella
occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Gholami & Sadeghi 2016), Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel)
(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Mirab-Balou 2016); Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Metatetranychus
ulmi, Eotetranychus cucurbitaceorum (Acari: Tetranychidae), Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Péricart
1972).
Comments. The theoretical better life conditions for O. laevigatus laevigatus are at 26°C; the species has been
collected by light traps and, less frequently, in water pan traps (Carapezza et al. 2014).
Orius (Orius) niger niger (Wolff, 1811)
Salda nigra Wolff, 1811: 167 (as new species); Rhynarius obscurus Hahn, 1832: 110; Anthocoris compressicollis R.F.
Sahlberg, 1848: 77; Anthocoris crassicornis Perris, 1857: 161; Triphleps ullrichi Fieber, 1860: 270; Anthocoris neglectus
Garbiglietti, 1869: 122; Orius niger aegyptiacus Wagner, 1952: 33; Orius pallidulus Wagner, 1952: 30.
Distribution in Iran. Alborz (Ostovan 1998; Madadi 1999; Kosari et al. 2016a), Ardabil (Linnavuori & Hosseini
2000; Lotfalizadeh 2002; Fathi et al. 2012; Erfanfar 2014), Bushehr, Hormozgan, Qazvin (Erfanfar 2014), East
Azarbaijan (Modarres Awal 1987, 1997; Sadeghi et al. 2009; Farshbaf Pour-Abad et al. 2017), Fars (Ostovan 1998;
Ostovan & Niakan 2000; Erfanfar & Ostovan 2002 as O. n. aegyptiacus; Ostovan & Mirhelli 2005 as O. n.
aegyptiacus; Ganji 2007 as O. n. aegyptiacus; Falamarzi et al. 2009; Farzaneh et al. 2010a, b, 2011; Ghahari et al.
2011; Erfanfar 2014; Ostovan et al. 2015), Golestan (Afshari et al. 2005; Ghahari et al. 2011; Ghahari et al. 2015),
Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000; Hajizadeh & Hosseini 2004; Adeli et al. 2014; Erfanfar 2014), Hamadan
(Eghbalian et al. 2008; Javadi Khederi & Khanjani 2014), Ilam (Mirab-Balou 2016), Isfahan (Modarres Awal
1987, 1997; Ostovan 1998; Rakhshani et al. 2010; Ghahari et al. 2011; Erfanfar 2014), Kerman (Kiritshenko 1966,
as O. niger var. Ullrichi; Erfanfar 2014), Khuzestan (Sepahvand et al. 2016; Rajabpour 2011; Rajabpour et al.
2012), Kordestan (Javadi Khederi & Khanjani 2014), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad (Erfanfar 2014; Davari et al.
2015), Lorestan (Sepahvand et al. 2014, 2016), Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2008a, b, 2009c as O. n. aegyptiacus),
2011; Erfanfar 2014), Northern Khorasan (Malkeshi et al. 1998; Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998), Razavi
Khorasan (Ostovan 1998; Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998; Haddad Sabzevar 2007 as O. n. aegyptiacus;
Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010a; Ghahari et al. 2011; Erfanfar 2014; Abedi et al. 2015; Keykhosravi et
al. 2016), Semnan (Niknam 2000 as O. n. aegyptiacus; Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006; Ghahari et al. 2011; Kalaii et
al. 2013; Galini et al. 2013; Erfanfar 2014), Tehran (Ostovan 1998; Baniameri et al. 2006), West Azarbaijan
(Modarres Awal 1987, 1997; Erfanfar 2014), Yazd (Hassanzadeh et al. 2013; Zare Khormizi et al. 2013 as O. n.
Aegyptiacus; Erfanfar 2014), Iran (no exact locality cited) (Ostovan 2004 as O. n. aegyptiacus; Khanjani 2005;
Erfanfar et al. 2014).
General distribution. Palaearctic except the Farmost East of Russia, Northern China, Korea, Japan; the
mention from USA is not confirmed.
Plant associates. Alfalfa (Ostovan 1998; Niknam 2000; Haddad Sabzevar 2007; Saulich & Musolin 2009;
Rakhshani et al. 2010; Farzaneh et al. 2010b; Hassanzadeh et al. 2013; Abedi et al. 2015), corn (Ostovan 1998;
Niknam 2000; Haddad Sabzevar 2007; Kosari et al. 2016a), cotton, onion, pistachio, sugar beet, tomato, wulnut
(Niknam 2000), cucumber and ornamental plants (Ostovan 1998), lucerne, sainfoin (Modarres Awal 1997), potato
(Modarres Awal 1997; Niknam 2000; Fathi et al. 2012), sunflower (Niknam 2000; Haddad Sabzevar 2007;
Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010a; Hassanzadeh et al. 2013), Chrysanthemum frutescens (Compositae)
(Baniameri et al. 2006), Dahlia sp., Tagetes sp., Zinnia violacea (= Z. elegans) (Asteraceae) (Ostovan et al. 2015),
rice fields (Ghahari et al. 2008a, b, 2009c), cotton field, Euphorbia geniculata (Euphorbiaceae), Hibiscus
cannabinus (Malvaceae) (Ghahari et al. 2011), wheat (Haddad Sabzevar 2007), Convolvulus arvensis
(Convolvulaceae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009; Ghahari et al. 2011), Mentha longifolia (Falamarzi et al. 2009; Farzaneh
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et al. 2010b), Althaea sp. (Malvaceae), Caesalpinia gilliesii (Fabaceae), Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae),
Helianthus annus (Asteraceae), Lactuca serriola (Asteraceae), Malus sp. (Rosaceae), Medicago sativa (Fabaceae),
Mespilus germanica (Rosaceae), Myrtus communis (Myrtaceae), Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae), Pistacia vera
(Anacardiacae), Plantago sp. (Plantaginaceae), Polygonum aviculare (Polygonaceae), Punica granatum
(Punicaceae), Zea mays (Poaceae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Rosa spp. (Rosaceae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009;
Keykhosravi et al. 2016), Artemisia sp. (Asteraceae), Calluna sp. (Ericaceae), buckwheat (Poacaea), dill
(Asteraceae), clover (Fabaceae), mustard (Brassicaceae) (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Prey records. Aphids of pome fruit trees (Malkeshi et al. 1998), alfalfa aphids (Rakhshani et al. 2010), Aphis
gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Lotfalizadeh 2002; Afshari et al. 2005; Khanjani 2005), whiteflies
(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Bryobia rubriculus (Scheuten, 1857) (Acari:
Tetranychidae) (Eghbalian et al. 2008), Therioaphis maculata (Buckton, 1899) (Hemiptera: Aphididae),
Haplothrips reuteri (Karny, 1907), Haplothrips tritici (Kurdjumov, 1912) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae),
Odontothrips sp., Retithrips syriacus (Mayet, 1890), Tenothrips discolor (Karny, 1907) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
(Falamarzi et al. 2009), Psyllopsis fraxini (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) (Farzaneh et al. 2011), Thrips
tabaci (Lindeman, 1889) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Baniameri et al. 2005, 2006; Fathi et al. 2012; Ganji 2007 as
O. n. aegyptiacus), Eriophyidae mites (Acari) (Hajizadeh & Hosseini 2004), Aceria erineus (Nalepa) (Acari:
Eriophyidae) (Adeli et al. 2014), Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (Acari: Eriophyidae) (Javadi Khederi & Khanjani
2014), Lixus incanescens Boheman, 1835 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Abedi et al. 2015), Macrosiphum rosae
(Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Keykhosravi et al. 2016), Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari:
Tetranychidae) (Péricart 1972; Kosari et al. 2016a, b), Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
(Mirab-Balou 2016), eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) and larvae of Mamestra brassica (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Noctuidae), eggs of shield bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Frankliniella occidentalis
Pergande, 1895, F. intosa (Trybom, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Stephanitis pyri (Fabricius, 1775)
(Hemiptera: Tingidae) (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Comments. Biology and host preference of Orius niger were studied by Salehi et al. (2006) on Aphis gossypii,
Tetranychus urticae and Thrips tabaci in laboratory conditions, and by Ganji (2007 as O. niger aegyptiacus
Wagner) on the eggs of the flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, and corn pollen as food and supplement food,
respectivetly.
Biology. In Great Britain O. niger overwinters as adults and there are two generations per year, but it can have
more (up to 5 in European Russia and 7-8 in Tajikistan) (Saulich & Musolin 2009). In central Europe overwintered
adults appear at the end of April and oviposition takes place mid May, up to 3 generations per year can born; the
larval life is abour 12 days in summer, around 23 in autumn (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Orius (Orius) pallidicornis (Reuter, 1884)
Triphleps pallidicornis Reuter, 1884: 102 (as new species); Orius pallidicornis var. novaki Wagner, 1952: 41.
Distribution in Iran. Alborz (Ostovan 1998; Madadi 1999), Fars (Ostovan 1998; Erfanfar & Ostovan 2002;
Ostovan & Mirhelli 2005; Ganji 2007), Golestan (Ostovan 1998; Ghahari & Ostovan 2006), Isfahan (Ostovan
1998; Razmjoo 2004; Razmjoo et al. 2011; Razmjoo 2012), Khuzestan (Rajabpour 2011; Rajabpour et al. 2012;
Sepahvand et al. 2016), Lorestan (Sepahvand et al. 2014, 2016), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad (Davari et al. 2015),
Mazandaran (Ghahari & Ostovan 2006), Razavi Khorasan (Ostovan 1998), Semnan (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006),
Yazd (Hassanzadeh et al. 2013), Iran (no exact locality cited) (Ostovan 2004; Erfanfar et al. 2014, 2015).
General distribution. Circum Mediterranean extending to Iraq and Iran; not cited in European Turkey, the
records from central Europe (Hungary and Austria) are doubtful.
Plant associates. Alfalfa (Razmjoo 2004; Razmjoo et al. 2011; Hassanzadeh et al. 2013), cotton, soybean
(Ostovan 1998), sunflower (Hassanzadeh et al. 2013); Ecbalium elaterium (Cucurbitaceae) (Péricart 1972).
Prey records. Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006).
Note. O. pallidicornis is mainly phytophagous and feeds upon pollen of Ecbalium elaterium (Cucurbitaceae)
(Péricart 1972).
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Orius (Orius) perpunctatus (Reuter, 1884)
Distribution in Iran. Fars (Erfanfar & Ostovan 2002, 2005).
General distribution. Widespread in Neotropics (Carpintero 2002).
Comments. O. perpunctatus is a Neotropical species and so is an introduced species to Iran.
Subgenus Paraorius Yasunaga & Miyamoto, 1993
Orius (Paraorius) tantillus (Motschulsky, 1863)
Anthocoris tantillus Motschulsky, 1863: 89 (as new species); Triphleps australis China, 1926: 361; Orius niobe Herring, 1967:
399.
Distribution in Iran. Guilan (Sakenin et al. 2011), Kerman (Ghahari et al. 2009a).
General distribution. Iran, Japan, South east China; known in Australia and Oriental region.
Biology. Orius tantillus overwinters in active conditions (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Subfamily Scolopinae Carayon, 1954 (sensu Carapezza et al. 2014)
Tribe Xylocorini Carayon, 1972
Genus Xylocoris Dufour, 1831
Subgenus Arrostelus Kirkaldy, 1906
Xylocoris (Arrostelus) flavipes (Reuter, 1875)
Piezostethus flavipes Reuter, 1875: 65 (as new species); Triphleps (Dimorphella) frumenti Zacher, 1923: 236; Triphleps sinui
Narayanan & Chatterji, 1952: 164; Triphleps ramae Narayanan & Chatterji, 1953: 121; Xylocoris (Arrostelus) transversus
Wagner, 1954: 22.
Distribution in Iran. Hormozgan (Linnavuori 2004b), Khuzestan (Mohagery et al. 1998).
General distribution. North Africa (incl. Canary islands), Azores, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, UAE, Asian Turkey,
Iran, Iraq, South East China; Indian subcontinent, Java, Sumatra, USA, south America, tropical Africa; introduced
in Central and Western Europe.
Prey records. Xylocoris flavipes is well known to feed upon pests of stored grains, particularly Tribolium
castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) or Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Coleoptera: Silvanidae) (Carapezza et al. 2014).
Comments. It was shown that X. flavipes does not develop below 20°C and that it actives better around 32°C.
It is frequently collected by light traps (Carapezza et al. 2014).
Subgenus Proxylocoris Carayon, 1972
Xylocoris (Proxylocoris) confusus Carayon, 1972
Xylocoris (Proxylocoris) confusus Carayon, 1972: 598 (as new species).
Distribution in Iran. Bushehr (Linnavuori 2004a).
General distribution. Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, UAE, Mauritania, South East Africa.
Plant associates. On several herbs in gardens and steppes, Panicum turgidum (Poaceae) (Carapezza et al.
2014).
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Comments. X confusus is often attracted by lights and sometimes trapped by Malaise or water pan traps
(Carapezza et al. 2014).
Xylocoris (Proxylocoris) galactinus (Fieber, 1836)
Anthocoris galactinus Fieber, 1836: 107 (as new species); Xylocoris albipennis Herrich Schaeffer, 1850: 171; Piezostethus
flaccidus Van Duzee, 1914: 14; Scoloposcelis discalis Van Duzee, 1914: 15; Xylocoris deserti Villiers, 1956: 838;
Xylocoris palmi Gyllensvärd, 1968: 557.
Distribution in Iran. Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000).
General distribution. Euro Siberian, Caucasus, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Canada, USA.
Plant associates. On leaves or under barks of various trees (Péricart 1972); also in vegetable litter, manure
heaps, haystacks (Carapezza et al. 2014).
Prey records. Small arthropods (Saulich & Musolin 2009) particularly grains stored pests (Carapezza et al.
2014); Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Péricart 1972).
Biology. X. galactinus can overwinter both in natural and artificial conditions (Saulich & Musolin 2009).
Comments. The species is frequently attracted by light traps (Carapezza et al. 2014).
Subgenus Xylocoris Dufour, 1831
Xylocoris (Xylocoris) ciliatus (Jakovlev, 1877)
Piezostethus ciliatus Jakovlev, 1877: 300 (as new species).
Material examined. Ardabil province, Bile-Savar, 39º37'N 48º32'E, 1♀, 1♂, 22.ix.2011, det. R. Linnavuori. New
record for the fauna of Iran.
General distribution. Central Asia, Russia (west of Ural monts), Iran, Kazakstan, Armenia.
Xylocoris (Xylocoris) cursitans (Fallén, 1807)
Lygaeus cursitans Fallén, 1807: 74 (as new species); Xylocoris rufipennis Dufour, 1833: 104; Lyctocoris corticalis Hahn, 1836:
21; Xylocoris bicolor Scholtz, 1847: 116; Xylocoris latior Mulsant & Rey, 1852: 106; Xylocoris rogeri Baerensprung,
1858: 196.
Distribution in Iran. Iran (no exact locality cited) (Péricart 1996; Zinovjeva 2014).
General distribution. Palaearctic, North America.
Plant associates. Quercus sp., Fagus sp. (Fagaceae), Fraxinus sp. (Oleaceae), Populus sp. (Salicaceae), Pinus
sp. (Pinaceae) (maily on dead or dying trees), Plantago cynops (Plantaginaceae) (Péricart 1972).
Prey records. Springtails sp. (Collembola), Thrips sp. (Thysanoptera), larvae of Ips typographus (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae), Lyctus crenatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), Rhizophagus sp. (Coleoptera: Monotomidae) (Péricart
1972).
Biology. Both adults and larvae are found under barks of decomposing trees in Great Britain (Saulich &
Musolin 2009).
Xylocoris (Xylocoris) obliquus A. Costa, 1853
Xylocoris obliquus A. Costa, 1853: 29 (as new species); Piezostethus signatus Jakovlev, 1879: 148; Piezostethus obliquus var.
orientalis Reuter, 1884: 42; Xylocoris heluanensis Wagner, 1961: 301.
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Distribution in Iran. "S Persia" (southern Iran) (Reuter 1884), Kerman (Seidenstücker 1958, as X. obliquus
orientalis).
General distribution. Mediterranean basin, Near East, Caucasus, Central Asia.
Tribe Cardiastethini Carayon, 1972
Genus Amphiareus Distant, 1904
Amphiareus obscuriceps (Poppius, 1909)
Cardiastethus obscuriceps Poppius, 1909: 19 (as new species).
Distribution in Iran. Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000), Razavi Khorasan (Linnavuori & Modarres Awal
1998), Iran (no exact locality cited) (Péricart 1996).
General distribution. This species is widely distributed in Palaearctic part of Asia (Georgia, Iran, Asian part
of Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Hungary, Taiwan, Italy, Korea, Japan and Far East of
Russia), Nepal (Kment & Bryja 2001).
Genus Buchananiella Reuter, 1884
Buchananiella continua (White, 1880)
Cardiastethus continuus White, 1880: 143 (as new species).
Distribution in Iran. Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2009a).
General distribution. Euro Mediterranean, Belgium, Great Britain, Azores, Madeira, Asian Turkey, Israel,
Iran, tropical Africa, Tropical Asia, USA, Hawai; former records from Australia are erroneous.
Buchananiella pseudococci pseudococci (Wagner, 1951)
Cardiastethus pseudococci Wagner, 1951: 143 (as new species); Cardiastethus pseudococci pseudococci Carayon, 1957: 176;
Buchananiella pseudococci pseudococci Ghahari et al. 2009: 50.
Distribution in Iran. Bushehr (Linnavuori 2004a).
General distribution. Egypt, Iran, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Reunion Island, UAE (Carapezza et al.
2014).
Plant associates. On several shrubs and trees (e.g. mango tree) infested with Acarina, sugar-cane (Carapezza
et al. 2014).
Prey records. Buchananiella pseudococci pseudococci was observed feeding upon several acarina,
Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell, 1895) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (Carapezza et al. 2014).
Comments. The species is attracted by light traps and in Madagascar it has been collected in the nests of
Ploceus and Quelea (Aves: Passeriformes: Ploceidae) (Carapezza et al. 2014).
Genus Cardiastethus Fieber, 1860
Cardiastethus fasciiventris (Garbiglietti, 1869)
Anthocoris testaceus Perris, 1857: 161 non Mulsant & Rey, 1852; Triphleps fasciiventris Garbiglietti, 1869: 123 (as new
species).
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Distribution in Iran. Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2009a).
New materials. Golestan National Park (northern Iran), 1♀, 1♂, 6.vi.2011, leg. H. Sakenin (R. Linnavuori
coll.).
General distribution. Western Europe, Maghreb, Egypt.
Plant associates. Pinus sp., Picea sp. (Pinaceae), Abies sp. (Pinaceae), Sarothamnus sp. (Fabaceae), Malus sp.,
Crataegus sp. (Rosaceae), Hedera sp. (Araliaceae), Ta m a r i x sp. (Tamaricaceae), Rutaceaea sp., Quercus suber
(Fagaceae), Pistacia sp. (Anacardiaceae), Argania sp. (Sapotaceae), Phillyrea sp. (Oleaceae) (Péricart 1972).
Comments: According to Aukema et al. (2013) the Iranian record of C. fasciiventris is doubtful, but its
presence in Iran is confirmed in this paper upon redetermining the specimens by R. Linnavuori from Golestan
province.
Cardiastethus nazarenus Reuter, 1884
Cardiastethus nazarenus Reuter, 1884: 135 (as new species).
Distribution in Iran. Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000), Mazandaran (Heiss 2002).
General distribution. Mediterranean basin, Caary Islands, Cauvcasus (Asian Turkey, Georgia), Israel, Jordan,
Iran.
Plant associates. Rutaceae, Acacia sp. (Mimosaceae), Morus alba (Moraceae), Laurus sp. (Lauraceae)
(Péricart 1972).
Subfamily Lyctocorinae Reuter, 1884
Genus Lyctocoris Hahn, 1836
Subgenus Lyctocoris Hahn, 1836
Lyctocoris (Lyctocoris) campestris (Fabricius, 1794)
Acanthia campestris Fabricius, 1794: 75 (as new species); Cimex pallidus Rossi, 1794: 55; Lygaeus arvicola Latreille, 1804:
220; Phytocoris pallens Fallén, 1829: 103; Cimex domesticus Schilling, 1834: 738; Xylocoris americanus Dallas, 1852:
589; Xylocoris (Lyctocoris) distinguendus Flor, 1860: 666; Cardiastethus currax Garbiglietti, 1869: 123; Lyctocoris fitchii
Reuter, 1871: 557; Xylocoris latus Walker, 1872: 159; Nesidiocheilus hawaiiensis Kirkaldy, 1902: 127; Lyctocoris
campestris var. poppiusi Kiritshenko, 1918: 127.
Distribution in Iran. Khuzestan (Modarres Awal 1997), Tehran (Lindeberg 1938).
General distribution. Euro Siberian, Near and Middle East; introduced elsewhere (probably cosmopolitan but
not yet found in Far East (Japan, Korea, Far East Russia) and China).
Prey records. Larvae of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera (Modarres Awal 1997), nymphs of Anthocoris sp.
(Heteroptera), Psocoptera, Acari (Péricart 1972).
Biology. Lyctocoris campestris, a blood-sucker, can overwinter in grain storages, agricultural buildings, nests
of birds or mammals (Saulich & Musolin 2009). The development is continuous all the year round (homodynamic
seasonal cycle) (Saulich & Musolin 2009). In Great Britain there are up to 3 generations per year (Saulich &
Musolin 2009).
Discussion
The results of this catalogue indicate that a rich fauna of anthocorids was documented in Iran. Upon the different
literature on Iranian Anthocoridae (see references), among the 51 recorded species and subspecies, Orius niger
niger and Orius albidipennis are dominant species which are distributed in most regions of Iran (24 and 22
provinces, respectively). Among the 15 recorded species of Anthocoris, A. nemorum and A. pilosus with 16 and 14
recorded collecting regions respectively, are the most frequently found species. A combination of studies
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FIGURE 2. Species diversity of genera of Iranian Anthocoridae.
FIGURE 3. Number of reported species of Iranian Anthocoridae by province.
(including DNA barcoding, current ecological niches and the impact of global warming on future distribution
patterns) of anthocorids was investigated in 23 climates of Iran by Erfanfar (2014); in the mentioned research,
Orius niger and Anthocoris minki were found in 90.9% and 77.7% different climates, respectively. Also, Erfanfar
et al. (2012) reported that A. minki is distributed in all sampled areas by GIS and Maximum Entropy. Additionally
among the different Iranian agricultural ecosystems where were sampled, cotton fields have higher species
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diversity. In the cotton fields of Greece, O. niger is the most abundant of the 7 representatives of the genus
(Lukouressis & Perdikis 1997).
Among the 10 genera of Iranian Anthocoridae, Orius and Anthocoris with 17 and 15 species respectively, are
more diverse than the other genera (Fig. 2). Iran comprises 31 provinces and the anthocorids have been collected
from 29 provinces so far, which among them Fars, Mazandaran, Guilan and Razavi Khorasan provinces with 23,
21, 18 and 17 records respectively, have the highest diversity (Fig. 3). These results are biased towards the more
sampled provinces. No species has been so far recorded from Southern Khorasan and Qom provinces because no
sampling has so far been conducted in these areas.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Dr. R. Linnavuori (Finland) for identification of specimens, D. Horton (USA) for
editing the manuscript and P. Kment (Czech Republic) for providing of several papers. The research was supported
by Young Researchers and Elites Club (Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University), Shiraz Islamic
Azad University, and Museum Requien.
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