Can Quantitative Finance Benefit from IoT?

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm that communicates information among smart devices that are connected to the Internet. In this context, such devices would leverage our understanding and capabilities of big data, deep analysis and artificial intelligence to solve problems in real-time. The IoT paradigm has successfully benefited many applications in the social sciences and industries. However, in the rise of IoT, there is at least one question that has been left unanswered: Can Quantitative Finance (QF) benefit from IoT? The QF is a field that extends sophisticated mathematical models and utilizes advanced computer techniques to link with global finance markets. By taking market and social information as input, a QF model can derive profitable insights and control the risk to make trading decisions. Today, many Internet-based techniques are extensively employed in the field as: (a) market and social data is provided via Internet; (b) big data infrastructures are built in the Cloud; and (c) deep learning tools are accessible in Internet. Even trading models and strategies could be exerted through Internet. In this paper, we will provide an overview of challenges and opportunities presented by this new paradigm in the QF industry. To unlock the potential of IoT, a system architecture, termed QuantCloud, is proposed for modern quantitative trading firms in the field.

Full text

Can Quantitative Finance Benefit from IoT?
Peng Zhang
Stony Brook University
Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
peng.zhang@stonybrook.edu
Xiang Shi
Advanced Risk and Portfolio
Management
New York, NY 10023, USA
xiang.shi@arpm.co
Samee U. Khan
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58108, USA
samee.khan@ndsu.edu
ABSTRACT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm that
communicates information among smart devices that are
connected to the Internet. In this context, such devices would
leverage our understanding and capabilities of big data, deep
analysis and artificial intelligence to solve problems in
real-time. The IoT paradigm has successfully benefited many
applications in the social sciences and industries. However, in
the rise of IoT, there is at least one question that has been left
unanswered: Can Quantitative Finance (QF) benefit from IoT?
The QF is a field that extends sophisticated mathematical
models and utilizes advanced computer techniques to link with
global finance markets. By taking market and social
information as input, a QF model can derive profitable insights
and control the risk to make trading decisions. Today, many
Internet-based techniques are extensively employed in the field
as: (a) market and social data is provided via Internet; (b) big
data infrastructures are built in the Cloud; and (c) deep learning
tools are accessible in Internet. Even trading models and
strategies could be exerted through Internet. In this paper, we
will provide an overview of challenges and opportunities
presented by this new paradigm in the QF industry. To unlock
the potential of IoT, a system architecture, termed QuantCloud,
is proposed for modern quantitative trading firms in the field.
CCS CONCEPTS
• Software and its engineering → Software organization
and properties → Software system structures
KEYWORDS
Internet of Things, Quantitative Finance, Big Data, Cloud
Computing
ACM Reference format:
P. Zhang, X. Shi, Samee U. Khan. 2017. In Proceedings of Second
ACM/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing: Workshop on Smart
IoT (SmartIoT’17), San Jose / Silicon Valley, CA, USA, October
14, 2017, 6 pages.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3132479.3132491
1 INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things, or IoT for short, is an entirely new
paradigm that motivates a renewed thinking in many fields,
such as retail, healthcare, cyber and physical infrastructures
[1]. With the advances in communication technologies: (a)
more scattered information could be effectively integrated in a
consolidated big data management system; (b)
knowledge-based decision could be made more accurately
based on the consolidated information; and (c) tools for
modeling and integrating variety and large volumes of
metadata could be more rapidly deliverable from vendors to
customers through the Internet. These IoT benefits are
drawing attention of the social, sciences, and industries [1, 2].
Quantitative finance (QF) plays a key role in many fields of the
modern financial markets in stocks, bonds, and foreign
exchange. The QF is a field that relies on sophisticated
mathematical models, statistical tools, machine learning, and
computer techniques to derive profitable insights to control
portfolio risks of the rapid-changing markets and make trading
decisions [3, 4]. In the field, proprietary trading firms were the
pioneers in the use of high-frequency quantitative trading,
which accounts for more than half of US equity volumes and
about 45% of futures trading, according to Tabb Group
estimates. In the past, the firms primarily focused on the speed
between the exchanges. However, today, only being fast is
insufficient to make profits. One evidence is that US high
frequency trading (HFT) equity market marker revenue
decreased from more than $7B in 2009 to $1B in 2016. There
is a growing trend of firms doing big and deep data analysis to
improve their trading decisions. In general, we require the
following: (a) consolidating vast amounts of data of different
instruments from different sources at different locations; (b)
developing mathematical models and statistical tools that are
able to deep mine “big values”; (c) building hardware
platforms to grab market inefficiency in a timely manner; and
(d) deliver data, software, and hardware services as an
integrated solution.
The QF evolution from ultra-low-latency systems to “smart
trading” systems could be an opportunity for the rise of IoT in
revolutionizing the trading industry. This motivated us to
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https://doi.org/10.1145/3132479.3132491

SmartIoT’17, October 2017, San Jose / Silicon Valley, CA, USA
P. Zhang et al.
2
investigate the connectivity between IoT and QF.
Consequently, in this paper, we present the potential benefits
for QF from utilizing IoT. We also propose a novel
Internet-based system architecture, termed QuantCloud that
may leverage the missed opportunities and challenges in this
field.
The main contributions of this work are as follows:
1. Discussion on the benefit the QF may gain from IoT
and the undergoing evolution of quantitative trading
from “fast trading” to “smart trading”.
2. The needs for Internet-based technologies in QF are
presented in detail and discussed in essential aspects
such as data, methods, platforms and services, etc.
3. A QuantCloud system architecture is proposed as a
next-generation quantitative finance platform that is
able to leverage “fast and smart trading” for this field.
This work makes an attempt to extend this IoT paradigm and
gain IoT benefits in an industrial environment. There is a
strong connectivity and business need for practitioners who
can develop an innovative IoT solution so that the firms could
quickly benefit from the IoT insights in the future. Our work is
a step forward towards this industry-driven approach.
The remainder of the article is organized as follows. In Section
2, some necessary background on modern QF systems is
reviewed, which also serves as a motivation for the work. To
fulfill the needs discussed in Section 2, Section 3 presents an
IoT QF system, termed the QuantCloud. We discuss some
preliminary QuantCloud results in Section 4. Finally, we
conclude the work in Section 5.
2 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATIONS
Things, within the IoT refers to a wide variety of aspects, which
in the context of QF could be a mixture of data, methods,
platforms, and services.
2.1 Financial Big Data
Data is the most important “thing” in quantitative analytics. To
date, financial big data is the major challenge for financial
institutions [5-7]. The 3 Vs of Big Data: volume, velocity, and
variety, never stop to grow [5, 6].
First, data volume in market transactions is increasing at a
tremendous rate. For example, there was a tenfold increase in
market data between 2008 and 2011, and the data volumes are
growing stronger in all areas of the financial domain [5]. The
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) by itself creates several
terabytes of market and reference data per day covering the
use and exchange of financial instruments [5, 8]. For a bigger
picture, the total number of transactions increased by 50 times,
compared to 20 years ago, and this number being more than
120 times bigger during the financial crisis [6].
Second, data velocity is an important factor in preserving a
competitive advantage. High-speed market data are directly
delivered to the high frequency trading (HFT) firms through
low-latency networks. These HFT transactions are highly
sensitive to small price fluctuations even at the microsecond
level. It has been recorded that these HFT transactions can deal
with several thousands of orders per day [5].
Third, modern financial firms focus on “wide data”, not just big
data, in their strategies. The unstructured data from social
media, such as news, Twitter, and Facebook are needed to be
modeled to gain insights about risk analysis and trading
predictions [5, 7]. Consequently, it is no longer possible for a
traditional relational database management system (RDBMS)
to handle such heterogeneous data [9, 10].
Under this scenario, a proprietary database management
system is the first “must-have” component that needs to be
optimized for handling time-series queries. In the best practice,
the columnar database is viewed as the most preferred option
for financial big data applications [10]. Consequently, we also
use the columnar database approach in our big data
infrastructure.
2.2 CEP and AI Methods
Big data is not just volume, velocity, and variety but a better
analytics method is what decision-makers really need. The
financial services industry is a pioneer in utilizing the complex
event processing (CEP) technology [11] to organize
data-driven events so that it could inform algorithmic trading
behavior by timely identifying opportunities and/or risks.
Nowadays, the CEP technology is extensively utilized in most
financial applications, such as quantitative trading, signal
generations, and risk management. Such CEP-based approach
is also a popular IoT solution to process multiple streams of
data/events to identify patterns of interest [11, 12].
The financial firms also are utilizing artificial intelligent (AI) as
another novel fast-developing approach. For example, it is
reported that the traditional hedge funds, such as Renaissance
Technologies and Bridgewater Associates have heavily
invested in AI to generate investment ideas [13].
Coincidentally, AI is also a fast-developing tool within the
world of the IoT [2, 14]. However, most conservative investors,
though eager on the idea of AI, are still slow to adopt this
emerging technology.
In practice, the CEP technology and AI algorithms must be
integrated with the time-series databases. An ideal case is
when the time-series databases are data providers for
historical and real-time data; meanwhile, the CEP and AI
methods are data consumers to derive hidden opportunities
and assess portfolio risks [3, 6, 11]. This is a cornerstone
feature in our proposed system, described in Section 3.
2.3 Cloud Computing Platform
The IoT and Cloud are different paradigms but we consider
them complimentary. The IoT generates vast amounts of data,
and the Cloud provides a scalable platform to store and process
the data. For example, the popular cloud IoT platforms include
Amazon Web Services IoT [15], Google Cloud IoT [16],
Microsoft Azure IoT [17], etc. Similarly, quantitative analytics
in finance is also moving the computing tasks to the Cloud. For
example, popular cloud platforms of such classification include
Amazon Web Services for Financial Services [18], Google Cloud
for Financial Services Solutions [19], Microsoft Azure for
Financial Services [20], etc. Consequently, both the IoT and QF
are using the Cloud as a platform [21]. Naturally, we also utilize
Cloud as a platform of our proposed system, described in
Section 3.

Can Quantitative Finance Benefit from IoT?
SmartIoT’17, October 2017, San Jose / Silicon Valley, CA, USA
3
2.4 Internet-based Services
By moving to the Cloud, the financial services sector is
currently undergoing a significant change. Traditionally, the
enterprise-level integrated trading systems was affordable by
only by the top financial institutions. Today, this situation has
changed. The Internet-based services enabled an explosion in
the availability of integrated trading platforms for smaller
firms and even professional individual traders. For example,
QuantStart offers Internet-based educational resources for
learning algorithmic trading [22]. Quantopian is a platform that
supports coding of investment algorithms [23] and
QuantConnect is yet another example [24]. Among all of these
platforms/tools, the Collective2 provides a rich set of
multi-source data, such as stocks, forex, futures, and options
[25]. We predict that more powerful tools and expressive
services will be implemented and delivered via the Internet,
shaping the financial services model infused with collaborative
technologies [6, 26, 27]. The same ideological change is
happening within the world of the IoT [28]. Consequently, we
adopt the same Internet-based service model in our proposed
architecture, described in Section 3.
2.5 Summary
Observing industrial cases across various applications helps us
understand the real needs in industries. The overview of
quantitative analytics in finance is outlined in Fig 1.
Figure 1: Overview of Quantitative Analytics in Finance
3 A QUANTCLOUD SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
After in-depth analysis of motivational factors in QF, we
present an integrated system architecture, termed QuantCloud,
to leverage the capabilities of financial big data, time-series
analytics techniques, parallel processing, and Internet-based
services while preserving legacy interfaces, such as Python.
3.1 System Architecture
The QuantCloud system architecture is composed of three
abstraction layers, namely: user, client, and server, as shown in
Fig 2. The user layer provides an Internet portal through which
users submit their tasks in XML and receive their results in
CSV. The portal supports quantitative analysts to program
their algorithms in C/C++ or Python. Specifically, a task could
be a strategy the analyst builds, such as market data types, a
trade strategy and frequency, and the user account and
exchange information. Such a design will minimize hardware
and device-to-cloud communication requirements for the
end-point Internet-connected devices. It also is possible to
access results by mobile devices, such as smartphones.
The client layer is at the heart of quantitative analytics. Briefly,
it consists of the following modules:
a. Data push and fetch services: It queries time-series data
from its connected server (fetch); and pushes results to a user
on completion of the user tasks (push).
b. Shared memory system (SHM): It buffers queried
time-series and allows other modules to make use of the data.
c. Complex event processing (CEP): On arrival of a user task,
it analyzes the dependencies between tasks and data. It then
sends queries to server and starts to execute the tasks as long
as queried data arrive at SHM.
d. Artificial intelligence (AI): It is a built-in function module
that is callable by tasks in CEP. When a function call is made, an
AI subroutine reads associated data from SHM and starts
analyzing on the read data.
e. Accelerators (ACC): These are additional computational
units for host processors. An accelerator appears as a device on
the bus for better performance. In general, some specific
operators, such as large matrix operations could be accelerated
on the Nvidia GPU [29, 30]; and some specific complex models,
such as machine learning models could be improved in speed
and accuracy on the Google TPU.
The server layer is at the heart of quantitative data and is
comprised of:
a. Database (DB): Ideally it adopts a non-relational
columnar data storage. It needs to be optimized for time-series
queries. In short, time-series is data that has a timestamp, such
as IoT device data and QF stocks transactions. Further, a
real-time data collection interface will be added to collect
market information streams in real-time through the Internet.
b. Hybrid storage solution: It combines in-memory and
on-disk storage. Particularly, an in-memory database (IMDB) is
just a part of the DB in memory for most frequently accessed
data, such as stocks trades. An on-disk database that may
consist of a SSD and a HDD, stores the rest of data, such as
stocks quotes.
c. Data push and fetch services: It pushes queried data to the
requester client (push); and fetches data in real-time from
sources, such as financial markets and exchanges (fetch).
3.2 Key Components and Their Functions
3.2.1 Big Data Management
Within the server, data is managed in a non-relational
columnar storage. In support of the QF use cases, we
considered the following factors: (a) fast range queries for time
series; (b) support simultaneous read operations; (c) data
compression; and (d) data hashing for security [27].
At the client side, data is stored and managed within the SHM,
and a client adopts a hybrid multi-threading programming
model. On arrival of packets from server, data packets are
decrypted and restored as time series for other subroutines to
use [27].

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P. Zhang et al.
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3.2.2 Complex Event Processing (CEP)
A task could be viewed as a data-driven decision-making
process and is comprised of multiple data streams and
data-dependent subtasks (i.e. events). Technically, a CEP
solution needs to, at least, analyze data dependencies between
events and process events on the availability of the needed
data. In a practical perspective, users could simply define the
events and their behaviors but do not need to worry about the
execution ordering, which is a model-driven development. In
QF, an event instance could be just a simple event, such as a
quotation or a composite event, derived from other discrete
events. In financial index models, an event could also be an
index of interest using some regression approaches.
Given all this, a data-driven paradigm is a solution to
understand the data dependencies between complex events for
creation of a data-dependent matrix [31]. Taking this matrix as
an input, a scheduler executes an event when its dependency is
ready. This approach allows concurrent execution of multiple
events to enable event-level parallel processing.
3.2.3 Nvidia GPU and Google TPU Accelerators
Today, GPU is one of most popular accelerators, which has
exhibited its superiority over CPU in some specific algorithms,
such as large-scale matrix operations and Monte Carlo (MC).
The MC is extensively used to calculate portfolio risk for the
simple reason that it does not require closed-form expressions.
However, accuracy of estimated risks in MC is dependent on
the number of generated scenarios. Therefore, in practice, a
considerable number of scenarios are calculated. In this case,
the GPU is a preferable computing means to solve such a
problem.
Another example is the cone programming problem in modern
portfolio theory [32, 33]. The algorithms include the linear
programming (LP), quadratic programming (QP) and
semidefinite programming (SDP). In contrast to CPU, GPU is
more powerful in solving these algorithms. Therefore, compute
intensive methods, such as MC, LP, QP, and SDP must move to
GPUs from traditional CPUs.
Google TPU is a novel accelerator and is purpose-built
specifically for machine learning (ML). However, its access
method is now limited to the cloud. To harness the TPU benefit,
the training workloads and the execution of the ML models
must also be exported to the Google Cloud. This usage is
different from the usage of GPU that allows to be used locally.
Figure 2: A QuantCloud System Architecture
3.3 Software Environments
Among popular programming languages for the QF and IoT
developments, Python is a preferred language for building
solutions as it requires fewer lines of codes and it has a wide
availability of statistical libraries. On the other hand, C++ is still
the first-choice language for programmers who code at the
lowest layer of the software. In theory, there is not much
difference between these high-level languages for writing
desktop apps and servers. However, in practice, there are big
differences in writing codes for the next-generation
Internet-based “things”. For example, most computing
resources are remote and all of the communication goes
through the network. Ideally, a user should not be concerned
with any of this and should simply implement the algorithm as
objects.
Keeping all of this in mind, in our software environment, C++ is
used for developing the big data system architecture [27] and
its built-in CEP scheduler [34]. At the high-level user
environment, in addition to these convention C++ callbacks, a
Python interface is supplied to execute the Python codes in
multi-threaded C++ runtime. This integrated software
architecture is important as it provides an effortless interface
to use many Python libraries, such as Theano and Pylearn2 for
machine learning [35, 36], and StatsModels for statistical tests
and data exploration [37].

Can Quantitative Finance Benefit from IoT?
SmartIoT’17, October 2017, San Jose / Silicon Valley, CA, USA
5
3.4 Hardware/Software Co-Development for QF
In development, we collaborate the software specification with
the hardware properties and prejudice neither hardware nor
software implementation. This co-design method has been
extensively-used for powering the IoT development [38] so it
is hereby applied for this QF development.
In the off-the-shelf processors, a manycore architecture is the
most popular, containing a number of independent cores and
shared memory. Technically, a program must be written for a
degree of parallel processing so it may fully explore the power
of a manycore processor system. Our platform uses a hybrid
multi-threading and multi-coprocessing approach.
A manycore processor usually has just a few cores (e.g. 4, 8, 16)
and may be complemented by an accelerator, such as Nvidia
GPU in a heterogenous system. Each GPU device has its own
memory. Communication between host CPU and its attached
GPUs goes through the host memory. Strictly, GPU is also a
form of manycore architecture but more suitable for
highly-parallel compute-intensive applications.
Google Tensor Processing Unit, called as Cloud TPU, may be
considered as another form of novel accelerator, only being
suitable for specific purpose: machine learning (ML). The TPU
is available now as part of Google Cloud and programmable in
TensorFlow. Currently, a ML application or object has to be
moving to the cloud for using this TPU. This is changing the
hardware acquisition, which simultaneously requires a change
in the software development. Under this scenario, the client
part in Fig. 2 is designed as an Internet-based analytics
provider, rather than mere a standalone instance.
Consequently, QF can benefit from a transform towards an
Internet-based architecture paradigm.
4 PRELIMINARY RESULTS
We build a proof-of-concept (POC) system to demonstrate the
benefit for QF from IoT. This POC system is shown in Fig. 3. In
this POC, we simulated a conventional user who operates a
personal desktop to perform analysis locally and an
Internet-based user who uses Internet-based services to
perform same analysis on the Cloud. For this conventional
user, we use the Matlab toolbox in a Microsoft Windows
operating system. For this Internet-based user, we use a laptop
to submit tasks to one of clients in the Cloud using the TCP/IP.
On receipt of a task, the client queries data from server and
does the task. In this, the big data system infrastructure
followed the work [27].
Figure 3: A Proof-of-Concept System for the QuantCloud Architecture
We tested the autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) model
using this POC system. In this test, we assume that the
conventional user operates a local computer that has a
relatively old CPU: Intel Xeon E5 processor; on the other hand,
the Internet-based user accesses a cloud compute instance that
has a novel CPU: Intel Xeon Phi (Knights Landing) processor.
Both users run the ARMA code in Python in StatsModels [37]
and use a total of 7-day trade data. It took the conventional
user 78 seconds to process 16 stocks and the Internet-based
user 18 seconds to process 64 stocks. In other words, in an
hour, a conventional user can only process a total of 46 stocks
on his local server but an Internet-based use could process as
many as 195 stocks using one single cloud instance. The NYSE
exchange trades stocks for some 2800 companies. So, an
Internet-based user needs only 15 compute instances to
complete such analysis on all stocks in an hour. To compare,
this conventional user needs about 2.5 days for this job.
Therefore, at the IoT age, such conventional users may quickly
lose their competitive advantage in the industry. Some
example “things” in our model could be:
1. Real-time collection of a socio-temporal event: People use
mobile devices, such as smartphones to comment on
social affairs. For example, people “like” or “dislike” a
company’s news. These events are collected through
smartphones and transmitted to a cloud and organized as
socio-temporal events. Analyzing such events may help us
understand the preference of customers on a company
and its products in a timely fashion. Therefore, in this
manner, such mobile devices are tangible “things” for the
financial cloud to understand the social timely impact on
the financial market.
2. Place an order using smart devices: Individual traders can
use their smartphone to place an order, for example, buy
or sell stocks. Such individual orders are transmitted
through a network to an exchange broker where orders
are placed and executed. Therefore, in this manner, these
smart phones are tangible “things” for the financial cloud
to help its customers to place orders in an agile way.
3. Extract live news from a website: For example, get live news
about a company or a sector, from markets.wsj.com and

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P. Zhang et al.
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www.nytimes.com. Search some keywords and use AI
models to predict how these live news data impact a
company’s stocks. Therefore, in this manner, such news
websites are intangible “things” but important for the
financial cloud to reflect the public opinions on the
companies.
4. Extract a company financial data: These data are collected
to a cloud center and organized as time-series events used
to understand a company’s financial situation and help
price its stocks. Therefore, in this manner, the company
websites are intangible “things” but reliable sensors for
the financial cloud to demonstrate a company’s
performance in a timely manner.
5 CONCLUSIONS
In this work, we see a great potential in leveraging the IoT
paradigm for the quantitative trading firms to transform
business practices. By extending this IoT paradigm, we could
be able to collect multi-source data through the Internet, utilize
Internet-based toolchains to gain deep insights from the
collected data, minimize the resource provisioning costs by
using the Cloud, and create end-to-end integrated solutions in
a timely manner. The benefit that this IoT paradigm could
bring would change the best practice of most quantitative
trading firms. Therefore, the rise of IoT is an opportunity to
revolutionize the financial industry as it is better aligned to the
needs of modern financial practitioners. To harness this
opportunity, the QuantCloud system architecture is one
solution with the clear focus on the capabilities of financial big
data, complex event processing, artificial intelligence, and
Cloud portability.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Samee U. Khan’s work supported by (while serving at) the
National Science Foundation. Any opinion, findings, and
conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material
are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the
views of the National Science Foundation.
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