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INFERENCES ABOUT SEGMENTATION FROM RECENT SURFACE BREAKS ALONG THE WASATCH FAULT REVEALED FROM LIDAR, SFM, AND OUTCROPS FROM AMERICAN FORK CANYON TO DIMPLE DELL REGIONAL PARK, UTAH

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Recent acquisitions of light detection and ranging (lidar) data along the Wasatch Front, and the proliferation of Structure from Motion (SfM) software present exceptional opportunities for detailed analysis of the Wasatch fault zone (WFZ). Between the Salt Lake City (SLCS) and Provo segments (PS), the WFZ takes a 7-km left bend along the Fort Canyon fault over Traverse Ridge. The Fort Canyon fault at the segment boundary is important because it bridges the most active and populated portions of the Wasatch fault system; the SLCS and PS rupturing together could produce an earthquake approaching Mw 7.5. As part of an effort to identify paleoseismic sites to constrain the timing of ground ruptures and importance of fault segmentation in rupture propagation through the Fort Canyon fault, we used lidar-based digital elevation models and derived products in concert with field and remote investigations to construct a 21-km long fault strip map documenting more than 159 topographic surface breaks that are inferred to be Holocene fault scarps. The segment boundary is more complex than neighboring parts of the SLCS and PS. Within the segment boundary the fault zone is wider, fault scarp lengths are shorter, the fault is more discontinuous, fault orientation is more variable, and scarp density is greater. Additionally, right-steps in the fault trace are associated with negative topography and left-steps are associated with positive topography, which can be explained by a component of right-lateral slip within the segment boundary. Mapping and fault outcrops in natural exposures and paleoseismic trenches demonstrate that Mw 6.6 and greater earthquakes have ruptured with meter-scale displacements through Traverse Ridge multiple times during the Holocene. This study also demonstrates that SfM derived high resolution digital surface models can be utilized to accurately locate even minor fault traces through sparsely-vegetated, semi-arid Basin and Range piedmonts, but also highlights the importance of lidar for mapping faults where they cut through higher, wetter, and more vegetated terrain.
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INFERENCES ABOUT SEGMENTATION FROM RECENT
SURFACE BREAKS ALONG THE WASATCH FAULT
REVEALED FROM LIDAR, SFM, AND OUTCROPS
FROM AMERICAN FORK CANYON TO DIMPLE
DELL REGIONAL PARK, UTAH
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... The Traverse Mountains salient (Fig. 12) has long been considered a persistent barrier to rupture (Schwartz and Coppersmith, 1984;Machette et al., 1992;Wheeler and Krystinik, 1992); however, recent paleoseismic trench sites adjacent to (DuRoss et al., 2018;Bennett et al., 2018) and within (Toké et al., 2021) the complexity show an increase in rupture frequency compared to sites at greater distances from it ( Fig. 12), which possibly suggests complex rupture processes. Our Lost River fault zone results, which suggest that prehistoric ruptures have crossed through and beyond the Willow Creek Hills, yield insight into the long-lived Traverse Mountains salient, which is similarly characterized by a trans-basin bedrock ridge, a decrease in total Wasatch fault slip, fault bend, and a complex, but mostly throughgoing network of faults (Toké et al., 2017). Although the 81-85° fault bend suggests that the salient is capable of arresting rupture, the throughgoing fault geometry and frequency and timing of prehistoric ruptures identified at the salient suggest that ruptures through and beyond the structure are also possible. ...
Article
We excavated trenches at two paleoseismic sites bounding a trans-basin bedrock ridge (the Willow Creek Hills) along the northern Lost River fault zone to explore the uniqueness of the 1983 Mw 6.9 Borah Peak earthquake compared to its prehistoric predecessors. At the Sheep Creek site on the southernmost Warm Springs section, two earthquakes occurred at 9.8−14.0 ka (95% confidence) and 6.5−7.1 ka; each had ∼1.9 m of vertical displacement. About 4 km to the southeast, across the Willow Creek Hills, two ruptures at the Arentson Gulch site on the northernmost Thousand Springs section occurred at 9.0−14.7 ka and 6.1−7.5 ka with ∼1.9 m of vertical displacement each. We synthesize these and previous paleoseismic results into a model of five postglacial (<15 ka) ruptures along a ∼65 km reach of the northern Lost River fault zone. Our results show that the Borah Peak earthquake (34 km; 0.9 m mean displacement) was unique compared to previous ruptures that had both longer and shorter rupture lengths (∼25−38 km), more displacement (mean of ∼1.3−1.4 m), and equal or greater magnitude (Mw 6.9−7.1) than that in the 1983 earthquake. These ruptures support a hypothesis of variable rupture length and displacement on the northern Lost River fault zone and show that predecessors to the 1983 rupture have passed unimpeded through the Willow Creek Hills. Our work demonstrates that normal faults are capable of producing variable spatial-temporal patterns of rupture that, together with comparisons of fault geometry and historical rupture length, improve our understanding of fault segmentation and help inform models of earthquake rupture probability.
... For example, near the center of the Holocene-active part of the WFZ, a prominent hanging-wall bedrock ridge and fault bend separate the Salt Lake City and Provo sections and form the Traverse Mountains structural boundary (Bruhn et al., 1992;Machette et al., 1992). Although a complex, distributed zone of fault scarps connect the segments (Toké et al., 2017), similar to faults at the eastern edge of the Willow Creek Hills, this structure has previously been considered a hard barrier to rupture (e.g., Schwartz and Coppersmith, 1984;Machette et al., 1992;Wheeler and Krystinik, 1992). Paleoseismic data from near this structure indicate that it has also impeded some but not all surface-faulting earthquakes and may also be a source of <30-km-long ruptures centered near the structure DuRoss et al., 2018). ...
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The 1983 Mw 6.9 Borah Peak earthquake generated ~36 km of surface rupture along the Thousand Springs and Warm Springs sections of the Lost River fault zone (LRFZ, Idaho, USA). Although the rupture is a well-studied example of multisegment surface faulting, ambiguity remains regarding the degree to which a bedrock ridge and branch fault at the Willow Creek Hills influenced rupture progress. To explore the 1983 rupture in the context of the structural complexity, we reconstruct the spatial distribution of surface displacements for the northern 16 km of the 1983 rupture and prehistoric ruptures in the same reach of the LRFZ using 252 vertical-separation measurements made from high-resolution (5–10-cm-pixel) digital surface models. Our results suggest the 1983 Warm Springs rupture had an average vertical displacement of ~0.3–0.4 m and released ~6% of the seismic moment estimated for the Borah Peak earthquake and <12% of the moment accumulated on the Warm Springs section since its last prehistoric earthquake. The 1983 Warm Springs rupture is best described as the moderate-displacement continuation of primary rupture from the Thousand Springs section into and through a zone of structural complexity. Historical and prehistoric displacements show that the Willow Creek Hills have impeded some, but not all ruptures. We speculate that rupture termination or penetration is controlled by the history of LRFZ moment release, displacement, and rupture direction. Our results inform the interpretation of paleoseismic data from near zones of normal-fault structural complexity and demonstrate that these zones may modulate rather than impede rupture displacement.
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How structural segment boundaries modulate earthquake behavior is an important scientific and societal question, especially for the Wasatch fault zone (WFZ) where urban areas lie along multiple fault segments. The extent to which segment boundaries arrest ruptures, host moderate magnitude earthquakes, or transmit ruptures to adjacent fault segments is critical for understanding seismic hazard. To help address this outstanding issue, we conducted a paleoseismic investigation at the Traverse Ridge paleoseismic site (TR site) along the ∼7-km-long Fort Canyon segment boundary, which links the Provo (59 km) and Salt Lake City (40 km) segments of the WFZ. At the TR site, we logged two trenches which were cut across sub-parallel traces of the fault, separated by ∼175 m. Evidence from these exposures leads us to infer that at least 3 to 4 earthquakes have ruptured across the segment boundary in the Holocene. Radiocarbon dating of soil material developed below and above fault scarp colluvial packages and within a filled fissure constrains the age of the events. The most recent event ruptured the southern fault trace between 0.2 and 0.4 ka, the penultimate event ruptured the northern fault trace between 0.6 and 3.4 ka, and two prior events occurred between 1.4 and 6.2 ka (on the southern fault trace) and 7.2 and 8.1 ka (northern fault trace). Colluvial wedge heights of these events ranged from 0.7 to 1.2 m, indicating the segment boundary experiences surface ruptures with more than 1 m of vertical displacement. Given these estimates, we infer that these events were greater than Mw 6.7, with rupture extending across the entire segment boundary and portions of one or both adjacent fault segments. The Holocene recurrence of events at the TR site is lower than the closest paleoseismic sites at the adjacent fault segment endpoints. The contrasts in recurrence rates observed within 15 km of the Fort Canyon fault segment boundary may be explained conceptually by a leaky segment boundary model which permits spillover events, ruptures centered on the segment boundary, and segmented ruptures. The TR site demonstrates the utility of paleoseismology within segment boundaries which, through corroboration of displacement data, can demonstrate rupture connectivity between fault segments and test the validity of rupture models.
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