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ADHD, impulsivity and entrepreneurship ☆
Abstract
Recently, entrepreneurship scholars have started to show interest in how " negative " traits associated with mental disorders such as ADHD may have positive implications in entrepreneur-ship. While this research has the potential of producing important and counter-intuitive results, it is still in its infancy and the causal mechanisms that drive those individuals to be attracted to entrepreneurship have received limited attention. Consequently, we draw on the person-environment fit literature and propose that individuals are attracted to, and engage in, entrepreneurship because the task environment of entrepreneurship which favors speed of action is aligned with the traits of those individuals. We develop and test a model which suggests that ADHD influences entrepreneurship through the multifaceted trait of impulsivity. We find that inattention is negatively but hyperactivity is positively associated with entrepre-neurship. We also find that sensation seeking and lack of premeditation generally positively influences entrepreneurship, whereas urgency has the opposite influence. Taken together, this suggests complex, multifaceted implications of ADHD and impulsivity in entrepreneurship. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. Research on entrepreneur personality has been mostly associated with positive traits, such as self-efficacy and achievement motivation. However, most traits are not universally positive or negative and what is functional or dysfunctional depends on context (Judge et al., 2009). Entre-preneurship is characterized by uncertainty, which indices anxiety, worry, procrastination and inaction among most people (McMullen and Shepherd, 2006; Paulus, 2007). However, it is also a vocation that grants more autonomy in terms of job design and task allocation, which may be attractive to individuals who need more leeway in designing their own tasks. Acknowledging the high uncertainty and autonomy in entrepreneurship, we argue that ADHD symptoms, which are associated with negative consequences in many areas of life, may have positive implications in the context of entrepreneurship because ADHD is characterized by traits such as sensation seeking, a focus on action with little premeditation, and a desire for autonomy. We employ person-environment fit theory (e.g., Holland, 1997) to argue that ADHD symptoms influence entrepreneurial preferences and behavior through the multi-dimensional traits of im-pulsivity. Specifically, ADHD symptoms are related to higher levels of sensation seeking, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance and urgency. These traits in turn influence the perceived attractiveness of entrepreneurship and the probability of starting a business. We conducted surveys on a sample of MBA alumni from a school that is consistently ranked as one of the top fifty public MBA programs, who by virtue of their degree tend to have viable job opportunities and were thus less likely to be pushed into entrepreneurship. We find that ADHD symptoms have a complicated relationship with entrepreneurial preferences and action, with the pathway through sensation seeking and lack of premeditation being mostly positive while the pathway through urgency being negative. Further, hyperactive symptoms seem to mainly result in positive outcomes while inattention symptoms lead to negative ones. Our findings demonstrate that entrepreneurship is indeed a unique area where negative traits, such as ADHD, may represent valuable assets. Previous research has mostly associated ADHD with negative job-related outcomes (Barkley et al., 2006). Our research indicates that certain aspects of ADHD symptoms, such as sensation seeking and lack of premeditation, could lead individuals to be attracted to entrepreneurship and to start their own businesses. This suggests a contextualized view of personality traits, as well as boundary conditions to existing theories. Second, we develop and empirically test a model that links ADHD symptoms to entrepreneur-ship through the multi-dimensional traits of impulsivity, which provides a more nuanced and theoretically interesting understanding of the ADHD—entrepreneurship relationship. The same can be said about our findings of the differential influences of inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. Thus, this paper contributes to previous research on ADHD and entrepreneurship that has mostly examined the bivariate relationship between the two (e.g., Veryheul et al., 2015; Thurik et al., 2016). Finally, our post-hoc analyses showed that the effects of ADHD symptoms on entrepreneurship are more pronounced under highly uncertain environments. This is consistent with our theorizing, suggesting that individuals with ADHD symptoms are more likely to harness advantages associated with ADHD rather than suffer from associated disadvantages in highly uncertain and dynamic environments such as entrepreneurship. There are at least two important practice implications of our results. First, our results imply that individuals with ADHD symptoms may be empowered to craft their own jobs to fit their special needs. Second, our findings suggest that people with ADHD symptoms and impul-sivity will tend to prefer action speed over action accuracy and that this may be functional in the context of entrepreneurship.
... Prior studies (Yu et al., 2021a) show that CEOs with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) exhibit a greater propensity for independent and creative activities that include self-employment or entrepreneurship. According to Wiklund et al. (2017), CEOs with ADHD symptoms have the most appropriate set of character traits inherent in a "real" entrepreneur, such as willingness to take risk, try new things, and act proactively based on personal interests. Researchers argue that the manifestation of ADHD hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms translates into higher entrepreneurial orientation that is consistent with proactive behavior and innovation (Gunia et al., 2021;Lerner et al., 2018). ...
... Second, we expand the body of research on the relationship between the ADHD hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms and various aspects of entrepreneurship (Hatak et al., 2021;Shepherd et al., 2021;Verheul et al., 2015;Wiklund et al., 2016Wiklund et al., , 2017Wismans et al., 2020;Yu et al., 2021) and particularly in the SME context (Anonymous, 2022). We show that CEOs prone to ADHD symptoms can shape innovations in different ways depending on the degree of manifestation of their traits, as well as their perception of the general context and increasing tenure. ...
... According to recent studies, individuals prone to ADHD symptoms are more inclined to entrepreneurship in its various manifestations because it "resonates" with their abilities and character (Stappers & Andries, 2022;Wiklund et al., 2017;Yu et al., 2021). That is, their strengths or bright sides 'fit' and are 'activated' in conditions of uncertainty, dynamism, and high risk, which are directly associated with entrepreneurship as a phenomenon. ...
... They also expand P-E fit theory in the entrepreneurship context. As Wiklund et al. (2017) lamented, the P-E fit literature has focused on traditional occupations and workers but paid little attention to non-typical occupations (e.g., entrepreneurship) and non-typical individuals (e.g., those with high childhood adversities). While there are undoubtedly benefits of entrepreneurship in terms of disadvantaged individuals flexibly crafting their work (Wiklund et al., 2017), our findings suggest that their choices (motivated by preference fit) can also be limited by adversity undermining their ability to act on their choices and craft their work. ...
... As Wiklund et al. (2017) lamented, the P-E fit literature has focused on traditional occupations and workers but paid little attention to non-typical occupations (e.g., entrepreneurship) and non-typical individuals (e.g., those with high childhood adversities). While there are undoubtedly benefits of entrepreneurship in terms of disadvantaged individuals flexibly crafting their work (Wiklund et al., 2017), our findings suggest that their choices (motivated by preference fit) can also be limited by adversity undermining their ability to act on their choices and craft their work. ...
... People seek occupations that allow them to express their personalities and preferences. From this angle, characteristics such as risk-taking, sensation seeking, and rule-breaking are important predictors of entrepreneurial entry owing to their links to uncertainty tolerance and/or autonomy attraction (e.g., Wiklund et al., 2017). Research focusing on ability fit has instead emphasized individual ability (Peng et al., 2014). ...
The developmental psychology literature has linked childhood adversities to detrimental development outcomes that can undermine labor market participation and performance. In contrast, emerging entrepreneurship studies raise the possibility that childhood adversities may positively affect entrepreneurial action with some diverging findings. We reconcile these opposing theoretical perspectives in their effects on entrepreneurial entry by theorizing that childhood adversities are a mixed blessing for entrepreneurship and affect entry through two countervailing theoretical mechanisms. Childhood adversities increase the likelihood of entrepreneurial entry by promoting rule-breaking tendency and simultaneously decrease the likelihood of entry by negatively impacting individual ability (self-efficacy and educational attainment). We further theorized that childhood adversities have different implications for different types of entrepreneurial entry (incorporated and unincorporated) and for men versus women. We tested our hypotheses on a longitudinal sample of 4222 individuals from the NLSY79 child and young adult cohort data, which tracks the development of children born to a representative sample of U.S. young women from childhood through youth to adulthood. Our study offers new insight into the effects of childhood adversities on entrepreneurship, including gender-specific manifestations and outcomes of childhood adversities. 1. Executive summary Emerging literature highlights the positive implications of childhood adversities for entrepreneurial entry. This, however, runs contrast to the large body of psychological research and some entrepreneurship research examining the negative effects of childhood adversities. Further, theoretical understanding of how and when childhood adversities may link to entrepreneurial entry is scant. To fill these gaps, we develop a "mixed blessings" theoretical model that integrates both positive and negative pathways through which childhood adversities affect entrepreneurial entry, as well as elaborate on boundary conditions. We reason that childhood adversities promote entrepreneurial entry by increasing entrepreneurs' rule-breaking but simultaneously suppressing entrepreneurial entry by reducing entrepreneurs' ability (self-efficacy and education attainment). Furthermore, these effects would be more pronounced for incorporated vs. unincorporated entrepreneurial entry, and the rule-breaking effect would be more positive for men vs. women.
... Finally, there may be something about the way individuals with disabilities deviate from the norm as of yet not identified in the literature that makes them particularly entrepreneurial. Prior research suggested this deviation can relate to positive implications of traits, such as the hyperactivity and impulsivity in ADHD (Wiklund et al., 2017), or positive implications of the resilience brought about by living with a disability (e.g., Miller & LeBreton-Miller, 2017). As such, entrepreneurship offers an opportunity for people who may otherwise struggle in the labor market to productively contribute to society and flourish as human beings. ...
... The paper aims to advance the emerging literature linking health conditions to entrepreneurship. First, previous studies have examined how specific conditions such as ADHD and dyslexia relate to entrepreneurial intentions (e.g., Verheul et al., 2015), entrepreneurial entry (e.g., Wiklund et al., 2017) and firm performance (Yu et al., 2019) within the labor market. However, past studies have typically assessed the implications of a single disability on entrepreneurship to the exclusion of all others. ...
... In another study, Verheul et al. (2015) identified a positive association between ADHD symptoms and entrepreneurial intention among graduate students participating in a global survey, with risk-taking propensity mediating this relationship. Wiklund et al. (2017) showed that hyperactivity is positively linked with entrepreneurial preference, with sensation-seeking and lack of pre-mediation mediating this link. Lerner et al. (2019) surveyed 9,800 college students in Netherlands and found that individuals with an ADHD diagnosis reported significantly higher entrepreneurial intention than those without an ADHD diagnosis. ...
Adopting the person-environment (P-E) fit theory, this study examines the relationship between physical (i.e., hearing and mobility) and psychiatric (i.e., attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, depression and anxiety) disabilities and entrepreneurial intention in 302 graduate and undergraduate students from a business school at a private university in the northeastern United States. In contrast to prior studies, we found no relationship between physical and psychiatric disabilities and entrepreneurial intention. However, data supported relationships between gender and race and entrepreneurial intention. Female students had lower entrepreneurial intention than male students, while students of Color had higher entrepreneurial intention than their White counterparts.
... Sin embargo, este porcentaje es todavía mayor en la población emprendedora, ascendiendo según algunos estudios al 29% de los emprendedores (Freeman et al., 2019). Investigaciones previas han sugerido que el emprendimiento es atractivo para las personas con síntomas de TDAH, lo que resulta en una mayor intención y acción emprendedora entre estas personas (Verheul et al., 2015;Wiklund et al., 2017). Por otra parte, se ha descubierto que los síntomas del TDAH se relacionan con una mayor orientación 1 Autor de correspondencia: apperrob@upo.es. ...
... Este artículo pretende hacer dos contribuciones importantes. En primer lugar, un número creciente de estudios ha comenzado a examinar los valores atípicos mentales de los emprendedores en general, y los síntomas del TDAH específicamente (Thurik et al., 2016;Verheul et al., 2015;Wiklund et al., 2017). Sin embargo, a fecha, esta investigación se ha centrado en preferencias (Wiklund et al., 2017), actitudes (Lerner, 2016) y entrada en el autoempleo (Wiklund et al., 2017), y, salvo publicaciones muy recientes (Yu et al., 2021), no ha abordado si estos síntomas pudieran estar relacionados con resultados firmes objetivos, o, yendo un paso más allá, si los diferentes síntomas del TDAH son más o menos funcionales. ...
... En primer lugar, un número creciente de estudios ha comenzado a examinar los valores atípicos mentales de los emprendedores en general, y los síntomas del TDAH específicamente (Thurik et al., 2016;Verheul et al., 2015;Wiklund et al., 2017). Sin embargo, a fecha, esta investigación se ha centrado en preferencias (Wiklund et al., 2017), actitudes (Lerner, 2016) y entrada en el autoempleo (Wiklund et al., 2017), y, salvo publicaciones muy recientes (Yu et al., 2021), no ha abordado si estos síntomas pudieran estar relacionados con resultados firmes objetivos, o, yendo un paso más allá, si los diferentes síntomas del TDAH son más o menos funcionales. Es importante examinar las implicaciones de rendimiento de los síntomas del TDAH para avanzar en esta investigación. ...
Existe una preocupación por investigar la relación entre los síntomas del TDAH y la actividad emprendedora, encontrando un impacto positivo en la intención y acción emprendedora; pero desconociéndose las implicaciones en el rendimiento de estos síntomas. Utilizando una muestra de emprendedores españoles, esta investigación encuentra que los síntomas impulsivos e hiperactivos del TDAH conducen en gran medida al desempeño empresarial a través de la orientación emprendedora, mientras que los síntomas de falta de atención no ayudan a mejorar dicho desempeño. Estos resultados sugieren que las ventajas de rendimiento pueden derivarse de una mayor capacidad innovadora, proactividad y asunción de riesgos.
... That is Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Empirical evidence indicated a positive relationship between ADHD and entrepreneurial intentions (Verheul et al., 2015), entrepreneurial orientation (Yu et al., 2021) and entrepreneurial entry (Wiklund et al., 2017). However, we have a limited understanding of how the presence of ADHD may interfere with startup team functioning. ...
... For the last seven years, ADHD has received rising attention from entrepreneurship scholars. An emerging line of research has emphasized the relationship between ADHD symptoms and various entrepreneurial outcomes including entrepreneurial intentions, entry into entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial orientations and firm performance (e.g., Dimic & Orlov, 2014;Verheul & Rietdijk, 2016;Wiklund et al., 2017;Yu et al., 2021). However, there is still a limited understanding of how the presence of ADHD may interfere with entrepreneurial team functioning. ...
... First, our findings fill the theoretical gap in research on ADHD and entrepreneurial team conflict. Extant research has showed support for a positive link between ADHD symptoms and entrepreneurial intentions (Verheul et al., 2015), entrepreneurial orientation (Yu et al., 2021) and entrepreneurial entry (Wiklund et al., 2017). Those studies have suggested that entrepreneurship could be an attractive career option for neurodiverse individuals like those with ADHD because they can shape work to leverage their unique strengths and buffer the weaknesses. ...
This study examines how entrepreneurial team conflict is influenced by Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms and gender factor as well as how team conflict impacts entrepreneurial well-being and firm performance. Surveying 1,053 entrepreneurs in the U.S and Australia, we found that ADHD symptoms are negatively associated with both cognitive team conflict and emotional team conflict. Moreover, although women entrepreneurs experience less both cognitive team conflict and emotional team conflict than men entrepreneurs, gender factor has no moderating effect on the relationship between ADHD and the two types of team conflict. In terms of the outcomes of team conflict, emotional conflict is negatively related to entrepreneurial well-being while cognitive conflict has no significant relationship with well-being. In addition, our findings suggested that both cognitive conflict and emotional conflict are negatively associated with firm performance. Overall, our study advances literature on entrepreneurial team (new venture team) as well as contributes to growing entrepreneurship research on ADHD, gender and well-being.
... In recent years, research and literature have started to examine the positive aspects of mental disorders. Specifically, certain negative behaviours may become useful in different contexts (Wiklund et al., 2017;Wienen et al., 2019). Many similarities have been identified between ADHD symptoms and entrepreneurial behaviours (see Appendix). ...
... Many similarities have been identified between ADHD symptoms and entrepreneurial behaviours (see Appendix). Some positive traits of people with ADHD include having more energy and creativity (Wiklund et al., 2017), being more willing to take risks (Wiklund et al., 2018) and making decisions quickly and decisively in uncertain environments (Archer, 2015). These traits are especially important in the entrepreneurial setting and people with ADHD could make use of their symptoms to achieve entrepreneurial success. ...
... Many famous and established entrepreneurs have been identified as displaying ADHD behaviours, such as Bill Gates, Donald Trump and David Neeleman (Lerner et al., 2018). Researchers have started to examine the relationship between ADHD and entrepreneurship among real business entrepreneurs (Wiklund et al., 2017;Tucker et al., 2021). It has been found that ADHD influences entrepreneurial tendencies in multidimensional ways (Wiklund et al., 2019). ...
Mental health problems currently affect a quarter of the world's population. Recent research in western societies has started to examine the relationship between entrepreneurship and mental health problems such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia. However, little has been done to categorize entrepreneurs into different types and investigate how their levels of mental health and well-being correspond to these types. This study divided entrepreneurs into established and nascent categories and examined this topic in Singapore. By distributing two sets of surveys, a total of 834 responses were collected, with 346 responses from established entrepreneurs and 488 responses from nascent ones. The results showed that the nascent entrepreneurs' levels of well-being were found to be much lower than those of the established entrepreneurs. Furthermore, entrepreneurs with ADHD or dyslexia symptoms generally had a much lower level of life satisfaction, compared with those without. However, the self-care behaviours observed in this sample differed somewhat from observations made in western societies, which might be explained by the different cultures and habits in Singaporean society. The findings not only highlight the need for relevant organizations to support nascent entrepreneurs but serve to remind veteran entrepreneurs to practice more healthy self-care behaviours.
... Table 3 presents the stages of EA (EODI, EOEV, EOEX) and the literature that supports them. This study regard EA process in the form of the stages leading to the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities (Wiklund et al., 2017b;Lerner et al., 2018, p. 3). The study adopted McMullen and Shepherd's approach (McMullen and Shepherd, 2006, p. 133) by combining Discovery Theory (DT) and Creation Theory (CT) theories to conceptualize EA. ...
... The period between EI and ultimately the opportunity is exploited is often engulfed by uncertainties that may result either in the opportunity fully exploited or abandoned half way (Marinacci, 2015(Marinacci, , p. 1023. The process between the discovery stage and when the opportunity is fully exploited suggest that there may be some entrepreneurial activities that took place (Wiklund et al., 2017b). Even if such activities did not end up in the opportunity being fully exploited. ...
The relationship between entrepreneurial intention (EI) and entrepreneurial action (EA) is a popular topic in entrepreneurship research, owing to the contribution of these constructs in the process leading to the entrepreneurial activity taking place. There are still countries that are recording high entrepreneurial intention levels in comparison to their corresponding entrepreneurial action levels that are low. This is a global concern to which South Africa (SA) is also not immune. Most of the research tests the relationship between two single constructs: EI and EA. Our study follows a process approach and investigates the effect of this relationship between EI and the three stages of EA. A quantitative method was employed and a survey utilized whereby data was collected among 597 entrepreneurs in South Africa. The data was analyzed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The EI construct is supported through the Theory of Planned Behavior, in conjunction with the Motivation Opportunity Ability theory. The Discovery Theory, together with the Creative Theory, supports each of the stages of EA, namely: entrepreneurial opportunity discovery (EODI); entrepreneurial opportunity evaluation (EOEV); and entrepreneurial opportunity exploitation (EOEX). Previous research regarding the relationship between EI and EA measured this relationship from a binary point of view. This study contributes to the entrepreneurship field by employing the process approach to determine the impact of EI on the stages of EA. This study reveals that EI is statistically significant in all three stages of EA. However, the strength of this relationship is found to be strong between EI and the EODI and EOEV stages and moderate between EI and the EOEX stage. Therefore, this study reveals that effective training interventions and development are necessary between EI and the EOEX stage of EA.
... According to Wiklund et al. (2017), ADHD may indeed be an asset in entrepreneurship. ADHD symptoms like sensation seeking and lack of premeditation could motivate people to pursue an entrepreneurial career. ...
... ADHD symptoms like sensation seeking and lack of premeditation could motivate people to pursue an entrepreneurial career. Furthermore, entrepreneurship may be an option for neurodivergent persons to create their own jobs in order to accommodate their needs (Wiklund et al., 2017). Other scholars have shown in their research that persons with ADHD, or persons with ADHD-like behaviour, show a higher likelihood of entrepreneurial intentions (Dimic & Orlov, 2014;Moore et al., 2021;Verheul et al., 2015). ...
Severely disabled persons make up about 10% of the German population and experience grave discrimination in the (primary) employment market. For some, the alternative might be to go on the path of entrepreneurship. Hence, this study aims to generate knowledge on how entrepreneurship can empower disabled entrepreneurs and founders. Introducing the entrepreneurial empowerment model based on work by Hur (2006) and Henao Zapata (2018), expert interviews with eleven German founders and entrepreneurs of different ages, genders, and industries with different types of disabilities were used to identify which components promote individual and collective empowerment. It was observed that disabled entrepreneurs experience individual empowerment and that collective empowerment is underdeveloped due to the lack of a collective identity. Therefore, the visibility and representation of disabled entrepreneurs can be the key to increasing collective belonging and involvement in the community. However, the study also revealed that conditions for self-employment, particularly for disabled entrepreneurs, are less than ideal due to barriers, missing resources, and unfavourable legislation. Overall, this work addresses an understudied field and provides a starting point for further research on disabled entrepreneurship and empowerment.
... Putting context in the background tends to make theorizing more generalizable (in our case, we simply tested a more general theory in a specific context) while putting context in the foreground usually makes theorizing richer. A simple rule of thumb for this issue could be to bring context to the foreground when there is reason to believe it is unique in such a way that it influences theorizing (e.g., it reverses the direction of correlations [e.g., Wiklund et al., 2017]); otherwise, context should be put in the background. Indeed, contextualization is a significant issue that goes beyond the scope of this chapter (see Chapter 4). ...
... For instance, sometimes it is necessary to discuss the effect sizes of the results instead of merely relying on p values below a certain threshold. Furthermore, journals increasingly require additional tests and/or post hoc analyses, which we describe after presenting the results of the hypothesis testing (e.g., see Bakker & Shepherd, 2017;Wiklund et al., 2017; which may require additional data collection [e.g., see Shepherd et al., 2013]). ...
There are several excellent “From the Editor” notes, but in this chapter, we offer something more hands-on with a perspective directly applicable to entrepreneurship. We believe that sometimes papers are rejected, not because the research is fundamentally flawed but because authors miss some of the fundamentals of a strong paper. Therefore, this chapter aims to offer some advice on writing entrepreneurship papers. We offer (1) 11 simple rules for constructing an entrepreneurship paper; (2) six templates for what is to be included in each section of an entrepreneurship paper and provide illustrations of how we have previously executed these tasks; and (3) five heuristics for improving one’s writing quality.
... Putting context in the background tends to make theorizing more generalizable (in our case, we simply tested a more general theory in a specific context) while putting context in the foreground usually makes theorizing richer. A simple rule of thumb for this issue could be to bring context to the foreground when there is reason to believe it is unique in such a way that it influences theorizing (e.g., it reverses the direction of correlations [e.g., Wiklund et al., 2017]); otherwise, context should be put in the background. Indeed, contextualization is a significant issue that goes beyond the scope of this chapter (see Chapter 4). ...
... For instance, sometimes it is necessary to discuss the effect sizes of the results instead of merely relying on p values below a certain threshold. Furthermore, journals increasingly require additional tests and/or post hoc analyses, which we describe after presenting the results of the hypothesis testing (e.g., see Wiklund et al., 2017; which may require additional data collection [e.g., see Shepherd et al., 2013]). ...
... To examine whether social capital and risk preference mediate the relationship between local area crime and self-employment, we first use PROCESS, which allows us to simultaneously examine the role of multiple variables as mediators in a single model (Preacher & Hayes, 2008). By simultaneously examining the role of multiple mediators, we can identify the overall mediation effect and determine the extent to which each of the potential mediators can explain the relationship between crime and self-employment while minimising concerns around missing parameter bias (Preacher & Hayes, 2008;Wiklund et al., 2017). Following Wiklund et al. (2017), we use 1,000 replications of bootstrapping and the bias-corrected percentile approach to deal with potential non-normality in our data. ...
... By simultaneously examining the role of multiple mediators, we can identify the overall mediation effect and determine the extent to which each of the potential mediators can explain the relationship between crime and self-employment while minimising concerns around missing parameter bias (Preacher & Hayes, 2008;Wiklund et al., 2017). Following Wiklund et al. (2017), we use 1,000 replications of bootstrapping and the bias-corrected percentile approach to deal with potential non-normality in our data. ...
Crime is an anti-social blight on communities that increases the cost of doing business, including for entrepreneurs. Drawing on Australian longitudinal data, this study examines the links between crime rates and the propensity for entrepreneurship within communities. We do so by matching propensity for entrepreneurship with types of crime found at the community level where crime occurs. We find that higher total crime rates, crimes against the person and property crime, significantly lowers the propensity for entrepreneurship in communities. We also show that the core facets of community social capital – trust, membership in voluntary organizations and support and cooperation – mediate this relationship.
... There is a substantial body of research on entrepreneurs' risk propensity (Stewart and Roth, 2001) and there has been a growing interest in how sensation seeking relates to entrepreneurship (Nicolaou et al., 2008). This research suggests individuals with these underlying characteristics and behaviors may find success in pursuing entrepreneurship due to their struggles to fit into a traditional work environment (Wiklund et al., 2017). Thus, the factors that cause adolescents with higher levels of risk seeking, sensation seeking to be more likely misuse or abuse alcohol and drugs may be the same ones that lead these individuals to pursue entrepreneurial activity. ...
... It is our contention that these individuals are more likely to persist in entrepreneurship, that is, have longer periods of self-employment because these individuals cannot find employment, either because they cannot work with others (as manifest by their aggressive anti-social behaviors), or because employers are unlikely to hire individuals who might manifest such behaviors in the work place. This aligns with prior research that says individuals with these underlying characteristics and behaviors (ADHD, impulsivity and sensation seeking) may find success in pursuing entrepreneurship due to their struggles to fit in a traditional work environment (Wiklund et al., 2017). The finding that males from low SES backgrounds are the mostly likely individuals to engage in self-employment would mirror recent theoretical work that individuals that are likely to have minimal resources and skills would fit the characteristics of certain kinds of necessity entrepreneurs (Dencker et al., 2021). ...
Purpose
The authors explore the relationship between adolescent behavior and subsequent entrepreneurial persistence by drawing on scholarship from clinical psychology and criminology to examine different subtypes of antisocial behavior (nonaggressive antisocial behavior and aggressive antisocial behavior) that underlie adolescent rule breaking. The intersection of gender and socioeconomic status on these types of antisocial behavior and entrepreneurial persistence is also studied.
Design/methodology/approach
Using a longitudinal research design, this study draws from a national representative survey of USA adolescents, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997) (NLSY97). Nonaggressive antisocial behavior was assessed with a composite scale that measured economic self-interest and with a second measure that focused on substance abuse. Aggressive antisocial behavior was assessed as a measure of aggressive, destructive behaviors, such as fighting and property destruction. Entrepreneurial persistence was operationalized as years of self-employment experience, which is based on the number of years a respondent reported any self-employment.
Findings
Aggressive antisocial behavior is positively related to entrepreneurial persistence but nonaggressive antisocial behavior is not. This relationship is moderated by gender and socioeconomic status.
Originality/value
These findings contribute to research on the relationship between adolescent behavior and entrepreneurship in adulthood, the effect of antisocial behavior, and demographic intersectionality (by gender and socioeconomic status) in entrepreneurship. The authors surmise that the finding that self-employment for men from lower socioeconomic backgrounds involved in aggressive antisocial behavior was significantly higher compared to others may indicate that necessity entrepreneurship may be the primary driver of entrepreneurial activity for these individuals.
... They surmised that entrepreneurism would potentially be a good career choice for their learners with ADHD. Their perceptions corresponded with the findings of Wiklund et al. (2017), who found that ADHD symptoms of impulsivity are indeed positively linked to entrepreneurship. However, they also found that symptoms of inattentive ADHD (in other words, struggling to attend to details, getting distracted easily, struggling to complete (finish) or organise tasks and assignments, and/or failing to execute routine chores) are negatively associated with entrepreneurship. ...
This article reports on teachers’ perceptions of how ADHD may influence learners’ career choices. Purposive selection was used to identify six high school teachers who cater specifically for learners with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). An exploratory case study design and a qualitative approach were adopted. Data was gathered using an audio-recorded semi-structured focus group interview, and analysed and interpreted using inductive thematic analysis. Findings suggest teachers believe that ADHD affects parents, schooling, and the school environment from an early age, that taking medication for ADHD from an early age may positively and negatively influence affect learners’ career choices, and that intervention to address the longer-term impact of ADHD on learners’ career choices is essential. Moreover, teachers believe that parents play a powerful role in the career choice of learners with ADHD. Future research should include early childhood carers, teachers and other health professionals, and include larger and more diverse groups of participants.
... Some entrepreneurs in our study noted that loneliness helped them focus on and give everything to their venture, and even viewed loneliness as a signal that they were on the right path. These findings open the door to exploring other contexts or situations in which loneliness may not be debilitating or even negative, but instead may have positive implications for productivity, similar to research highlighting the consequences and opportunities associated with stress (Cardon & Patel, 2015) or ADHD (Wiklund, Yu, Tucker, & Marino, 2017) for entrepreneurs. ...
Loneliness, involving a complex set of feelings that occurs when social needs are not adequately met, has been described as a worldwide modern epidemic. Despite its infiltration into all occupations, loneliness may be especially problematic for those in extreme occupations, such as entrepreneurs, who deal with acute levels of uncertainty, resource constraints, responsibility, and time pressure. Disparate prior findings suggest that entrepreneurs may be especially prone to loneliness, less prone to loneliness, or that they may have unique coping mechanisms that allow them to effectively manage loneliness. This conflicting evidence suggests that we have an incomplete understanding of loneliness within entrepreneurship, specifically, and extreme occupational contexts more generally. Integrating literature on loneliness, well‐being, and entrepreneurship, we conduct a qualitative, inductive study analyzing over 9000 Reddit posts drawn from online entrepreneurship communities where individuals seek and offer advice on how to address entrepreneurial loneliness. In applying appraisal theory to interpret our findings, we discover that whereas some entrepreneurs experience loneliness as threatening and harmful, others experience loneliness as positive or irrelevant, contrary to existing literature that points to loneliness as wholly negative. As such, we uncover several different processes through which entrepreneurs appraise and cope with their loneliness, as well as occupationally unique outcomes for entrepreneurs if loneliness is not coped with effectively. Our findings and emergent theoretical model of the loneliness process in this extreme occupation have important implications for research and practice regarding loneliness, well‐being, and the psychological and mental health of entrepreneurs.
... Finally, the findings speculate the importance of employees' experiences of wellbeing at work by their perception of the working conditions. However, how working conditions relate to well-being and intrapreneurship is an under-researched question in the corporate entrepreneurship literature (Wiklund et al. 2017;Shir et al. 2019). Most of what is known concerns the importance of working conditions for entrepreneurial behavior (Zahra 1993;Kuratko et al. 2014;Reuther et al. 2018) or how to promote well-being in order to retain employees (Harter et al. 2003;Di Fabio and Kenny 2018). ...
The corporate entrepreneurship literature has identified the importance of intrapreneurs for maintaining growth, revitalization, and performance of corporations, but little is known about intrapreneurs and how they perceive their corporate working conditions. The working conditions in the corporation have an effect on employees’ behavior. This paper empirically investigates corporate conditions from the individual’s perspective as well as the types of intrapreneurs that exist. The findings from a cluster analysis of intrapreneurs suggests that there are three types of intrapreneurs: resilient intrapreneurs, neglected intrapreneurs, and privileged intrapreneurs. Overall, the findings show that intrapreneurial behavior and corporate conditions are related and that organizations purposefully can design their corporate environment to support different intrapreneurs.
... To ensure that our results are robust, we consider the PROCESS mediation approach as alternative approach to mediation analysis (Preacher & Hayes, 2008). Following Wiklund et al. (2017), we use 1,000 replications of bootstrapping and the bias-corrected percentile approach to deal with potential non-normality in our data. The advantages of specifying and testing a single multiple mediation model, such as PROCESS, instead of separate simple mediation models include: (1) the ability to determine if the overall effect of mediation exists; (2) the ability to identify the extent to which each of the mediating variables intervenes between the independent and dependent variables in the presence of other potential mediators; (3) limiting missing parameter bias; and (4) the ability to determine relative magnitudes of specific indirect effects (Preacher & Hayes, 2008). ...
Gambling is commonly associated with social and economic disadvantage. In this paper we examine the impact of gambling on homeownership, using Australian panel data. We find that gambling is associated with a lower probability of homeownership. Specifically, our endogeneity corrected estimates show that an increase in problem gambling is associated with between 1.6 and 1.8 percentage point decrease in the probability of owning a home depending on the model. Our result show that financial stress and social capital are channels through which gambling influences the probability of homeownership.
... Although ADHD is marked by inattentiveness, inconsistent focus, inconvenient hyperactivity, and impulsivity, causing impairment to academic achievement, social relations, or vocational situations, ADHD is associated with creativity, divergent, and unconstrained thinking as well [78][79][80]. Hyperfocus [81] and entrepreneurship [82,83] are other prominent positive traits of ADHD according to the neurodiversity perspective. Numerous studies revealed that coping strategies, unique thinking styles, and diverse life experiences of neurodivergent individuals, including individuals with ADHD, could bring a competitive/strategic advantage to organizations, public agencies, civil services, or businesses [76]. ...
Purpose. Individuals with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have experienced exacerbated symptoms and negative effects during the pandemic on both physical and mental health. However, the leading global news websites did not cover the vulnerabilities and special needs of individuals with ADHD in the context of the neurodiversity approach. I argue that both cnn.com and bbc.com did not incorporate the neurodiversity approach aiming to increase acceptance and inclusion of the differences without viewing them as deficits. Methods. The present study explores online news media portrayal of ADHD during the COVID-19 pandemic through content analysis between March 2020 and October 2022. The news articles mentioning ADHD (64 from bbc.com and 56 from cnn.com) were analyzed. Results. Findings show that ADHD was dominantly framed as a medical issue, far from the neurodiversity perspective. Only 13 news articles among 64 (approximately 20%) on bbc.com and 4 among 56 (less than 10%) on cnn.com incorporated the neurodiversity approach that would benefit both individuals with ADHD and the whole society during the pandemic. Practice Implications. The findings show a need for more awareness of neurodiversity in the news media and a broader coverage of ADHD-related neurodiversity during the pandemic.
... • Follow your passion (Chen et al., 2009) • Do what you enjoy doing (Ryff, 2019) • Do what excites you the most (Wiklund et al., 2017) • Do what makes you feel less regretful (Summers and Duxbury, 2012) • Do what you feel obliged to do (Ryff, 2019) • Do what your God/ancestors/spirits would expect you to do (Ganzin et al., 2020) • Do someone in your role/position supposed to do (Townsend et al., 2010) • Just do it as you wish/need (Wiklund et al., 2018) • Do it, and everything will be great (Townsend et al., 2010) • Do it as fortune favors the brave (Hayward et al., 2006) The distinction between heuristics and eristics is an important contribution, as any method that does not draw on logic or probability is often mistakenly considered a heuristic rule (Shah and Oppenheimer, 2008). Distinguishing eristics from heuristics is not merely an issue of nomenclature. ...
Purpose
This paper aims to introduce eristic decision-making in entrepreneurship. A decision is eristically made when it utilizes eristics, which are action-triggering short-cuts that draw on hedonic urges (e.g. sensation-seeking). Unlike heuristics, eristic decision-making is not intendedly rational as eristics lead to decision-making without calculating or even considering the consequences of actions. Eristics are adaptive when uncertainty is extreme. Completely novel strategies, nascent venturing, corporate venturing for radical innovation and adapting to shocks (e.g. pandemic) are typically subject to extreme uncertainties.
Design/methodology/approach
In light of the relevant debates in entrepreneurship, psychology and decision sciences, the paper builds new conceptual links to establish its theoretical claims through secondary research.
Findings
The paper posits that people adapt to extreme uncertainty by using eristic reasoning rather than heuristic reasoning. Heuristic reasoning allows boundedly rational decision-makers to use qualitative cues to estimate the consequences of actions and to make reasoned decisions. By contrast, eristic reasoning ignores realistic calculations and considerations about the future consequences of actions and produces decisions guided by hedonic urges.
Originality/value
Current entrepreneurial research on uncertainty usually focuses on moderate levels of uncertainty where heuristics and other intendedly rational decision-making approaches pay off. By contrast, this paper focuses on extreme uncertainty where eristics are adaptive. While not intendedly rational, the adaptiveness of eristic reasoning offers theoretically and psychologically grounded new explanations about action under extreme uncertainty.
... However, and despite our awareness of the paralyzing effects of shame, there is extensive evidence of individuals and groups who experience shame due to stigmatization and who yet start and run their own business (Hope & Mackin, 2011;Kerr & Kerr, 2020;Miller & Le Breton-Miller, 2017;Shepherd et al., 2020;Vandor & Franke, 2016;Wiklund, Patzelt, & Dimov, 2016;Wiklund, Yu, Tucker, & Marino, 2017;Wolfe, Patel, & Drover, 2020), indicating that some individuals are able to exercise entrepreneurial initiative despite being shamed (Al-Dajani, Carter, Shaw, & Marlow, 2015;Goss, Jones, Betta, & Latham, 2011;Scott, Dolan, Johnstone-Louis, Sugden, & Wu, 2012). To make sense of this puzzle, we review the literature on emotions and entrepreneurship, and then in turn outline our theoretical model of entrepreneurial pathways out of shame. ...
Shame has been identified as a debilitating emotion that impedes entrepreneurial action. Yet, there are many examples of people who experience shame and go on to create entrepreneurial ventures. How then is entrepreneurship possible in the face of such shame? To address this question, we develop a theoretical process model that highlights the connection between individual and collective experiences of shame and elaborates when and how such experiences may lead to entrepreneurship. We suggest that third-person experiences of shame can transform first-person experiences and trigger identification with a community of similarly stigmatized others. We argue that the distinct narratives provided by these communities can reduce or enhance entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and therefore lead to different entrepreneurial pathways: some individuals may create ventures out of necessity, while others will create ventures that act as shame-free havens for themselves and others, and become a source of emancipation and social change. By outlining distinct entrepreneurial pathways out of shame, we extend current research at the intersection of entrepreneurship, necessity, emancipation, and social change.
... Therefore, it is important to understand the link between ADHD and occupational achievements (4). In addition to its dark side, ADHD also has a bright side that makes such individuals successful entrepreneurs (9). The bright side of ADHD in an entrepreneurial work environment includes creativity, risk-taking, proactivity, and au-Copyright © 2022, Author(s). ...
Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and entrepreneurship are two concepts that have recently received attention from researchers. Objectives: This study aimed to find the relationship between ADHD symptoms and entrepreneurial behavior with the mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and attitude, as well as to assess the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial behavior with the mediating role of entrepreneurial attitude. Methods: This study was conducted on 388 Iranian entrepreneurs in 2021. The Entrepreneurial Behavior Scale, the Entrepreneurial Attitude Questionnaire, the Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy Scale, and the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using Mplus software (version 8). Results: The results revealed that hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms were positively and significantly related to entrepreneurial behavior (P < 0.001), and attention-deficit symptoms were negatively and significantly related to entrepreneurial behavior and entrepreneurial attitude, mediated through entrepreneurial self-efficacy (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the entrepreneurial behaviors and entrepreneurial attitudes of individuals with ADHD symptoms depend on their entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Our findings hold important implications for empowering individuals with ADHD symptoms in the entrepreneurial path.
... Following from these implications, ADHD thus becomes an urgent societal problem solved only by intervention on the individual, rather than on the society which problematises their embodiment. This negates how people with ADHD often have strategies and traits that allow them to make substantial contributions to collectives and societies [135,167]. ...
... Harman's single factor test (Harman, 1967) was used in EFA and found that the single factor (40.89%) was below the threshold value of 50%. An unmeasured common latent method factor technique was then adopted to test CMV in CFA (Podsakoff et al. 2003) which is commonly used in entrepreneurship research (e.g., Wiklund et al., 2017). After adding a common factor in our measurement model, the model fit did not improve significantly (ΔCFI=0.00, ...
This research investigates how entrepreneurial education activity (EEA) influences entrepreneurial behaviour (EB) by unpacking how EEA influences both entrepreneurial intention (EI) and EB and how behavioural entrepreneurial mindset (BEM) mediates the relationship between EEA and EI. This furthers research into the behavioural subdimension of entrepreneurial mindset and how this impacts the relationship between EEA and EI. Confirmatory factor analysis was used for checking the measurement model fit and psychometric properties of the measurement scales used, and structural equation modelling was used for testing the proposed model using questionnaire data collected from 1428 students participating in EEA in higher education institutions in China. The research found that effective EEA has a positive effect on EB which was partly mediated by EI, and that EEA positively affects BEM, which in turn mediates the relationship between EEA and EI. This research contributes by expanding the understanding of how EEA can influence students' EB by highlighting BEM as an impact indicator of entrepreneurship education (EE). Secondly, it contributes to the understanding of the formation of students' EB by identifying how BEM mediates the transition from EEA to EB through the development of EI. This highlights BEM as an effective endogenous driver of students’ EI, addressing a lacuna in research by investigating EM from the behavioural perspective in EE research.
... The study by Yu et al. (2021), conducted on small-medium size enterprises (SMEs) in the USA and Spain, is one of the first to empirically demonstrate that the impulsive and hyperactive symptoms of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) positively relate to firm performance through EO, while inattention symptoms exhibited no significant relationship to EO, or performance via EO. ADHD is of particular interest because recent research (e.g., Lerner et al., 2019;Verheul et al., 2015;Wiklund et al., 2017), together with real-life stories of entrepreneurs with ADHD symptoms (i.e., Richard Branson and Ingvar Kamprad), suggest that "ADHD may serve as an asset in entrepreneurial forays, not as a liability" (Antshel, 2018, p. 243). ...
The entrepreneurship literature has suggested the criticality of replicating findings along with the potential for nuance when examining relationships within emerging market contexts. In this study, we seek to reproduce the findings of Yu et al. (2021) concerning entrepreneurial orientation (EO), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and firm performance using a sample of Russian SMEs. We conduct a quasi-replication study, systematically changing the data, measures, and construct within our empirical models. The results of our study are partly in line with the original study's findings: we did not find a significant relationship between hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms and EO. However, when we considered different sub-dimensions of EO (innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking), managers with hyperactivity/impulsivity ADHD symptoms exhibited greater innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking, while managers with inattention ADHD symptoms exhibited opposite effects. We discuss the extent to which the effects of ADHD on firm performance in developed economies, as mediated by EO, are generalizable within an emerging economy.
... Based upon this perspective, self-employment is generally viewed as beneficial for individual well-being, and the increased level of autonomy and control that self-employed individuals can exert over their daily work routines provide decided advantages related to health and well-being (Hessels et al., 2017). Indeed, the unique facets of self-employment as an occupational choice could prove particularly beneficial for individuals with pre-existing conditions that might prohibit them from successful careers within alternative organizational settings (Thurik et al., 2016;Wiklund et al., 2016Wiklund et al., , 2017. While self-employment assuredly can have a positive relationship with health and well-being, the assumption that these relationships are universally beneficial presents a over-generalization of the nuances involved in the effects that self-employment can have on individual health. ...
Complementing recent studies supporting a variety of associations between self-employment and biological outcomes associated with stress, physical wear and tear, and aging, we examine the relationship between self-employment and aging. In a sample of 6088 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, we find a small but meaningful negative association between self-employment and Klotho levels. Specifically, for self-employed, relative to the employed, the geometric mean of Klotho was lower by 2% or a 5.51% lower standard deviation from the mean Klotho levels in the sample. Our findings show that self-employment has a small but meaningful association with aging.
... Entrepreneurs with mental health conditions were also more likely to come from families with similar conditions. From here, Freeman and others 64 have suggested that mental health conditions may be associated with propensities for entrepreneurship, such as creativity and innovativeness, goal-setting, achievement and a risk-taking disposition. They have indicated that people with mental health problems may be better equipped for entrepreneurship than their counterparts who do not experience mental health problems. ...
It is often said that small business is the backbone of the Canadian economy and that when entrepreneurs succeed, so does Canada. Considering the importance of small and medium-sized businesses to the Canadian economy, the health and well-being of entrepreneurs is a critical public health issue. The study, “Going it Alone: The mental health and well-being of Canada’s entrepreneurs,” aims to enhance our understanding of the mental health experiences of entrepreneurs in Canada.
... Moreover, ADHD has been reported as a risk factor for SUD [11,12]. Interestingly, ADHD is related to traits such as sensation-seeking [13], included under the broader umbrella of ...
Background:
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sensation-seeking, a trait characterized by risk-related behaviors, have been recognized as risk factors in substance use disorder (SUD). Though ADHD co-occurs with sensory modulation dysfunction (SMD), SMD has scarcely been explored in SUD. Thus, this study aimed to characterize ADHD symptomology, sensation-seeking, and SMD, as well as to explore their contribution to SUD likelihood.
Methods:
A cross sectional two-group comparative study including therapeutic community residents with SUD (n = 58; study group) and healthy individuals (n = 62; comparison group) applying the MOXO continuous performance test (MOXO-CPT) evaluating ADHD-related symptoms. In addition, participants completed the ADHD Self-Report Scale-Version 1.1 for ADHD screening; the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale quantifying risk-taking behaviors; and the Sensory Responsiveness Questionnaire-Intensity Scale for identifying SMD.
Results:
The study group demonstrated higher SMD incidence (53.57% vs. 14.52%) and lower performance in three MOXO-CPT indexes: Attention, Impulsivity, and Hyperactivity, but not in Timing, compared to the comparison group. Sensory over-responsiveness had the strongest relationship with SUD, indicating 27-times increased odds for SUD (95% CI = 5.965, 121.216; p ≤ 0.0001). A probability risk index is proposed.
Conclusion:
We found SMD with the strongest relation to SUD exceeding that of ADHD, thus contributing a new perspective for developing future therapeutic modalities. Our findings highlight the need to address SMD above and beyond ADHD symptomology throughout the SUD rehabilitation.
... In particular, an emerging stream of entrepreneurship research has begun to examine the effect of neurological disorders on entrepreneurial processes and outcomes (Antshel, 2018;Lerner et al., 2018;Stephan, 2018;Wiklund et al., 2018). For example, studies have revealed that those with dyslexia and ADHD have increased entrepreneurship engagement than those who do not have these disorders (Thurik et al., 2016;Wiklund et al., 2016Wiklund et al., , 2017. ...
Emotion significantly affects strategic decision-making by entrepreneurs in family business organisations (FBOs). This paper proposes a cognitive framework of management in FBOs that emphasises the importance of emotion, based on a micro-foundational perspective: that is, an integrated hierarchy of cognitive processes underlying FBOs’ strategic decision-making and their interactions with external affective events. Previous studies that used traditional behavioural methodologies are reviewed with reference to the proposed cognitive framework to highlight importance of understanding effect of emotion-cognition interactions on entrepreneurs’ strategic decision-making process. New techniques using biological, physiological, and neuroscientific tools are then introduced as complementary methods for this line of research. Finally, future research directions are discussed with a focus on implicit cognitive processing, complex emotions, and cognitive interventions.
... Second, the rational intentionality in EAT exerts tremendous influence; so much so, in fact, that even recent empirical studies seeking to illuminate the impact of unreasoned drivers find it difficult to escape resorting to a judgementbased view (e.g. Pietersen & Botha, 2021;Wiklund et al., 2017;. 4 As a consequence, the impact of unreasoned drivers, such as impulsivity and disinhibition, remain on the outside of EAT, even as the exclusion grows more conspicuous. ...
Entrepreneurship scholarship finds itself in something of a quandary concerning rationality. While an increasingly large body of empirical work has found evidence of less-deliberative and even impulsive drivers of business venturing, the dominant theories of entrepreneurial action remain anchored to the assumption that intended rationality is a defining attribute of entrepreneurship. The growing schism between entrepreneurial action theory (EAT) on the one hand, and empirics and practice on the other hand, represents a consequential and exciting opportunity for the field to revisit its core assumptions regarding rationality, particularly the presence, role, and function of rational intentionality. In this study, we undertake a review and exploratory investigation of the assertion that without reasoned intentionality there is no entrepreneurship. Our work generates three important insights that contribute to rethinking key facets of the most prominent and influential EATs: alternative, non-rational pathways to business venturing exist with a non-ignorable prevalence; a proclivity towards reasoned intentionality is not invariably prescriptive; and, less-reasoned, less-deliberative tendencies do not constitute an entrepreneurial death sentence. Rather, entrepreneurs (including highly successful ones) embody a shifting blend of rational and non-rational proclivities, motivations, decisions, and actions.
... The majority of previous research focuses on these challenges. Individuals with ADHD, however, may possess exceptional skills related to problem-solving, entrepreneurial endeavors, and other areas [19,20]. As a result of limited research on strengths, providers are tasked with continuously reacting to patients' problems rather than proactively promoting their thriving and well-being. ...
Introduction:
A substantial proportion of college students experience challenges transitioning from pediatrics to the adult healthcare system. Combined internal medicine and pediatrics (Med-Peds) providers are frequently tasked with facilitating this transition and promoting the health and well-being of this population. There is an increasing proportion of college students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the U.S. This population experiences particularly pronounced challenges navigating the healthcare system and, as a result, often contends with fragmented healthcare. These issues are due to a range of factors, including lack of physician training, education, and resources, as well as a dearth of available research that can inform Med-Peds providers' efforts to support college students with ADHD.
Methods:
The current study compared a nationally representative sample of U.S. college freshmen with ADHD to those without ADHD on health, academic, and non-academic capacities. This study analyzed population-weighted data from the Cooperative Institutional Research Program's Freshman Survey.
Results:
Students with ADHD were more likely to report co-occurring conditions and feelings of depression and overwhelm. They were less likely to report emotional health that was above average or in the highest 10th percentile. Although they reported lower overall academic aspirations, they were more likely to rate themselves in the highest 10th percentile on a range of non-academic capacities.
Conclusion:
The results from this study can inform efforts among Med-Peds providers seeking to promote the health and well-being of college students with ADHD.
... К таким характеристикам можно отнести синдром дефицита внимания и гиперактивности, социальную девиацию, импульсивность, чрезмерную самоуверенность и др. [Wiklund et al., 2017]. Индивиды, обладающие данными чертами, могут проявлять себя с разных сторон как в процессе развития предпринимательских намерений, так и на этапе перехода от намерений к действиям по созданию бизнеса. ...
This article examines the influence of the “dark triad” personality traits — narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy — on the development of entrepreneurial intentions through the prism of the theory of planned behavior. The theory explains entrepreneurial intentions formation trough emergence and development of the attitude towards entrepreneurship, relevant subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. These personality traits are considered in the study in their non-clinical manifestations. The proposed theoretical model has been tested on a sample of 191 students and graduates from 13 Russian universities. The empirical data were collected through an online survey. The analysis was carried out with OLS estimation. To assess the mediation effects, the PROCESS macro for the SPSS data analysis package was employed. The study identifies the key role of narcissism as an antecedent of intention to start one’s own business, while the main element of the theory of planned behavior mediating psychological effects is the attitude towards entrepreneurship. In addition, a negative relationship between psychopathy and subjective norms as well as perceived behavioral control has been established. With this study, we contribute to the theory of personality traits in the context of entrepreneurship and expand knowledge about the role of negatively perceived individual psychological characteristics in the entrepreneurial process. In addition, this work details the theory of planned behavior in terms of identifying possible antecedents of attitudes towards entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The results of this study can be used by entrepreneurship educators, especially in courses and trainings on the psychology of entrepreneurship.
Recent research reveals a positive relationship between entrepreneurs’ ADHD symptoms and entrepreneurial outcomes. Building on expectancy theory, we enlarges our current understanding that entrepreneurs with more ADHD symptoms will engage more in innovation and internationalization, which will lead to higher growth aspirations for their venture. More importantly, we expect this relationship between ADHD symptoms and growth aspirations to be more positive when the entrepreneur is part of a larger top management team and when the venture is active in a knowledge-intensive industry. SEM and Causal Mediation Analysis on a sample of 543 founders and their start-ups partially confirm our hypotheses. These findings improve our understanding of the role of ADHD symptoms for entrepreneurial growth aspirations by pointing to the top management team and industry context as important contingencies. More generally, they advance our understanding of how entrepreneurs’ psychological characteristics interact with their immediate and wider context in determining entrepreneurial outcomes.
Entrepreneurship is the study of ordinary people doing extraordinary things: outliers in society, seeing and enacting new venture opportunities, while most others do not. Historically, the field of entrepreneurship has been dominated by competing homogeneity and heterogeneity perspectives. Extending current heterogeneity trends in the domain, this article builds the case for the benefits of examining the exceptional of the exceptional: entrepreneurs that produce extraordinary results. We argue that outlier entrepreneurs are not aberrations or empirical nuisances to be explained away or "fixed" through statistical wizardry. Rather, in most entrepreneurship phenomenon , those extremely high performing and disproportionately influential cases are "the goal" of entrepreneurship, and exactly where valuable theory-building potential lies. Building on several growing conversations in entrepreneurship research, we introduce why some phenomenological domains share characteristic potential for generating important insights using an outlier approach and present a set of methodological tools to tackle them.
Entrepreneurship research has focused on traditional firm-level outcomes such as firm performance or growth. Yet, the pursuit of entrepreneurship is for deeply personal reasons. Thereby, as a self-organized human pursuit, how entrepreneurship relates to personal wellbeing or personal fulfillment is important but frequently overlooked. It is of utmost importance to examine the connection between entrepreneurship and wellbeing as entrepreneurs face various challenges and have to make quick decision facing uncertainty but how they experience and appreciate their work and how their work impacts their wellbeing is still nascent. While non-academic outlets have examined work burnout, stress, and fatigue of entrepreneurs and their causes and ways to overcome them, the academic literature is just starting to examine this important research area. Throughout this book chapter, we cover the concepts of wellbeing and how it relates to research on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial pursuit. The concept of psychological wellbeing plays a vital role in scholarly work and policy debates. Entrepreneurship pursuit, which is an integral part of living for a fulfilled life, is closely related to an individual’s capacity to work and maintain positive relationships. An entrepreneurial pursuit can be a source of satisfaction and personal fulfillment and can push the entrepreneur in achieving their goals and persisting with their entrepreneurial endeavors under conditions of uncertainty. The sense of satisfaction derived from an entrepreneurial pursuit can be the driving force for positive social change. We emphasize the importance of investigating wellbeing as a crucial outcome in entrepreneurship research. Further, we draw upon the important role of wellbeing as being a driver for entrepreneurial pursuits (whether the antecedent to entrepreneurial pursuit is the lack of wellbeing or on the contrary positive affect). The emotional aspect is important for entrepreneurship researchers to consider since entrepreneurs are driven by their emotional state as they are constantly facing uncertainty and time pressures in their entrepreneurial journey. Entrepreneurship research has started to examine wellbeing as a critical psychological antecedent, yet most studies have focused on positive emotions often disregarding the role of negative emotions being an equally important driver to entrepreneurial pursuit and actions.KeywordsEntrepreneurshipWellbeingEmotionHealthADHD
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD] is a common childhood diagnosis affecting an estimated 5-7% of school aged children. This thesis explores the needs and experiences of parents as their children traverse the often arduous and challenging process of referral, assessment, and diagnosis of ADHD otherwise characterised as the 'ADHD diagnostic journey'. Narrative qualitative data was collected through 21 semi-structured longitudinal serial interviews over a two-year period with seven parents of children currently on the ADHD diagnostic journey.
Our study extends and enhances entrepreneurial action theory (EAT) by considering the strategic advantage or disadvantage of impulsive action. To date, EAT has largely sidestepped the role of dispositional impulsivity, limiting its veridicality and inclusivity. Popularized notions of celebrity entrepreneurs and an increasingly large body of empirical research on the prevalence of impulsivity have inspired a reassessment of what drives entrepreneurs. Looking beyond both the anecdotes and well-established prevalence of impulsivity, we develop and illustrate a novel theory concerning the fate of impulsive nascent entrepreneurs who are wired for nondeliberative, less-calculative action. We use an agent-based model and conduct simulation-based experiments involving 2.7 million virtual entrepreneurs to identify and explicate the specific conditions under which impulsivity does or does not generate strategic advantage. Accordingly, we contribute a broader and deeper theorization of EAT, taking notable steps toward the inclusion of nontraditional entrepreneurs and the varied impacts of impulsive action in this domain’s evolving conception of new venture emergence.
The study sought to determine the relationship between entrepreneurial intention, life satisfaction, and impulsivity of students at an university in Cusco. The stratified sample consisted of 150 students from the professional career in Management and Psychology. There were considered in the study the entrepreneurial intention subscale, the life satisfaction scale, and the Dickman impulsivity inventory. There was found a relationship between entrepreneurial intention and impulsivity (p = .044), so impulsivity would play an important role in entrepreneurship. Likewise, a significant difference was found between Psychology and Management students regarding their entrepreneurial intention, so there is a greater intention of entrepreneurship among Management students.
Entrepreneurial Intention research has become a broad school of thought that can dilute its potential influence on advancing entrepreneurship education. Career-based decisions are commonly made through a holistic evaluation of internal motivations interacting with external circumstances. That-being-said, the common tendency is to reduce entrepreneurial intention (a highly complex social phenomenon) to a commercialised form. This can be particularly troublesome when considering a generational shift that has seen young adults place evermore importance toward non-financial goals such as the search for a positive work-life balance or helping others who are less fortunate. A multiplicity of beliefs and goals can lead to participation in a range of opportunity types suggesting the possibility of holding several types of entrepreneurial intention, that, depending on personal circumstances and contextual situations, will vary in their order of worth. Too much focus on a traditional masculine paradigm of entrepreneurship and less emphasis on other motivations has created a gender bias. There is a pressing need to try to further understand the complexity of proposed differences between potential female and male student entrepreneurs. A body of work now illustrates differences in relation to actions, performance, and values. Nonetheless, findings regarding entrepreneurial intention remain incomplete. In this paper, we narrow focus from asking the question "do you want to be an entrepreneur" to asking, "what type of entrepreneur do you want to become?" Through demarcating entrepreneurial intentions into different sub-types and using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis we account for the varying conditional pathways that females and males have towards specific entrepre-neurial intention types. Findings show that gender differences exist at both sample and case levels which have important implications for educational practitioners and policymakers alike.
Mental health challenges are a ubiquitous workplace concern, with approximately 20% of people having a mental illness and most employees reporting at least one symptom of poor mental health. Yet, research on work and mental health challenges remains frag-mented and sparse. We provide a historical overview of workplace attention to mental health versus physical health, noting areas where workplaces’ response to physical health could serve as a model for attention to mental health. We then share results of an interdisciplinary review of 556 studies on mental health challenges and work, wherein we integrate themes in three broad categories: antecedents, outcomes, and interventions for mental health challenges. Our review suggests that a primary impediment to progress is the frequent theoretical and methodological conflation between (poor) mental health and mental illness, with unexplained inconsistency in the temporality, severity, and content of mental health measures across studies. Based on these findings, we present sugges-tions for critical areas of future research, including increased emphasis on proactive workplace interventions and research that addresses the distinction—and relationship— between mental health and mental illness at work. By elucidating the complex relationships between work and mental health, we hope to propel future research on mitigating and supporting employees’ mental health challenges.
Based on a review of the current role of governments through universities, economies and societies are affecting a wide spectrum of organizations, including universities and higher education systems, by moving towards more entrepreneurial configurations in social and economic engagement. The relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention highlights the need for a more exploratory approach. دور ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ دور ﺗﻔﻌﯾل ﺗﺷﺟﯾﻊ رﯾﺎدة اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ﻣﻠﺧص د إﻟﻰ اﺳﺗﻧﺎدا اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺎت دور ﻫو ﻣﺎ اﺳﺔ ر ﺣﺎﻟﯾﺎ اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﺧﻼل ﻣن. اﺳﻌﺔ و ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎت و اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدات ﺗؤﺛر ﻟﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﯾﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟر ﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﺷﺎر ﻣن ﯾد اﻟﻣز ﺗﻛوﯾن ﻧﺣو ﺗﺗﺟﻪ اﻟﺗﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم أﻧظﻣﺔ و اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎت ذﻟك ﻓﻲ ﺑﻣﺎ اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺎت، ﻣن اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ و اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﻛﺔ و اﻻﺑﺗﻛﺎر ﺗطوﯾر. ﺗﺑرز اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ﯾﺎدة ر ﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﺑﯾن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ أﻫﻣﯾﺔ و اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ﯾﺎدة ر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ أﻛﺛر اﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎف إﻟﻰ. اﻟﻣﻔﺎ اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﺗﯾ ﺢ : ﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ، ، ﻣ ﻘﺎول اﻷﻋﻣﺎل رﯾﺎدة ﺗﻌﻠﯾم ، طﺎﻟب ،. Le rôle de la politique gouvernementale dans l'activation du rôle de l'université dans la promotion de l'entrepreneuriat Résumé Sur la base d'un examen du rôle actuel des gouvernements à travers les universités, nous constatons que les économies et les sociétés touchent un large éventail d'organisations, y compris les universités et les systèmes d'enseignement supérieur qui s'orientent vers des configurations plus entrepreneuriales pour poursuivre le développement de l'innovation et l'engagement socio-économique. La relation entre l'éducation à l'entrepreneuriat et l'intention entrepreneuriale souligne la nécessité d'une approche plus exploratoire. Mots-clés: Université, gouvernement, entrepreneur, éducation à l'entrepreneuriat, étudiant.
Companies with differently-abled employees outperform their competitors, averaging 28% higher revenue plus higher shareholder returns (Hyland & Connolly, 2018). However, individuals with intellectual and developmental differences have an 85% unemployment rate (Moss, 2019). The disconnect between talent and opportunity is due to job misalignment and neurodiverse individuals’ unique needs (Armstrong, 2010). Self Determination Theory (SDT) shows how individuals who have more control over their work environment and interactions enjoy more significant states of well-being (Deci and Ryan, 2000). Intrapreneurs work in a team and project-based environment, which mimics the entrepreneur’s experience and leads to greater well-being (Shir, Nikolaev & Wincent, 2019). Building successful neurodivergent intrapreneurs requires instruction in thinking awareness, coaching, and teambuilding methods. A hybrid academic and workplace collaboration creates an innovative, self-directed problem-solving approach that benefits the individual and the organization. This approach appears through collaborations with Landmark College and Ernst & Young (EY), SAP software, and DXC Technology – global neurodiverse individuals’ employers.
Formal education is correlated with entrepreneurial activity and success, but correlation does not indicate causation. Education and entrepreneurship are both influenced by other related factors. The current study estimates the causal effects of formal education on entrepreneurship outcomes by instrumenting for an individual’s years of schooling using cohort mean years of maternal schooling observed decades prior. We differentiate self-employment by industry employment growth and firm incorporation status. Policymakers are especially interested in entrepreneurship with the potential to create substantial employment growth. We find that an additional year of schooling increases self-employment in high-growth industries by 1.12 percentage points for women and by 0.88 percentage points for men. Education reduces the probability of male self-employment in shrinking industries. Education also increases incorporated self-employment for women and men and reduces unincorporated self-employment among men but not women. The overall probability of self-employment increases with education for women but is unaffected by education for men. The results suggest that formal education enhances entrepreneurship.
Although studies have suggested strong correlations between attitude, intention and actual behaviour across various domains, the study on entrepreneurial attitude–intention–behaviour links has received scant attention. Moreover, recent studies have claimed that investigating the negative moderation effects of entrepreneurial fear of failure on the entrepreneurial process can help explain why many prospective entrepreneurs do not translate the start-up attitude and initial intention into actual entrepreneurial action. In this study, a moderated mediation model, using the data from 611 master's degree students in Vietnam, has been developed to bridge the attitude–intention–behaviour gap in entrepreneurship and examine the moderation effect of entrepreneurial fear of failure on the entrepreneurial process. Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis were approached to examine the consistent reliability and validity of constructs, and then hierarchical regression and PROCESS macro approach were used to estimate the direct, moderated and mediated coefficient paths. The findings reveal that start-up intentions act as a partial mediator in the entrepreneurial attitude–action link, while the effect of start-up intentions on entrepreneurial actions becomes weaker when entrepreneurial fear of failure is high. Moreover, the indirect effect of entrepreneurial attitude on actual behaviour through start-up intention is negatively moderated by entrepreneurial fear of failure. Our findings significantly contribute to extant understandings and create a paradigm for further studies in the entrepreneurship literature.
The Journal of Business Venturing Design is premised on the idea
that it is productive to consider entrepreneurship a form of design and
entrepreneurship studies a design science. This introductory essay will
attempt to clarify and relate these concepts. But before doing so, a few
words about design and artifacts in general.
Childhood adversities, such as neglect, abuse, and poverty, lead to negative career outcomes. Anecdotal stories of entrepreneurs, however, present a contrasting picture, showing that many successful entrepreneurs had a difficult childhood. Building on the underdog framework of entrepreneurship and the stress inoculation model, we resolve the puzzle by hypothesizing the inverted U-shaped relationship between entrepreneurs’ childhood adversities and career success that is mediated by resilience. Using data from a representative sample of 573 U.S. entrepreneurs from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, we find support for the hypotheses. We further find resilience is more important for less-successful entrepreneurs. Our results are robust to various checks, including an additional study based on a sample of U.S. entrepreneurs from the Qualtrics online panel. Our study indicates the need to consider nonlinear and context-specific implications of childhood adversities and examine performance-related outcomes, thus enriching existing research on childhood adversities and entrepreneurship.
Purpose
The purpose of our study is to examine the direct and mediating effects of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance and sensation seeking (UPPS) impulsivity traits on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention as well as to test the moderation impact of ADHD symptoms in the link between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and start-up intention.
Design/methodology/approach
The stratified random sampling was approached to recruit the data from 2,566 university students in Vietnam. Cronbach’s alpha and confirmatory factor analysis were used to test the reliability and validity of scales. Then, Pearson correlation analysis was utilized to test direct effects, while PROCESS macro was approached to test moderation and mediation impacts.
Findings
The study found evidence that ADHD symptoms, sensation seeking, lack of premeditation and lack of perseverance are significantly and directly conducive to the formation of entrepreneurial intention. Yet, ADHD symptoms might weaken the link between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy was also found to partially mediate the link between sensation seeking, lack of premeditation, and lack of perseverance and intention to become an entrepreneur.
Practical implications
The findings provide constructive recommendations for policymakers and educators to nurture and foster university students’ entrepreneurial activities as well as to restrain the negative effects of ADHD symptoms on youths.
Social implications
Understanding the impacts of psychiatric symptoms, such as ADHD and UPPS impulsivity, on entrepreneurial activities provide useful insights to individuals with ADHD symptoms, the community and the society to restrain the detrimental impacts of psychological disorder symptoms and consider entrepreneurship as a career choice.
Originality/value
The study is expected to have a significant contribution to psychological entrepreneurship literature by broadening our horizons of the links between psychiatric symptoms and entrepreneurial intentions. Especially, this study reveals that ADHD symptoms and UPPS impulsive traits are significantly correlated with intention to become entrepreneurs and the link between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention become weaker when the degree of ADHD symptoms is high.
Existing theory has not documented the potential benefits of facing the challenges of underdog entrepreneurs, who may succeed unexpectedly. This research explains why, and under what circumstances, the underdog status of entrepreneurs can promote entrepreneurial success rather than just hinder it. We predict that the underdog effect has the potential to boost entrepreneurial resource efficiency when entrepreneurs hold an incremental (vs. entity) theory, enter a low-barrier (vs. high-barrier) industry, and are in a favorable (vs. unfavorable) business environment. Study 1 provides support for the positive relationship between underdog status and resource efficiency through an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis, which is accompanied by a moderating effect of the implicit theory, industry context, and business environment. The data was obtained from two nationwide surveys. By extending a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of multiple case studies, Study 2 reveals support for a synergistic effect of the above factors. Our research results examine the assumption that perceiving underdog status is detrimental and offer meaningful insights into why and when underdog entrepreneurs have good performance in entrepreneurial resource efficiency. We provide a psychological and behavioral explanation for the underdog effect, extending the underdog effect theory to the field of entrepreneurship for the first time from the perspective of the actors. Finally, theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed by indicating the limitations of the research.
Over the past decade, entrepreneurial action theory (EAT) has emerged as one of the foundational, multi-level theories of entrepreneurship.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms have been associated with the decision to become self-employed. Although these symptoms are generally regarded as disadvantageous, there may also be a bright side. To our knowledge, however, there has been no systematic, epidemiological evidence to support this claim. This paper examines the association between ADHD symptoms and self-employment in a population-based sample from the STAGE cohort of the Swedish Twin Registry (N = 7208). For replication, we used a sample of Dutch students who participated in the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students' Survey (N = 13,112). In the Swedish sample, we found a positive association with self-employment for both general ADHD symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 1.13; 95 % confidence intervals (CI) 1.04-1.23] and hyperactivity symptoms [OR 1.19; 95 % CI 1.08-1.32], whereas no association was found for attention-deficit symptoms [OR 0.99; 95 % CI 0.89-1.10]. The positive association between hyperactivity and self-employment was replicated in the Dutch student sample [OR 1.09; 95 % CI 1.03-1.15]. Our results show that certain aspects of ADHD, in particular hyperactivity, can have a bright side, as they are positively associated with self-employment.
In this paper, we argue that much of the small business strategic management literature has drawn too heavily from work done on large, established firms. We build upon the notions of the liabilities of smallness and newness to discuss how microenterprises and very new firms are different in regards to their strategic analysis, strategic content, strategic resources, and strategic processes. We note that there are a number of important and non-obvious questions that need to be asked that have implications for the most common firms in the world, those that are very small.
In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators. (46 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This reprinted article originally appeared in Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , 2003, Vol. 11, (No. 3), 210–217. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2003-05958-006 .) The present study explores the relation among 4 personality traits associated with impulsive behavior and alcohol abuse. Personality traits were measured using the 4 subscales of the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS; S. P. Whiteside & D. R. Lynam, 2001). The UPPS and measures of psychopathology were administered to clinical samples of alcohol abusers high in antisocial personality traits (AAPD), alcohol abusers low in antisocial personality traits (AA), and a control group (total N = 60). Separate analyses of variance indicated that AAPDs had significant elevations on all 4 UPPS scales, whereas the AAs and controls differed only on the Urgency subscale. However, when controlling for psychopathology, group differences on the UPPS scales disappeared. The results suggest that personality traits related to impulsive behavior are not directly related to alcohol abuse but rather are associated with the elevated levels of psychopathology found in a subtype of alcohol abusers.
Background
ADHD shows clear, albeit heterogeneous, cognitive dysfunctions. Instead, personality traits are not well understood in adults with ADHD and it is unclear whether they are predisposing factors or phenotypical facets of the condition.
Aims
To assess whether personality traits of impulsivity, sensation seeking and sensitivity to punishment and reward are predisposing factors for ADHD or aspects of the clinical phenotype.
Methods
20 adults with ADHD, 20 unaffected first degree relatives and 20 controls completed rating scales assessing traits of impulsivity, sensation seeking, and sensitivity to punishment/reward.
Results
Compared to relatives and controls, individuals with ADHD showed increased impulsive personality traits, were more susceptible to boredom and presented hypersensitivity to reward but normal sensitivity to punishment.
Conclusions
High impulsivity traits, heightened sensitivity to reward and boredom are associated with the phenotype of ADHD, rather than being predisposing factors, as these traits were not shared between ADHD probands and their relatives.
In this review of the psychology of entrepreneurship, we first present meta-analytic findings showing that personality dimensions, such as (general) self-efficacy and need for achievement, and entrepreneurial orientation are highly associated with entrepreneurship (business creation and business success). We then discuss constructs that were developed within entrepreneurship research, such as entrepreneurial alertness, business planning, financial capital as resources, and entrepreneurial orientation, and how they can be better understood by taking a psychological perspective. Next, we elaborate how traditional psychological constructs have been utilized in entrepreneurship and how this may enhance our knowledge in industrial and organizational psychology (with respect to, for example, knowledge, practical intelligence, cognitive biases, goals and visions, personal initiative, passion, and positive and negative affect). Finally, we provide an overall framework useful for the psychology of entrepreneurship, and implications for future research.
Little is known about the relation between entrepreneurship and the extent of psychiatric symptoms. Validated psychiatric symptom scores are seldom used for non-clinical reasons. One prevalent symptom that deserves our interest is Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a developmental disorder characterized by inattentiveness and hyperactivity that has been linked to occupational choice and performance. Building on the person–environment fit literature, we hypothesize that individuals who exhibit behavior associated with ADHD are more likely to have entrepreneurial intentions. Using a sample of 10,104 students enrolled in higher education, we can confirm our prediction that students with a higher level of ADHD-like behavior are more likely to have entrepreneurial intentions. Additionally, we show that risk taking propensity is a mediator that partly explains this positive effect. Our study points to the importance of behavioral tendencies associated with developmental disorders, when making entrepreneurship decisions. Our study contributes to the literature on the determinants of entrepreneurship, which so far has largely neglected the effects of psychiatric symptoms on entrepreneurship.
This study examines the relationship between prenatal testosterone exposure (PTE) and selection into entrepreneurship. We argue that the relationship between PTE and entrepreneurial intent is positive and mediated by general and domain-specific risk-taking related to financial investment and professional career. Using the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) as noninvasive retrospective marker for PTE, we identify two-step mediation effects of PTE on entrepreneurial intent through both general and domain-specific risk-taking. To account for possible socialization-based effects, we control for gender and parental self-employment. Applying ordinary least square regression analyses and structural equation models, we provide empirical evidence for a biological association between 2D:4D and entrepreneurial intent.
Objective: Adults diagnosed with attentional deficit disorder (ADHD) are easily distracted in many tasks. Yet ADHD performance on inattentional blindness (IB) tasks has not been examined. Such investigation may aid in discriminating between 3 ADHD models: the neurological model, the perceptual load theory, and the "hunter versus farmer" hypothesis. Method: Distractibility was assessed in ADHD and non-ADHD college students using the MOXO task that involves detection of a single attended stimulus that repeatedly appears in the same place and in the well-known IB "gorilla" video which involves tracking of a stimulus moving at a fast pace in a dynamic, complex manner. Results: ADHD college students showed increased distractibility in the MOXO task. By contrast, they performed better than controls in the attended channel of the IB task, while they were also better at noticing the unattended stimuli and thus exhibiting little-to-no inattentional blindness. Conclusions: As no attentional tradeoffs were evident in the IB task, it appears that the results are most consistent with the "hunter versus farmer" hypothesis, which postulates that ADHD individuals have an alternative cognitive style which is less equipped to deal with detection of repeated stimuli while comprising advantages in the tracking of stimuli moving in a fast dynamic manner. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
Research dealing with various aspects of* the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985,
1987) is reviewed, and some unresolved issues are discussed. In broad terms, the theory is
found to be well supported by empirical evidence. Intentions to perform behaviors of different
kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of
behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. Attitudes, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control are shown to be related to appropriate sets of salient
behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about the behavior, but the exact nature of these
relations is still uncertain. Expectancy value formulations are found to be only partly
successful in dealing with these relations. Optimal rescaling of expectancy and value
measures is offered as a means of dealing with measurement limitations. Finally, inclusion of
past behavior in the prediction equation is shown to provide a means of testing the theory*s
sufficiency, another issue that remains unresolved. The limited available evidence concerning
this question shows that the theory is predicting behavior quite well in comparison to the
ceiling imposed by behavioral reliability.
This study draws on the Rubicon model of action phases to study the actions or lack of actions that follow the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Concurrently, it examines the roles of self-control and action-related emotions in explaining the intention–action gap using longitudinal survey data (N = 161). The results show that self-control positively moderates the relationship between intention and action, and that it counters the rise of action-related fear, doubt, and aversion. We also find evidence for interaction effects between action aversion, action doubt, and intention strength. Our results signal the importance of studying moderators of the intention–action relationship.
Pathological gambling (PG) is a prevalent public health problem associated with fronto-temporal dysfunction and maladaptive personality traits. To further test these associations, we assessed neuropsychological performance in pathological gamblers (PGs) and controls. We also examined selected personality characteristics and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Subjects were recruited from the community. All received a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, the ADHD Rating Scale, and personality measures including the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and a version of the Temperament and Character Inventory. People with DSM-IV PG (n = 54) and controls (n = 65) were comparable in age, sex, and education level. PGs were more likely to have comorbid lifetime mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders; antisocial personality disorder; and other impulse control disorders. PGs performed significantly worse on the Wisconsin Card Sort Test-64 perseverative responses subscale and the Trails B test; they also had lower performance and full scale IQs. PGs had elevated levels of depression, ADHD symptoms, trait impulsivity, novelty seeking, and harm avoidance, but lower levels of reward dependence. High levels of self-reported impulsivity or ADHD symptoms in PGs did not predict worse neuropsychological performance. We conclude that PGs performed worse than controls on two measures of executive function and had lower IQs. They also had more psychiatric comorbidity, higher levels of trait impulsivity and ADHD symptoms, and both novelty seeking and harm-avoidance, but lower levels of reward-dependence. This study does not support the notion that there is a pattern of neuropsychological deficits associated with high levels of impulsivity or ADHD symptoms in PGs.
Research on employee recruitment has shown that an organization’s corporate social performance (CSP) affects its attractiveness as an employer, but the underlying mechanisms and processes through which this occurs are poorly understood. We propose that job seekers receive signals from CSP that inform three signal-based mechanisms that ultimately affect organizational attractiveness: job seekers’ anticipated pride from being affiliated with the organization, their perceived value fit with the organization, and their expectations about how the organization treats its employees. We hypothesized that these signal-based mechanisms mediate the relationships between CSP and organizational attractiveness, focusing on two aspects of CSP: an organization’s community involvement and pro-environmental practices. In an experiment (n = 180), we manipulated CSP via a company’s web pages. In a field study (n �= 171), we measured CSP content in the recruitment materials used by organizations at a job fair and job seekers’ perceptions of the organizations’ CSP. Results provided support for the signal-based mechanisms, and we discuss the implications for theory, future research, and practice.
Multiple Regression and Beyond offers a conceptually-oriented introduction to multiple regression (MR) analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM), along with analyses that flow naturally from those methods. By focusing on the concepts and purposes of MR and related methods, rather than the derivation and calculation of formulae, this book introduces material to students more clearly, and in a less threatening way. In addition to illuminating content necessary for coursework, the accessibility of this approach means students are more likely to be able to conduct research using MR or SEM--and more likely to use the methods wisely. This book: • Covers both MR and SEM, while explaining their relevance to one another • Includes path analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and latent growth modeling • Makes extensive use of real-world research examples in the chapters and in the end-of-chapter exercises • Extensive use of figures and tables providing examples and illustrating key concepts and techniques New to this edition: • New chapter on mediation, moderation, and common cause • New chapter on the analysis of interactions with latent variables and multilevel SEM • Expanded coverage of advanced SEM techniques in chapters 18 through 22 • International case studies and examples • Updated instructor and student online resources.
In this book, one of the most highly recognized entrepreneurship scholars shares in a personal and readable way his rich experience and ideas on how entrepreneurship can be researched. Entrepreneurship is a phenomenon of tremendous societal importance. It is also an elusive phenomenon, which makes researching it fun, fascinating—and frustrating at times. In this fully updated edition, numerous real examples accompany the treatment of problems and solutions concerning design, sampling, operationalization and analysis.
Researching Entrepreneurship is targeted primarily at research students and academics who are relatively new to research or to entrepreneurship research. This said, basic knowledge of research methods is assumed, and when foundational issues are discussed they are typically approach from a non-standard angle and/or with an eye to illuminate entrepreneurship-specific problems and solutions. This makes large parts of the contents potentially valuable for entrepreneurship scholars at any level of research proficiency. The book is also of interest to sophisticated, non-academic users with a professional interest in collecting and analyzing data from emerging and young ventures, and to those who make use of published entrepreneurship research. For example, analysts in marketing research or consultancy firms, business associations, statistical agencies and other government offices may find this book to be a valuable tool. Moreover, while the examples are derived from entrepreneurship research, the book provides a unique "experienced empirical researcher" (rather than "textbook method expert") treatment of issues that are of equal relevance across the social sciences. This goes for topics like the role of theory; research design; validity assessment; statistical inference, and replication.
Entrepreneurship research has developed rapidly in the decade that has passed since the first edition. Therefore, all chapters have been comprehensively updated and many have been extended; sometimes to twice the original length. Two of the original chapters have been excluded to make room for entirely new chapters on “the Dependent Variable” and “The Entrepreneurship Nexus.” While retaining a unique, personal tone, the author uses examples and references that build on contributions from a large number of top entrepreneurship researchers.
Importance:
Recognition that adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common, seriously impairing, and usually undiagnosed has led to the development of adult ADHD screening scales for use in community, workplace, and primary care settings. However, these scales are all calibrated to DSM-IV criteria, which are narrower than the recently developed DSM-5 criteria.
Objectives:
To update for DSM-5 criteria and improve the operating characteristics of the widely used World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) for screening.
Design, setting, and participants:
Probability subsamples of participants in 2 general population surveys (2001-2003 household survey [n = 119] and 2004-2005 managed care subscriber survey [n = 218]) who completed the full 29-question self-report ASRS, with both subsamples over-sampling ASRS-screened positives, were blindly administered a semistructured research diagnostic interview for DSM-5 adult ADHD. In 2016, the Risk-Calibrated Supersparse Linear Integer Model, a novel machine-learning algorithm designed to create screening scales with optimal integer weights and limited numbers of screening questions, was applied to the pooled data to create a DSM-5 version of the ASRS screening scale. The accuracy of the new scale was then confirmed in an independent 2011-2012 clinical sample of patients seeking evaluation at the New York University Langone Medical Center Adult ADHD Program (NYU Langone) and 2015-2016 primary care controls (n = 300). Data analysis was conducted from April 4, 2016, to September 22, 2016.
Main outcomes and measures:
The sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC), and positive predictive value (PPV) of the revised ASRS.
Results:
Of the total 637 participants, 44 (37.0%) household survey respondents, 51 (23.4%) managed care respondents, and 173 (57.7%) NYU Langone respondents met DSM-5 criteria for adult ADHD in the semistructured diagnostic interview. Of the respondents who met DSM-5 criteria for adult ADHD, 123 were male (45.9%); mean (SD) age was 33.1 (11.4) years. A 6-question screening scale was found to be optimal in distinguishing cases from noncases in the first 2 samples. Operating characteristics were excellent at the diagnostic threshold in the weighted (to the 8.2% DSM-5/Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale population prevalence) data (sensitivity, 91.4%; specificity, 96.0%; AUC, 0.94; PPV, 67.3%). Operating characteristics were similar despite a much higher prevalence (57.7%) when the scale was applied to the NYU Langone clinical sample (sensitivity, 91.9%; specificity, 74.0%; AUC, 0.83; PPV, 82.8%).
Conclusions and relevance:
The new ADHD screening scale is short, easily scored, detects the vast majority of general population cases at a threshold that also has high specificity and PPV, and could be used as a screening tool in specialty treatment settings.
The statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined. A drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in addition to the known problems related to sample size and power, is that it may indicate an increasing correspondence between the hypothesized model and the observed data as both the measurement properties and the relationship between constructs decline. Further, and contrary to common assertion, the risk of making a Type II error can be substantial even when the sample size is large. Moreover, the present testing methods are unable to assess a model's explanatory power. To overcome these problems, the authors develop and apply a testing system based on measures of shared variance within the structural model, measurement model, and overall model.
The two logics capture a fundamental distinction between two modes of action in organizations (and beyond). They essentially characterize the difference between deliberate and habitual action. The two logics play a central role in theories of bounded rationality and have been elaborated by the Carnegie School and a considerable number of social scientific paradigms. They provide the conceptual starting point for studies that aim to understand how cognitive mechanisms (in particular, their limitations) drive action. At the same time they represent archetypes of action that play an enormous role both in the real world and in prominent models of organizations, firms, markets, institutions, states and societies.
Because of the prevalence of both nonnormal and categorical data in empirical research, this chapter focuses on issues surrounding the use of data with these characteristics. Specifically, we review the assumptions underlying NT estimators. We describe nonnormal and categorical data and review robustness studies of the most popular NT estimator, maximum likelihood (ML), in order to understand the consequences of violating these assumptions. Most importantly, we discuss three popular strategies often used to accommodate nonnormal and/or categorical data in SEM: 1. Weighted least squares (WLS) estimation, 2. Satorra-Bentler (S-B) scaled χ² and robust standard errors, and 3. Robust diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) estimation. For each strategy, we present the following: (a) a description of the strategy, (b) a summary of research concerning the robustness of the χ²-statistic, other fit indices, parameter estimates, and standard errors, and (c) a description of implementation across three software programs.
This paper studies the impact of people having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on their predisposition toward entrepreneurship. We employ hand-collected survey data and psychometric tests to study the relationship between ADHD and occupational choice. The results of regression analysis suggest that ADHD sufferers have a significantly higher marginal probability of being entrepreneurs, while ADHD does not affect the likelihood of being a wage earner or being unemployed. Moreover, people with ADHD exhibit significantly higher values in the entrepreneurial tendency measures relative to others. By exploring the determinants of entrepreneurial tendencies, we find that ADHD affection has a positive impact on many entrepreneurial characteristics. Furthermore, we find that the significance of the ADHD variable maintains in the presence of entrepreneurship and demographic controls. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of the ADHD community as a rich source of entrepreneurs.
While the personality of entrepreneurs can be cast in positive and negative lights, it is essential that researchers understand the complex process through which personalities shape behavior and influence outcomes. Building on Miller's observations on downsides of entrepreneurs' personalities, we present five broad lines of inquiry derived from the organizational behavior literature to guide future research on the role of personality in entrepreneurial phenomena. These streams of research have implications for how personality is conceptualized in the entrepreneurship literature, and we urge researchers to examine interactions among different personality traits, and between traits and contextual and affective variables which play a critical role in personality-outcome relationships. Finally, we encourage scholars to consider the personality of new venture team members, and how some traits may serve important resource-conservation roles.
This study investigates the link between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and entrepreneurial orientation (EO). EO is known to be a crucial factor for small firm survival and growth, conceptualised as a business characteristic but influenced by the personality of the small business owner and measured at her individual level. There is ample anecdotal evidence claiming that ADHD symptoms have helped entrepreneurs in their careers. Using a data set of French small firm owners, we are the first to go beyond the anecdotal level in linking ADHD symptoms and EO. Our study contributes to our understanding of entrepreneurship, particularly the determinants of EO, and to “destigmatising” ADHD, which is considered solely a clinical disorder that should be treated.
Objective:
To examine the association of personality traits and characteristics on quality of life and functioning in adults with ADHD.
Method:
Participants were adults with (n = 206) and without ADHD (n = 123) who completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q), and the Social Adjustment Scale-Self-Report (SAS-SR). Participants also provided information on academic, motor vehicle operation, legal, social, familial, and occupational functioning. Outcomes were examined using stepwise linear regression, logistic regression (for binary outcomes), and negative binomial regression (for count outcomes) controlling for ADHD symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity, and executive dysfunction.
Results:
Adults with ADHD significantly differed from controls across nearly all TCI personality domains. On average, adults with ADHD endorsed more novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and self-transcendence, and less reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness. Personality traits and characteristics, especially self-directedness, significantly predicted functional impairments even after controlling for ADHD symptoms, executive function deficits, and current psychiatric comorbidities.
Conclusion:
In adults with ADHD, personality traits exert unique associations on quality of life and functional impairment across major life domains, beyond the relations expected of and associated with ADHD symptoms and other associated psychiatric conditions and cognitive vulnerabilities. Addressing personality traits in adults with ADHD may lead to improvements in quality of life and reductions in functional impairment.
Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.
A review of empirical studies concerned with increasing response rates to mail questionnaires reveals the limited evidence upon which most widely accepted techniques are based. The only techniques which seem to be consistently effective in increasing response rates are followup letters and monetary incentives enclosed with the mail questionnaires.