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Participatory mapping to elicit cultural coastal values for Marine Spatial Planning in a remote archipelago
Abstract
As Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is taking off world-wide as a holistic approach to marine management, there has been a growing need for the inclusion of socio-economic factors in this process. Yet, producing spatial data for cultural values, in particular, remain a challenge because these values are abstract and difficult to extract and quantify. Here, we demonstrate a simple repeatable manual technique for mapping cultural coastal values using in-person interviews and Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) techniques. With 47 participants in the Falkland Islands labelling 745areas of cultural coastal value, this technique gave rise to the identification of cultural coastal value hotspots across the islands in four categories: Natural Beauty, Recreation, Sense of Place and Cultural History. The locations of values were not affected by their distance to a settlement, nor were participants particularly likely to select areas close to their home. The resulting maps of coastal cultural values have been incorporated in the MSP framework and webGIS for the Falkland Islands, allowing for the integration of these social factors in the decision making processes.
... As expected, due to the focus of the search, 80% of the articles explicitly emphasized CES, whilst 20% assessed CES along with other categories of ES [56,[60][61][62]. The ecosystems assessed were as follows: 42% purely coastal [63], 38% coastal and marine [44,64], and 20% purely marine ones [65][66][67] (Figure 5). Most of the papers (70%) had either a local (36%) or a regional (32%) scope, and only 18% had a national scope (located mainly in Europe and in Asia). ...
... As expected, due to the focus of the search, 80% of the articles explicitly emphasized CES, whilst 20% assessed CES along with other categories of ES [56,[60][61][62]. The ecosystems assessed were as follows: 42% purely coastal [63], 38% coastal and marine [44,64], and 20% purely marine ones [65][66][67] (Figure 5). ...
... As expected, due to the focus of the search, 80% of the articles explicitly emphasized CES, whilst 20% assessed CES along with other categories of ES [56,[60][61][62]. The ecosystems assessed were as follows: 42% purely coastal [63], 38% coastal and marine [44,64], and 20% purely marine ones [65][66][67] (Figure 5). A high percentage of the papers examined (76%) utilized another focus than MSP, such as "natural resources management", "management of MPAs", "vulnerability and risk assessment", or "ecosystem services" in general. ...
Socio-cultural dimensions and values in maritime spatial planning (MSP) are gaining momentum worldwide and especially in the European Union (EU), since it is acknowledged that they are the “missing layer” of maritime spatial plans (MSPlans). These values are partly explored through cultural ecosystem services (CES). Coastal and marine CES refer to the benefits that humans
derive from the coastal and marine environments in recreational, artistic, spiritual, and educational terms. They reflect the ways in which coastal and marine ecosystems contribute to human well-being, cultural identity, and interactions with nature. The research question is how to map and assess coastal/marine ecosystem services and to integrate them in the MSPlans. Thus, this systematic review sheds light on methodological and technical issues with CES mapping and assessment and provides guidance on how to incorporate CES in MSP for future research. Publications dealing with the spatial aspects of CES were examined with an extra focus on participatory mapping approaches. Initially, 199 articles were identified, and 50 articles were ultimately eligible for the analysis. Papers were concentrated in the European Atlantic, whilst their scope was either local or regional. A large number of articles consider the contribution of CES to efficient marine management rather than to achieving an integrated and coordinated MSP. Social and mixed mapping approaches were met with the most often, especially participatory mapping approaches. Also, non-monetary valuation was prevailing, and a multitude of techniques, tools, and statistical software were used. In most of the cases, the distribution of values in relation to environmental, socio-economic, and demographic factors was examined. This article concludes that an effective integration of CES into MSP is crucial for creating prospects of a more sustainable and inclusive approach to coastal/marine planning and for the well-being of ecosystems and communities both currently and for future generations. This
knowledge should become “property” of the maritime spatial planners.
... As expected, due to the focus of the search, 78% of the articles are explicitly emphasizing CES, while the other 22% assesses CES along with other categories of ES [55,59,60,61]. The ecosystems assessed, were: 47% purely coastal [62], 33% coastal and marine [43,63] and 20% purely marine ones [64,65,66], (Figure 4). ...
... In most papers using PGIS, participants identified either predefined ES directly [8,63] or labeled these areas through attributing codes of values [58]. There were also papers where the locations were predefined [53]. ...
... Among other, participants were asked to identify places of value [58], their favorite places [63], areas of ES provision [76], tangible and intangible ecosystem benefits and services and areas associated with bequest values [60], interesting special features or features that should be conserved [25], threats [76] or areas that are threatened [23] or to map activities they had performed [77]. ...
Μapping of marine ecosystem services is a precondition for their subsequent assessment, so as to prepare economically, environmentally, societally and culturally relevant plans for the exploitation of coastal/marine resources, i.e., maritime spatial plans. Specifically, socio-cultural dimensions and values in MSP are gaining momentum worldwide and especially in the EU, since it is acknowledged that they are the “missing layer” of maritime spatial plans. These values are partly explored, especially through Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES), the latter being the non-material benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems. Since there are several limitations in assessing CES and their value, the aim of this paper is to review the spectrum of endeavors that include methods, techniques and tools used for mapping and assessing coastal and marine Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES), to inform MSP processes. The effective integration of CES into MSP creates prospects of a more sustainable and inclusive approach to coastal and marine management, guaranteeing the well-being of ecosystems and communities for the current and the future generations.
... On the other hand, landscape aesthetics CES form an under-discussed part of ecosystem assessments despite their entanglement in broader environmental management (Dronova, 2019), and literature highlighting their importance as early as the 1960s (Linton, 1968). Aesthetic CES have been equated to terms such as "natural beauty" (Blake et al., 2017), "psychological benefit encounters with ecosystems" (Cooper et al., 2016) and "aesthetic appreciation" (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). ...
... To group participants based on the location of CES; digitized lines, which were the data product for the location of coastal CES, were buffered out to 500 m, which is the distance participants had been asked to consider by Blake et al. (2017), to create polygons. From these polygons, the pairwise dissimilarity between any two individuals was calculated by the intersecting the overlapping area for participants in ArcMap 10.5 (Esri, 2017). ...
... During the study by Blake et al. (2017), 34 participants marked areas on their maps of recreational importance and 47 participants marked areas of aesthetic importance. When the spatial overlap between participants was compared, a total of three statistical groups were found for recreational values and a total of five statistical groups were found for aesthetic values. ...
People of remote oceanic islands show a clear connection to their natural environment. Our study provides a case study example of how the location of coastal Cultural Ecosystem Services in small islands can be analysed, providing useful information to managers and conservationists alike. Using a series of analyses, we here show how groups of people place Cultural Ecosystem Services in different places driven by their socio-demographic identity and the environment that surrounds them. We found that a range of different socio-demographic factors affects the grouping of people and that both natural and anthropogenic infrastructure environments affect the location of recreational and aesthetic services. For recreation and aesthetic services, we found that a range of environmental features, including the travel distance and accessibility, habitat types, biodiversity indicators and proximity to Invasive Species impacted the location of these coastal services. As a result, our demographic identity can identify places where services are located.
... Similar to other PPGIS studies (Blake et al., 2017;Klain and Chan, 2012), beautiful landscape/landmark; recreation activities; and culture, history, heritage were the most frequently recorded types of values. Our analysis demonstrated that mapped landscape values are spatially clustered (with NN ratios being similar to other PPGIS exercises, e.g., Fagerholm et al., 2016). ...
... Many PPGIS studies found that people generally identify valuable places close to their homes and those that they dislike further away, a phenomenon called "geographic discounting" (Brown and Kyttä, 2014). Our data show exactly the opposite, and the same trend was found in the Falkland Islands (Blake et al., 2017). We conclude that, in remote island settingsespecially when islands form an own nationlandscape values are not limited to a particular community, but people identify themselves comprehensively with the values of the whole archipelago. ...
... Our approach built on previous studies that used participatory mapping to elicit cultural values of marine protected areas (Strickland-Munro et al., 2016), coastlines (Brown and Hausner, 2017;Klain and Chan, 2012;Ruiz-Frau et al., 2013), and remote islands (Blake et al., 2017). In this study, we entered new ground in two directions by a) broadening elicitation of landscape values toward inclusion of development preferences and b) adding narratives to our PPGIS mapping (c.f. ...
... Another strand of discernible inquiry emerging in the MSP literature, related to social sustainability, is how to include socio-cultural values and benefits in MSP. Much of the work in MSP (and on natural resource more generally) on socio-cultural aspects has been in the cultural ecosystem services research vein, deriving and spawning from approaches and issues mapped out in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) (Guerry et al. 2012;Ansong et al. 2017;Blake et al. 2017). These writings tend to conceive cultural values and related benefits as non-material values (delivering intangible benefits) placed on marine environments that tend to generate a sense of place and identity (perhaps realized as interests) . ...
... Problems that have been confronted in MSP in including cultural values and benefits have to do with the ambiguously broad range of elements captured by the category (ranging from education benefits, seascape aesthetics to spiritual benefits), some of which would seem to contradict the non-material (interpreted as non-economic) category that all socio-cultural benefits tend to be lumped into. How to give spatial expression, and relatedly value, to these widely differentiated experiences of human-nature interaction has proved difficult and to some degree contentious and are confronted with a myriad of conceptual and methdological problems, that is, the values are abstract, intangible and difficult to quantify (Blake et al. 2017). While commentators such as Small et al. (2017) propose that changing the referent from cultural ecosystem services to the more descriptive, 'non-material ecosystem services' would provide a more accurate label about what is meant, it does not resolve the deeper critiques and problems that have plagued the cultural ecosystems services approach. ...
... One approach that may have merit in a spatialized planning context, such as MSP (particularly in coastal contexts) is participatory mapping (using deliberative interaction) which would support spatial consideration of often specific and localized knowledge and values not suited to the more abstract monetary evaluation approaches (cf. Kenter 2016; Blake et al. 2017). As an added value, such knowledge will ultimately increase our understanding of ecological processes, which is a significant problem in MSP. ...
While there is growing critique emerging to address social sustainability in marine/maritime spatial planning (MSP), overwhelmingly attention has been on governance, economic and environmental aspects. This chapter redresses this by proposing a conceptual framework to elucidate key features of social sustainability in MSP. The ambition is to both note the existing critique of MSP and go beyond it by more clearly and comprehensively articulating how social sustainability could be conceived in MSP, as well as how this framework could be applied to analyse MSP practice. Key features of social sustainability elaborated are: deepening democratic decision-making, inclusion of socio-cultural values and knowledge, equitable distribution and social cohesion. Finally, the chapter concludes by nominating strategies to give greater visibility to social sustainability as a key MSP concern.
... Successful engagement of stakeholders is a critical factor that shows that the values and interests of all interested parties are considered in the development of MSplans for UCH. • Participatory mapping is a process in which community members provide their own knowledge and experience about a place to build a map [15,30]. It is a tool used to engage stakeholders in the MSP process. ...
... As already mentioned in the Introduction, Blake et al. [15] used a mixed-method design to produce spatial data about cultural coastal values and their spatial dynamics in MSP. Interestingly, areas of high cultural coastal value in relation to the Falkland Islands were defined across four relevant categories as eligible hotspots for integration into the decision-making process. ...
Understanding aspects of maritime/underwater cultural heritage (MUCH) and the associated cultural values and integrating them into maritime spatial planning (MSP) processes is a new global challenge alongside the rapid increase in human activities at sea and climate change impacts on the seas and the oceans. This article highlights the significance of cultural values in shaping human interactions with marine environments and how MSP can address the cultural dimensions of marine resources management. The key research question addresses the prerequisites and methods for a better incorporation of MUCH in the MSP processes. This review revealed a diversity of literature addressing the inclusion of MUCH in (a) coastal and marine management but also in (b) marine/maritime spatial planning (346 articles from the Scopus database). In the first case, there is a strong focus on cultural ecosystem services (CES) and cultural values, the role of indigenous and local communities, the transfer of traditional ecological knowledge, and participatory approaches and tools. As for the latter, this review demonstrated quite a lot of relatively recent MSP endeavors that seem to be influenced by the above approaches identified in the coastal and marine management literature. This article concludes that for MSPlans to be innovative and mainly acceptable by local communities, the “missing layer” of socio-cultural values and data is indispensable. Furthermore, a collaborative MSP between governments and regional/provincial authorities may boost sustainable blue activities while preserving ecological and cultural values.
... Our web-mapping survey provided numerous spatial and textual data, compared to qualitative approaches, based on semi-structured interviews (e.g., respectively 47, 28 and 30 participants; Blake et al., 2017;Cottet et al., 2023;Klain & Chan, 2012) or workshops (e.g., 122 participants; Lowery & Morse, 2013). Counter-examples exist but require substantial financial and human resources (Fagerholm et al., 2019;Kafas et al., 2017). ...
... According to Haywood (2014), place attachment is an influencing factor in determining inhabitants' motivation and involvement in participatory programs. Other surveys conducted in insular contexts (Blake et al., 2017;Plieninger et al., 2018) also resulted in high participation rates. The reasons for greater adherence to participatory approaches in insular contexts may be related to place attachment, and need further investigation. ...
... Several studies have attempted to map environmental perceptions and place attachment spatially to understand their distribution over space and to determine the reasons for their spatial disparities (e.g., [8,13,19,29]). Most of these studies have asserted that people tend on the one hand to stay close to what they like and other people they relate to, and on the other hand to be distant from areas that are hostile or those that do not relate to their worldviews. ...
... The present study aimed to bring a new understanding to human-nature relations through mapping the spatial arrangements of environmental perceptions and place attachment at a small administrative unit for socio-economically heterogenous cities in Gauteng province, South Afirca. Previous studies that have mapped human-nature relations have been at a much coarser spatial levels like national parks [8,11], and have been applied to specific land use purposes such as tourism [46]. It is hypothesised that higher levels of environmental perceptions and place attachment are positively related to place satisfaction, with greater affluence being perceived to lead to positive environmental perceptions and increased attachment to place. ...
There is limited consensus among researchers on whether the spatial distribution of environmental perceptions and place attachment is influenced by socio-economic factors. This study aimed to determine if environmental perceptions and place attachment concepts in our study area (within Gauteng province, South Africa) showed specific spatial patterns. Hot spot, cluster-outlier analysis, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) were used to depict the spatial patterns of environmental perceptions and place attachment. Results showed a pattern where the central, generally affluent wards of the province hold more positive environmental perceptions and place attachment than those in the periphery. This is in line with dependency and other models that associate lower socio-economic status with lower levels of environmental awareness but is incongruent with other findings that have associated lower socio-economic status with pro-environmental behaviour being more prominent. Geographically weighted regression results revealed the combined importance of numbers of people with above-average income, college-level education, age below 50 years, female proportion, formal dwelling residence and African race in explaining the numbers of people with positive views on place attachment and environmental perceptions. Further, the GWR modelling allowed for the spatial dependence of the relationship between place attachment and environmental perceptions on the one hand and socio-economic factors on the other. These results have significant implications for environmental sustainability, planning and policy formulation in the province.
... -La valoración plural ofrece herramientas para capturar valores socioculturales [31,32] intangibles, difíciles de apreciar o contabilizar [28,31,32,34,[38][39][40][41][42]. La valoración del paisaje cultural es una metodología que puede ayudar a hacer visibles los valores socioculturales a través del estudio del sentido del lugar, asociado al significado que tienen los lugares para las personas [7,8,32,34,43]. ...
... ej. ideas, recuerdos y belleza) de su cultura y surgen de sus relaciones con la naturaleza, y son a veces son poco visibles y difíciles de contabilizar [34,36,43] . ...
Este Reporte ofrece información sobre lugares valorados por su importancia sociocultural en la zona costera de La Huerta, Jalisco, desde la perspectiva de líderes locales. Se identificaron diversos lugares en la zona costera con importancia sociocultural en tres categorías vinculadas entre sí, asociadas al bienestar de la región: importancia para el sustento económico local, importancia para la naturaleza e importancia simbólica, tanto en el presente como para el futuro. En el presente, los lugares más importantes para el sustento económico son las playas por el turismo y la pesca; los más importantes para la naturaleza son las áreas de conservación y los ríos por sus vínculos con la biodiversidad, el suministro de agua dulce y el sustento de la vida; y, los lugares con mayor importancia simbólica se concentran en playas, ríos y comunidades locales por las conexiones emocionales (p. ej. recuerdos, identidad, relaciones sociales) que resultan de las experiencias y la convivencia social en la región. Hacia el futuro, los líderes prevén el incremento de la importancia económica de las playas por la expansión de actividad turística en la región; que el agua se convierta en el elemento natural más valioso y que la reserva de la biosfera sea aún más importante para la naturaleza por la disminución de la biodiversidad en el resto de la región; y, que el acceso público a las playas sea la principal razón de la importancia simbólica de las playas que han sido objeto de conflicto. Este estudio aporta información sobre un amplio abanico de valores socioculturales compartidos en la Zona Costera de La Huerta y sienta bases para acciones conjuntas entre líderes locales hacia su Gestión Integral.
... -La valoración plural ofrece herramientas para capturar valores socioculturales [31,32] intangibles, difíciles de apreciar o contabilizar [28,31,32,34,[38][39][40][41][42]. La valoración del paisaje cultural es una metodología que puede ayudar a hacer visibles los valores socioculturales a través del estudio del sentido del lugar, asociado al significado que tienen los lugares para las personas [7,8,32,34,43]. ...
... ej. ideas, recuerdos y belleza) de su cultura y surgen de sus relaciones con la naturaleza, y son a veces son poco visibles y difíciles de contabilizar [34,36,43] . ...
... It further permits the quantitative ranking of value types in terms of their importance to the surveyed population or for specific subgroups (Sherrouse et al., 2011). PPGIS can help to understand differences in how various stakeholder groups perceive value provided by marine and coastal ecosystems, potential conflicts, and planning strategies that may resolve these conflicts Blake et al., 2017;Munro et al., 2017). However, PPGIS can be costly and time-consuming to implement and can miss socially important fine-scale landscape features such as photogenic rocks or vegetation that are not apparent in GIS data (Brown and Fagerholm 2015;. ...
... Various PPGIS tools, including SolVES, have been applied to understand social values in coastal regions and to assist in coastal planning-most frequently in Australia, Europe, and North America but with examples from around the world. PPGIS has been used to inform marine spatial planning (Ruiz-Frau et al., 2011;Brown et al., 2016;Blake et al., 2017;Kobryn et al., 2017), including environmental health (Jarvis et al., 2015), marine protected zone management tradeoffs (Bas Ventín et al., 2015), and coastal protected area management (van Riper et al., 2012(van Riper et al., , 2017van Riper and Kyle 2014). PPGIS has informed identification and prioritization of coastal areas vulnerable to sea-level rise, such as along the U.S. Gulf Coast (Morse et al., 2020). ...
Managing public lands to maximize societal benefits requires spatially explicit understanding of societal valuation, and public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) are increasingly used in coastal settings to accomplish this task. Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES), a PPGIS tool that systematizes the mapping and modeling of social values and cultural ecosystem services, is promising for use in coastal settings but has seen relatively limited applications relative to other PPGIS approaches; it has also, to our knowledge, not yet been applied in a barrier island setting. In this study, we surveyed two visitor groups and residents living near Cape Lookout National Seashore (North Carolina, USA) to understand their social values in the context of the park's management needs. We developed social-value models to evaluate differences between three user groups (fall visitors, summer visitors, and residents) and to evaluate how respondents' experiences, attitudes, and recreational activities influence the locations they value and their most strongly held value types, which included aesthetic, recreation, biodiversity, future, therapeutic, and historic values. We found that accessibility, user types and the seasonality of major recreational activities, and the linear configuration of the barrier island system at Cape Lookout are important influences on the social values held by visitors and residents. The modeling results provide information relevant to management at Cape Lookout and can inform the design of future PPGIS studies in coastal and marine settings.
... Jest subiektywnie doświadczane, definiowane i wartościowane (Davoudi, 2012). Dostrzega się potrzebę badania i uwzględnienia niematerialnych wartości miejsc, przywiązania do miejsc, a także negatywnych emocji związanych z miejscami w planowaniu zarówno miast, jak i innych obszarów (Brown i Brabyn, 2012;Karimi et al., 2017;Blake et al., 2017;Verbrugge, 2019). Na przykład Bergeron et al. (2014), stosując metodę wywiadów w drodze, badali "mikrogeografie" znaczeń (micro-geographies of meanings), stawiając pytania: jakie znaczenia mieszkańcy miasta przywiązują do miejsc, które miejsca są szczególnie ważne, a które nie są przez nich wspominane i dlaczego. ...
... W porównaniu do partycypacji bazującej na GIS, innym formom uczestnictwa społecznego w planowaniu przestrzeni poświęca się obecnie znacznie mniej uwagi. Wykorzystanie tradycyjnych metod bazujących na bezpośrednim kontakcie i mapach papierowych jest opisywane dla obszarów, gdzie ograniczony dostęp do Internetu utrudnia stosowanie PPGIS (Blake et al., 2017) lub wtedy, kiedy są one tylko jednym z elementów nowatorskiej metodyki (lub metody) partycypacji. Propozycje nowatorskich metod są odpowiedzią nauki na obserwowane w praktyce ułomności procesu partycypacji, np. ...
The paper is the result of a review of contemporary scientific literature on local-community participation in spatial planning. The aim of the review has been to determine those concepts which constitute the theoretical basis for studies, the areas in which the participation of a local community in planning is being examined, and the methods of involving inhabitants gaining most frequent description in the literature. The review included 96 relevant scientific articles from 2010‑2019 that are available in the Web of Science database. In practice, this literature is found to feature marked diversity when it comes to the ways in which community participation in planning is embedded theoretically. While the underpinning concepts derive mainly from the socio-political sciences, management, ecology or human geography are also represented, and reference is often made to the concept of deliberation and collaboration, as connected with the theory of communicative action. Note should also be taken of the importance of knowledge (especially lay knowledge) and learning as relatively new key concepts in the literature regarding social aspects of spatial planning. The said literature focuses on the search for new ways in which residents can be activated as regards planning, as well as ways in which they can be tested. There is therefore a prevalence of works that detail innovative initiatives by which inhabitants’ views on the space in which they function can be gained. Little attention is paid to translating the opinion and knowledge obtained from the community into planning decisions – this being an issue that researchers either ignore or treat very vaguely. This is then a significant gap in the output under analysis. The analysed works present local-community involvement in planning, mainly in urbanised areas, but also in valuable natural areas, including forests, wetlands, rivers, etc. Relatively little attention is paid to social participation in the planning of villages and small towns outside large agglomerations. It is surprising that there is very little work on grassroots community initiatives aimed at the local-level planning of space. The use of modern technologies in gauging society’s opinions and knowledge on space is what proves dominant where methodological scope is concerned. There is wide discussion of the possibilities and advantages inherent in methodology based on PPGIS and VGI.
... Participatory mapping methods (PGIS/PPGIS, see e.g., Burnett, 2023) are widely used in spatial planning, and in the context of MSP, they are particularly valuable for capturing the perspectives of multiple stakeholders, mapping local livelihoods, peoplenature interactions, or resolving conflicting interests of stakeholders (Calado et al., 2022;Johnson et al., 2020;Moore et al., 2017). Community approaches play a crucial role in identifying key opportunities for successful MSP, and participatory mapping methods can improve engagement of local communities through the collection of their place-based local knowledge on coastal and marine areas (Blake et al., 2017;Klain & Chan, 2012;Strickland-Munro et al., 2016). They may also empower local communities to use their knowledge in the protection and maintenance of valuable ecosystems (Scully-Engelmeyer et al., 2021). ...
Marine spatial planning (MSP) is one of the most important tools for ensuring sustainable use of marine areas. Although MSP is a well‐established method, its adoption in rapidly developing countries is a challenge. One of the main concerns is data adequacy, as the MSP process typically requires a large amount of spatial data on human activities, biodiversity, and socio‐ecological interactions within the planning area. Drawing from an institutional cooperation project in Zanzibar, Tanzania, we share our experience and demonstrate how to fill in socio‐ecological data gaps to support the development of MSP in areas with limited data availability. We developed a rapid and cost‐effective system for collecting biological data, which, together with remote sensing and place‐based participatory mapping, helped formulate the first pilot ecologically informed MSP for Zanzibar. By sharing our results and experiences, we aim to provide best practices, lessons learned, and recommendations for future projects with a similar ecological setting and socio‐economic context.
... The separation between tourism planning and spatial planning is a major problem for tourist villages, thus requiring the preparation of tourism plans that are integrated into the regional spatial planning system (Latif et al., 2022). Strategy, planning, and mapping of tourism village potential (Falak et al., 2014;Kumar et al., 2022;Nair et al., 2022;Wilson et al., 2001) (Adom, 2019;Auesriwong et al., 2015;Bonenberg, 2020;Gao & Wu, 2017;Ionela et al., 2015;Niravita et al., 2021;Purnomo et al., (Chigudu & Chirisa, 2020;Nogués et al., 2019;Shayan et al., 2020;Tomić & Stojsavljević, 2013;Xu et al., 2021) (Blake et al., 2017;Bucała-Hrabia et al., 2022;Coates & Tapsell, 2019;Elbakidze et al., 2015) Source: processed from various sources. ...
This study aims to: 1) identify factors that can facilitate the occurrence of spatial synergism in tourism villages, and 2) find and determine the level of undesirable conditions and conditions expected from spatial synergism in tourism villages. Research data were collected using in-depth interviews and using nominal group technique (NGT. Key informants are 5 people and respondents are 15 people determined based on purposive sampling. All data were analyzed with a qualitative analysis approach. The results of the study found that the historical similarity factor, the proximity factor, the hereditary similarity factor, the solidarity factor, the potential similarity factor, and the problem similarity factor are factors that influence the occurrence of spatial synergism in tourism villages. In addition, it was also found that the level of conditions expected from the spatial synergy of tourism villages is to have one plan, one region, one organization, one regulation, and one management. While the level of conditions that are not desirable from the spatial synergism of the tourism village is that it does not have planning (spatial and non-spatial) and professional managers or institutions, sectoral egos appear and discriminatory treatment, disrupts or limit local community activities and culture, does not involve the role of Penta helix tourism actors, carrying out unfair competition in tourism promotion and not using digital technology. This study suggests that a more in-depth study is carried out regarding spatial synergism, especially the process of spatial synergism.
... La lista de SE fue construida a partir de la revisión bibliográfica de casos de estudio de valoración social en localidades costeras con características similares al área de estudio.El valor social de los humedales se estimó a partir de una lista de 10 categorías de valor social, modificadas del sistemade Brown & Reed (2000), a fin de crear definiciones acordes al contexto de estudio (Tabla 1). El ítem describió atributos -presentes o sugeridos-en los humedales que representan elementos de valor, por ejemplo, poseer sitios históricos, proveer alimentos, enseñar sobre la naturaleza, entre otros(Blake et al., 2017;Bryce et al., 2016;van Riper et al., 2017). Lo anterior se calificó en una escala ordinal Likert que permite estimar el grado de acuerdo o desacuerdo del informante sobre una afirmación, con valores discretos de 1 a 5, donde 1 = En total desacuerdo y 5 = En total acuerdo. ...
Los humedales aportan servicios ecosistémicos determinantes para el bienestar humano; sin embargo, su valor e importancia se estiman principalmente desde una visión económica que provee información relevante, pero que no necesariamente contribuye a su conservación, desplazando en ocasiones visiones de manejo definidas localmente por los beneficiarios cercanos o directos. Considerando lo anterior, en este trabajo se estimó el valor social que los beneficiarios locales asignan a los humedales costeros y sus servicios ecosistémicos en el sur de Sinaloa, a partir de un marco metodológico participativo, espacialmente explícito. Los resultados indican que el valor social se asocia con la localidad de los beneficiarios, con la presencia de servicios de provisión con valor económico ofrecidos por los humedales, así como con condiciones sociales que favorecen la educación ambiental. Los aspectos relacionados con la historia y la espiritualidad tuvieron escasa relevancia en la valoración de los humedales.
... CES-related information can support decision-making, as CES reflect the landscape-related concerns of local communities [50]. Yet doing CES work in sparsely populated rural areas is difficult: there are fewer beneficiaries than in cities and reaching a sample of them is harder [51]. Previous work has provided little insight about perceptions and use of tidal wetlands, in part because few people are familiar with them after their long extirpation from the area or call the landscapes by name on social media [17,52]. ...
Agricultural dykelands and tidal wetlands around Canada’s Bay of Fundy are experiencing increasingly severe impacts from sea level rise and climate change, leading to management challenges. Managers will have to decide which dykes to reinforce, which to realign or remove, and where to restore wetlands. These decisions will have important impacts on the ecosystem services provided by different landscapes and the beneficiaries who use them. Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are non-material benefits that play a significant role in human-nature relationships. Previous research in the region has indicated strong local dykeland attachments and CES but provided little insight about tidal wetland uses and values. Using the Kings County region as a study area, we identify CES provided by the area through text analysis of Instagram data and map the CES using the SolVES model combined with environmental data. Revealed differences in CES delivery from agricultural dykelands and tidal wetlands provide spatial insight for coastal planning. The results show that agricultural dykelands have a higher supply capacity for cultural heritage/diversity, education and knowledge systems and social relations and relational values; tidal wetlands have a higher supply capacity for sense of place and terroir. For aesthetics, inspiration and art, and recreation and tourism, the two landscapes are comparable in delivery. In the small proportion of the two landscapes where CES are modelled as being present they often overlap, demonstrating multifunctionality, with an average of 1.4 services provided by a given area of agricultural dykelands and 2.6 services by tidal wetlands.
... For example, on a local scale, Blake et al. (2017) used personal interviews and public participation techniques to map cultural coastal value hotspots in a remote archipelago of the Falkland Islands. These included natural beauty, recreation, sense of place, and cultural history, and were incorporated into the marine spatial planning framework, allowing for social factors to be integrated into decision-making processes. ...
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are key management tools that contribute to the conservation of worldwide marine ecosystems, increasing nature's contributions to people derived from ecosystem services. These ecosystem services include key processes such as the release of oxygen, but also leisure opportunities, cultural inspiration, and food and medicine provision that improve the health and well-being of millions of people. In this Chapter we explain how natural processes and components in MPAs are valued by different groups of people; and how these can be addressed to maximize their effectiveness, avoiding negative socio-economic effects like social conflicts, or inequitable distribution of benefits. We recommend that creation and management decision-making in MPAs include the collection and integration of interdisciplinary data to develop pluralistic methods of valuation and fostering social equity by involving local stakeholders.
... Some studies show interest in managing and monitoring anthropogenic pressures [35,98]. They establish that these activities could be considered ecologically sustainable pressures, including ecotourism due to its coastal biodiversity and oil and gas exploration [46,99]. In addition, they highlight the interest in education plans with regard to contamination levels due to human activity in natural and artificial habitats [100,101] and pressures-based mangrove conservation and restoration plans [102]. ...
Marine-coastal ecosystems are productive and valuable habitats worldwide due to their significant contributions to human wellbeing. However, human activities, limited territorial planning, and unsustainable demand and consumption of natural goods and services put pressure on marine-coastal ecosystems. In this sense, marine-coastal planning is a management tool to contrast these forces because it manages different human activities on the coast and in the oceans over space and time, strengthening political, social, and tourist development and the economy of the territory. Our objective is to propose marine-coastal spatial planning strategies through an ecosystem-based approach for allocating a mangrove and estuarine zone conservation area. The study methodology is: (i) Compilation of information from the study area with an emphasis on regulations and protected areas. (ii) Analysis of human relations with marine-coastal ecosystems. (iii) Mapping and zoning of the conservation area. (iv) Analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and threats, weaknesses, opportunities, strengths (SWOT–TWOS) matrix to recommend strategies and guarantee the viability of marine-coastal protection. The results show zoning maps of the sector proposed as a conservation area comprising mangroves and an estuarine zone. It also approaches governance strategies or conservation management measures and protection of the marine-coastal space. Finally, as a recommendation, we propose improvements to the current municipal ordinances, guaranteeing the management and protection of the study area, and furthering achievements in the comprehensive development of land-use planning.
... Additionally, information systems based on specific databases were also researched (Trumpy and Manzella, 2017;Dolce et al., 2019). Among current applications of WebGIS, except for the traditional fields such as natural disaster prevention, assistant decision, etc., there are many innovative and constructive studies in historical and cultural heritages (Blake et al., 2017;Vacca et al., 2018;Yan et al., 2020). These attempts show WebGIS' great potential in historical and cultural research. ...
The chronological biography or 'Nianpu' is a special style of Chinese historical writing formed by a person's life events in time order. It provides significant records for the research of historical events. However, from syntactic collation, structural, and semantic aspects, the heterogeneousness of Nianpu materials caused the lack of systematical information collation, which could hinder the research of historical events. The article presents a semantic WebGIS platform based on an entity-oriented search and visualization system to reorganize unstructured information. It delivers: (1) a Chinese historical event database to store and manage Chinese historical information derived from the chronological biography; (2) an ontology to integrate different historical datasets; and (3) a web geographic information system to visualize and analyze information of historical events. This platform achieves the reorganization of historical event information at spatial and temporal levels by the Web. It enables humanities researchers to explore the relationships of historical entities and their evolution visually and interactively. The platform is available at https://nianpu.pkudh.org/.
... Marine conservation design and management also increasingly incorporate cultural considerations, which include local or traditional knowledge (Drew, 2005;Aswani and Lauer, 2006), diverse perceptions of cultural values related to the marine environment (Klain and Chan, 2012;Blake et al., 2017), cultural practices (e.g., harvesting, management) or customs (Cinner and Aswani, 2007;Aswani, 2017), as well as species or areas that are important for cultural uses or identity (Poe et al., 2014;Gee et al., 2017). Additional social considerations that might be taken into account in marine conservation include: human well-being in local populations (Biedenweg et al., 2016;Ban et al., 2019;Gollan et al., 2019), the quality of social relations or levels of conflict (Young et al., 2016;Rosales, 2018), gender equality (Baker-Médard, 2017; Kleiber et al., 2018), social agency and empowerment of local groups (Lansing, 2009;Diedrich et al., 2017), and of the social adaptive capacity of local resource users to new restrictions on access or to new livelihood opportunities (Armitage, 2005;Bennett et al., 2014;Maldonado and del Pilar Moreno-Sánchez, 2014;Cinner et al., 2018a). ...
Marine conservation design and fisheries management are increasingly integrating
biophysical, socio-economic and governance considerations. Integrative approaches
are adopted to achieve more effective, equitable, inclusive, and robust marine policies
and practices. This paper describes a participatory process to co-produce biophysical,
socio-economic, and governance principles to guide the design and management of
marine reserves in three regions of Mexico: the Pacific region of the Baja California
Peninsula, the Gulf of California, and the Mexican Caribbean. The process of coproducing
the principles included convening a coordination team, reviewing the science,
convening multi-stakeholder workshops, developing and communicating the principles
with key practitioners and policy makers, and supporting uptake and application to
policy and practice. Biophysical principles were related to: habitat representation and
risk spreading; protecting critical, special and unique areas; incorporating connectivity;
allowing time for recovery; adapting to changes in climate and ocean chemistry;
and considering threats and opportunities.
... Marine conservation design and management also increasingly incorporate cultural considerations, which include local or traditional knowledge (Drew, 2005;Aswani and Lauer, 2006), diverse perceptions of cultural values related to the marine environment (Klain and Chan, 2012;Blake et al., 2017), cultural practices (e.g., harvesting, management) or customs (Cinner and Aswani, 2007;Aswani, 2017), as well as species or areas that are important for cultural uses or identity (Poe et al., 2014;Gee et al., 2017). Additional social considerations that might be taken into account in marine conservation include: human well-being in local populations (Biedenweg et al., 2016;Ban et al., 2019;Gollan et al., 2019), the quality of social relations or levels of conflict (Young et al., 2016;Rosales, 2018), gender equality (Baker-Médard, 2017; Kleiber et al., 2018), social agency and empowerment of local groups (Lansing, 2009;Diedrich et al., 2017), and of the social adaptive capacity of local resource users to new restrictions on access or to new livelihood opportunities (Armitage, 2005;Bennett et al., 2014;Maldonado and del Pilar Moreno-Sánchez, 2014;Cinner et al., 2018a). ...
Marine conservation design and fisheries management are increasingly integrating biophysical, socio-economic and governance considerations. Integrative approaches are adopted to achieve more effective, equitable, inclusive, and robust marine policies and practices. This paper describes a participatory process to co-produce biophysical, socio-economic, and governance principles to guide the design and management of marine reserves in three regions of Mexico: the Pacific region of the Baja California Peninsula, the Gulf of California, and the Mexican Caribbean. The process of co-producing the principles included convening a coordination team, reviewing the science, convening multi-stakeholder workshops, developing and communicating the principles with key practitioners and policy makers, and supporting uptake and application to policy and practice. Biophysical principles were related to: habitat representation and risk spreading; protecting critical, special and unique areas; incorporating connectivity; allowing time for recovery; adapting to changes in climate and ocean chemistry; and considering threats and opportunities. Socio-economic principles focused on: integrating the social context, local aspirations, and human-environment interactions; considering economic and non-economic uses, promoting an equitable distribution of costs and benefits, and respecting and maintaining cultural identity and diversity. Governance principles prioritized establishing and ensuring legitimacy and institutional continuity; implementing collaborative and adaptive management; and, promoting effective management. The paper also examines early efforts to implement the principles, next steps to promote further uptake and application in Mexico, and lessons learned from the process. Thus it provides insights into a practical process and a set of principles that are valuable to inform marine conservation and fisheries management processes elsewhere.
... Isso se deve, em parte, ao fato de que um dos objetivos da gestão em áreas costeiras e marinhas é a minimização de conflitos de interesses e o ordenamento dos usos desses espaços. Por outro lado, a promoção da participação enriquece os processos, sejam de diagnóstico, de monitoramento ou de avaliação, por contribuir com aporte de dados qualitativos em escala local e auxiliando na resolução dos conflitos (Käykhö et al., 2019;Tuda et al., 2014;Blake et al., 2017;Karimi & Brown, 2017;Moore et al., 2017;Strickland-Munro et al., 2016;Brown & Raymond, 2014. ...
This article reviews some of the relevant international and national marks to coastal management and marine spatial planning (MSP), observing the aspect of participation. The (re)reading of these documents showed that: i) the search for the sustainability of the ocean and coasts, initially with a focus on the longevity of stocks of living and non-living resources, is an ideal since the formulation of the first chartes of principles and laws; ii) the participation gained more space in the theoretical frameworks of coastal management and MSP over time; iii) in general, there are still few studies and researches regarding the applicability and limits involved in participation in coastal and marine management processes. Case studies are presented to highlight aspects of participation in the PEM process, pointing out its advantages and limitations. With the publication of the article, it is expected to contribute to the development of a conceptual framework on participation in the management processes of coastal and marine zones. The information presented provides an initial theoretical basis, which can be adopted in the development of new studies, researches; and management, monitoring or evaluation actions.
... The final sample consisted of 27 users of the green and blue areas of Haifa. The sample size is comparable to that of similar PPGIS studies that also used in-depth interviews to assess CES (see for instance Blake et al., 2017 with 47 respondents; Klain and Chan, 2012 with 30 respondents; Raymond et al., 2009 with 56 respondents). Information about the occupation and the place of residence of the respondents was collected. ...
Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are important components of urban quality of life. Public participation GIS (PPGIS) is widely used to assess and map these services. However, it is often a time-consuming exercise with which only small spatial and temporal scales can be addressed. Assessments based on geolocated, passively crowdsourced data from social media present new opportunities to assess CES through a large amount of available data and for broad spatial and temporal scales. We assess the potential of these two methods to substitute , supplement or complement each other in terms of the qualitative information they provide (i.e., landscape features of interest and CES). We take as a case study seven green and blue open spaces of the city of Haifa (Israel), each presenting different elements of interest in the landscape and degrees of accessibility. Results indicate that the two methods provide unique results and are complementary in many instances. We discuss the representativeness of the social media data, the strength of the two methods with respect to the qualitative information obtained, the specificities related to the urban context and the instances of complementarity. We suggest that crowdsourced social media data should be included in broad, multi-methodological approaches to CES.
... There is currently a poor understanding of socio-ecological relationships in marine systems generally, limited indicators, and differing values which people assign to various systems worldwide. It is also notoriously hard to quantify and assign a monetary value to a particular habitat or location (Blake et al. 2017). Quantifying the value gained through the specific cultural services of the kelp system during this assessment was beyond the scope of the present study. ...
Kelp forests provide many important ecosystem services to people, including mitigating storm damage, cycling nutrients, and providing commercially-harvestable resources. However, kelp forests’ ability to sequester carbon dioxide, and therefore help regulate the climate, has until recently, been overlooked in assessments of the beneficial services they provide. In this study we incorporate updated knowledge on the potential of kelp to sequester ‘blue carbon’, and use the extensive kelp forests of the Falkland Islands as a case study to assess the value of kelp forest to society through multiple associated ecosystem services. Our analysis shows kelp forests provide a highly valuable range of direct and indirect services, which if managed correctly, will continue to benefit people, both now and in the future. The total estimated value of the Falkland Islands’ kelp system is currently equivalent to ~ £2.69 billion per year (or £3.24 million km-2 year-1). However, the true value of the kelp forest surrounding the Falkland Islands is likely to be higher still, given that our estimate does not account for elements such as associated scientific research, tourism, and cultural services, due to the necessary data currently being unavailable. Similarly, the full value of these highly biodiverse ecosystems in supplying habitat and food to a large range of associated species is crucial, yet extremely difficult to fully quantify. This study illustrates the importance of maintaining kelp ecosystems in a healthy state to ensure they continue to supply valuable ecological processes, functional roles, and ecosystem services, including their overlooked role as significant long-term carbon sinks.
... Public participation GIS (PPGIS) and methods to assess cultural ecosystem services (CES) attract most attention. PPGIS and related methods are generally considered a good way to generate spatialised information on the social/ cultural values and preferences of coastal/marine stakeholders and citizens, as well as to enhance transparency and collaboration (e.g., Blake et al., 2017;Merrifield et al., 2013;Strickland-Munro et al., 2016). Burnett (2020) specifically suggests how to develop and ensure representation and equitable distribution of power in PPGIS processes, linking the generation of information (an instrumental purpose) to dimensions of fairness (a normative purpose). ...
A number of commentators have argued that up until now marine/maritime spatial planning (MSP) research and practice have been dominated by blue economy and environmental concerns and have tended to neglect what might be regarded as social sustainability concerns. To gain more insight into the character and extent of such a gap, as well as how to address it, this article examines how social sustainability has been addressed in peer reviewed scientific articles on MSP between 2005 and 2020. Using search terms such as participation, democracy, social inclusion, social cohesion, equity we systematically identify and review 310 scientific articles that address diverse social sustainability concerns within MSP and marine governance. The review showed that very few papers systematically conceptualised or developed a coherent framework for engaging with social sustainability. Instead, they mostly addressed particular social concerns including participation and engagement, equity and social justice, socio-cultural values and preferences. Marine management and planning efficiency, as well as related instrumental framings of the merits of participation were the key arguments for including these dimensions of social sustainability in MSP. In terms of how to better include social sustainability in MSP, most attention was given to social-cultural mapping and ways to improve social inclusion/participation while also redressing exclusion and maldistribution of outcomes in MSP practice. We conclude that there is a need to deepen and diversify MSP inquiry with respect to social sustainability. In particular, scholars would do well to delve deeper and more broadly in social science literature to find inspiration on ways to understand and elucidate social issues. Here, the enormous body of relevant work on justice, power, critical institutionalism, political ecology and terrestrial planning literatures has hardly been tapped. It is also evident from this review that there is a need for both the academic and practice-based communities to more comprehensively address how the multidimensions of social sustainability interact with each other, as well as with economic and environmental aspects of marine planning and governance. Based on these observations, we highlight a set of suggestions on how to develop MSP research and practice on social sustainability. Most importantly, we argue that more in-depth co-production, linking scholars, practitioners and society actors, is needed.
... It would also be beneficial for meeting the increasing demand for recreational service in different regions of the YRD through implementation of the payment for ecosystem service project between surplus and deficit regions in the future. (1) 格网内的生态用地可以为可达半径内的所有人提供休闲游憩服务。 2008 森林 Hermy 等 [25] 2017 海岸线 Blake 等 [28] 2012 海景 Klain 等 [26] 2. 2摇 量化休闲游憩服务需求 参考以往研究 [29鄄30] ,本文设定人均生态用地标准为 60 m 2 / 人,定义休闲游憩服务的需求为: ...
... Results show a spatial overview of hotspot blue-green areas in the city, including knowledge on popular recreational activities. Blake et al. (2017) examine how cultural coastal values are perceived on the Falkland Islands. Key cultural value hotspots, including outdoor recreation, are identified and mapped across the islands and thus linked to planning. ...
... Often, particularly in rural and low-and middle-income country contexts, participatory mapping focuses on assessment of generalized use and perceived value of areas on a landscape. Participants are asked what parts of the landscape are used, how they are used, and if and how they are important in terms of ecosystem services, including food provisioning, recreation, aesthetics, etc. (Bijker & Sijtsma, 2017;Blake, Augé, & Sherren, 2017;Weyer, Bezerra, & De Vos, 2019). It is less common for participants to explicitly quantify use, behavior, or extraction patterns, as our research has. ...
... En ese sentido se han desarrollado enfoques adaptativos basados en ecosistemas y en comunidades, con objetivos similares y planificación espacial participativa, aunque con distintas prioridades (Reid, 2016). Dichos enfoques buscan modificar la visión utilitarista de la naturaleza y fomentar los procesos de gobernanza en el manejo de los recursos naturales (Blake et al., 2017;Nahuelhual et al., 2017). Dentro de esa tendencia, la inclusión de los Servicios Ecosistémicos (SE), considerados como los bienes y servicios que se derivan de los ecosistemas para beneficio de la humanidad, ocupa un papel trascendental al relacionar el papel de la naturaleza con diversas dimensiones del bienestar humano (MEA, 2005). ...
Los Servicios Ecosistémicos(SE) son bienes y servicios que la humanidad obtiene de la naturaleza y a los que se asigna valor ecológico, económico y social, aunque se ha brindado menor atención al estudio de este último. Esta deficiencia es más notable en el caso de los humedales costeros, que proveen importantes SE, escasamente explorados desde la perspectiva social y espacial, pese a su pertinencia en la planificación territorial. Para conocer el estado del arte relativo a la valoración social de SE de humedales costeros y la importancia del análisis espacial en el proceso, se realizó una revisión documental sistemática (2005-2018) que permitió observar una tendencia positiva en el número de publicaciones, en especial en el último trienio. Se identificó que el valor social carece de una definición estandarizada y se ha enfocado a servicios sin valor de mercado, mientras que en lo relativo a dimensión espacial, se encontró que esta se ha venido incorporando con esquemas de mapeo participativo, dirigido a determinar la accesibilidad a sitios de provisión de SE y a la identificación de sitios de valor social dentro de los humedales, sin que la producción de mapas sea relevante. No se encontraron elementos para determinar si la valoración social es complementaria o alternativa a la económica, pero se requiere crear un marco conceptual para la valoración integral basado en la pluralidad de valores de los SE como una estrategia de conservación de los humedales.
... PPGIS studies have focused on a wide variety of natural resource management topics important for CVMAs including ecosystem services [59][60][61], coastal zoning [62][63][64][65], marine area planning [66][67][68], climate change and vulnerability [33,69], wildlife conservation [70,71], parks, tourism, and outdoor recreation [72][73][74], and development preferences [72,75]. There have been a number of studies assessing various qualitative and quantitative methodologies and identification of best practices [56,[75][76][77]. ...
The U.S. Gulf of Mexico coast has a long history of intense and varied development, from energy infrastructure and seaports to vacation homes and tourism. Coastal populations and development are growing. Concurrently, global climate change will influence sea level rise, resulting in increased flooding, storm surge, and coastal erosion. Regional planners must prepare for sea level rise and develop adaptive solutions to maximize resiliency. Comprehensive coastal vulnerability mapping assessments (CVMA) can integrate social, economic, and physical vulnerability with spatial analysis of natural hazards for local place-based investigations. Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) are a potentially important tool for the spatial collection of stakeholder knowledge for CVMA. The objective of this study was to assess the locations of a range of landscape values, ecosystem services, and development preferences held and identified by the general public using PPGIS to determine if those valued locations are vulnerable to sea level rise. We found that PPGIS can be used to map a wide variety of landscape values and that they can be used to assess vulnerability to sea level rise. We conclude with a discussion on how to integrate PPGIS into participatory CVMA for sea level rise planning.
... In total, 35 datasets were added to the IMS-GIS Data Centre metadata catalogue during the project. Data ranged from existing data that were available but not catalogued publicly (e.g., fisheries management areas), data that were digitised and formatted as part of the project (e.g., cetacean stranding data, Augé et al., 2018a), to new data created during the project from research (e.g., cultural coastal values, Blake et al., 2017). The IMS-GIS Data Centre also allowed storing and recording raw data, not directly useful for MSP, but that was used for analyses that provided the layers required for spatial planning. ...
https://ojs.aprh.pt/index.php/rgci/article/view/257
... A precondition for effective MSP is the inclusion of socio-economic factors in this process. A case study on the Falkland Islands (Blake et al., 2017) has mapped different values for the Falklands' coastlines (Fig. 18). This study applied in-person interviews and Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) techniques to assess ES of natural beauty, sense of place, recreational value and cultural historical values, based on a stakeholder approach. ...
This report presents the current state of the art of ecosystem services research in the EU Overseas, with focus on Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES), in line with the EU Biodiversity Strategy Taget 2, Action 5.
Data collection took place through a scientific literature review (published in Sieber et al., 2018) and a consortium member survey conducted from January to June 2019 under the umbrella of the MOVE project.
... 1-12;Williams et al., 1992), a perceived need to generate place-specific data to better inform environmental and urban land use planning (e.g., Brown, 2004;Kahila-Tani, Kytta, & Geertman, 2019), and the emergence of public participation GIS (PPGIS) that focuses on ways the public can use geospatial technologies to participate in public processes for decision making (NCGIA, 1996a(NCGIA, , 1996bSieber, 2006). From these nominally disparate events, the participatory mapping of place values has grown significantly in research and practice (Brown & Kytt€ a, 2018;Kahila-Tani et al., 2019) from early use in North America, Europe, and Australia to recent applications in Asian countries such as China Zhou et al., 2019), Vietnam (Huu et al., 2018), and Malaysia/Indonesia (Chen et al., 2019), and applications in Africa (Fagerholm, Eilola, Kisanga, Arki, & K€ ayhk€ o, 2019b) and South America (Blake, Aug� e, & Sherren, 2017). ...
The concept of “place” links people to their environment and is foundational to disciplines such as geography, environmental psychology, and urban studies. With growth in geographic information systems (GIS) in the 1990s, research began to operationalize place concepts using GIS to better inform land use decisions. After two decades, participatory mapping has emerged as an important method to identify place values. This article summarizes lessons from empirical research completed in diverse social and geographic contexts. Specifically, we find that mapped place values: (1) are best understood as relationship values, (2) reflect participant spatial/geographic discounting, (3) are closely related to place attachment and “sense of place” concepts, (4) are correlated with participant attitudes and preferences toward land use, (5) are predictive of land use conflict, (6) are associated with physical landscape features, (7) are generally stable over time, (8) are valid at multiple geographic scales, (9) exhibit greater similarity than differences across geographic areas and populations, and (10) show little evidence of actually influencing land use decisions. Despite research validity and the potential to improve social acceptability of land use decisions, place values will have limited social impact without elevating the importance of broader public participation in current socio-political systems.
... PGIS approaches have particular benefits in the contexts of data-scarce developing countries, which often lack both formal participatory practices and explicit spatial data regarding coastal uses and activities (Rambaldi et al., 2006;Pagella and Sinclair, 2014). PGIS provides opportunities for the in situ mapping of marine and coastal values (Painho and Oliveira, 2013;Strickland-Munro et al., 2016;Blake et al., 2017), for conflict estimation (Moore et al., 2017) and for the evaluation of ecosystem services (Klain and Chan, 2012;Ruiz-Frau et al., 2013;Brown and Hausner, 2017). ...
... Martin and Hall-Arber, 2008). The present study extends the marine spatial planning literature given our goals to generate a better understanding of social drivers of change, establish a collaborative environment for stakeholders to engage in conflict resolution and negotiation, and ensure more balanced representation of competing interests in planning for competing objectives (Blake et al., 2017;Kobryn et al., 2018). ...
Spatially explicit models for conservation planning often rely on environmental and economic indicators to prioritize management decisions. Consideration of social values in relation to landscape metrics is less common, especially across different biophysical contexts. In this paper, we compare social values mapped by outdoor recreationists who visited Santa Cruz Island within Channel Islands National Park, USA, and Hinchinbrook Island National Park, Australia using a Social Values for Ecosystem Services mapping tool that interfaced with Maximum Entropy modeling. Specifically, we determine the relative importance of 12 social values and evaluate how the relationship between three highly rated social values (Aesthetic, Biological Diversity, and Recreation) and four biophysical metrics (distance to the coast, distance to management infrastructure, slope, and elevation) differed between two marine protected areas. Our results provide insight into the spatial dynamics of social-ecological data to identify high and low priority locations in protected areas as well as enable resource management agencies to make more informed decisions about how best to engage with stakeholders. This research also supports public involvement in policy-making about land and seascapes in the USA and Australia.
Rapidly changing ocean conditions are resulting in changes in marine species and across entire ecosystems that, in turn, affect communities and individuals who rely on these resources for their livelihoods, culture, and sustenance. Marine social science, an emerging field that embraces diverse methods to understand human–ocean relationships, is increasingly called on to contribute to transdisciplinary ocean science that can inform the evidence-based policy and management needed to address these changes. Here, we review the state of marine social science as a growing field of study. First, we outline the history of marine social science, including the emergence of the field and the social science disciplines and community it encompasses. We then discuss current marine social science research themes as a framework to understand key ocean issues, which is followed by a commentary on the future of marine social science research.
Marine spatial planning (MSP) was developed as a process for managing the marine environment under the scenario of increased demand for space with different uses and economic activities. In the last decades, the research interest in MSP has been reflected by the growing number of published scientific articles on this subject. Nonetheless, a systematic scientific literature review on MSP is still lacking. In this context, the present study is aimed at performing a global review highlighting the main trends and patterns of scientific article contents focusing on the concepts, approaches, and tools that have been used to inform and shape MSP. After text screening and application of the eligibility criteria, a total of 476 articles published between 2004 and 2020 were included in the analysis. The results showed that most studies published so far (74%) focused on conceptual aspects of governance issues (n = 98), investigated the role of economic activities in MSP (n = 98), evidenced the solutions that have been adopted to implement national plans (n = 71), or explored the strategies used to involve stakeholders in MSP (n = 83). A trend towards MSP applicability was expressed by the increasing number of studies related to stakeholders’ engagement methodologies, together with the development of decision support tools for MSP implementation in recent years. Overall, including progressive methodologies in the evaluation and assessment of all stages of MSP are needed to foster its applicability.
Coastal and marine classifications, both spatially explicit in the form of maps and non-spatial representations of the environment, are critical to the effective implementation of ecosystem-based management strategies such as marine spatial planning. This chapter provides an overview of a wide range of coastal classifications and classified maps developed to simplify and communicate biological, physical, social, and economic patterns in support of enhanced management decision making. Examples are provided from around the world and span a range of spatial scales from global coastal classifications to those for individual bays and estuaries. Technological advances in remote sensing, social media analyses and artificial intelligence classifiers have diversified and improved the performance and application of biophysical coastal classifications and thematic maps. In the past decade, important progress has been made in the spatial representation of cultural values through participatory mapping and the integration of social- ecological patterns for coastal risk assessment. Mapping ecosystem services has become more widespread and the desire for environmental sustainability across sectors has seen a proliferation in predictive mapping applied to conservation prioritization and marine spatial planning. The chapter offers a showcase rather than a critique of applications and concludes with a section highlighting progress and future challenges in developing more culturally meaningful coastal classifications to inform coastal management.
With the rapid advancement of industrialization and urbanization, the scale of cities has continued to expand, the crisis of resource shortages has appeared, and the pressure on the ecological environment has increased. Land is a natural substance that exists before humans, and it is also the first objective object that humans come into contact with after being separated from nature. When land is invested in human social production activities, it becomes a necessary and irreplaceable material condition for any social material production sector. The quality of the ecological environment in some cities continues to decline, and the ecological space is gradually compressed. This research mainly discusses the optimization of ecological service functions and planning control of land and space planning based on ecological protection and restoration. In the past, the selection of evaluation indicators for research mostly only started with some basic service functions of the ecosystem. Based on the basic service functions of the ecosystem, this paper takes into account the direct economic benefits of the ecosystem, and adds the evaluation of the importance of ecological support functions to evaluate the ecological service functions more comprehensively. From the perspective of man-land relationship and structuralism, this paper constructs an ecological space evaluation plan based on the perspective of ecosystem services. It constructs a reasonable index system and selects an appropriate scale, and sets the weight of each index for the three leading functions of supply and support service function, adjustment service function, and social service function. According to the principle of regional differences and the consistency of zoning indicators, the factors that play a leading role in various plans are integrated and selected. It transfers elements of different themes such as society, economy and ecological environment of land and space to the expression of land and space functions through indicators. This research discusses in detail the methods of using important control lines to control the main space and the design of relevant policies and regulations to solve the problems of overlapping control areas of land and space planning, mixed objects, and ambiguous powers. In order to ensure the feasibility of the downward transmission of the important control line control system, it provides reference policies, regulations and technical basis for the preparation and implementation of the entire territory and space planning. Finally, the red line area of the importance of ecological service function is delineated. The area of the red line area is 192.79km2, accounting for 20.38% of the study area. This study will provide reference for the planning of land and space.
Marine spatial planning (MSP) is critiqued for inadequate stakeholder engagement practices, particularly for determining community-level interests. Community engagement is foundational to community planning, a local-level process in terrestrial planning. This study compared the community engagement experiences of practitioners in local and national-level organizations in Nova Scotia, Canada, likely to participate in MSP to participatory best practice principles identified in the terrestrial planning and environmental management literature. Giving more attention to knowledge and skills of local government and community groups could strengthen participatory practices in MSP, link community and marine planning, and increase the relevance of MSP for coastal community development.
The Florida Coastal Mapping Program (FCMaP) is a consortium of State, Federal and academic partners that is undertaking the coordination of the collection and dissemination of consistent, high-resolution seafloor data for Florida's coastal zone. The coastal zone in the context of FCMaP refers to the area extending from the shoreline to the 200-m isobath. The high-resolution data is critical for a myriad of ocean and coastal resource management applications.
An existing data gap analysis revealed that less than 20% of Florida's coastal waters have been mapped using modern bathymetric methods (multibeam sonar or airborne lidar), and in some areas, less than 5% of the seafloor has modern data; where data do exist, they often date to the 1800s. Addressing the need for a more comprehensive modern map of the seafloor will take an enormous amount of effort and funding, coordination and prioritization will be critical to success.
FCMaP also undertook a formal statewide seafloor mapping prioritization to solicit input from a variety of stakeholders. The results provide the first statewide perspective of user and stakeholder mapping prioritization needs for the State of Florida. The prioritization dataset identifies specific locations that would benefit the most users or stakeholders, which can help to refine targeted mapping strategies. We found that new, consistent data would greatly support and improve multiple management activities. The approach used for this effort demonstrates an effective and replicable approach to addressing the need for seafloor mapping.
Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES) in Europe's Outermost Regions (ORs) and Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) is still underdeveloped compared to the European mainland. Most of those territories are small islands for which Marine and Coastal Ecosystems (MCE) constitute a significant resource and provide important provisioning, regulating and cultural Ecosystem Services (ES). Understanding the cultural dimension of ecosystems and considering the cultural benefits and values associated with them, demands methodological plurality, flexibility and creativity. This study focused on two activities related to recreational ES (recreational fishing and recreational SCUBA diving) that are particularly relevant to São Miguel Island (Archipelago of the Azores, Portugal). Stakeholders were interviewed using SeaSketch, a participatory mapping tool in which they indicated where they conduct recreational fishing and scuba diving, the relative value of those areas, in terms of preference over other areas, and their willingness to relinquish them for the purpose of conservation. Responses were aggregated and represented in maps showing key areas for the provision of recreational ES around São Miguel. This approach can be used in the Azorean Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) process and other ongoing conservation initiatives, to better understand the trade-offs between relevant socioeconomic activities and to support negotiations between the government and groups of stakeholders.
The concept of ecosystem services (ES) has risen to prominence based on its promise to vastly improve environmental decision‐making and to represent nature's many benefits to people. Yet the field has continued to be plagued by fundamental concerns, leading some to believe that the field of ES must mature or be replaced.
In this paper, we quantitatively survey a stratified random sample of more than 1,000 articles addressing ES across three decades of scholarship. Our purpose is to examine the field's attention to common critiques regarding insufficient credible valuations of realistic changes to services; an unjustified preoccupation with monetary valuation; and too little social and policy research (e.g. questions of access to and demand for services).
We found that very little of the ES literature includes valuation of biophysical change (2.4%), despite many biophysical studies of services (24%). An initially small but substantially rising number of papers address crucial policy (14%) and social dimensions, including access, demand and the social consequences of change (5.8%). As well, recent years have seen a significant increase in non‐monetary valuation (from 0% to 2.5%).
Ecosystem service research has, we summarize, evolved in meaningful ways. But some of its goals remain unmet, despite the promise to improve environmental decisions, in part because of a continued pre‐occupation with numerical valuation often without appropriate biophysical grounding. Here we call for a next generation of research: Integrative biophysical‐social research that characterizes ES change, and is coupled with multi‐metric and qualitative valuation, and context‐appropriate decision‐making.
A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
We assessed the gaps between current and "model mapping routines", which represent a benchmark for mapping marine ecosystem services (ESs). Model mapping routines comprised 17 selected variables and their best-rated alternatives depending on the mapping purpose, namely, marine spatial planning, environmental impact assessment, vulnerability and risk analysis, marine protected areas management, payments for ecosystem services , and natural resources management. We conducted a systematic search of articles (n ¼ 64) from which information on the 17 variables and their alternatives was retrieved. We assessed gaps using similarity matrices, according to the co-occurrence index. The largest gaps (as measured by average distances >0.5 between actual and best options) occurred in articles reporting natural resources management as purpose, whereas the smallest were related to marine protected areas management and payments for ecosystem services. The gaps were due to departures in different individual variables. For example, in the case of marine spatial planning the omission of tradeoffs, scenario analysis, multiple scales, and threshold analyses explained the gap, whereas in vulnerability and risk assessment the omission of thresholds, the lack of consistency of the indicators used, and the absence of a definition of ESs explained the gap. We trust that this study will help to recognize that ESs mapping studies should be guided by the purpose of a given intervention rather than by the technical capacities and disciplines of the researchers, if the ESs approach expects to reach a real impact into public policies.
There is growing evidence that the ecosystem service (ES) concept can provide valuable input to marine spatial planning (MSP), by highlighting which ecosystem goods and services can be produced from a planning area. ES link the underlying ecosystem processes and functions to the benefits humans can receive from ecosystems (the ecosystem cascade). In this study, we argue that the ecosystem cascade can be used to structure the stock-taking and future scenario analysis in MSP.
However, indicators, which are needed for measuring ES, have often been applied in various ways to the different steps of the cascade. Here, we apply a consistent approach to sorting indicators into the cascade. The indicators are presented in an indicator pool that can be used to filter them based on the cascade steps, several quality criteria, and themes. The pool consists of 772 indicators, of which 735 were analyzed. In total, 252 analyzed indicators belong to the provisioning services, 314 indicators to the regulating services and 169 to the cultural services. The indicator pool offers a suitable starting point to select indicators for ES assessments within MSP. Using indicators at the different cascade steps allows the assessment of i) the ecosystem components generating the services and ii) the impacts on ES and their beneficiaries when changes occur in the provision of the services due to planning or management decisions.
Los servicios ecosistémicos y su aplicación para la toma de decisiones dependen de un mejor entendimiento del vínculo de las personas con los ecosistemas bajo distintos contextos socioeconómicos y ambientales. Esto ha conducido a un creciente interés por considerar el valor social en el marco de los servicios ecosistémicos. Las metodologías para obtener el valor social son muy variadas, y su mapeo requiere de múltiples enfoques para comprender y explicar de mejor forma el valor social espacialmente. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo proporcionar una descripción del estado del arte sobre el mapeo del valor social en el marco de los servicios ecosistémicos. Se desarrolló una revisión sistemática identificando 27 investigaciones publicadas entre 2011 y 2018 que estudian el mapeo de los valores sociales en el marco de los servicios ecosistémicos. Se encontró que el enfoque participativo es elpredominante en la literatura, variando principalmente en los niveles de participación. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el mapeo de los valores sociales representa una herramienta útil para comprender mejor las dinámicas sociales y naturales que tienen lugar en un lugar específico y ofrecer un respaldo para la toma de decisiones, por lo que se necesitan más investigaciones al respecto.
The remote Kimberley region in Western Australia presents a unique nature based tourism destination. One of the world’s last wildernesses, the Kimberley is one of the least-impacted marine environments in the world. Tourism in the region is growing rapidly, driven by stunning natural landscapes, unparalleled nature-based experiences and a vibrant Indigenous culture. Despite this, there has been virtually no research into how stakeholders value the Kimberley and spatially explicit investigations are lacking. State marine protected area planning, currently in a formative stage in the region, requires such spatially explicit social data to complement existing biophysical information. This paper reports on findings from a Public Participation GIS survey with 206 stakeholders undertaken in 2015 as part of a broader research project into socio-cultural values and management preferences for the Kimberley coast. Stakeholders’ spatially linked values were collected via an internet-based mapping survey for the purpose of supporting future planning and management in the region. Stakeholders mapped over 4,100 value locations, with values relating to scenery/aesthetics, recreational fishing, Aboriginal culture and nature-based tourism being most prominent. Analysis identified a clear spatial clustering of values across the region with a number of value ‘hotspots’ evident. Tourism planners and managers can analyse these hotspots to identify areas of potential congruence and conflict, thus assisting in retaining the qualities of the region that support ongoing tourism. By generating spatially explicit information on stakeholder values and areas of importance, this research makes an important contribution to tourism planning and management in the Kimberley.
Context
Although there is a need to develop a spatially explicit methodological approach that addresses the social importance of cultural ecosystem services for regional planning, few studies have analysed the spatial distribution on the cultural ecosystem services based on social perceptions.
Objective
The main objective of this study was to identify cultural ecosystem service hot-spots, and factors that characterize such hot-spots and define the spatial associations between cultural ecosystem services in Southern Patagonia (Argentina).
Methods
The study was carried out in Southern Patagonia (243.9 thousand km2) located between 46° and 55° SL with the Andes mountains on the western fringe and the Atlantic Ocean on the eastern fringe of the study area. The study region has a range of different vegetation types (grasslands, shrub-lands, peat-lands and forests) though the cold arid steppe is the main vegetation type. We used geo-tagged digital images that local people and visitors posted in the Panoramio web platform to identify hot-spots of four cultural ecosystem services (aesthetic value, existence value, recreation and local identity) and relate these hot-spots with social and biophysical landscape features.
Results
Aesthetic value was the main cultural service tagged by people, followed by the existence value for biodiversity conservation, followed by local identity and then recreational activity. The spatial distribution of these cultural ecosystem services are associated with different social and biophysical characteristics, such as the presence of water bodies, vegetation types, marine and terrestrial fauna, protected areas, urbanization, accessibility and tourism offer. The most important factors are the presence of water in Santa Cruz and tourism offer in Tierra del Fuego.
Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that this methodology is useful for assessing cultural ecosystem services at the regional scale, especially in areas with low data availability and field accessibility, such as Southern Patagonia. We also identify new research challenges that can be addressed in cultural ecosystem services research through the use of this method.
This is the first report from the “Values and aspirations for coastal waters of the Kimberley” research project funded by the Western Australian Government and administered by the Western Australian Marine Science Institution (Kimberley Research Node Project 2.1.2). The study area extends from the south western end of Eighty Mile Beach to the Northern Territory Border, a coastline 13,296 km in length at low water mark including the islands. The aim of this 3-year research project is to document and analyse the social values and aspirations of people associated with the existing and proposed marine parks at Eighty Mile Beach, Roebuck Bay, Lalang-garram (Camden Sound) and North Kimberley, and with other coastal waters of the Kimberley.
This report provides results from 167 in-depth interviews (232 people in total) and associated participatory mapping. The interviews and mapping were undertaken to identify and describe stakeholders’ values regarding the coastline and marine environment. Seven geographic areas were the focus of interviews: Darwin, Kununurra/Wyndham, Derby, Broome, the Dampier Peninsula, Eighty Mile Beach, and Perth. Collectively, these are the principal access routes to the Kimberley coast as well as major tourism nodes. A focus on access points to the marine parks also influenced where the interviews were conducted. The exception was the North Kimberley Marine Park, where no land-based interviews were undertaken. The reasons for this were twofold: the expense and time taken to access Kalumburu; and at the time of fieldwork (mid-2013) WAMSI was still negotiating a working relationship with the Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corporation making it premature to be progressing research with these Traditional Owners at this time.
Agreement-based research with Aboriginal groups underpinned the research design, given the enduring relationship that Traditional Owners have with the land and sea country of the Kimberley. Considerable efforts were made to develop a collaborative approach to this research, through three loosely defined stages: (1) introductions, scoping and project adjustments with Aboriginal groups that might want to participate, beginning up to six months prior to fieldwork commencing; (2) interviews with Traditional Owners identified by their prescribed Body Corporates or who self-identified themselves as Traditional Owners or with members of ranger teams; and (3) sharing of research findings with Traditional Owner groups via face-to-face meetings and production of individualised map books of study results for each group.
Stakeholders interviewed included Aboriginal Traditional Owners; Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal residents; tourists and the tourism industry; commercial and recreational fishing, and aquaculture; federal, state and local government; mining, oil, gas and tidal energy interests; marine transport and aviation; and environmental non-government organisations. Aboriginal Traditional Owners were particularly important to engage and involve in this research given they own the sea country for a number of the Kimberley marine parks. Another particular focus for the interviews was the WA Government’s Department of Parks and Wildlife, given their policy, planning and management role in these marine parks.
Analysis of interviews involved their digital recording, transcription and then analysis using NVivo 10, a qualitative coding software package. Using a methodology that developed emergent codes and relied on freely drawing valued places on maps, rather than prescribing value categories and using dots to locate these values on maps was chosen because the values people ascribe to this coastline and marine environment are largely unknown. Most importantly, recent research has shown that free mapping and flexibility in how values are defined and assigned are an effective methodology with Indigenous people. To report these emergent values, they have been generally organised according to a values framework developed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005: direct use values (non-consumptive and consumptive), indirect and non-use values.
The interviews and associated analysis revealed the social values for the Kimberley coastline and marine environment as largely non-consumptive, direct uses including the physical landscape, Aboriginal culture, therapeutic, recreation (other than camping and fishing), social interaction and memories, experiential, learning and research, historical, and spiritual values (listed here in descending order of mention in the interviews). Direct use, consumptive values included recreation (camping), recreation (fishing), subsistence (e.g. food collection and fresh water provisioning), economic (tourism), and economic (commercial fishing, pearling and aquaculture) (again in descending order). Biodiversity was the only indirect use value, with bequest and existence the two non-use values. Biodiversity is ascribed as a ‘use’ value because it is a ‘regulating service’ for ecosystems.
In the interviews respondents were asked to draw important, valued places on a series of base maps for the Kimberley coastline and marine environment. A total of six 1:1,000,000 maps collectively cover this area, plus one more detailed map of the Dampier Peninsula (at 1:250,000), was provided given it is the most populous and used part of the study region. An average of six (range 1–30) places were marked per interview, with 986 places (i.e. polygons) mapped in total.
The boundaries of these mapped places were then digitised and analysed in a GIS. The aggregated results of the participatory mapping show all the Kimberley coast as valued. Value hot spots are evident for Roebuck Bay, the western and northern coastal fringes and marine environments of Dampier Peninsula, the Buccaneer Archipelago, Horizontal Falls and Talbot Bay, and Montgomery Reef. A number of other sites northwards also appeared as hot spots, although of less intensity than these listed areas. The results for the northern Kimberley coast should be treated with caution, however, given the paucity of land-based interviews and lack of involvement of several key Traditional Owner groups for this sea country at the time this fieldwork was conducted.
A GIS analysis was also undertaken to describe the attributes of individual values, including their frequency of occurrence and the mean size of areas mapped. The physical landscape had the highest frequency of occurrence, followed by recreation (fishing), biodiversity, recreation (other than camping and fishing), and Aboriginal culture. Existence and economic (commercial fishing, pearling and aquaculture) values had polygons with the largest mean areas, while social interaction and memories, and recreation (camping) had the smallest mean areas.
Management Implications: Knowledge to action
The following management implications derive from the research reported in this document.
(1) All of the Kimberley coast is valued. Thus, no part is ‘value-free’ and people must be consulted regarding its future, no matter if the location appears to be used (i.e. a ‘direct use, consumptive values’ and ‘direct use, non-consumptive values’) or not (i.e. ‘indirect use values’ and ‘non-use values’).
(2) Aboriginal peoples’ values for the Kimberley coast and marine environments extend well beyond cultural values and as such Aboriginal people must be included in decision making associated with all the values of the Kimberley coast.
(3) Physical landscape values dominated the interviews and were pivotal to peoples’ experiences of the Kimberley. Recognition of the importance of this value must underpin all planning and decision making. Future tourism efforts must protect this coast’s ‘wildness’ while also capitalising on it.
(4) Biodiversity was widely and intensely valued, both on- and offshore. This valuing provides an important base for societal support for marine parks and their nature conservation role.
(5) Careful consideration of the social impacts of developments associated with access to the Dampier Peninsula and Buccaneer Archipelago is essential.
Recreational users appreciate the UK marine environment for its cultural ecosystem services (CES) and their use and non-use values. UK Governments are currently establishing a network of marine protected areas (MPAs) informed by ecological data and socio-economic evidence. Evidence on CES values is needed, but only limited data have been available. We present a case study from the UK National Ecosystem Assessment (NEA) follow-on phase that elicited divers’ and anglers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for potential MPAs. The case study is an innovative combination of a travel-cost based choice experiment and an attribute-based contingent valuation method. Our study design allowed us to understand the marine users’ preferences from both a user and a stewardship perspective. Following the UK NEA’s place-based CES framework, we characterised marine CES as environmental spaces that might be protected, with features including the underwater seascape, and iconic and non-iconic species. Our survey highlighted the importance of CES to divers and anglers. A wide variety of marine spaces influenced user-WTP, while stewardship-WTP was most influenced by management restrictions, species protection, and attitudes towards marine conservation. An understanding of key stakeholders’ CES values can inform a more holistic and sustainable approach to marine management, especially for decisions involving trade-offs between marine protection and opportunity costs of the blue economy.
The concept of ecosystem services facilitates the valuation of the multiple services from ecosystems and landscapes, the identification of trade-offs between different land use scenarios, and also informs decision making in land use planning. Unfortunately, cultural services have been mostly neglected within the ecosystem services framework. This could result in trade-off assessments which are biased and mislead ecosystem management and landscape planning. However, cultural landscape research approaches have proven valuable in the assessment of different nonmaterial landscape values and cultural services. In this paper, we compare the objectives, approaches, and methodologies adopted by ecosystem services research and cultural landscape research through a bibliographic research. Both research communities investigate the human dimension of ecosystems and landscapes and, hence, study the same object. A closer link between the two research communities would enrich and possibly sharpen both approaches. In particular, landscape research on cultural services such as aesthetics or cultural heritage could provide valuable results and methods for a comprehensive assessment of ecosystem services.
People around the world are looking to marine ecosystems to provide additional benefits to society. As they consider expanding current uses and investing in new ones, new management approaches are needed that will sustain the delivery of the diverse benefits that people want and need. An ecosystem services framework provides metrics for assessing the quantity, quality, and value of benefits obtained from different portfolios of uses. Such a framework has been developed for assessments on land, and is now being developed for application to marine ecosystems. Here, we present marine Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST), a new tool to assess (i.e., map, model, and value) multiple services provided by marine ecosystems. It allows one to estimate changes in a suite of services under different management scenarios and to investigate trade-offs among the scenarios, including implications of drivers like climate. We describe key inputs and outputs of each of the component ecosystem service models and present results from an application to the West Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The results demonstrate how marine InVEST can be used to help shape the dialogue and inform decision making in a marine spatial planning context.
2009). Participatory mapping and geographi-cal patterns of the social landscape values of rural communities in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Fennia 187: 1, pp. 43–60. Helsinki. ISSN 0015-0010. People attach commonly approved social values subjectively to landscape. These values vary spatially and can be studied in geographical context. In sus-tainable management of cultural landscapes, social values should be taken into account as professionally as the analysis of physical landscape features. This case study applies participatory and GIS techniques in the mapping and geo-graphical analysis of social landscape values in a multifunctional cultural land-scape in Zanzibar island, Tanzania. Social landscape data were collected with single-informant interviews using participatory GIS (PGIS) techniques. Four dif-ferent social landscape values (subsistence, traditional, aesthetic and leisure) were mapped on an orthophotoimage individually by 149 informants. Data were spatially and statistically analysed to construct understanding of the com-munity level patterns of the social landscape values. Results show geographical differences between individually and collectively held values in their distribu-tion and clustering across the landscape. These patterns reflect local culture and its interpretation of different social landscape values. Results address the impor-tance of local stakeholder participation when spatial planning and management of multifunctional cultural landscapes are realized. The paper discusses these management implication and methodological challenges of using participatory GIS techniques in studying cultural landscapes. Nora Fagerholm & Niina Käyhkö, Department of Geography, FI-20014 Univer-sity of Turku, Finland.
Ecosystem service assessments have increasingly been used to support environmental management policies, mainly based on biophysical and economic indicators. However, few studies have coped with the social-cultural dimension of ecosystem services, despite being considered a research priority. We examined how ecosystem service bundles and trade-offs emerge from diverging social preferences toward ecosystem services delivered by various types of ecosystems in Spain. We conducted 3,379 direct face-to-face questionnaires in eight different case study sites from 2007 to 2011. Overall, 90.5% of the sampled population recognized the ecosystem's capacity to deliver services. Formal studies, environmental behavior, and gender variables influenced the probability of people recognizing the ecosystem's capacity to provide services. The ecosystem services most frequently perceived by people were regulating services; of those, air purification held the greatest importance. However, statistical analysis showed that socio-cultural factors and the conservation management strategy of ecosystems (i.e., National Park, Natural Park, or a non-protected area) have an effect on social preferences toward ecosystem services. Ecosystem service trade-offs and bundles were identified by analyzing social preferences through multivariate analysis (redundancy analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis). We found a clear trade-off among provisioning services (and recreational hunting) versus regulating services and almost all cultural services. We identified three ecosystem service bundles associated with the conservation management strategy and the rural-urban gradient. We conclude that socio-cultural preferences toward ecosystem services can serve as a tool to identify relevant services for people, the factors underlying these social preferences, and emerging ecosystem service bundles and trade-offs.
Cultural ecosystem services (ES) are consistently recognized but not yet adequately defined or integrated within the ES framework. A substantial body of models, methods, and data relevant to cultural services has been developed within the social and behavioral sciences before and outside of the ES approach. A selective review of work in landscape aesthetics, cultural heritage, outdoor recreation, and spiritual significance demonstrates opportunities for operationally defining cultural services in terms of socioecological models, consistent with the larger set of ES. Such models explicitly link ecological structures and functions with cultural values and benefits, facilitating communication between scientists and stakeholders and enabling economic, multicriterion, deliberative evaluation and other methods that can clarify tradeoffs and synergies involving cultural ES. Based on this approach, a common representation is offered that frames cultural services, along with all ES, by the relative contribution of relevant ecological structures and functions and by applicable social evaluation approaches. This perspective provides a foundation for merging ecological and social science epistemologies to define and integrate cultural services better within the broader ES framework.
We integrated the emerging information of the ecological, economic and social importance of the coasts at a global scale. We defined coastal regions to range from the continental shelf (to a depth of 200 m), the intertidal areas and adjacent land within 100 km of the coastline. We used the 1 km resolution Global Land Cover Characteristics Database and calculated the area covered by 11 different land cover classes (natural and human-altered ecosystems) within the 100 km limit [Burke, L., Kura, Y., Kasem, K., Revenga, C., Spalding, M., McAllister, D., 2001. Coastal Ecosystems. Washington DC World Resource Institute. 93 pp.]. Cover of aquatic ecosystems was calculated based on several world databases. Our results show that the coasts of the world comprise a wide variety of geomorphological characteristics of which mountainous coasts with a narrow shelf are the most abundant. Sandy shores are found on 16% of the coastal countries. The coasts are located in every weather regime and the number of biomes is equally variable. Within the 100 km limit, 72% still is covered by natural ecosystems and 28% have been altered by human activities (urban and croplands). Open shrubs and evergreen broadleaf forests are the most abundant terrestrial ecosystems. Canada has the largest area of natural and relatively well preserved terrestrial ecosystems. Indonesia and China have the largest percentages of cropland area near the shore, and Japan and the US have the largest coastal urban areas. Indonesia, Australia, Brazil, Bahamas and New Caledonia have the largest areas of aquatic ecosystems. The calculated economic value of goods and services provided by coastal ecosystems showed that altogether, coastal ecosystems contribute 77% of global ecosystem-services value calculated by Costanza et al. [Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Naeem, S., Limburg, K., Paruelo, J., O’Neill, R.V., Raskin, R., Sutton, P., ven den Belt, M., 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253–260]. According to 2003 data, 2.385 million people live within the coastal limit, which represents 41% of world global population. More than 50% of the coastal countries have from 80 to 100% of their total population within 100 km of the coastline. Twenty-one of the 33 world's megacities are found on the coast. Multivariate analyses grouped coastal countries according to their ecological, economic and social characteristics. Three gradients explained 55% of the variance: degree of conservation, ecosystem service product and demographic trends. Given the current scenario and the climate change prediction, the coastal environments will be confronting serious environmental issues that should be worked in advance, in order to achieve a sustainable development of the most valued locations of the world. Several recommendations are made.
Planning a sustainable future for coastal populations requires the effective implementation of ecosystem management frameworks that explicitly incorporate human activities. A coupled framework of the Ecosystem-Based Approach with Marine Spatial Planning has been discussed and promoted by coastal managers for more than a decade. The proposed framework supports a balanced approach between development needs and the natural environment. This paper presents a qualitative review of Marine Spatial Planning case studies to gain insights into methodological approaches that account for human systems as components of the coastal environment. A total of twelve Marine Spatial Planning case studies were evaluated. Their use and integration of the Ecosystem-Based framework was assessed through a linguistic scale linked to a score of fuzzy numbers. Two management issues of interest were highlighted: how social, economic and environmental values were integrated into the spatial planning analysis; and how cross-realm connectivity was addressed by planning teams. Although the majority of case studies claimed to use the Ecosystem-Based Approach as the guiding framework, mixed results were observed. Relevant features of the Ecosystem-Based Approach were rarely included; such as the standardization of pressures from human activities, the integration of frameworks to assess ecosystem services and the implementation of Precautionary and Adaptive Management approaches. Important knowledge gaps were observed with regards to the assessment of social values, including the lack of spatial representation of ‘social connections’ to the marine environment and the lack of economic estimates of non-market values. Terrestrial and catchment units were not included in the majority of case studies; however, water quality management was used as a key element for the consideration of transboundary impacts. This comparative study reveals major differences in how coastal managers understand and integrate Ecosystem-Based Approaches with Marine Spatial Planning.
The remote Kimberley region in Western Australia presents a unique nature-based tourism destination. One of the world's last wildernesses, the Kimberley is one of the least-impacted marine environments in the world. Tourism in the region is growing rapidly, driven by stunning natural landscapes, unparalleled nature-based experiences and a vibrant indigenous culture. Despite this, there has been virtually no research into how stakeholders value the Kimberley and spatially explicit investigations are lacking. State marine protected area planning, currently in a formative stage in the region, requires such spatially explicit social data to complement existing biophysical information. This paper reports on findings from a Public Participation GIS survey with 206 stakeholders undertaken in 2015 as part of a broader research project into socio-cultural values and management preferences for the Kimberley coast. Stake-holders' spatially linked values were collected via an internet-based mapping survey for the purpose of supporting future planning and management in the region. Stakeholders mapped over 4,100 value locations, with values relating to scenery/aesthetics, recreational fishing, Aboriginal culture and nature-based tourism being most prominent. Analysis identified a clear spatial clustering of values across the region with a number of value 'hotspots' evident. Tourism planners and managers can analyse these hotspots to identify areas of potential congruence and conflict, thus assisting in retaining the qualities of the region that support ongoing tourism. By generating spatially explicit information on stakeholder values and areas of importance, this research makes an important contribution to tourism planning and management in the Kimberley.
The term public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) was conceived to describe how GIS technology could support public participation with the goal of including local or marginalized populations in planning and decision processes. Based on experience with more than 15 PPGIS studies, the central thesis of this paper is that PPGIS has not substantively increased the level of public impact in decision making because of multiple social and institutional constraints. Following a review of a decade of empirical PPGIS research, this paper explores why government and nongovernment organization (NGO) adoption of PPGIS for environmental planning decision support has lagged. Despite methodological advances in PPGIS, agency barriers to effective public participation have not been fundamentally altered by PPGIS. For PPGIS to have a sustained impact on regional and environmental planning, agencies must meaningfully encourage and involve the public in planning processes irrespective of the GIS component.
a b s t r a c t The roles of governance and technological innovation have been widely recognized as important parts of sustainability transitions. However, less attention has been paid to understanding the mechanisms of the emergence and spread of innovative ideas for stewardship of social–ecological systems. This study considers how theories of innovation and agency are able to provide explanatory power regarding the spread and impact of such ideas. This includes how innovations may contribute to resolving the mismatches between the scale of ecological processes and the scale of governance of ecosystems. The emergence and spread of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is used as an illustrative case study. The study shows that individuals embedded in informal networks have played a key role in driving the emergence of MSP across scales and in constantly re-framing the tool in order to overcome obstacles to adoption and implementation. In a number of cases, MSP has been decoupled from the ecosystem despite being framed as a tool for ecosystem-based management. Finally, this study is important to understand the process of emergence of new integrated tools for ecosystem stewardship at the global level.
Environments are complex socioecological systems demanding interdisciplinary research and conservation. Despite significant progress in characterizing socioecological complexity, including important inroads for measuring human wellbeing through ecosystem services approaches, cultural interactions with ecosystems remain poorly understood. Inadequate knowledge of cultural dimensions of ecosystems challenges the ability of conservation professionals to include these considerations in their programs. Ecosystem-based conservation without cultural considerations is not only insufficient, it risks producing unaccounted negative impacts to communities and misses an opportunity to build culturally meaningful alternatives. This mini review of relevant social science identifies five key cultural dimensions of ecosystems, highlighting examples from coastal North America. These key dimensions are: meanings, values, and identities; knowledge and practice; governance and access; livelihoods; and interactions with biophysical environments. We outline guiding principles for addressing these connections in integrated conservation research and application. Finally, we discuss potential methodologies to help improve interdisciplinary assessment and monitoring of cultural dimensions of conservation.
Public participation GIS (PPGIS) methods have progressed over the last decade, but as a rapidly evolving practice and area of research, there are new challenges. To identify the key issues and research priorities in PPGIS, two researchers that have designed and implemented more than 40 empirical studies spanning both environmental and urban applications present their views about the present and future of PPGIS for land use planning and management. This paper is intended to be a synthesis, but not necessarily a consensus of the key issues and research priorities. We have organized the paper into six general key issues and four priority research topics. The key issues are: (1) conceptual and theoretical foundations, (2) the diversity of definitions and approaches to participatory mapping, (3) the spatial attributes measured in participatory mapping, (4) sampling, participation, and data quality, (5) relationships between participatory mapped attributes and physical places, and (6) the integration of PPGIS data into planning decision support. Our top research priorities include: (1) understanding and increasing participation rates, (2) identifying and controlling threats to spatial data quality, (3) improving the “PP” or public participation in PPGIS, and (4) evaluating the effectiveness of PPGIS. Our purpose for presenting a research agenda is to stimulate discourse among PPGIS researchers and practitioners about future research needs and to provide support for the mobilization of resources to undertake future empirical research.
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly used as tools for fishery management and marine ecosystem conservation. MPAs directly impact, and are impacted by, the fishing industry and knowing fishers’ attitudes towards MPAs is critical for their success. In general, fishing activity is permitted within the boundaries of MPAs in Scotland but with different levels of restrictions, thus impacting differently on different sectors of the fishing industry. The present study used a questionnaire survey to investigate the attitudes towards closed areas of Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears. The results show that different gear-users expressed significantly different opinions about closed areas as management tools, their ability to protect stocks and decrease conflicts. Furthermore, a logistic model revealed that, besides the gear-type fishers operate, other characteristics (educational level, location and perceptions of compliance) influence fishers’ opinions about closed areas. Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management. Regarding the important role MPAs will play in the long-term conservation and fisheries management plans in Europe, understanding the variability in fishers’ attitudes within the same, and between different, groups will facilitate successful planning and management of MPAs.
Coastal and marine ecosystems (CMEs) generate some of the most important services to humankind, but they are endangered from overexploitation and loss. The widespread decline in CME services suggests that it is important to understand what is at stake in terms of the critical benefits and values of these services. This article examines how environmental and resource economics has contributed to our knowledge of CME services and discusses progress as well as challenges in valuing these services. The article highlights case studies in which the economic valuation of key CME services has influenced policy decisions concerning the management of CMEs. Two key features of CME benefits are also examined. First, the natural spatial variability in these systems can influence the economic value of CME services. Second, because they occur at the interface between watersheds, the coast, and open water, CMEs can produce cumulative and synergistic benefits across the entire seascape that are much more significant and unique than the services provided by any single ecosystem. Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.
Monetary values and biophysical features tend to dominate spatial planning data, yet intangible cultural values have a large role to play in decision-making. If left implicit, such considerations may be represented poorly in plan-ning. To foster explicit inclusion of intangible values alongside material values connected to ecosystems, we elic-ited verbal articulation, spatial identification and quantified marine-related values and threats across the seascape of northern Vancouver Island, Canada. We address: (1) how do our spatial interviews—involving maps and semi-structured interviews—enable and/or impede the elicitation of intangible values? (2) What categories of eco-system benefits do participants identify as most important? (3) Are spatial distributions of monetary values cor-related with non-monetary values and threats? Our findings indicate that (1) while maps were provocative, sizable minorities of interviewees refused to assign different numerical non-monetary values to specific locations (30%), or refused to identify locations of non-monetary importance (16%); (2) people allocated the highest non-monetary values to places notable for wildlife, outdoor recreation, then cultural heritage; and (3) significant pair-wise overlap occurred, but also sizable deviations, among monetary, non-monetary and threat distributions. Despite limitations to representing non-monetary values spatially and quantitatively, these methods offer a straightforward approach to catalog and map ecosystem services to inform spatial planning.
A rational process for assessment of environmental policy options should be based on an appreciation of how humans value nature. Increased understanding of values will also contribute to the development of appropriate ways for us to relate to and manage natural areas. Over the past two decades, environmental philosophers have examined the notion that there is an intrinsic value in nature. Economists have attempted to define and measure the market and nonmarket economic values associated with decisions concerning natural areas. Psychologists have tried to assess the extent to which people believe in an intrinsic value in nature, and have also begun to work with economists to improve nonmarket valuation techniques. I briefly review the contributions made to our understanding of natural area value by environmental philosophy, psychology and economics, and deve