Retrospective study of canine cutaneous neoplasia

Abstract

The study aimed to establish the canine skin cancer prevalence in cases analyzed in the Animal Pathology Laboratory of the Federal University of Parana, Sector Palotina between 2010-2013. Of 1,395 lab file skin biopsies, 347 (24.87%) were categorized as neoplasia. The most affected breed were poodle (46/13,26%), boxer (27/7,78%), pitbull (19/5,48%), rottweiller (18/5,19%) and cocker spaniel (17/4,9%). The age average was 7,5 years. There was a predominance of occurrence in males (197/ 56.77%) compared to females (150/43,23%). The most prevalente neoplasia were: Mast Cell Tumor (62/17,87%), Squamous Cell Carcinoma (35/10,09%), Melanoma (29/8,36%), Adanal Gland Adenoma (25/7,20%), Cutaneous Transmissible Venereal Tumor (24/6,92%), Lipoma (22/6,34%), Histiocytoma (22/6,34%), Hemangioma (18/5,19%), Basal Cell Carcinoma (17/4,90%) e Hemagiossarcoma (16/4,61). Other neoplasia reached 77 cases (22,19%). Although concurring in results with similar studies in national and international the authors highlight the importance of epidemiological study of canine cutaneous tumors and its relevance within the veterinary oncology.

Full text

Archives of Veterinary Science ISSN 1517-784X
v.22, n.1, p.71-80, 2017 www.ser.ufpr.br/veterinary
Recebido em 17/11/2016
Aprovado em 03/06/2017
RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF CANINE CUTANEOUS NEOPLASIA
Raimundo Alberto Tostes, Alcides Branco, Filipe Kracinsky Cestari, Tatiane Caleffo, Aline
De Marco Viott
1Correspondência: tostes@ufpr.br
RESUMO: O estudo teve por objetivo estabelecer a prevalência de câncer de pele
em cães em casos analisados no Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade
Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, entre 2010 a 2013. De 1.395 arquivos de biópsia
do laboratório, 347 (24,87%) foram categorizadas como neoplasias. As raças mais
afetadas foram: poodle (46/13,26%), boxer (27/7,78%), pitbull (19/5,48%), rottweiller
(18/5,19%) e cocker spaniel (17/4,9%). A média de idade foi de 7,5 anos. Houve um
predomínio de machos (197/ 56.77%) comparado ao de fêmeas (150/43,23%). As
neoplasias mais prevalentes foram: Mastocitoma (62/17,87%), Carcinoma de
Células Escamosas (35/10,09%), Melanoma (29/8,36%), Adenoma de Glândula
Adanal (25/7,20%), Tumor Venéreo Transmissível Cutâneo (24/6,92%), Lipoma
(22/6,34%), Histiocitoma (22/6,34%), Hemangioma (18/5,19%), Carcinoma
Basocelular (17/4,90%) e Hemagiossarcoma (16/4,61). Outras neoplasias somaram
77 casos (22,19%). Apesar de ser concordante com os resultados de estudos
nacionais e internacionais similares, os autores destacam a importância do estudo
epidemiológico dos tumores cutâneos caninos e da sua relevância no contexto da
oncologia veterinária.
Palavras-chave: Cães, Dermatopatologia, Câncer de Pele, Mastocitoma, Carcinoma
de Células Escamosas
ABSTRACT: The study aimed to establish the canine skin cancer prevalence in
cases analyzed in the Animal Pathology Laboratory of the Federal University of
Parana, Sector Palotina between 2010-2013. Of 1,395 lab file skin biopsies, 347
(24.87%) were categorized as neoplasia. The most affected breed were poodle
(46/13,26%), boxer (27/7,78%), pitbull (19/5,48%), rottweiller (18/5,19%) and cocker
spaniel (17/4,9%). The age average was 7,5 years. There was a predominance of
occurrence in males (197/ 56.77%) compared to females (150/43,23%). The most
prevalente neoplasia were: Mast Cell Tumor (62/17,87%), Squamous Cell
Carcinoma (35/10,09%), Melanoma (29/8,36%), Adanal Gland Adenoma
(25/7,20%), Cutaneous Transmissible Venereal Tumor (24/6,92%), Lipoma
(22/6,34%), Histiocytoma (22/6,34%), Hemangioma (18/5,19%), Basal Cell
Carcinoma (17/4,90%) e Hemagiossarcoma (16/4,61). Other neoplasia reached 77
cases (22,19%). Although concurring in results with similar studies in national and
international the authors highlight the importance of epidemiological study of canine
cutaneous tumors and its relevance within the veterinary oncology.
Key Words: Dogs, Dermatopathology, Skin Cancer, Mast Cell Tumor, Squamous
Cell Carcinoma

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Archives of Veterinary Science, v.22, n.1, p.71-80, 2017.
INTRODUCTION
Changes in cultural, behavioral
and socioeconomic patterns in recent
decades led humans to consider pets
under a new social perspective. The
concern with appropriate food, on time
vaccinations and medications, as a
greater dedication signalement, allows a
long and better life quality to dogs
(SOUZA et al, 2001; LOPES AND
SILVA, 2012). Consequently, increased
the diagnosis attention to animal
neoplastic disorders cases. Whence,
skin cancer is highlighted. It is worth
highlighting that the National Health
Survey, conducted by Brazilian Institute
of Geography and Statistics – IBGE,
indicates that 44.3% households in
Brazil own at least one dog,
corresponding to 28.9 million
households. IBGE estimates the canine
population in Brazilian households at
52.2 million individuals, corresponding to
the average of 1.8 dogs per household
that has at least one dog. The data
demonstrate that in Brazil, there are
more pet dogs than children. Paraná is
the state where most households have a
dog (IBGE, 2015).
Skin is the most common site of
cancer occurrence in dogs.
(GOLDSCHMIDT AND HENDRICK,
2002; GROSS et al., 2005; MILLER et
al., 2012; HAUCK, 2013). Several
studies were conducted to characterize
the effect of several kinds of skin
cancers in small animals and more
specifically in dogs. The incidence of
cancer in dogs is not fully known and
probably varies from one region to
another (HAUCK, 2013). In a study on
the incidence of cancer in dogs was
established a ratio of 1,077
cases/100,000 dogs, in these cases
67.6% were skin cancer or soft tissue
(DORN et al., 1968). MACVEAN et al.
(1978) found a ratio of 1,126 cases of
cancer/100,000 dogs. GOLDSCHMIDT
AND SHOFER (1998) found an
incidence of 45% of skin cancer in a
study involving 65,000 biopsy samples.
HAUCK (2013) refers the percentage of
cutaneous tumors in biopsy samples
vary between 25.5 to 43%.
The skin harbor a large number of
cells in constant renewal, therefore,
more susceptible to disorders in their
genes coding, implicating in mutations.
As an extensive organ, skin is exposed
to a wide range oncogenic factors, such
as ultraviolet rays (GOLDSCHMIDT &
HENDRICK, 2002, GROSS et al., 2005,
FABBROCINI et al., 2010). It is also
important to understand its
morphological constitution, since it
facilitates the differentiation between
primary and secondary tumors.
Understanding these processes allied to
the principles that rule the biopsy
procedure increases the reliability of
histopathological diagnosis,
consequently help the clinician in patient
follow-up (SOUZA et al, 2001).
Considering the importance of the
incidence, morbidity, mortality, and
factors related to skin neoplasms, this
study aims to conduct a retrospective
analysis of cases of cutaneous
neoplasia in the Animal Pathology
Laboratory of the Paraná Federal
University (UFPR) – Palotina Sector.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Were analyzed archived cases in
the Animal Pathology Laboratory of
biopsy files in 2010-2013 period. Part of
the samples came from Veterinary
Hospital of the Paraná Federal
University, Palotina Sector. Other
samples were submitted by veterinarian
clinicians from surrounding cities. All
analyzed cases were canines. First, the
dermatopathies were cataloged, then
screening cancer cases. Analyzes were
based on the diagnosis, regardless of
their primary or secondary characteristic,
the prevalence of race, sex and age of
dogs. Breast, oral, genital neoplasms

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Archives of Veterinary Science, v.22, n.1, p.71-80, 2017.
and non-neoplastic skin nodules (cysts
and hyperplastic in general) were
discarded. Cutaneous cases of
transmissible venereal tumor were
included. The prevalence of benign and
malignant tumors was determined.
Races where the prevalence of
neoplasia was high, were observed
separately the most frequent tumor
types. Neoplasms were evaluated based
on the Histological Classification of
Tumors of Domestic Animals
recommended by the World Health
Organization (O.M.S.) and Armed
Forces Institute of Pathology (A.F.I.P.):
the epithelial neoplasia and melanocytic
classified according Goldschmidt et al.
(1992), and mesenchymal neoplasia of
the skin and soft tissue according to
Hendrick et al. (1992).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Were examined and investigated
1,395 cases involving skin biopsies. Of
this total, 347 (24.87%) were
categorized as neoplasia (Table 1).
There was involvement of 27
different races (table 2), the most
common: poodle (46 / 13,26%), boxer
(27 / 7.78%), pitbull (19 / 5.48%),
rottweiller (18 / 5.19 %) and Cocker
spaniel (17 / 4.9%). The number of
animals mixed breed is significant and
reached 105 cases (30.26%). In 20
samples (5.76%) had no information
about racial type (Table 2). The large
number of mongrel dogs is explained by
the greater frequency of this racial
profile assisted at the Veterinary
Hospital of the institution. The age
average of affected patients was 7.5
years, but in 21 samples age groups
have not been identified, and therefore
were excluded from the count. In
category of gender is remarkable a
higher incidence in males (197 /
56.77%) compared to females (150 /
43.23%).
201 malignant neoplasms were
diagnosed (57.92%), in contrast to 146
benign neoplasms (42.08%). The most
prevalent neoplasia were Mast Cell
Tumor (62 / 17,87%), Squamous Cell
Carcinoma (35 / 10,09%), Melanoma (29
/ 8.36%), Gland Adanal Adenoma (25 /
7.20 %) Cutaneous TVT (24 / 6.92%),
Lipoma (22 / 6.34%), Histiocytoma (22 /
6.34%), Hemangioma (18 / 5.19%),
Basal Cell Carcinoma (17/4 , 90%) and
Hemagiossarcoma (16 / 4.61). The other
neoplasia account for 77 cases
(22.19%).
The number of biopsy specimens
processed in the laboratory is
increasing. A important favorer in this
situation is the evolution of the pet
market in Brazil. Now billionaire, the pet
market shows a large increase offer in
medical veterinary products supply and
services (LAMPERT, 2013). This
denotes the direct influence of the
greater interest of the owners in your
pet's health and consequently a greater
willingness to pay for additional tests. In
line with this comes the expansion of the
diagnosis quality. In effect, 2013 marks
the beginning of multiprofessional
residence in veterinary medicine in

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Archives of Veterinary Science, v.22, n.1, p.71-80, 2017.
Brazilian vet faculties, expanding
professional niches and - as a result -
greater supply of veterinary services in
the care of repressed demands.
Considering the 347 samples of
neoplasia analyzed in a short timeline, it
reiterates the importance of a more
critical analysis of the clinical and
extended continuity of studies on
injuries. Unfortunately, it was not
possible association between tumor type
and its location, since most of the
samples did not have such information.
KAMSTOCK et al. (2011) argue that the
standardization of requests is critical for
proper submission of surgical specimens
in such a way that descriptive elements
of the lesions, epidemiological data and
clinical history are crucial to the quality
and diagnostic accuracy.
The Mast Cell Tumor appears as
the highest incidence neoplasia
(17.87%), corroborating previous studies
on cutaneous neoplasias in Brazil
(SOUZA et al, 2001; DE NARDI et al,
2002; VASCONCELLOS E MATERA,
2002; BELLEI et al, 2006; SOUZA et al,
2006; CASAGRANDE et al., 2008;
MEIRELLES et al, 2010; ANDRADE et
al., 2012; FERNANDES et al., 2015;
table 3) and in the world (DORN et al.,
1968; GOLDSCHMIDT AND SHOFER,
1998; GOLDSCHMIDT AND
HENDRICK, 2002; HAUCK, 2013). The
Boxer breed showed a higher
prevalence of Mast Cell Tumor and,
therefore, according to the knowledge
about racial predisposition to this breed
(SIMÕES et al, 1994; DE NARDI, 2002;
CASAGRANDE et al, 2008). A
comparative data between different
surveys about canine cutaneous
neoplasia in Brazil can be seen in table
3. Is highly relevant the number of
animals without any information about
race, which negatively impacts on data
analysis. The histologic types are
diverse with a predominance of Mast
Cell Tumors degree I. Important to
mention that histological grading has
fundamental prognostic implications in
Mast Cell Tumors (SABATTINI et al.,
2015).
Mast Cell Tumor, Squamous Cell
Carcinoma and Melanoma, together,
account for 132 cases (38.04%). In
humans, Squamous Cell Carcinoma and
Melanoma are notoriously associated as
consequence to UV rays prolonged
exposure. According to the PAGES
Consortium (2013), the last decades
recorded the highest average global

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Tostes et al.. (2017)
Archives of Veterinary Science, v.22, n.1, p.71-80, 2017.
temperature, as well the longer average
sunshine periods. FABBROCINI et al.
(2010) emphasize the importance of
epidemiological monitoring of cutaneous
neoplasias in recent decades. Adding
the observation that very high
environmental temperatures favor
outdoor activities; which turns natural
that many homeowners go along with
their dogs. Melanocytic tumors, when
affecting the skin, have a greater
tendency to benignity in contrast to
those involving oral and ocular sites,
whose behavior - in general - is
malignant (DITERS et al, 1983;
LACROUX et al., 2012). According
LACROIX et al. (2012), melanomas
reach 10 to 15% of all cutaneous
neoplasias and are particularly
aggressive in mucocutaneous joints and
extremities. LACROUX et al. (2012) and
ROLIM et al. (2012) advert that
histopathologic melanoma constituents
not always are solid support for
prognosis and valorize
immunohistochemical panels as a
criterion. Vascular tumors reached 9.8%
incidence. Hargis et al. (1992) studied
212 dogs with Hemangiomas and
Cutaneous Hemagiosarcomas and
characterize individuals with short hair
and little skin pigment predominantly in
the manifestation of these types of
cancers in the dermis (65% versus 22%
of subjects with the long hair and
pigmented skin); the same proportion
was observed in animals whose skin of
the ventral region is glabra. Indeed, the
above authors suggest that short hair,
lower skin pigmentation and glabrous
areas turns dogs susceptible to higher
UV exposure and, by extension, to the
development of injury radiation
culminating in neoplasia. In this study,
the percentage of 9.8% of this type of
cancer added to non-melanoma
neoplasms (Squamous Cell Carcinoma
and Basal Cell Carcinoma - 14.98%)
achieved significant 24.78%. In other
words, one out four cases of skin cancer
is potentially associated with UV rays
direct exposure.
Perianal region neoplasia
accounted for 8.36% of the cases
(7.20% of Adenomas and
Adenocarcinomas of 1.15%). Hayes and
Wilson (1977) and Martins et al. (2010)
emphasize that these neoplasms are
frequent in males and rarely seen in
females and castrated males, indicating
a modulation of these neoplasms by
androgenic factors to be elucidated.
Neoplastic lesions of lipocytic
origin, usually after their cytodiagnostic
confirmation, are surgically excised
when causes function harm in adjacent
organ or showing fast growth
(GHISLENI et al, 2006). Lipomas
(6.34%) and Liposarcomas (1.15%),
according descriptive compilation of
requests, in this study, do not meet
these features. The interest in samples
histopathologic diagnosis was only
confirm the cellular origin and
aggressiveness degree of the process,
what maybe explains the low number of
samples.
The occurrence of 24 cases (7%)
Cutaneous Transmissible Venereal
Tumor (cTVT) is highly relevant
considering its global occurrence.
STRAKOVA AND MURCHISON (2014),
researching the cTVT prevalence in 109
countries, have confirmed their
endemicity at least 90 countries,
reaching all continents. GANGULY et al.
(2013) corroborates this research adding
the fact that free-living dogs constitute
as reservoirs for TVT. AMARAL et al.
(2007) point out that the extragenital
TVT has predominantly plasmacytoid
morphology, which is reflected in a more
aggressive biological behavior, both in
ability to develop in extragenital
locations as metastasize.
Histiocytoma cases added 22
occurrences (6.34%), always
characterized as solitary circumscribed
nodules measuring 1 to 3 cm in
diameter. The Histiocytoma emerges as

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Archives of Veterinary Science, v.22, n.1, p.71-80, 2017.
one of the most prevalent neoplasms in
the UK (CLIFFORD et al., 2013), while
national studies report a prevalence
ranging from 1.8 to 7% (see table 3);
therefore, similar to the observed in this
study.
Comparing gender the
involvement of males occurred in 197
(56.77%) cases and 150 females
(43.23%). Gender bias widely favor the
predominance of females when
considering the occurrence of mammary
neoplasms. In the absence of this type
of neoplasia, skin neoplasms seems to
favor males, according to Brazilian
studies (SOUZA et al, 2001; DE NARDI
et al, 2002; VASCONCELLOS AND
MATERA, 2002; BELLEI et al, 2006;
SOUZA et al, 2006; MEIRELLES et al,
2010; ANDRADE et al., 2012;
FERNANDES et al., 2015) and
corroborated by studies in Europe
(DOBSON et al., 2002; MERLO et al.,
2008) and North America (BUTLER et
al., 2013). Actually characterize a
gender bias in cutaneous neoplasia still
demand further research and stronger
epidemiological evidences.
In this study mean age was 7.5
years, very closer to other similar
studies threshold, whose averages
range from 7.3 to 8.4 years
(VASCONCELLOS AND MATERA,
2002; BELLEI et al, 2006; MEIRELLES
et al, 2010; ANDRADE et al., 2012),
delineating that advancing age
increases the clinical relevance of the
relative risk of neoplasia in dogs.
According to indexed literature, the
critical period to the neoplasia onset in
dogs is 6 to 10 years old (MERLO et al.,
2008; BUTLER et al., 2013). About
biological behavior, the finding of
57.92% against 42.08% of benign
neoplasia is also similar to that observed
in similar studies (VASCONCELLOS E
MATERA, 2002; MEIRELLES et al,
2010; ANDRADE et al., 2012;
FERNANDES et al., 2015), despite
BELLEI et al (2006) and Souza et al.
(2006) notice higher benign tumors
prevalence. Has be assumed that the
clinical staging of neoplasms is strongly
correlated to the interval time in which
the owner realizes the need to seek vet
care and the time it actually does.
It is estimated that the wild wolf
domestication process resulted in a loss
of 5% in the nucleotide diversity; further,
formation and racial diversification of
modern dogs expanded this loss to
about 35% (DOBSON, 2013). Combined
genetic factors and the challenges
imposed by environmental risk factors is
substantial the enormous importance of
cutaneous neoplasia in the scope of
veterinary oncology.
CONCLUSION
Skin neoplasms are a broad
group of skin lesions that must be
appreciated from pathological and
epidemiological point of view. Although
in this study the most frequent neoplasm
is the Mastocytoma, strongly associated
with genetic profiles, it should also be
consider that other cutaneous neoplasia
suffer seasonal and environmental
influences. It is difficult to set precise
causal associations, but it is very
important collect morphological and
epidemiological descriptions to
understand the behavior and
manifestation of these neoplasms
through time, as well as clarify their
expression according to geographic
locations.
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